【课堂新坐标，同步备课参考】2013-2014学年高中英语人教版选修八教师用书Unit 1 A land of diversity

【美文阅读】　
纵观美国历史，就可见这个国家经常被称为“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )熔炉”。在此，各地移民和各种族团体学会了共同建设一个独特的民族。甚至那些“本土的”美国人——印第安人，也可能是几千年以前，从亚洲走过大陆桥来到北美洲的。
A look at the history ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of the United States indicates that this country has often been called “a melting pot”，where various immigrants and ethnic(种族的) groups have learned to work together to build a unique nation.Even those “original” Americans，the Indians，probably walked a land bridge from Asia to North America some thousands of years ago.So，who are the real Americans？The answer is that any and all of them are！And you，no matter where you come from，could also become an American should you want to.Then you would become another addition to America's wonderfully rich “nation of immigrants”．
The United States is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )currently shifting from being a nation of immigrants of mainly European descent to one
of immigrants ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) from other parts of the world，such as Asia and Latin America.The number of recent immigrants has skyrocketed.They desire to escape economic hardship and political oppression in their native countries as well as the desire to seek a better education and a more prosperous(繁荣的) life in America，“the land of opportunity”．Although there are frequent conflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the “old country” and those found in America，most immigrants learn to adjust to and love their adopted land.
【诱思导学】　
1．What do people often call the United States
______________________________________________
【答案】　“A melting pot”
2．Why do people immigrate to the United States
______________________________________________
【答案】　They desire to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) escape economic hardship and political oppression in their native countries as well as the desire to seek a better education and a more prosperous life in America.
3．Are there any c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the “old country” and those found in America
______________________________________________
【答案】　Yes，there are.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，为下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
●教学地位
本单元主要围绕具有多元化的美国这一主题展开，其中重点介绍了加利福尼亚的多元文化特征。本单元有助于培养学生跨文化交际意识，进一步拓宽视野，为终身学习奠定良好基础 。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
可以利用教材P1的“热身(Warming u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p)”部分的一幅美国地图启发学生运用已有的知识，以看图填充形式引导学生对美国的整个地理位置有个全面的认识，同时有助于学生弄清加利福尼亚在美国所处的位置、美国西部的山脉、五大湖、最长河流及主要城市等。让学生通过英文释义得出具体地名后填图，有利于培养学生用英语思维的能力。
●教学流程设计
导入新课。 学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱思导学”(见学案第1页)。 学生就“话题美文导读”进行讨论，统一答案。
学生再次阅读课文(课本第1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )－3页)并完成“语篇理解”(见学案第2页)。 师生共同讨论并统一答案。 让学生快速阅读课文，(见课本第1－3页)并完成“篇章结构”(见学案第2页)。
　　　　
学生共同讨论，并让学生发 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )表各自见解，最后统一答案。 学生再次仔细阅读课文，(课本第1－3页)进行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”(见学案第2页)。 老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。

让学生根据所给出的表格进行自我评估(见 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学案第3页)。 学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案。老师予以更正。 让学生完成“知识初探”部分(见学案第2页)。
　　　　
老师布置作业，让学生看课本第1－3页并 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )完成课本第3页1、2、3、4题，预习学案Period Ⅱ(见学案第3页), 写一篇介绍西方绘画或著名画家的作文。
Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读P1－3的Reading部分，然后完成下列表格
Stage People Time Event
Native 1．________ 2.________ 1500s Arrived first
Natives 1600s 3.________
Spanish Spanish 1500s Took 4.________
1800s Ruled by Spain
1821 Became 5.________
6.______ Given to the USA
7.________ Russians 1800s Settled in 8.________
Gold miners South Americans，Europeans，Asians 1848 Discovered & rush for 9.________
10.______ Became a state
【答案】　1.Americans　 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )2.Asians　3.Suffered greatly　4.natives' land　5. part of Mexico　6.1846　7.Russians
8．California　9.gold　10.1850
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P1－3的Reading部分，选择最佳答案
1．What's the topic of this text
A．the culture of California
B．the history of California
C．the weather of California
2．No specific group is mentioned in ________.
A．NATIVE AMERICANS
B．GOLD MINERS
C．THE FUTURE
3. Which of the foll ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owing doesn't belong to the characteristics of California
A．It has the largest population of America.
B．It's the most multicultural state.
C．It has the best climate and lifestyle.
4．From the third paragraph，we can learn that ________.
A．the majority of Native Americans were religious
B．both California and Mexico were once governed by Spain
C．the Spanish spent over 200 years taking control of the USA
5．What's mainly discussed in the part “LATER ARRIVALS”？
A．The different immigrants and their life in California.
B．How the immigrants achieved their success in California.
C．The different immigrants and what they did to California.
【答案】　1－5　B C C B C
Ⅲ.课文缩写
California is the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )third largest state in the USA and it also has the 1.________ of being the most multicultural state in the USA.The first settlers 2.________ the Bering Strait from Asia and arrived in California.The native Americans 3.________ after the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century.In the 18th century，California was ruled by Spain until 1821 the people of Mexico 4.________ from Spain.California then became part of Mexico.But after the American Mexican war in 1846，California was 5.________ to the USA.
In 1848，in Californ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ia gold was 6.________，which attracted people from all over the world to arrive there to 7.________ of becoming rich.In 1850，California became the 31st state of the USA as a multicultural society.8.________ by the climate and lifestyle，more and more people from different parts of the world have been immigrating to California，9.________ Asians，Africans，Americans and Europeans.10.________，California will become a mixture of many races and cultures without any major racial or cultural groups.
【答案】　1.distinct ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion　2.crossed　3.suffered greatly　4.gained their independence　5.given back　6.discovered
7．achieve their dreams　8.Attracted　9.including
10．In the near future
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．distinct　　　　 A．the greater number
2．means B．a method or way
3．majority C．clear, obvious
4．elect D．a period of rapid economic
growth
5．boom E．choose or decide to do
something
6．aircraft F．a plane, helicopter, or other
machine capable of flight
7．hardship G．a rate, number,
or amount in each hundred
8．percentage H．severe suffering, great trouble
【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.A　4.E　5.D　6.F　7.H　8.G
Ⅱ.短语填空
live on；by means of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )；make a life；keep up；declare war on；by the time；all over；large numbers of
1．Now it is all about how to stay and ________ here for themselves.
2．He's ninety，but still he ________.
3．Their car ________ high speed for several kilometers before they arrived.
4．________ peo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple rated him as one of the greatest scientists of the world.
5．The water may be carried ________ a pipe.
【答案】　1.make a life　 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )2.lives on　3.kept up　4.Large numbers of　5.by means of
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．However，it_is_lik ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ely_that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
然而，很可能至少在15,000年以前美洲土著人就生活在加利福尼亚了。
2．That_is_why today ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
那就是为什么今天还有超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。
3．Exactly when the fir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st people arrived in what_we_now_know_as California，no one really knows.
最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。
4．Although Chinese ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it_was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in 1860s.
