外研版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 6 Space and beyond Using language 课件 (共49张PPT)

(共49张PPT)
新外研社高中英语选择性必修四Unit 6 Space and Beyond
Using Language
Grammar
a Millions watched that first lunar landing… aware… of the many things that could go wrong.
b The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.
c I can remember that day so clearly, watching the take-off on TV at school, …
d The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us, reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars, …
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
1 Which sentence talks about ability
2 Which sentence talks about possibility
3 Which sentence talks about necessity
4 Which sentence talks about prediction
5 What other modals do you know What do they indicate
Now look for more sentences with modals in the reading passage.
a Millions watched that first lunar landing… aware… of the many things that could go wrong.
b The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.
c I can remember that day so clearly, watching the take-off on TV at school, …
d The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us, reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars, …
c
a
d
b
情态动词
情态动词主要用来表明说话者的情感、态度和语气。情态动词不能单独作谓语，需要和实义动词原形一起构成谓语。
　情态动词基本语法功能
用法 请求/ 许可 可能/ 推测 义务/ 职责 意图/ 打算 意愿/ 愿意 意志/ 决心 才能/
能力
can/could √ √ √
may/might √ √
shall/should √ √ √ √ √ √
will/would √ √ √ √ √
must √ √
ought to √ √
Summary
情态动词，即表示人的情感和态度的动词，它们本身有一定的词义，但是不能独立作谓语，只能跟动词原形一起构成谓语。
常见的情态动词主要有：can (could), may (might), must, need, shall (should), will (would), dare等。
Review: modals
情态动词
一、常见情态动词的用法：can和could
用法 例句
表示能力, 意为“能，会”； could表示过去的能力。 She can speak French fluently.
她能讲一口流利的法语。
can可用于肯定句中，表示客观或理论上的可能性。 An experienced teacher can make mistakes.
一位有经验的老师也会犯错。
表示请求或允许。在疑问句中，could可以代替can，语气更委婉，肯定回答时要用can，不用could。 — Can/Could I use your bike tomorrow morning 明天上午我可以用你的自行车吗
— Yes, you can. 是的,可以。
表示说话者的主观推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句中。can比could语气强。 He can’t be our manager. He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们经理。他已经去北京了。
表示惊异、怀疑、迷惑等态度，常用于否定句和疑问句中。 How can you treat me like that
你怎么能那样对我
一、常见情态动词的用法: may和might
用法 例句
表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。给予许可时用may，不用might。 — Might I ask for a picture of your little
daughter
— Yes, you may.
— 我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗
— 是的,可以。
表示推测,意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句中。might比may语气弱。 — I really don’t like James. Why did you
invite him
— Don’t worry. He might not come.
— 我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。你为什么邀请
他
— 别担心。他或许不会来。
表示祝愿,常用结构为：May+主语+动词原形! May you be happy every day!
愿你快乐每一天!
一、常见情态动词的用法: must和have to
用法 例句
表示义务，意为“必须”。must强调说话人的主观看法, have to则强调客观需要；在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用need not (needn’t)或don’t have to，而不是用must not。 We must act as quickly as possible now.
现在我们必须尽快采取行动。
I have to go now, because my mother is in hospital.
我现在不得不走了，因为我母亲在住院。
must用来表示推测,意为“一定”，只能用在肯定句中。must的肯定程度比can强。 You must be hungry after a long walk.
长途跋涉之后，你肯定饿了。
must表示“偏要，非要……不可”。常用于疑问句和条件句中，偶尔也用于陈述句中。 If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停了。
mustn’t表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。 You mustn’t play with the knife, or you may hurt yourself.
你千万不要玩刀，否则会伤到自己的。
一、常见情态动词的用法: shall
用法 例句
用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示说话者征求对方的意见。 Shall he come in now
他现在可以进来吗
用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示说话者的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等。 You shall be punished for what you have done.
你会为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
用于条约、规定、法令、法律等文件中表示义务规定,意为“必须”。 One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
我们有一条规定，那就是每个学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
一、常见情态动词的用法: should和ought to
用法 例句
should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。 We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
should表示出乎意料、惊讶的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。 Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
ought to表示义务、责任、劝告等,意为“应该”，语气比should略重。 You ought not to be so selfish.
你不应该这么自私。
should和ought to表示推测，指合乎理想的情况或结果，意为“按说应该”。 Try phoning Robert—he should be home by now.
给罗伯特打个电话试试，他现在应该到家了。
一、常见情态动词的用法: will和would
用法 例句
与各种人称连用，用于陈述句中，表示主语的意志、意愿或决心。will指现在，would指过去。 I will never talk to him again.
我再也不会和他说话了。
表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。 Will/Would you please close the window
请把窗户关上好吗
表示习惯性动作、固有属性或必然趋势，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。 Fish will die without water.
没有水，鱼会死的。
二、其他情态动词的用法
用法 例句
used to do表示“过去常常做……”。 There used to be a building at the street corner, but now it is a library.
