2023届高考英语阅读理解专项训练（含解析）

阅读理解
It is certainly true that pure fear doesn’t feel good, but that is the whole meaning of the emotion. Fear evolved over millions of years to protect us from danger. So, yes, fear is a feel-bad emotion, but also the engine in a whole range of pleasurable activities and behaviors, which inspire what we can call recreational fear.
Recreational fear can be found everywhere. From a very early age, humans love being jump scared by caregivers. They get older and take great pleasure in chase-play and hide-and-seek. They are drawn to scary stories about monsters, witches and ghosts. As they grow a little older, they get together for horror movie nights, stand patiently in line for roller coasters, and play horror video games. Indeed, most of us never quite lose our peculiar attraction to recreational fear.
It is believed that recreational fear is a form of play behavior, widespread in the animal kingdom and humans. When an organism plays, it learns important skills and develops strategies for survival. Playfighting cats train their ability to defend themselves in an unfriendly encounter, but with little risk and low cost, compared to the real thing. It’s the same with humans. When we engage in recreational fear activities specifically, we play with fear, challenge our limits, and learn about our own physiological and psychological responses to stress.
Any other benefits In the studies of engagement with recreational fear, we’ve seen it improve people’s ability to cope with stress and anxiety. For instance, it was found that people who watch many horror movies exhibited better psychological resilience (承受力) during the first COVID-19 lockdown than people who stay away from scary movies.
With these in mind, we should maybe think twice about protecting kids and young people too zealously (热衷地) from playful forms of fear. They’ll end up in the real world sooner or later, and they will be better equipped if they’ve at least pretended to be there before.
1．Which of the following belongs to recreational fear
A．Watching a parade.
B．Having a scary dream.
C．Riding a pirate ship.
D．Falling into the river.
2．How does recreational fear benefit us
A．By leading us to true happiness.
B．By improving our survival skills.
C．By ridding us of trouble in real life.
D．By helping us build up confidence.
3．Why is the example mentioned in Paragraph 4
A．To imply COVID-19 is like a scene in horror movies.
B．To prove lockdown is an effective measure to stop COVID-19.
C．To show recreational fear can make us mentally strong.
D．To recommend us a proper way to reduce stress and anxiety.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards recreational fear
A．Positive. B．Critical.
C．Worried. D．Skeptical.
Groups of reindeer, a species of deer, and horses could soon run across the frozen (冷冻的) ground in places as far north as Siberia. That’s because reintroducing these grazing animals (食草动物) can slow down the rate of permafrost melting (永冻土融化) and global warming. A new study conducted by Professor Christian Beer has found that if there are enough animals in the Arctic, 80% of the permafrost could be kept until at least 2100.
It was inspired by an experiment carried out by a scientist named Sergey Zimov. He had believed that because of the warming climate of the Arctic region, the melting permafrost would give off greenhouse gases that had been trapped in the soil for thousands of years, and it would increase the amount of warming and start an endless cycle. 20 years ago, by the Pleistocene Park Experiment, he successfully proved that grazing animals running across the land would break up the snow and help freeze the soil. However, he failed to get his scientific papers published.
But now scientists are taking his warning seriously. According to a survey, 1.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide were given off from melting permafrost between 2003 and 2017, which changed the Arctic from being a place that took in carbon dioxide into a place that gave off carbon dioxide. If uncontrolled, there would be a 7-degree increase in the permafrost temperature that would cause half of it to melt by 2100.
Fortunately, Beer’s study shows that most of the permafrost can be kept if the place is repopulated with grazing animals. “Today, we have an average of 5 reindeer per square kilometer across the Arctic. With 15 reindeer per square kilometer, we could save 70% of the permafrost. If we were able to maintain the high animal density (密度) like in Zimov’s Pleistocene Park, would that be good enough to save permafrost under the strongest warming Yes, it could work for 80% of the region,” said Beer.
5．Why are the grazing animals reintroduced to the Arctic
A．To speed up the melting. B．To protect the permafrost.
C．To help carry out research. D．To get rid of global warming.
6．What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Global warming. B．The grazing animal.