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。
5．It_is_believed_th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at before long the mix of nationalities will be so_great_that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常大，以至于不可能存在一种主要种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
Period ⅡWarming Up & Reading
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对这些词汇的理解能够更深层次的理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练的运用这些词汇。
(4)通过对本课文的理解，让学生学会描述某个景点或某个地方的短文等。并培养学生养成自觉用英语写作或思维的好习惯，以提高学生的书面表达能力。
●教学地位
单词和短语是构成句子的最小单位，在语言学习中起着至关重要的作用，所以理解和正确运用英语单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
As we all know，Ameri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ca is a land of diversity.It is impossible to generalize about America，Americans or the American way of life.Now I want to ask sb. to say something about America，Americans or the American way of life.
●教学流程设计
老师检查上节课所布置的作业，检查学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )生对学案预习的情况。 导入新课。 让学生就“互动探究”(见学案第3页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。
让学生再次阅读课文，(课本第1－3页 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))以加深对所学单词与短语的理解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　
让学生完成“自我评估”(学案第7页)。 布置作业。让学生完成课本第3页第1、2、3题，“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅲ(见学案第8页)。
1．live on 继续存在，继续生存
The customs and lan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )guages of the immigrants live on in their new home. (教材P1)这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。
She lived on for many years after her husband died.
丈夫死后她继续活了多年。
live on以某物为食；靠某种经济来源生活
live through经历过； 经历……而未死
live by doing 靠做某事物为生
live a．.. life 过着……的生活
live up to遵从；履行；不辜负
live with容忍；忍受
　Most of Asians live on rice.
多数亚洲人以大米为主食。
She has lived through several terrible accidents.
她曾经历过几次可怕的意外事故。
【对接高考】
(2010·湖北高考)Had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) she ________ her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.
A．looked up to　　　　　B．lived up to
C．kept up with D．come up with
【解析】　句意：如果她履行 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了诺言，她就已经上耶鲁大学了。根据句意live up to one's promise(履行诺言)符合题意，因此选择B项。look up to 仰望，尊重；keep up with 赶上，与……保持同步；come up with 想到，提出(主意、观点等)，这三项均不合句意。
【答案】　B
用上面短语的适当形式填空
①Mozart is dead but his music ________.
②My grandfather ________ both world wars.
③We should work hard and try to ________ our parents' expectations.
④The brave girl is learning to ________ her disability.
【答案】　①lives on　②lived through　③live up to　④live with
2．However，it_is_likel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y_that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(教材P2)
然而，很可能至少在15000年前美洲土著人就生活在加利福尼亚了。
本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )导的主语从句。句中的likely为形容词，意为“可能的”，常用于It is likely that...“有可能……”或sb.be likely to do sth.“某人有可能做某事”句型中。
It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
我接受像那样的帮助是不可能的。
She is not likely to come next month.
她下月很可能不来。
①likely常指从表面迹象来判断有可能，作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“可能的”的意思解释时常用作表语形容词，主要句法结构有：sb./sth.＋be＋likely＋to do sth.；It is likely＋that clause。
likely用作定语形容词时常意为“似乎合适的、有希望的”。
②possible表示客观上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的可能性，possible常构成的结构有：It is possible(for sb.)to do sth.；It is possible＋that clause。possible作定语时，有时解释为“合适的”。
③probable表示“可能发生 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或实现的”，比possible的可能性大。常构成的句型有：sth. is probable；It is probable＋that clause。
　【对接高考】
(2010·陕西高考) Studies s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )how that people are more ________ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours.
A．likely　　B．possible　　C．probable　　D．sure
【解析】　likely作表语时，主语既 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可以是人，也可以是物或it，而possible，probable作表语时，主语一般不能是人。所以可排除B、C。sb. be sure to do sth. 某人一定会做某事，在语气上太绝对，不符合句意，可排除。
【答案】　A
完成句子
① 很可能今晚她给我打电话。
________________ she'll ring me tonight.
② 汤姆有可能知道这个秘密。
Tom ______________________ this secret.
【答案】　① It's very likely that/It is probable that
② is likely to know
3．by means of 用……办法；借助
Scientists believ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. (教材P2)
科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一座史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。
I escaped by means of a secret tunnel.
我通过一条秘密通道逃跑了。
by this means用这种方法
by all means 一定，务必
by no means一点也不，决不(用于句首句子需倒装)
by any means 无论如何
　Try by all means to save the dying.
一定要尽力抢救那个垂危的病人。
This is by no means the first time you have been late.
这绝不是你第一次迟到了。
For local people, this is not by any means bad news.
对于当地人，这无论如何也不是什么坏消息。
【提示】　means作“方式，方 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )法”时单复数同形。若是all means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若是every/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
【一言辨异】　All possible ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) means have been tried，but not every means works.所有可能的方法都尝试过了，但并不是每一种方法都奏效。
【对接高考】　
(2011·浙江高考)—Can I come and have a look at your new house
—Yes，________！
A．with pleasure　　　　　B．I like it
C．I quite agree D．by all means
【解析】　句意：——我可以来看看你 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的新房子吗？——可以，你一定要来。A项：非常乐意；B项：我喜欢；C项：我同意；D项：无论如何，一定，务必。
【答案】　D
用上面短语的适当形式填空
①He entered the room ________ the tree near the window.
②________ will this method produce satisfactory results.
③ You must finish the task on time ________.
【答案】　①by means of　②By no means　③by any means
4．majority n. 大多数；大半
Of the first Spani ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sh to go to California, the majority were religious men whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. (教材P2)
在首批移居加利福尼亚的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向当地人传授天主教。
A majority of docto ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.
大多数医生认为吸烟对健康极为有害。
in the /a majority占多数
a majority of...over sb.超过对方……的票数
minority n. 少数；少数民族
　People who ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )can read and write are not in the majority in some countries.
有些国家里能读会写的人并不占大多数。
They have a large majority over the other party at the last election.
在上次选举中他们以悬殊的票数击败了对方。
【提示】　a/the majori ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ty (of...)表示“(……的)大多数”，修饰可数名词，作主语时，谓语用复数，修饰不可数名词时，谓语用单数。the majority 单独作主语时，表示泛指多数，谓语单复数均可。
【对接高考】　
(2011·湖南高考)O ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne third of the country ________ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ________ black people.
A．is；are　　B．is；is　　C．are；are　　D．are; is
【解析】　句意：这个国家有三分之一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的面积被森林覆盖，并且大多数公民是黑人。“分数词＋of＋名(代)词”作主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于该名(代)词的单复数，所以第一空用is；the majority of 后是the citizens，所以谓语动词用复数，所以第二个空用are。
【答案】　A
完成句子
① 他相信支持他的人占多数。
He believes that his supporters __________________.
② 大多数人喜欢电脑胜过电视。
__________________ seem to prefer computer to TV.
③ 多数人赞成这个建议。
It was said that the majority ________ the proposal.
【答案】　① are in th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e majority　② The/A majority of people　③ was/were in favour of
5．That_is_why tod ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ay over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
那就是为什么今天还有超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。
that is why...表示“那就是……的原因”，why引导表语从句。
That is why I came back.
这就是为什么我回来了。
That is why she is so happy.
那就是她为什么如此高兴的原因。
that is because...那是因为
that is where...那就是……的地方
that is how...那就是……的方式
that is when...那就是……的时候
the reason why...is that...……的原因是……
　That is because the bill is not much loved.
