北师大版（2019）选择性必修 第四册Unit 12 Innovation Lesson 3 Stephen Hawking课件(共29张PPT)

(共29张PPT)
Unit 12　Innovation
选择性必修
第四册
Lesson 3　Stephen Hawking
03
1．Generally speaking, the first year provides students with a sound ________ (theory) basis for later study in college.
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
刷单句填空
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
theoretical
　句意为：一般而言，大学一年级的学习会为学生的后续学习提供可靠的理论基础。设空处为形容词作定语，修饰其后面的名词basis，故填theoretical。
2．The professor has achieved ________ (universe) recognition for his striking academic achievements.
universal
句意为：这位教授因为他突出的学术成就而赢得了普遍认可。设空处为形容词作定语，修饰其后面的名词recognition，故填universal。
解析
解析
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
刷单句填空
3．The boy was elected as one of the ________________________ (influential) students in his school last term.
句意为：这个男孩上学期被评选为校园最有影响力的学生之一。此处为“one of＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词复数”结构，表示“最……的……之一”，设空处应使用形容词的最高级形式，故填most influential。
most influential
4．________ (rare) has a lecture attracted so much media attention.
Rarely
句意为：很少有一场演讲赢得过如此高的媒体关注度。设空处为副词作状语修饰谓语动词。当否定副词或表示否定含义的介词短语置于句首，且句子主语为普通名词时，句子用部分倒装结构，故填Rarely。
解析
解析
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
刷单句填空
5．Undoubtedly, we have more challenges _________________ (overcome) in the long run of science exploration.　
句意为：毋庸置疑，在科学探索的漫漫征途中，我们还有更多的挑战要克服。根据句子成分分析，设空处为非谓语作定语，修饰其前面的名词challenges。根据句意可知，非谓语所表示的动作为还未发生的动作，故使用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to overcome。
to overcome
6．Bonus payments _________________ (cease) immediately once your work performance drops.
will be ceased
句意为：一旦你的工作表现变差，奖金就会被终止发放。根据句子成分分析，设空处为主句的谓语部分。once引导时间状语从句，当从句为一般现在时，主句常使用一般将来时；Bonus payments与cease之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。故填will be ceased。
解析
解析
7．I’m trying to prevent everyone else ________ getting hurt.
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
刷单句填空
from
8．He is ________ (grand) and even richer than the prince.
grander
句意为：我在努力防止其他人受伤害。prevent sb from doing sth为固定搭配，意为“阻止某人做某事”。故填from。
句意为：他比王子更高贵，甚至更富有。设空处与richer并列，且根据后面的than可知，此处应用形容词的比较级。故填grander。
解析
解析
9．As a result of financial recession, the turnover of physical stores in this district declined ________ 20% last year.
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
刷单句填空
by
10．I don’t think you realise the ________ (grave) of the situation.
gravity
句意为：由于经济衰退，去年该区实体店营业额下降了20%。“decline by＋百分数”意为“下降了……；减少了……”。故填by。
句意为：我认为你没有意识到形势的严重性。设空处前有定冠词the，后有介词of，此处应用名词，意为“严重性”。故填gravity。
解析
解析
1．根据之前的谈判结果，终极协议有望在短期内达成。(expect)
According to previous negotiations, the final agreement ________ ________ ________ be reached in a short period.
刷单句表达
根据提示补全句子。
1．is expected to
2．无论何时，我们都不应该歧视那些有身体缺陷的人。(look 的动词词组)
In no case shall we ________ ________ ________ the ones with physical disabilities.
2．look down on/upon
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
3．对大多数普通人而言，真正的幸福不应归结于金钱。(reduce)
True happiness cannot ________ ________ ________ money for most common people.
刷单句表达
根据提示补全句子。
3．be reduced to
4．虽然年事已高，他依然过着积极的生活。(spite)
________ ________ ________ his old age, he still leads an active life.
4．In spite of
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
5．积极的态度与持久的努力相结合往往会通向一个充满希望的未来。(lead)
A positive attitude combined with constant efforts tends to ________ ________ a promising future.