C．The Arctic permafrost. D．Christian Beer’s research.
7．What will happen if the permafrost continues melting
A．Grazing animals may go extinct.
B．More carbon dioxide will be taken in.
C．It will set more greenhouse gases free.
D．The temperature may go down quickly.
8．What does Christian Beer think of the reintroduction of grazing animals
A．It takes a lot of time and effort. B．It can lead to a promising result.
C．It contributes much to biodiversity. D．It helps the permafrost to take form.
From inspirational keynote sessions to hot topics and networking events, everything you know and love about the Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo (FNCE) is included in this year’s program — plus these amazing new additions!
Extra Networking Event. You asked for more networking opportunities, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics listened! Immediately following Opening Session on Saturday, October 26, from 6p. m. to 7p.m., there will be a special networking opportunity in the Grand Hall of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Connect with colleagues and meet new friends while enjoying festive fall beverages.
New Educational Tracks. For attendees looking to develop business and communications skills, the new Career Development and Advancement track offers 12 applicable sessions on topics such as leadership, mentoring and being an entrepreneur. Seven sessions in the Behavioral and Mental Health track focus on eating disorders, body image and more. The Business and Communications track includes information about building a practice and professional relationships.
More Learning Styles. Not everyone learns the same way, so FNCE 2023is offering more ways than ever to engage and gather new information. The Conversation Series in Room 114 Lecture Hall will feature in-depth one-on-one conversations with experts, leaders and innovators on topics including leadership, emerging technologies and more. Ninety-minute expert panel discussions will feature a moderator and up to three panelists presenting perspectives on a specific topic.
Longer DPG/MIG Showcase. To give attendees more time to explore all the dietetic practice groups and member interest groups available, this showcase will be extended by one hour. Visit the Showcase and join a DPG or MIG on Monday, October 28, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the Arch Street Bridge (200 Level) of the convention center.
9．Where can you go to find a networking opportunity at FNCE
A．Mental Health track. B．The Grand Hall.
C．Room 114 Lecture Hall. D．The Arch Street Bridge.
10．What can be inferred about the Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo
A．The DPG/MIG Showcase this year will be extended to three hours.
B．The Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo will start from October 28.
C．The Business and Communications track centers on body image and mentoring.
D．The Conversation Series offer you a chance to have a direct talk with the experts.
11．What is the purpose of the passage
A．To explore secrets to healthy life. B．To introduce new educational approaches.
C．To offer more learning opportunities. D．To attract more attendees to FNCE 2023.
Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone(臭氧)levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
12．According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may _______.
A．lead to a longer fire season
B．result in a warming climate
C．protect the forests and the environment there
D．cause the forest fires to occur more frequently
13．The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT _______.
A．the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase
B．large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere
C．snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space
D．ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun
14．Earlier studies about northern forest fires _______.
A．suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming
B．indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere
C．analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate
D．suggest that people should take measures to protect the environment
15．The underlined phrase “soaked up” in the last paragraph most probably means _______.
A．released B．absorbed C．created D．distributed
16．From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may _______.
A．warm the climate as the supposition goes
B．help to gain more energy rather than release more energy
C．destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice
D．allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate
It all started with a post on social media. Returning home from the grocery store, then 25-year-old Simone Policano felt compelled to help the elderly in her neighbourhood to practise safer social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic. With this in mind, she reached out to her friends via the social media, inquiring about existing volunteer opportunities in the state of New York. Unexpectedly, many responded to her post, expressing their interest to volunteer as well. As a result of that outreach, one of her friends, Liam Elkind joined Policano. They decided to start an initiative called Invisible Hands Deliver.
Just two days after conceiving(想出)the idea, Policano and Elkind had a website up and running. This site allowed the elderly and other at-risk individuals to make requests for groceries and prescription medicines to be delivered to them. Volunteers left the bags of groceries outside the doors. The webpage also included a call for volunteers, which gained more than 2,000 sign-ups within the first five days.