那是因为这一法案并不招人喜欢。
That is where I was born.
这就是我出生的地方。
That is when the fighting will probably start.
那就是战争可能开始爆发的时刻。
翻译句子
①那就是为什么我们要做善事。
______________________________________________
②那是因为我们的经济正处于非常严重的困境之中。
______________________________________________
③ 他失败的原因是因为他太骄傲了。
______________________________________________
【答案】　①That is why we should do good (things)．
②That is because our economy is in serious trouble.
③The reason why he failed is that he was too proud.
6．make a life习惯于新的生活方式、工作等，开始新生活
Some died or ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. (教材P2)有些人死了或回家了，但是大多数人尽管困难重重，还是留在了加利福尼亚谋生。
They settled do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wn in Canada and made a life for themselves.他们在加拿大定居下来，习惯新的生活方式。
bring... (back) to life 给某人/事物活力；使复活
come to life 苏醒
live/lead a．..life 过着……的生活
　It was an opportunity to make a better life for herself.
这是使自己能更好生活的机会。
Generally, I think the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) elderly people live a happy life, but they are sometimes lonely.总的来说，老年人过着非常幸福的生活，但是他们有时有些孤独。
完成句子
① 问题是他们如何习惯于新的生活方式。
The problem is how they ________.
② 他苏醒过来以后发现自己躺在一张病床上。
When he ________，he found himself in a hospital bed.
③ 经过几个月的维修后，古城又焕发出勃勃生机。
After a few months' repair，the old city ________ again.
【答案】　① make a life　② came to life　③ was brought back to life
7．elect v．选择，决定做某事(后常跟不定式)；选举，推选
By the time Califo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rnia elected to become the thirty first federal state of the USA in 1850，it was already a multicultural society. (教材P2)
到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。
We elected him (to be) monitor.我们选他当班长。
elect sb. (to be/ as) 选举某人为……
elect sth. (as) 选择……作为职业
elect to do...决定做某事
election n. 选举
I elect to stay.我决定留下来。
He was elected as a new leading post.
他被选到新的领导岗位。
We elected him chairman.我们选他当主席。
【提示】　表示“选举”，主要指选举某人担任某职位。若所涉及的职位独一无二，则通常不用冠词。
choose/select/elect
choose 表示“选择”或“挑选”，侧重于通过意志或判断，是最普通的用语。
select 表示(精心地)“挑选，选定”，具有“精选”的意思。
elect 表示“选举”的意思，一般是较大范围的具有正式手续的选举。
用choose, elect, select的适当形式填空
① She ________ the red sweater rather than the pink one.
② The boy ________ the best things from the shop.
③ We ________ him monitor of our class.
【答案】　①chose　②selected　③elected
8．percentage n. 百分比，百分率(常用high，low，small，large修饰)
Today，Chines ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the “Chinatowns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco. (教材P2)今天，加利福尼亚的所有地区都有美籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城”。
A high perce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntage of the college students have part time jobs at home and abroad.不管是在国内还是在国外，很大比例的大学生一边学习一边打工。
What is the percentage of nitrogen in air
空气中所含的氮的比例是多少？
【提示】　①percentage前不用具体的数字修饰，但可以被high, low等形容词修饰。
②percent百分之……，相当于“%”，其前面往往用具体数字修饰。
③“a percentage of ＋n.”在句中作定语时，谓语动词的单复数根据名词的单复数形式而定。
用percent，percentage填空
①What ________ of the students were absent
②This company only supply 30 ________ of what we need.
③There used to be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a high ________ of babies that died of fever every year.
【答案】　①percentage　②percent　③percentage
9．keep up坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
In 1911 immigrants ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. (教材P2)从丹麦来的移民在1911年建立了他们自己的城镇，今天它仍然沿袭着他们的丹麦文化。
I hope the fine weather will keep up.
我希望好天气能保持下去。
Do you still keep up your Spanish
你还坚持说西班牙语吗？
keep up with 跟上(某人/某事物)；(与某人/某事物)同步前进或保持联系；跟上(形势)
keep (on) doing继续做；重复做
keep away from(使某人/事物)不靠近某人/事物
keep in touch with保持与某人的联系
keep oneself/sb. from (doing) sth. 使自己/某人不做某事
keep sb./sth. out (of sth.) 不让某人/物进入(某处)
We have to work hard to keep up with these excellent students.
为了跟上那些优秀学生，我们得努力学习了。
They kept on working after dark.
天黑了他们还继续工作。
Children should be kept away from the river.
不要让孩子们靠近这条河。
【教师备课资源】　
keep sb. back from sb./sth.(使某人)与某人/事物保持距离
keep sth. back 阻止某事物
keep sth. from sb. 不将某事告诉某人
keep off (sb./sth.) 不接近或不接触某人/事物
【对接高考】　
(2012·湖北高考)Walking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alone in the dark，the boy whistled to ________ his courage.
A．hold up　B．keep up C．set up　 D．take up
【解析】　考查动词短语辨析。句意：独自 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一人在黑暗中走，那个男孩吹口哨给自己打气。hold up举起，耽搁，延迟；keep up保持，维持；set up建造，创立；take up占据，开始从事。keep up one's courage 保持勇气，鼓起勇气。
【答案】　B
用适当的介词或副词填空
① The ancient custom o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f well dressing is still kept ________ in many old villages.
② She likes to keep up ________ the latest fashions.
③ Police warned ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) bystanders to keep ________ from the blazing building.
④ I will try to keep him ________ running away.
【答案】　①up　②with　③away　④from
10．It is believed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. (教材P3)
人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
这是一个主从复合句。it为形 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式主语，真正的主语为第一个that引导的主语从句。本结构为It's ＋ 过去分词＋that...。常用于此结构的动词有：say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，know等。
It's said that the writer's writing a network novel.
据说那位作家正在写一本网络小说。
It's reported that two ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) people were injured in the accident.据报道这次事故中有两人受伤。
此句型可改写为sb./sth. be ＋ 过去分词 ＋不定式结构。(要注意不定式有一般时，进行时和完成时三种形式)
　It's believed that working hard can lead to success.
＝ Working hard is believed to lead to success.
人们相信勤奋工作就能成功。
It is thought that she survived the crash，but we can't find her.
＝ She is thought to have survived the crash, but we can't find her.
人们认为她在飞机坠毁后活了下来，但我们找不到她。
翻译句子
①人们认为，每个人都应该在小的时候养成良好的习惯。
______________________________________________
句型转换
②He is said to be doing important work.
＝______________________ important work.
③ It is reported that they have found another star.
＝____________________another star.
【答案】　① It is thought ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that everyone should form good habits when they are still young./Everyone is thought to form good habits when they are still young.