刷单句表达
根据提示补全句子。
5．lead to
Part Ⅰ　Vocabulary & Grammar
体裁：记叙文　 题材：人物故事
Stephen Hawking, 1________ well recognised scientist in physics in the 20th century, is the author of the 2________ (science) masterpiece A Brief History of Time：From the Bing Bang to Black Holes.Born in 1942 in Oxford, Hawking went to university to study physics at the age of 17.Unfortunately, he 3________ (diagnose) with ALS (a disease that affects muscle control) in 1963 and expected to live only for a few years.
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar
刷课文改编填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1．a　根据设空处后面的名词scientist可知，设空处须填写冠词，此处泛指“一位广受认可的科学家”，作Stephen Hawking的同位语，well recognised的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
答案及解析
2．scientific　设空处修饰名词masterpiece，应用形容词。故填scientific。
3．was diagnosed　根据句子成分划分，设空处为谓语部分；再根据语境和时间状语in 1963可知，应用一般过去时；he和diagnose之间为被动关系，设空处应使用一般过去时的被动语态；he为第三人称单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填was diagnosed。
In the early stages of his career as a teacher in Cambridge, he was only allowed 4________ (conduct) research rather than teach due to his physical limitations.As his health got worse, he lost his speech and the use of hands.Though faced with 5________ (decline) physical abilities, Hawking never stopped making advances in science.6________ surprised the world was his new ideas of black holes.In his theory, he supposed that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole and that it might lead 7________ a separate universe.With all his ideas of the universe 8________ (include), he published A Brief History of Time：From the Bing Bang to Black Holes as well as its simpler version.
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar
刷课文改编填空
4．to conduct　be allowed to do sth为固定表达，意为“被允许做某事”，设空处为不定式作主补。故填to conduct。
5．declining　句意为：尽管面临身体机能下降的问题，霍金从未停止在科学上取得进步。设空处修饰名词abilities，应用形容词declining，表示“衰退中的”。故填declining。
6．What　句意为：令世人惊讶的是他关于黑洞的新想法。设空处引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，意为“……的东西”。故填What。
7．to　句意为：在他的理论中，他推断黑洞中心有一种洞，可能通向一个独立的宇宙。lead to 为固定搭配，意为“通向；引导至”。故填to。
8．included　此处应用形容词作宾补，意为“包括在内的”。故填included。
Despite all these misfortunes in life, Hawking did not feel sorry for 9________ (he) but felt a strong sense of 10________ (appreciate) for all the support from his families and social organisations.
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar
刷课文改编填空
9．himself　此处与主语同指一人，指霍金自己，应用反身代词。故填himself。
10．appreciation　设空处作介词of的宾语，应用名词，a sense of appreciation意为“感激之情”。
体裁：说明文　 题材：太空探索
Humans have always looked up at the stars and wanted to learn more about space.1________ (determine) to find out the secrets of the universe, scientists work hard to make vehicles to carry people into space.
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar
刷语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们决心找出宇宙的秘密，努力制造运载人类进入太空的飞行器的几个事例。
　
答案及解析
1．Determined　句意为：科学家们决心找出宇宙的秘密，努力制造运载人类进入太空的飞行器。固定搭配be determined to do sth意为“下定决心做某事”，此处为形容词短语作状语。故填Determined。
In the mid 20th century, rockets that were 2________ (power) enough to overcome Earth's gravity were developed, making space exploration 3________ reality.In 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human 4________ (travel) into space.Although China’s space programme started later than that of Russia and the US, it has made great progress in a short time.