As the pandemic began to take its toll on New York in March 2020, Invisible Hands Deliver witnessed a massive outpouring of support from like-minded individuals in the community. Besides volunteering to deliver groceries for free, New Yorkers also reached out to translate the Invisible Hands flyers into over a dozen languages, enabling the organisation to reach out to more members of the community.
Following its success in New York and New Jersey, the organisation has expanded its operations to Philadelphia and there are plans to expand to other areas of the United States. Their acts of kindness have also inspired similar networks to sprout up worldwide. Invisible Hands Deliver is also supported by other organizations.
Helmed by a team of college students and recent graduates, Invisible Hands Deliver has shown that one is never too young to make a difference and give back to the community. In a time when the pandemic has forced people apart, the young are in a prime position to take advantage of technology and bridge the gap, bringing communities together.
17．Why did Simone Policano setup “Invisible Hands Deliver”
A．To practice outreach on the social media.
B．To bring volunteers of the same interest together.
C．To help the elderly with their daily chores contactlessly.
D．To sell groceries and prescription medicines to the lonely elderly.
18．What does the underlined phrase “take its toll” mean in paragraph 3
A．Cause great damage. B．Reduce the impact.
C．Fill a huge gap. D．Recover slowly.
19．What can we learn from the passage
A．Invisible Hands Deliver has drawn wide attention.
B．People responded to Simon’s post in actively at the beginning.
C．Invisible Hands Deliver has existed in many areas of the United States.
D．Young people pull the elderly together when the pandemic pulls them apart.
20．What does the author want to convey through the passage
A．Great minds think alike. B．All the people gather the fire.
C．Great things never come easy. D．Kill two birds with one stone.
People with dyslexia (阅读障碍) have brains that are suitable for exploring the unknown, a trait that’s been important to the survival and success of humans. Dyslexia should be considered a difference, not a disorder, researchers at the University of Cambridge say. This is proved by studies that show people with dyslexia have special brains to explore the unknown and think in terms of the bigger picture.
The strengths of the dyslexic brain could have evolved as humans adapted to changing culture. To survive, we needed to learn skills and acquire habits, but we also needed to be creative and find new solutions through exploration. In the new study, the researchers say some people specialized in taking advantage of learned information, while others focused on discovery and invention.
Studies have shown that people with dyslexia are less efficient at procedural learning than non-dyslexic people, said Taylor, who studies cognition and human evolution. “Learning to read, write or play the piano are all skills that are dependent on procedural memory; once learned, the skills can be processed automatically and rapidly,” Taylor added.
Dyslexia has long been viewed as negative. It has been called a developmental disorder, learning disability or learning difficulty. Instead, the distinction between dyslexic and non-dyslexic brains should be framed simply as a difference, said Taylor. “We all possess difficulties in areas that are other people’s strengths. It’s just unfortunate that in the case of people with dyslexia their difficulties are continually highlighted, partly due to the nature of education and also to the importance of reading and writing in our culture.”
In reframing dyslexia as a difference, society can benefit from more innovative solutions. It’s important to emphasize that people with dyslexia still face a lot of difficulties, but the difficulties exist because of the environment and an emphasis on rote learning and reading and writing. Instead, we could nurture ‘explorative learning’ — learning through discovery, invention, and creativity, which would work more to their strengths.
21．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs
A．People should see dyslexia as a disorder, not a difference.
B．People with dyslexia are specialized to explore the unknown.
C．People without dyslexia are weak in using learned information.
D．Acquiring skills and habits is necessary for people with dyslexia.
22．Which of the following skills is NOT dependent on procedural memory
A．Reciting a poem. B．Writing a song.
C．Reading an article. D．Playing the piano.
23．What should we do to reframe dyslexia as a difference
A．Promote learning in an explorative way.
B．Value reading and writing in our culture.
C．Stress rote learning, reading and writing.
D．Focus on the difficulties people with dyslexia have.
24．What does the passage mainly tell us
A．Dyslexia: a must for creativity. B．Reframing dyslexia: a difficulty.
C．People with dyslexia: potential inventors. D．Dyslexia brains: a key to survive.