② It's said that he is doing　③ They are reported to have found
Period ⅢLearning about Language
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识，体会并复习名词性从句作主语、宾语和表语的用法和含义。
●教学地位
语法是学生感到比较难以掌握的东西。让学生正确理解和掌握语法知识是让学生学好英语的关键，所以应给学生创设一个语境，让学生理解该语法的应用，而不要让学生死记硬背语法条文，应从理解的基础上去运用这些语法。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
通过对学生作业的检查导入本堂新课。
●教学流程设计
老师检查上节课所布置的作业，检查学生对学案预 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )习的情况。 让学生就“互动探究”(见学案第8页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
老师对语法部分给以点拨。让学生 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )掌握本单元语法知识。 让学生讨论完成“语法精析”部分，(见学案第8页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。
　　　　
让学生完成“当堂双基达标”(见学案第10页) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。 师生共同讨论“当堂双基达标”并给出答案，并对难以理解的或有争议的地方给出详解。 自我评估(见学案第11页)。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　布置作业。让学生完成课本第5页1、2、3题，预习学案Period Ⅳ (见学案第11页)。
occur vi. 发生；出现
It didn't occur to me that...(教材P5)
我起初没想到……
The tragedy occurred only minutes after take off.
这一悲剧在起飞后几分钟内就发生了。
It occurs to sb. that...某人想起……
It occurs to sb. to do...某人想起做……
occur to sb.(主意) 浮现于脑海中；被想到；(某人)想到
It occurred to him that he hadn't eaten.
他想到他还没吃东西。
It did not occur to me to check my insurance policy.
我没想到要核对我的保险单。
occur/happen/take place
occur 比较正式的用语，可用于具体 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或抽象的事物，通常指按计划或规律在较为确定的时间“发生”的事，在表示具体的事物时，可与happen换用。 但occur还可表示“某人想起”。
happen 常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。 另外，happen还有“碰巧”之意。
take place 通常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生”。另外，take place还有“举行”之意。
　【提示】　表示“某人想起”还可用．..hit sb.或sb. strike on...。
【对接高考】　
(2012·江西高考)It sudd ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enly occurred to him ________ he had left his keys in the office.
A．whether　　B．where　　C．which　　D．that
【解析】　句意：他突然想到他把钥匙忘在办 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )公室里了。It occurs to sb. that...意为“某人突然想到某事”，其中it是形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。其他选项没有此用法。
【答案】　D
用happen，occur，take place的适当形式填空
①I'm afraid that this would ________ during my absence.
②Does it ever ________ to you that I am sometimes thinking
③Great changes have ________ in China since then.
④The meeting will ________ next Friday.
⑤It ________ that I had no money on me.
⑥The accident ________ yesterday.
【答案】　①happen/occu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r　②occur　③taken place　④take place　⑤happened　⑥happened/occurred
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会名词性从句作主语、宾语和表语的用法。
①Exactly when the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) first people arrived in what we now know as California，no one really knows.
②However，it is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
③Scientists beli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eve (that) these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.
④That is why today ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
[自我总结]
1. 名词性从句必须是________语序，引导词位于从句________。
2. 主语从句通常以________ 做形式主语出现。
3. 引导宾语从句的________ 常可以省略，并且注意________，当主句为过去时时，从句时态一定往前推移，不可出现现在时或现在完成时。
【答案】　1.陈述；句首　2.it　3.that；时态呼应
复习名词性从句作主语、宾语和表语
一、概说
　名词性从句，即指具有名词性质的从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习名词性从句主要应注意其引导词的用法与区别，从句的词序以及名词性从句与其他从句的区别等。
二、主语从句
1．主语从句的引导词
主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词引导。
That he is still alive is a wonder.他还活着，真是奇迹。
What he wants to read now are some magazines.现在他想读的是一些杂志。
Whether we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
明天我们是否去野营要看天气。
2．主语从句与形式主语it
有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况。
(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句：
It's a pity that he didn't come.很遗憾他没来。
(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句。
Whether they would support us was a problem.
他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
It was a problem whether they would support us.
他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
(3)what引导的主语从句，通常不用形式主语，总是主语从句放在句首。
What we need is money.我们需要的是钱。
What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这一点。
(4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构。
Is it true that he is the girl's father
他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？
Is it still a question when we shall have our sports meet
我们什么时候开运动会还是个问题吗？
3．连词that的省略问题
引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，that则可以省略。
That you didn't go to the talk was a pity.
很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省)
It was a pity (that) you didn't go to the talk.
很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)
三、宾语从句
1．宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句通常由连词that和whether (if)、连接代词或连接副词引导。
We believe that he is honest.我们相信他是诚实的。
I don't know whether he'll arrive in time.
我不知道他是否能及时到。
I don't know who (m) you mean.我不知道你指谁。
He asked why he had to go alone.
他问他为什么必须一个人去。
Please tell me which you like.告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
She has got what she wanted.她要的东西得到了。
【提示】　有时介词后可跟一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句)。
From what you say，he is right.
根据你所说的，他是对的。
有极个别介词(如but，except)可接that引导的宾语从句。
She remembered no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )thing about him except that his hair was black. 她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。
2．宾语从句与形式宾语it
当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末。
I think it best that you should stay here.
我认为你最好住这儿。
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.他还没宣布他何时结婚。
3．连词that的省略问题
引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略。
She said (that) she would come to the meeting.
她说过要来开会的。
I promise you (that) I will be there.我答应你我会去。
【提示】有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略：
That she is a good girl I know.她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。
4．宾语从句与否定转移
当动词think，believe，suppose，expect，imagine后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语。
I don't suppose that it is true.我认为那不是真的。
I don't imagine that he will come.我想他不会来的。
四、表语从句
1．表语从句的引导词
引导表语从句的词有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词，以及as if，as though，because等连词。
The fact is that he doesn't really try.
事实是他没有做真正的努力。
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
问题是这部电影是否值得看。
The problem is how we can find him.
问题是我们如何找到他。
That was when I was fifteen.这是我15岁时发生的事。
It is because I love you too much.
那是因为我太爱你了。
【提示】whether ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句；because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since，as，for等也不用于引导表语从句。
2．连词that的省略问题
引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略。
My idea is (that) we should do it right away.
我的意见是我们应该马上干。
The trouble is (that) he is ill.糟糕的是他病了。
五、名词性从句中两个易错问题
1．词序问题
名词性从句总是用陈述句词序，而不能使用疑问句词序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序。
误：I didn't know where did he live.
正：I didn't know where he lived.
我不知道他住哪儿。
误：Who will he marry remains unknown.
正：Who he will marry remains unknown.
他同谁结婚还不知道。
2．时态问题
由于由when引导的时间状 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，所以许多同学容易受此影响在when和if引导名词性从句时也用现在时表示将来意义。
另外，当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态与之呼应(表客观真理时除外)。
The teacher told us that he knew everything.
老师告诉我们他知道一切。
The teacher told ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) us that light travels faster than sound.老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。
【巧学妙记】　
学习宾从三注意，时态语序和连词。
时态主从要呼应：
主句若为现在时，从句时态随句意；
主句若为过去时，从句时态变过去；
宾从若是表真理，时态不变无质疑。
语序要用陈述序，切莫照搬疑问句。
That连接陈述句，省与不省要注意。
从句若表“是否”时，if/whether要慎记。
特殊问句作宾语，仍用原来疑问词。
三个问题需记牢，切莫丢东忘了西。
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2013·开封高二检测)________ he had forgotten to take his notebook.