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar
刷语法填空
2．powerful　句意为：在20世纪中期，人们发明了火箭，它的威力强大到足以克服地球引力，使太空探索成为现实。设空处在that引导的定语从句中作表语，表示“强有力的”，应用形容词。故填powerful。
3．a　句意见上一题解析。空后的reality在此处表示“事实；见到的事物”，用作可数名词，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词修饰。reality的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4．to travel　句意为：1961年，尤里·加加林成为第一个在太空旅行的人。空前的名词human被序数词first修饰，设空处应填动词不定式作后置定语。故填to travel。
In 2003, Yang Liwei 5________ (success) orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft, 6________ made China the third country in the world that independently sent humans into space.More recently, China 7________ (make) history by landing Chang’e 4 on the far side of the moon.However, accidents that resulted 8________ the deaths of the astronauts happened before despite scientists’ efforts to make sure nothing went wrong.9________ the desire to explore space never faded away.Europe, the US, and China all have plans to explore 10________ (planet) like Mars and Jupiter.So the future of space exploration remains bright.
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar
刷语法填空
5．successfully　句意为：2003年，杨利伟乘坐神舟五号飞船成功绕地球轨道飞行，这使中国成为世界上第三个独立将人类送入太空的国家。设空处修饰动词orbited，应用副词。故填successfully。
6．which　句意见上一题解析。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，关系词指代前面主句所述的整件事，应用关系代词which引导该从句。
7．has made　句意为：最近，中国将嫦娥四号降落在月球背面，创造了历史。根据时间状语More recently和语境可判断，此处应用现在完成时；句子的主语是China，为单数概念，故助动词用has。故填has made。
8．in　句意为：然而，尽管科学家们努力确保一切正常，但导致宇航员死亡的事故以前也曾发生过。固定搭配result in意为“导致”。故填in。
9．But/Yet句意为：但探索太空的欲望从未消退。分析语境可知，此句话与前文是转折关系。故填But/Yet。
10．planets　句意为：欧洲、美国和中国都计划探索火星和木星等行星。根据空后的like Mars and Jupiter可知，设空处应用名词的复数形式。故填planets。
[江苏连云港高级中学2022高二期中]Around the country and around the world, there is no shortage of human suffering.Poverty, disease, violence, hurricanes, wildfire and more are constantly troubling humanity, and even our best efforts thus far can’t address all of everybody’s needs.Many are looking for places to cut funding, and one of the first places that comes up in conversation is excessive spending on space exploration.What good is it to conduct microgravity experiments repeatedly when children are starving Why launch so many space related projects when nuclear war threatens our planet
This is a line of thinking that has been coming up throughout history.Yes, it’s short sighted, in that it fails to recognise that our greatest problems require long term investment, and that society’s greatest advances come about through hard work, research, development, and often are realised decades after that is made.Investing in science is investing in the betterment of humanity.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
A
体 裁 题 材 词 数 难 度 建议用时
议论文 太空探索 314 中 7分钟
Over these years, many of the results of the space research have been adapted to be applicable to our daily lives.For example, NASA’s advancements in the areas of robotics have given manufacturers an additional basis for the development of more advanced artificial limbs.Additionally, certain nutritional enrichment ingredients (成分) that were developed by NASA have been integrated into baby food formula.
Space technology has also helped improve economies.Within the next three years, the space exploration and space tourism industry are expected to be valued at $3 trillion.It is true that for every dollar we spend on the space programme, the US economy receives about $8 of economic benefit.Space exploration can also serve as the motivation for children to enter the fields of science and engineering.
To many people, the idea of space travel may still seem far from practical.However, I believe that it is important that we keep going forward or we’ll risk delaying further discoveries and technological advancements that will be beneficial for us.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
1．According to Paragraph 1, what do some people think of space exploration
A．Useless. B．Wasteful. C．Beneficial. D．Harmful.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。世界上有很多人面临着贫困、疾病和自然灾害等带来的痛苦，因此有些人认为太空探索方面的支出应该被削减，但作者认为太空计划项目的投资对人类来说大有裨益。
答案及解析
1．B　推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，许多人认为当前世界上还有许多需要解决的问题，而人们普遍认为太空探索方面的支出应当进行削减。由此可推知，一些人认为太空探索是浪费资源的。故选B项。
2．What does the underlined word “that” in the second paragraph refer to
A．The advance. B．The development.
C．The investment. D．The problem.