街道拐角处过去有座楼房，而现在是一个图书馆。
had better do表示“最好做……”，其否定形式为had better not do。 One had better see life in its various aspects when young.
一个人最好在年轻时就能看到生活的各个方面。
would rather do than do表示“宁愿做……”。 I would rather stare at the star-filled sky than watch a TV set.
我宁可凝视繁星满天的夜空也不愿看电视。
“情态动词+ have done”结构
“情态动词+have done”既可表示对过去情况的推测,又可表示某种情绪、态度。情态动词不同，该结构所表示的含义也不同。
must have done 一定已经做了…… 用于肯定句中，表示对过去的肯定情况把
握比较大的推测
could have done 本来能做某事(而实际上未做) 表示对过去未能实现的动作的一种责备或惋惜之情,此时could不能用 can替换
可能已经做了某事 表示对过去情况的推测。
couldn’t have done (过去)不可能做了某事 只能表推测，相当于 can’t have done
cannot / couldn’t have done (过去)不可能做了某事 只能表推测，相当于 can’t have done
may/might have done 可能已经做了某事 表示对过去情况的推测，might表示可能性更小
本可以做某事(而实际上没做) 表示对过去某一未实现的动作的责备或惋惜之情
should /ought to have done 本该做某事(而实际上未做) 可用于肯定句和否定句，表示责备或惋惜之情
shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have done 本不该做某事而实际上做了 表示责备或惋惜之情
needn’t have done 本不必做某事(而实际上做了)
e.g. Yesterday was the deadline, and he should have completed his work.
Tom oughtn’t to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.
You might have read about it in the newspaper.
He might have given you help, even though he was very busy.
— Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
— Thanks. You needn’t have done it. I could manage it.
表示推测时，“情态动词+have done”和“情态动词+do”的显著区别在于：
前者表示过去的、有结果的事情，后者表示对现在或将来的推测。
I. 选用括号内合适的内容补全下面句子。
1. I'm sorry I couldn't get in touch with him before he left. I __________________ (should have phoned, have phoned) him earlier.
2. Since they aren't answering their telephone, they ______________ (can have left, must have left).
3. You ____________ (will, may) lead a horse to the water but you _________ (dare, can) not make it drink.
should have phoned
must have left
may
can
4. Mary _____________________ (couldn't have received, needn't have received) my email; otherwise she would have replied before now.
5. You ____________ (mustn't, needn't) do that if you don't want to.
6. I don't believe him. He ___________ (may not, can't) be serious.
7. If you don't like to swim, you _______________ (may as well, may well) stay at home.
couldn't have received
needn't
can't
may as well
8. They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled. In fact, they __________________ (needn't have gone, wouldn't have gone) at all.
9. She was ill. She ______________________ (couldn't have attended, mustn't attend) the meeting here.
10. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she ________________ (should look after, had to look after) the baby for her sister until 9:30.
needn't have gone
couldn't have attended
had to look after
语法填空(情态动词)。
随
堂
练
习
I _______ have worried before I came to the new
school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ________(dance) as
well as her. No one ____ be compared with Ellen in
dancing. Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he ____
(do) something instead of just talking. I got close enough
to hear them speaking Chinese, and I said “Ni Hao”just
as I ______ do in China. Teachers recommend parents ________________ (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. Students ______ obey school rules. One of our rules is that every student_______ wear school uniform while at school.
It is required by the rules that students______ get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship. It is beyond my understanding that many adults ______ be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.
danced
needn’t
can
did
might
should not allow
must
shall
shall
should
On 15 October 1997, the Cassini spacecraft set out on a mission to explore the planet Saturn. So great was the distance from Earth that it would /shall need to travel for almost six years to reach its destination. When it reached Saturn, it sent back amazing images of the planet's famous rings viewed in ultraviolet light. Cassini made numerous trips around Saturn so it could/must collect data. Over the following years, Cassini took some 450,000 images of the planet and its moons. Finally, on 15 September 2017, Cassini was pointed towards Saturn so that it should / would meet a fiery end.
Read the passage and choose the correct modals.
Scientists had decided that Cassini could/must be destroyed this way, so it must/would not collide with any of Saturn's moons. In its nearly 20-year mission, Cassini provided so much information that scientists could /would not process it all. No wonder so many people took to social media to bid it goodbye, saying, “Farewell, dear Cassini! We shall /should never forget you!”
Look at the picture and tell a story using modals where appropriate.
I couldn’t believe it when I looked into the Martian sky…
I couldn’t believe it when I looked into the Martian sky.
It's scary but beautiful-Martian-red dirt dotted with
unknown plants, chocolate-brown mountain ranges and a
sky that makes Martian sky look like the glow of a flame
Without special glasses, I couldn't see much because the
light is too bright. Besides, it must be too hot in the day
and too cold in the evening so that I should wear a kind of
coat to live a normal life there.