A．That occurred to him　　B．To him that occurred
C．He occurred that D．It occurred to him that
【解析】　本题检测的是occur的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用法和it做形式主语。(an idea)occur to sb.是“(主意)浮现在脑中、被想起”的意思。句意：他想起忘带笔记本了。
【答案】　D
2．(2013·北京高考)Exper ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts believe________people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.
A．why　　　B．where　　C．that　　D．what
【解析】　题干的意思是：专家们认为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )必要的时候才购物可以减少食物的浪费。分析结构可知，此处是experts believe...作主句，空格处引导宾语从句，从句不缺少成分，故用that。why在句中作原因状语；where作地点状语；what作主语、宾语或表语。故正确答案为C项。分析清楚句子结构是解题关键。
【答案】　C
3．(2013·安徽高考)From s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pace，the earth looks blue.This is ________ about seventy one percent of its surface is covered by water.
A．why　　　　　　　　　B．how
C．because D．whether
【解析】　本题考查表语从句的引导 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词。句意：从太空看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为它表面大约71%被水所覆盖。首先分析前后两句之间的逻辑关系，此处为“前果后因”，使用because，故选C项。
【答案】　C
4．(2012·福建高考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))We promise ________ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
A．who　　　　　　　B．whom
C．whoever D．whomever
【解析】　考查名词性从句。句意：我们承诺 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )给任何出席晚会的人一个与那个影星合影的机会。句中whoever引导宾语从句(＝anyone who引导的定语从句)。
【答案】　C
5．(2012·北京高考)Jer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________ he could have expressed it differently.
A．why　　 B．how　　C．that　　D．whether
【解析】　考查宾语从句的连接词。宾语从句不缺少成分，故用that引导。
【答案】　C
6．________ worri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es me a lot is that I keep forgetting what I have just done.
A．As　　　B．What　　C．That　　D．It
【解析】　句意：使我很担 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )忧的是我总是忘记我刚刚做了什么。所选项引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，故用what。as不引导名词性从句；that引导名词性从句时不在从句中作任何成分；it不引导从句。
【答案】　B
7．We believe __ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______ human beings can't live without animals，and ________ it is quite necessary to protect those rare animals.
A．that；不填　　　　　B．不填；不填
C．不填；that D．what；that
【解析】　句意：我们相信没有动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )物，人类将无法生存，也相信现在很有必要去保护那些珍稀动物。所选项引导的均是believe 后的宾语从句，且不在从句中作任何成分，故用that；动词后有两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，故选C。
【答案】　C
8．The boss is thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nking about ________ he should open another branch company.
A．whether B．if
C．that D．what
【解析】　句意：老板正在考虑是否要再开一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )家分公司。所选项引导宾语从句，且不在句中作任何成分，意为“是否”，故用whether。if不能引导介词的宾语从句；that引导名词性从句时，在句中没有任何意义；what引导名词性从句时，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
【答案】　A
9．(2013·济宁高二质检)H ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e failed to attend the meeting.The reason was ________ he missed the first bus.
A．because B．that
C．why D．how
【解析】　句意：他没能来参加会议，原因 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是他没赶上第一班公交车。所选项引导表语从句，且不在句中作任何成分，故用that。主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不能用because或why；how常作方式状语。
【答案】　B
10．Cindy shut the do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or heavily and burst into tears.No one in the office knew ________ she was so angry.
A．where B．whether
C．that D．why
【解析】　句意：辛迪重重地关 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上了门，并且大哭了起来。办公室没有一个人知道她为什么这么生气。此处why表示原因，引导knew的宾语从句，符合题意。where表示地点；whether意为“是否”，that没有实际意义，二者都不在名词性从句中作成分。
【答案】　D
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．____________________(英语晚会将在哪里举行) has not yet been announced.
2．It is known to us ______________________(他是如何成为一名作家的)．
3．________________________(他要跟我们说什么) is not clear.
4．He has told me ________________________ (他明天要去上海)．
5．I insist ________________________(要她单独工作)．
6．I want to know ________________________(他告诉了你什么)．
7．I wonder __________________________(他来还是不来)．
8．The fact is ________________________(我们已经输了这场比赛)．
9．That's ________________________(正是我想要的)．
10．This is ________________________(我们的问题所在)．
【答案】　1.Where the English evening will be held
2．how he bec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ame a writer　3.What he wants to tell us　4.that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow　5.that she (should) do her work alone　6.what he has told you
7．whether he will co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me or not　8.that we have lost the game　9.just what I want　10.where our problem lies
Period ⅣUsing Language
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)掌握本学案中所给出的词汇，能够理解并能熟练运用。
(2)理解课文内容。
(3)听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。
(4)能够根据课文中所提出的问题，发表自己的看法并给出学生认为合理的建议。
(5)掌握描述某个地方的写作方法。
●教学地位
本课时的内容是描述某个地方，是高考作文中常见的一个问题。在高考中占有相当重要的地位。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
本单元“语言运用”(Using Lan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )guage)的“听和说”部分围绕加利福尼亚州这个话题设计练习。“读和写”部分以乔治的日记为主线设计了丰富多彩的练习，使人目睹了加州美丽的自然风光和人文景观，领略了加州的文化。把读和写有机地结合在一起，注重培养学生的语篇意识，注重学生语言综合运用能力的提高。最后要求学生仿照乔治日记的某个段落描述一个学生们熟悉或感兴趣的地方。
●教学流程设计
检查上节课所布置作业。 导入新课。 学生快速阅读课文(见课本第8页)并根据学案所设置的问题做出判断。
学生共同讨论。师生统一答案。 让学生再 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )次仔细阅读课文，并完成学案中“语篇理解”部分(见学案第11页)。 学生就学案中的问题相互交换意见。老师指导学生统一答案。
　　　　
学生完成“要点讲练”部分(见学案 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第11页)。 学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。 学生完成“情景交际”部分(见学案第15页)。
自我评估(见学案第17页) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )；课本第9页Summing up。 学生完成“写作提升”部分(见学案第16页)。 老师指导学生共同找出答案。讲解本单元交际话题，并从高考命题角度来分析本交际话题。　　　　　　
让学生做“课时作业”。 老师布置作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )业：让学生课下做“单元归纳提升”部分。(见学案第17页)和Workbook 第48页Using words and Expressions第1、2、3题、第49页Using structures第1、2题 。
Ⅰ.判断正误
阅读P8课文，判断正误
1．Italian fish ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ermen first came to San Francisco in the early 19th century and began the fishing industry.(　　)
2．The fronts of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) buildings in Chinatown are decorated to look like old buildings in Southern China.(　　)
3．Some of the cells i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n the station even had no light but the immigrants had somewhere else to go.(　　)
【答案】　1－3　F T F
Ⅱ. 语篇理解
阅读P8课文，选择最佳答案
1．What's George's diary about
A．It's about his journey in San Francisco.
B．It's an introduction to Fisherman's Wharf.
C．It's an introduction to Chinatown.
2．If you want to have seafood, you should go to ________.