答案及解析
2．C　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的Yes, it’s short sighted, in that it fails to recognise that our greatest problems require long term investment并结合第一段内容可知，这些人认为在太空探索方面的支出应当进行削减，这是因为他们没有意识到解决社会最严重的问题需要长期的投资；society’s greatest advances come about through hard work, research, development, and often are realised decades after that is made则表示，通过努力、研究和发展实现的社会的巨大进步都是在投资之后的几十年才会实现，因此that指的是前面所说的投资，画线词后一句也在讲投资的重要性。所以that在这里指代前文的investment。故选C项。
3．How does NASA’s advancements contribute to the development of artificial limbs
A．By providing a foundation. B．By adding certain materials.
C．By acting as a driving force. D．By helping realise the mass production.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
答案及解析
3．A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的For example, NASA’s advancements in the areas of robotics have given manufacturers an additional basis for the development of more advanced artificial limbs.可知，美国国家航空航天局在机器人科学方面的进步为假肢的发展提供了基础。故选A项。
4．What can we infer from the last two paragraphs
A．Space programmes are of great benefit to us.
B．Space travel appears to be within people’s reach.
C．More and more children are interested in science.
D．New technological discoveries have been delayed.
答案及解析
4．A　推理判断题。根据最后两段内容可知，在未来三年内，太空探索和太空旅游产业的价值预计将达到3万亿美元，太空探索也可以成为孩子们进入科学和工程领域的动力。故可推知，太空计划对人类社会大有裨益。故选A项。
[湖北鄂西北六校2021高二期中联考]The transatlantic car carrier, Oceanbird, is being designed by Wallenius Marine, a Swedish shipbuilder, with support from the Swedish government.
With a capacity of 7 ,000 vehicles, the 650 foot long vessel will have a similar size to ordinary car carriers, but it will look totally different.The ship will have five “wing sails”, with each being 260 feet tall.These sails are capable of turning 360 degrees, and they can be shortened to 195 feet in order to pass under bridges or withstand rough weather.
“Although the general theory of wing sails is not new, designing the Oceanbird’s sails has been a challenge, ” says Mikael Razola, the research project manager of Oceanbird.“That’s because these are the tallest sails that have ever been constructed.The top of the sails will be more than 100 metres above the water surface.At such a height, the wind direction and speed change a lot, ” says Razola.
To better understand the atmospheric conditions (大气条件) at this height, Wallenius put sensors on top of the existing vessels to gather data of wind.“All of this information has helped us make the most of the power available in the wind and design an efficient wing vessel, ” says Razola.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
B
体 裁 题 材 词 数 难 度 建议用时
说明文 科技发展 376 中 8分钟
With its special sails, Oceanbird will outperform conventional car carriers in the aspect of exhaust emission.Nowadays, the shipping industry is under pressure to reduce the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN body that regulates global shipping, shipping accounted for 2.89% of global man made greenhouse gas emissions in 2018.And in the same year, IMO introduced a mandatory (强制的) 50% reduction of total annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.Oceanbird is designed to exceed (超过) the target—Wallenius said the ship would emit 90% less CO2 than other car carriers.
With a top speed of about 10 knots, Oceanbird will be slower than standard car carriers, which can travel at 17 knots.It will take around 12 days, instead of the standard seven to cross the Atlantic.“This long journey will require some scheduling changes as well as acceptance from carmakers, ” said Razola.“But the response so far has been very positive.”
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A．The design of Oceanbird.
B．The capacity of Oceanbird.
C．The operating method of wing sails.
D．The sailing conditions for car carriers.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
【语篇导读】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最新设计的巨型跨大西洋汽车运输船 Oceanbird。
答案及解析
1．A　主旨大意题。根据第二段内容可知，第二段主要介绍了Oceanbird 的容量、尺寸、外观、性能，即 Oceanbird 的设计。故选A项。
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
2．What brings challenges to the design of Oceanbird’s sails
A．The lack of financial support.
B．The lack of previous theories.
C．The wind conditions at different heights.
D．The tough weather on the Atlantic Ocean.
2．C　细节理解题。根据第三段拉索拉所说的话可知，Oceanbird的帆的设计遇到的挑战是高度不同，风向和风速也不同。故选C项。
答案及解析
3．What will Wallenius do in the future according to Paragraph 6
A．Increase the sailing speed.