Life in Space
Listening & speaking
The Fermi Paradox: according to some calculations, there should be many other civilisations out there, but there is no evidence of these at all. No spacecraft, no radio transmissions, nothing. So, as Fermi said, “Where is everybody ”
Did you know
Listening & speaking
Background Information: The Fermi Paradox
“Where is everybody ” That was the famous question asked by Nobel physicist Enrico Fermi one day in 1950 as he was having lunch with his colleagues. By “everybody”, Fermi did not mean some absent lunch guests — he meant life on other planets. That is why his question, now known as the Fermi Paradox, is
Listening & speaking
Background Information
famous. The paradox is this: our galaxy, the Milky Way, has billions of stars. Even if the evolution of intelligent life is extremely unlikely, the galaxy should still have many other advanced civilisations. Yet there is no evidence whatsoever of any intelligent life in the galaxy apart from us. So, where are all the aliens that should be out there
Listening & speaking
Listen to the interview and choose the questions discussed.
1 Is there life on other planets
2 What would life on other planets look like
3 Should we use robots to explore space
4 What is the Fermi Paradox
5 Will people ever make contact with life on other planets
Listening & speaking
Listen again and complete the table.
Answers
Q1 Sophie: There must be millions of planets like ours, and some could have life _______________.
Eric: You would think it likely that ___________ _______________. But that’s ________________
the Fermi Paradox.
similar to our own
there are forms
of life somewhere
without considering
Listening & speaking
Listen again and complete the table.
Answers
Q2 Sophie: Life on other planets won’t look like us because _________________________________
____________.
Eric: Because evolution ___________________
_______________, life on other planets is likely to look like us.
conditions on other planets won’t be like
those on Earth
would work the same way everywhere
Listening & speaking
Listen again and complete the table.
Answers
Q3 Sophie: We cannot __________________, which meants it would take more than a lifetime to reach planets where there might be life.
Eric: Maybe we don’t need to travel in straight lines. Perhaps we will be able to ____________
____________________________________ to make contact with life on other planets.
travel faster than light
take short cuts,
through a “wormhole” in space, for example
Listening & speaking
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview.
I think there definitely is.
Since ..., it isn’t reasonable to ...
There’s evidence that ...
It would be wonderful if ...
The fact that … means ...
Let’s hope that …
Listening & speaking
have fun
Expressing opinions Expressing hopes
I think there definitely is.
Since ..., it isn’t reasonable
to ...
There’s evidence that ...
The fact that … means ...
It would be wonderful
if …
Let’s hope that …
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview.
Listening & speaking
The passage is about the Space Camp.
Work in pairs. Read the passage and answer the questions.
1. What is the passage mainly about
Listening & speaking
2. Would you like to take part in a space camp Why or why not
Work in pairs. Read the passage and answer the questions.
Vocabulary building
Read the advertisement for the space camp.
Find out what students can do there.
Vocabulary building
At the observatory, you can learn about astronomy and take in a lunar eclipse. You will also have the chance to design and launch a model rocket. Then in modern flight simulators, you could put on a spacesuit, exit the capsule and go on your incredibly lifelike spacewalk in a world with zero gravity.
0,000 people reading my blog! b I love to photograph the rising sun, …
1. observatory ______________
2. lunar eclipse ______________
3. launch a model rocket ______________
4. put on a spacesuit ______________
月食
发射模拟火箭
穿上太空服
Vocabulary building
Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
天文台
0,000 people reading my blog! b I love to photograph the rising sun, …
5. capsule ________________
6. spacewalk ______________
7. zero gravity __________________
8. space sick ________________________
太空舱，航天舱
太空行走
Vocabulary building
Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
零重力，失重
太空病
Vocabulary building
Complete the email with the correct form of the words and expressions in Activity 9.
Dear Ted,
Remember when I told you I’d signed up for the space programme Well I just got back from a week of simulated manned flight activities, and it was awesome!
Vocabulary building
Complete the email with the correct form of the words and expressions in Activity 9.
We started out with some theory, learning about astronomy in the ____________ and then _________ model rockets.
After that we tried the simulator. I put on a _________ and went for a walk in _________________________.
observatory
launched
spacesuit
a world with zero gravity
Vocabulary building
Complete the email with the correct form of the words and expressions in Activity 9.
It’s strange to float around like that — in fact, a lot of people get ___________! Luckily, I felt fine.
Then I returned to the __________ and travelled to the “Moon” for some lunar exploration. You should join the programme too — you’d love it!
Write soon！
Yours,
Kim
space sick
capsule
0,000 people reading my blog! b I love to photograph the rising sun, …
1. Why do you want to take part in the programme
2. What activities would you like to experience
3. What is it about space that most interests you What have you learnt about it
Vocabulary building
Imagine you are going to apply for the programme. Organize your ideas for the short video by answering the questions.
Vocabulary building
Present your ideas for the short video in class using the words and expressions in this section.