A．Chinatown
B．Angel Island
C．Fisherman's Wharf
3．Which word can be used to describe Chinese immigrants' stay
A．comfortable　　B．miserable　　C．free
【答案】　1－3 A C B
1．Not everyo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne is ________ and not everyone lives near the ________.(教材P6)
并非每个人是……，并且并非每个人住在……附近。
not everyone为部分否定，意思是“并非每个人都……”。
Not everyone likes this book.并非人人都喜欢这本书。
在英语中有一些用来表示“全体”意义的不定代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，如all，every(及everyone，everybody，everything，everywhere等)，both等，凡含有这些词的否定句并非表示全部否定，而是表示部分否定。
部分否定有两种形式：直接把否定词not 放在被否定词之前，或用not来否定谓语。
①not all...(或all...not)表示“并非都……，不是所有的都……”
Not all men can be masters.＝All men cannot be masters.并非人人都能当头头。
Not all bamboo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )grows tall.＝All bamboo doesn't grow tall.并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。
②not...both(或both...not)表示“并非两个……都……”
I don't want both the books.我不是两本书都要。
Both (the) windows are not open.两扇窗子并不都开着。
③every及every构成的复合不定代词的否定式，表示“不是每……都……”
Every book is not educative.
不是每本书都有教育意义的。
I can't catch everything in the book.
我没有完全掌握书中的内容。
【提示】　如果要表示全部否定，要用non ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e，no，neither，nobody，nothing等。not与any，anything，either等连用也可表示全部否定。
I know none of them.他们中我一个人也不认识。
I don't know any of them.
我不认识他们中任何一个人。
①always的否定式：“并非总是(并非一直)……”
②entirely，altogether，completely和quite的否定式：“不完全……”，“并非完全……”
③all the time 的否定式：“并非一直……”，“未必老是……”
④not...and...的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。
如果将and 换成or，not对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。
翻译句子
①这花并不是随处可见的。
______________________________________________
②我不是两个钢笔都要。
______________________________________________
③所有的学生并非都按时来这儿。
______________________________________________
④所有人都买不起这种昂贵的汽车。
______________________________________________
【答案】　①This flower is not seen everywhere.
②I don't want both the pens.
③All the students are not here in time.
④Nobody can buy the expensive car.
2．indicate vt.指出；标示；表明；表示；暗示
Try to use the e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xpressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.(教材P7)
试着用上面的表达来表明你在认真听搭档的讲述。
I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.
我问他我姐姐在哪，他指了指对面的商店。
indicate sth. (to/for sb.) 向(某人)表示某事；
indicate that...表示……；示意……
indicate to sb.that... 向某人表示或示意……
indication n．指出；表明
indicator n．指示信号；标志；迹象
A signpost indicated the right road for us to follow.
路标指给我们应走的路。
These figures ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) indicate to me that the company is in serious trouble.我看了这些数字觉得公司处境很艰难。
Did he give you any indication of his feelings
他向你表示了自己的感情了吗？
用indicate的适当形式填空
①Research ________ that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.
②A flashing re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d light ________ that a stretch of road was undergoing repairs.
③There is every ________ of a change in the weather.
④Your waist size is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) good ________ of whether you have too much belly fat.
【答案】　①indicates　②indicated　③indication　④indicator
3．Apparently h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed，the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.(教材P8)
显然，他很震惊，这时他曾经看到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )过一起可怕的交通事故；由于一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。
(1)apparently adv.显然地；显而易见地；看起来
He was apparently much surprised at the news.
他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
Apparently she did not succeed.看样子她没有成功。
apparent adj.明显的，显而易见的
be/become apparent to...对……来说很明显
It is apparent that...显然
His guilt is apparent to all.他的罪恶尽人皆知。
It soon became app ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arent that the company was losing money.该公司一直亏本的情况很快就显露出来。
obvious/apparent/evident/clear
obvious 意为“某东西具有显著特点，不需费力就可觉察到，常用于一目了然的事物”。
apparent 意为“表面看起来很明显，而实际情况未必如此”。
evident 意为“有证据作出合理判断，考虑到各种事实、条件后而显得明显”。
clear 意为“不存在使人迷惑或使问题复杂化的因素”。
用apparently的适当形式填空
①The child nodded，________ content with the promise.
②Ministers met but ________ failed to make progress.
③For no ________ reason she laughed.
④He made it ________ that he was very annoyed.
【答案】　①apparently　②apparently　③apparent　④apparent
(2)slip vi.滑动；滑行；滑跤；溜进(出)n.滑；滑倒
My foot slipped and I nearly fell.
我的脚一滑，差点跌倒。
She slipped into the room when no one was looking.
她趁无人注意的时候溜进了房间。
slip away /off 溜走；悄悄离开
slip into进入，陷入﹙尤指困难或不快的状况﹚
slip out被无意说出
slip off迅速脱去(衣服)
slip on迅速穿上(衣服)
I slipped away to my room to write some letters.
我悄悄躲进房间去写信。
How can you slip me into the concert without a ticket
没有票你怎么带我混进音乐会上去听音乐？
I didn't mean to tell him.It just slipped out.
我不是有意要告诉他，只是说漏了嘴。
slide/slip
slide 主要表示某物在另一物表面的滑动，可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。
slip 多指无意的、急速的、短距离的滑动，常有因不小心或失去平衡等造成之意。常指由于不小心、路滑等而滑倒。
用slide和slip的适当形式填空
⑤My knife ________ and cut my hand.
⑥He ________ and broke his leg.
⑦The book ________ off the desk.
【答案】　⑤slipped　⑥slipped　⑦slid
4．Team up with a couple from my hotel and hire a car.(教材P8)
同饭店里的一对夫妻做伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。
(1)team up with 与……合作或一起工作
I knew he was a g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uy I wanted to team up with, no question.我当时就知道他这个人我能与之长久合作共事，这一点毫无疑问。
He teamed up with the band to produce the disc.
他与乐队协力推出这张唱片。
team up (to do...) 合作(做某事)
team with (服装)与……搭配
on a team 属于……一员
team spirit 合作精神，团队精神
The two companies hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e teamed up to develop a new racing car.那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。
A suit teamed with a white shirt.
一套配有白衬衫的衣服。
完成句子
①他与一个朋友联合，做起了买卖。
He ____________ a friend and set up a trade business.
②他是那个队的成员吗？
Is he ____________？
③三四年级的学生相互合作，为联谊会装饰体操馆。
The third and fourth grades ____________ the gym for the party.
【答案】　①teamed up with　②on that team
③teamed up to decorate
(2)hire v．租用，雇用n.租用，租金
We hired a driver to take us on a tour of the city
我们雇了一个司机带我们游览这个城市。
He had the hire of a car for a week.
他租用汽车一个星期。
hire out出租
hire (oneself) out to sb.受雇于某人
for/on hire出租
They hire out boats to people on holiday.
每逢假日他们向人出租船只。
She hired out to the owner of an apple orchard.
她受雇于一个苹果园主。
This car is for hire.这辆车是出租的。
hire/employ/rent
hire 是日常用语，指按工作量或时间雇用人 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 或租借东西，有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物的使用权出让给别人以收取费用”之意；多指临时租用某物。如：hire a boat，a car，a camera，a bicycle，an evening dress，a hall for a meeting等，指人时，有“雇用”、“受雇”两种含义。
employ 较正式，多指商店或公司长期雇用人手；受 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )雇人员较广，甚至包括社会地位较高的职业人员，有“聘请”之义；也可以解释为“忙于，从事”常用于be employed in sth./doing sth.短语中。
rent 一般指租借房屋、地产(租借出去) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )；也有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物使用权出让给别人以收取费用”之意；多指用于长时间的场合。如：rent a house，a flat，a TV等。rent还可作名词，意为“租金；租费”。
用hire，employ，rent适当形式填空
④Our house has been ________ by a newly married couple.