B．Arrange a scientific sailing schedule.
C．Handle the conflicts between carmakers.
D．Use standard ships instead of Oceanbird.
3．B　细节理解题。根据第六段可知，这一漫长的航行将需要一些日程安排的改变以及汽车制造商的认可。因此，瓦勒纽斯需要更科学地安排航行计划。故选B项。
答案及解析
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷阅读理解
答案及解析
4．D　推理判断题。根据第二段中的各种数据可知，Oceanbird设计精良；第五段指出，这艘船的二氧化碳排放量将比其他汽车运输船少90%，因此它更加绿色环保。综上所述，故选D项。
4．Which of the following best describes Oceanbird
A．Giant and inconvenient.
B．Low cost but inefficient.
C．High capacity and high speed.
D．Well designed and environmentally friendly.
[浙江杭州重点中学2021高二期末]Every failure helps us learn to do things differently in the future.__1__ We are often unwilling to admit failure.However, things are slowly changing.For instance, recently some scientific journals have published reports of failed experiments, believing the science community can also learn from “negative” results.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
刷7选5
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
1．C　设空处前句指出每次失败都能帮助我们学会在未来以不同的方式行事；设空处后句谈到我们常常不愿承认失败。根据前后句的转折对比可知，C选项(然而，接受失败对很多人来说并不容易)符合语境。
【语篇导读】本文为一篇议论文。我们大多数人害怕失败，然而没有失败，进步是不可能的。每一次失败，即使是最糟糕的失败，都能帮助我们学会在未来以不同的方式行事。
答案及解析
【答案】C．Accepting failure is not easy for many, though.
体 裁 题 材 词 数 难 度 建议用时
议论文 面对失败 265 中 8分钟
__2__ The Netherlands based ABN AMRO Bank started the Institute of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in the bank industry.Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company’s research department studies data about drugs that don’t work.
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures finally became its biggest success, for the product’s maker learnt from its mistake.In the 1990s, Apple Corporation created a device called the Apple Newton.The product, though unique at the time, was expensive and heavy.__3__ As a result, it became a failure for Apple.However, Steve Jobs believed the product had the potential and began to explore ways of improving it.In time, this led to the company’s most successful product—iPhone.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
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2．G　根据设空处后句的具体例子可知，荷兰银行成立了一个“辉煌失败协会”，以便更多地了解银行业中哪些做法可行，哪些不可行。由此可知，G选项(商界已经理解了负面结果的价值)符合语境。
答案及解析
【答案】G．The business world already understands the value of negative results.
【答案】F．Moreover, some of its important features didn’t work properly.
3．F　设空处前句指出这种产品虽然很独特，但价格昂贵且重量沉；根据设空处后句的逻辑提示词As a result 可知，设空处应和其前句共同说明这种产品的缺点。F选项符合语境。
The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure.We should not only try to learn from it.__4__ Though Apple stopped selling the Apple Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007.It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone.
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
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4．D　根据上文可知，苹果牛顿掌上电脑的故事可以教给我们另一个关于失败的重要教训——我们不仅仅要从失败中学习经验。该段最后一句It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone.则介绍坚持的重要性。D选项(如果想要成功，我们也必须坚持到底)符合语境，其中的also与设空处前句的not only 形成呼应。
答案及解析
【答案】D．If we want to succeed, we must also stick it out.
Finally, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes.Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin.__5__
Part Ⅱ 　拓展阅读训练
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5．B　设空处前句指出也许最重要的教训是，失败和成功是同一枚硬币的两面。因此，失败和成功谁也离不开谁。B选项表达相同意思，符合语境。
答案及解析
【答案】B．One truly cannot exist without the other.
A．Failure is the mother of success.
B．One truly cannot exist without the other.
C．Accepting failure is not easy for many, though.
D．If we want to succeed, we must also stick it out.
E．We should also try to make fewer and fewer mistakes.
F．Moreover, some of its important features didn’t work properly.
G．The business world already understands the value of negative results.