⑤How many workmen do you ________ at your factory
⑥They ________ in writing when I came.
⑦They ________ out boats by the hour.
⑧We ________ a driver to drive us to the city.
【答案】　④rented　⑤employ　⑥were employed
⑦hire　⑧hired
5．mark out画线；标出……界线
There's a fascinat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing drive marked out for tourists. (教材P8)有一种专为旅游者选定的迷人的驾车游活动。
They marked out the tennis court with white paint.
他们用白漆标出了网球场的界线。
Some of the b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est pupils have been marked out for special training.已经选出几名出色的学生进行专门训练。
mark sb.out for sth.选出/选定某人做某事
mark down写下，记下；降低……的价格或分数
mark up标出；提高……的价格
mark in加画(具体细节)；绘入
mark out for看中；选定
Just a moment.Let me m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ark down your name and address.等一下，让我把你的姓名和地址记下来。
Some shops marked up the goods unfairly.
有几家商店的货价提高得不合理。
He marked the book down to 49 cents.
他把书的标价降为49分。
【教师备课资源】　
mark off 用界限隔开
mark on标上
mark...with...用……在某物上做标记
be marked with...标记着……
完成句子
①请用红笔标出你不懂的句子。
Please ________ the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) sentences that you don't understand with a red pen.
②他的三幅画已被选定供展览。
Three of his paintings ________ exhibition.
③如果你看到交通事故，务必记下汽车的牌照号码。
If you saw a traffic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )accident，make sure to ________ the license of the car.
【答案】　①mark out　②have been marked out for
③mark down
6．take in包括；吸收
It's a 79km round trip ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that takes in all the famous tourist spots. (教材P8)这是一次往返79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。
The study of physics takes in many difficult subjects.
物理的学习包括许多困难的方面。
The boat is taking in water！船进水啦！
take in 接纳；欺骗；收养，接待；理会，理解，记住；欺骗，使上当
take apart拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等)
take down拿下，取下；拆卸；记下
take back取回，带回；收回说过的话；使……回忆起昔日
take on承担，从事；呈现；雇用
If you trust him，you will certainly be taken in.
如果你相信他，你一定会受骗。
It's easy to take a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) watch apart but difficult to put it together again.把表拆开容易，装起来难。
He is always ready to take on heavy responsibilities.
他一向乐于挑重担。
【教师备课资源】　
take up开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理
take over继承，接收，接管
take off脱下(衣服等)；起飞
take care of照料，保管
take it easy别紧张，慢慢来
take one's time不急，慢慢干
take one's place入座；代替某人的位置　
【对接高考】　
(2011·陕西高考)S ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome insects ________ the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.
A．take in　B．take off　C．take on　D．take out
【解析】　考查动词短语含义。句意：一些 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )昆虫呈现出它们周围环境的颜色，目的是为了保护自己。take in吸收，改小，理解，欺骗；take off起飞，脱衣服，摆脱，成名；take on雇佣，呈现；take out拿出来。根据句意可知C项正确。
【答案】　C
用上面短语的适当形式填空
①The old factory has ________ a new look.
②The lecturer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had the feeling that a good deal of what he said had not been ________ by the students.
③They are ________ the old building.
④I will ________ what I just said.
【答案】　①taken on　②taken in　③taking down
④take back
7．apply for申请；请示得到
From 1882 to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. (教材P8)
从1882到1940年，天使岛成为一个著名的移民站，很多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权。
I made up my mind to apply for a scholarship.
我决定申请奖学金。
be applied to 适用于；应用于；施加于；
用来表示；与……接触
apply oneself to致力于；集中精力做某事
apply sth.to把……施于……；把……运用于……
apply to关系到，牵涉到，适用于；向……接洽
applicant n．申请人
application n．申请(书)；应用；用途
The money was applied to the payment of debts.
那笔钱被用来还债了。
These restrictions do not apply to us.
这些限制对我们不适用。
He applied himself to learning French.
他努力学习法语。
完成句子
①我想申请这项工作。
I want to ________ the job.
②我们必须全力想出一个解决的办法。
We must ________ our energies ________ finding a solution.
③他以极大的热情投入到新的工作中去。
He ________________ his new duties with great energy.
④因为工资低，没有什么人申请这份工作。
As the wages were low，there were few ________ for the job.
【答案】　①apply for　②apply；to　③applied himself to　④applicants
8．reform vt.&vi.改革；革新n.改革；改造；改良
In 1940 the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA.(教材P8)
在1940年，民政部门改革了制度，使得更多的中国人能够得到机会在美国定居。
We are reforming our economic system.
我们正在改革我们的经济体制。
The reform in teaching ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) methods is warmly welcomed by students.教学方法的改革受到了学生们的热烈欢迎。
reform oneself改过自新
the reform in在……方面的改革
carry out the reform实施改革
He who will reform himself must first reform society.
凡有意改过自新者，必须首先改革社会。
We also need to act ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ively advance the reform in the political system.我们要积极推进政治体制改革。
完成句子
①新法引起了许多社会改革。
The new law brought ____________.
②我们应该进行教育改革。
We should __________ education.
【答案】　①many social reforms　
②carry out the reform in
问题和表达
Where are you？你在哪里？Wha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t are you doing there？你在那里干什么？Really？真的吗？And what about...？……怎么样？What's it really like？它到底像什么？What do you think？你怎么想的？What happened then？接着发生什么事了？
Indeed？真的吗？Is that so？真的是那样吗？
Good.好。Yes，that's right.是的，就是那样。That sounds interesting.听起来很有趣。
Oh，I see.哦，我明白了。Sounds great！听起来挺棒！Just as I thought.和我想的一样。
1．(2012·全国卷Ⅰ)—Which one of these do you want
—________. Either will do.
A．I don't mind　　　　　B．I'm sure
C．No problem D．Go ahead
【解析】　句意：——在这些 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中你想要哪一个？——我不介意。任意一个都行。I don't mind我不介意；I'm sure我肯定；No problem没问题；Go ahead请说吧/做吧。根据Either will do.可知，说话者不介意。故选A。
【答案】　A
2．(2012·福建高考)—What are you going to do this weekend
—________.If time permits，I may go to Shanghai with my friends.
A．Don't mention it B．It doesn't matter
C．Forget it D．It depends
【解析】　句意：——这个周 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )末你打算做什么？——看情况再说吧。如果时间允许，我会和朋友去上海。A项意为“别提它了”，常用于回答别人的致谢；B项意为“没关系”；C项意为“忘了吧，别说它了”；D项意为“看情况再说吧”。
【答案】　D
3．(2013·辽宁高考)—What do you think of the house
—________It's everything we've been looking for.
A．Perfect！　　　　　　B．Good idea!
C．Not bad. D．So so.
【解析】　句意：“你认为这套房子怎么样？”“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )________这正是我们一直在寻找的。”根据“It's everything we've been looking for.”可知，回答者对这套房子很满意，认为其“完美”。A项意为“完美！”，符合句意。B项意为“好主意！”；C项意为“不错。”；D项意为“一般般。”
【答案】　A
描写地点的说明文
1．介绍地点要客观，如其历史、地理位置、面积、气候、自然资源和居民等，但可以根据题目要求加上自己的评论。
2．组织这类文章的结构，要注意说明顺序，详略得当，重点突出。
3．描述地点时需要我们准确掌握表示方位的词或短语。
4．文章主要采用一般现在时。
5．注意行文的连贯性，要求我们用适量的过渡词。
6．最后根据写作提示，进行适当总结和评论。
[常用词语]
1．介绍地理位置(location)
be located in...，be situated in...，lie in...
坐落于……脚下/顶部，...stands ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at the foot of/on the top of..., There stands an old temple near the river.
2．介绍人口(population)
...has a population of...，(a city) with a population of...
3．介绍面积(area)
has/covers an area of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )...square kilometers，(a city) with an area of...square kilometers
4．介绍历史(history)
...has a long history (of...years)，with a long history (of...years)
5．介绍交通(transportation)
...has convenient tra ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nsportation，(a city) with convenient transportation both on land and water
6．介绍经济(economy)
经济迅速发展．..economy has been developing rapidly
7．名胜古迹
有很多名胜古迹 places of interest/historical spots
8．一些其他表达方式
……发生了很大变化great changes have taken place...，
特色鲜明的地方文化distinct local culture
西山镇依山傍水。过去，这里的人们生活极其贫困。解放后人们的生活在各方面都发生了很大的变化。
人口 约10万
面积 约126平方公里
地理概况 坐落在鲁北一山脚下，面临一条大河，新建有许多工厂、商店、医院、学校
教育状况 解放前只有一所学校且只有富家子弟可以上学，现在有10所学校，每个孩子都可以上学
生活状况 人们工作之余，可以逛商店、看电影、跳舞、参加体育活动等
注意：
1．写成上下文连贯、语句通顺的短文；
2．开头已经给出；
3．词数：120左右。
Xishan town is a small town，____________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
[思路点拨]　本篇作文可以从以下几个方面入手：
一、注意文章应用的时态和语态。二、主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要内容是把表格中的内容如实地正确描述出来。三、描述的顺序不必完全依据表格，可根据自己写作的实际情况灵活掌握。四、为了获得高分，请尽可能地使用高级词汇及语法结构。
[词汇热身]
1．坐落在鲁北一山脚下______________
2．人口约10万______________
3．面积约126平方公里______________
4．解放前______________
5．富家子弟______________
6．逛商店______________
7．看电影______________
8．参加体育活动______________
【答案】　1.be located ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at the foot of a mountain of North Shandong province　2.have a population of about 100,000
3．cover an ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ea of about 126 square kilometers　4.before liberation　5.children from wealthy families　6.go shopping　7.see films 　8.have sports
[句式温习]
1．面临一条大河。
________________ a big river.
2．新建有许多工厂商店、医院学校。
Now many factories，shops，hospitals and schools ________________.
3．解放前只有一所学校且只有富家子弟可以上学。
Before liberation ________________ children from wealthy families.
4．现在有10所学校，每个孩子都可以上学。
Now there are 10 schools and ________________.
5. 人们工作之余，可以逛商店、看电影、跳舞、参加体育活动等。
________________ people go shopping，see films，go dancing，have sports ________________.
【答案】　1.In front of it flows　2.have been built
3．there was only one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )school for　4.every child can go to school　5.After work；and so on
[连句成篇]
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
【参考范文】
Xishan town is a smal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l town,_which is located at the foot of a mountain of North Shandong province and in front of it flows a big river.It has a population of about 100,000 and covers an area of about 126 square kilometers.Before liberation，people there lived a hard life but great changes have taken place since liberation and now many factories，shops，hospitals and schools have been built.
The school educatio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n has also improved，for example，before liberation there was only one school for children from wealthy families，but now there are 10 schools and every child can go to school.After work people go shopping，see films，go dancing，have sports and so on.
Ⅰ.立体式复习单词
A．基础单词
1．________ n．(人口、贸易的)繁荣 vi.处于经济迅速发展时期
2．________ vi.发生；出现
3．________ vi.滑动；滑行；滑跤n.滑动；滑倒
4．________ vt.&n.租用；雇用
5．________ adv.无处；到处都无
6．________ vt.&vi.改革；革新n.改革；改造；改良
7．________ adj.清晰的；明显的；明确的
8．________ n．苦难；困苦
9．________ vt.&n.抓住；抓紧；掌握；领会
10．________ n．公正；公平
11．________ n．处罚；惩罚
12．________ n．(公车)售票员；列车员；(乐队)指挥
13．________ vt. & vi.刮；剃
14．________ n．牛(总称)
【答案】　1.boom　2.occur　3.slip　4.hire　5.nowhere
6．reform　7.distinct　8.hardship　9.grasp　10.justice
11．punishment　12.conductor　13.shave　14.cattle
B．词汇拓展
15．________ n．大多数 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )；大半→________ adj. 较大的，主要的 v．主修，专攻 n．专业→________ n．少数；少数民族
16．________ v．选择，决定做某事(后常跟不定式)；选举，推选→________ n．选举
17．________ n．百分比，百分率→________ adj.百分之……
18．________ vt.指出；标示；表明；表示；暗示→________ n. 指出；表明→________ n．指示信号；标志；迹象
19．________ adv. 显然地；显而易见地；看起来→________ adj. 明显的，显而易见的
20．________ v. 申请；请示得到→________ n. 申请人→________ n．申请(书)；应用；用途
【答案】　15.majority；major；minority　16.elect；election
17．percentage；percent　18.indicate；indication；indicator
19．apparently；apparent　20.apply；applicant；application
Ⅱ.递进式回顾短语
A．短语互译
1．____________ 用……办法；借助……
2．____________ 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
3．____________ 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
4．____________ 背靠背
5．____________ 与……合作或一起工作
6．____________ mark out
7．____________ take in
8．____________ a great/good many
9．____________ apply for
10．____________ live on
【答案】　1.by means of.. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).　2.make a life　3.keep up　4.back to back　5.team up with　6.画线；标出……界线
7．包括；吸收　8.许多；很多　9.申请；请示得到　10.继续存在；继续生存
B．用上面词组的适当形式完成下列句子
11．He ____________ his long distance running whether it is windy or snowy.
12．They ____________ another family to rent a house for the summer.
13．The site of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the new chemical fertilizer plant has been ____________.
14．Their last tour ____________ six European capitals.
15．He ____________ a job at a large firm and easily passed the test at last.
【答案】　11.keeps up　12.te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )amed up with　13.marked out　14.took in　15.applied for
Ⅲ.仿写式活用句型
1. However，it is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
【句式仿写】　很有可能，这部电影会大受欢迎。
____________________ the film will be popular.
2．That is why today ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
【句式仿写】　这就是他们为什么决定要修改计划的原因。
____________________ they decided to revise the plan.
3．Exactly when t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he first people arrived in what we now know as California，no one really kn