Erin Alexander’s sister-in-law recently died, and she was having a hard day. A barista (咖啡师) was sad too because his machine had broken down. Erin ordered an iced green tea, and told him to cheer up. After picking up her order, she noticed a message on the cup: “Erin, your soul is golden”, the barista had also scrawled (画) a heart next to it. “I’m even not sure what ‘your soul is golden’ means,” said Erin, who laughed and cried while recalling the incident. But the warmth of that small and unexpected gesture, from the barista who didn’t know what she was going through, moved her deeply. “Of course, I was still really sad,” Erin said. “But that little thing made the rest of my day.”
New findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, confirm just how powerful experiences like Erin’s can be. Researchers found that people who perform a random act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the receivers will appreciate it. And they believe it could prevent many of us from doing nice things for others more often.
A recent study comprised eight small experiments that varied in design and participants. In one experiment, people were told they could give a cupcake away to strangers, and were asked to rate their own mood as well as how they believed the receivers would feel. The researchers found that those who got a cupcake as a result of a random act of kindness felt better than the person on the giving end thought they would. “People tend to think that what they are giving is little,” Dr. Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing and psychology at the University of Texas, Austin, said. “But receivers consider the gesture to be significantly more meaningful because they are also thinking about the fact that someone did something nice for them.”
If you are not already in the habit of performing random kind acts — or if it does not come naturally to you — Marisa Franco, a psychologist, advised to start by thinking about what you like to do. “It’s not about you being liked, ‘Oh man, now I have to learn how to bake cookies in order to be nice’. It’s about: What skills and talents do you already have And how can you turn that into an offering for other people ”
25．Why does the writer mention Erin’s experience in Paragraph 1
A．To introduce the topic.
B．To show the power of kindness.
C．To praise the random acts of kindness.
D．To provide some background information on the study.
26．How was the study carried out
A．By stating the facts. B．By listing examples.
C．By analyzing statistics. D．By comparing the feelings.
27．What should people do according to Marisa Franco
A．Do whatever you like to do. B．Learn how to bake cookies.
C．Do what you can to help others. D．Try to gain some new skills and talents.
28．What message does the passage convey
A．Well begun is half done. B．One good turn deserves another.
C．Practice kindness however little it is. D．Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.
In the last decade, scientists have been going back and forth on one question: does recycling really help the environment The conclusion at which they have arrived seems to be: yes, it does. However, experts warn that our efforts should not stop there. While recycling is an important part of the solution, it is not necessarily the most important factor. Therefore, I disagree that recycling is the key to a sustainable(可持续的) future.
Compared to other methods to save the earth, recycling is a much smaller player. According to a recent study, the twenty top petrochemical(石化) companies in the world are responsible for 55% of the world’s single-use plastics, most of which are practically impossible to recycle. This means that asking these major polluters to take responsibility for their harm to the environment would do much more than if every one of us recycled our waste. In addition, a dependence on recycling can take attention away from reducing and reusing, which are more effective in lowering missions(排放) and in turn helping to create a sustainable future. Therefore, it would do us a lot of good if we focus on the other high-priority solutions rather than simply recycling.
Recycling supporters may argue that recycling is indeed the key to a sustainable future because it helps save a lot of energy by taking what already exists and changing it into something new. While it is true that recycling is a valuable tool in the fight against climate change, it is not the key. Regrettably, it alone is not sufficient to sustain our earth. So, while we should continue recycling, we need to go further by taking other actions for our planet.
In conclusion, I disagree that recycling is the key to a sustainable future. Having said that, recycling is still beneficial. It is but a small part of an interconnected web of solutions, which on its own cannot accomplish much, but together with other efforts, can truly create a sustainable future for us all.
29．Why does the author write this article
A．To raise a question. B．To explain a rule.
C．To present a solution. D．To express an idea.
30．Which of the following belongs to “other actions” in the Paragraph 3
A．Stopping using plastics.
B．Using fewer high-emission cars.
C．Individuals recycling their waste.
D．Changing used things into something new.
31．Why is recycling not that important according to the author
A．It does not help with protecting the environment.
B．It stops major polluters from taking responsibility.
C．It can only save 45% of the energy people need.
D．It plays a small and limited part in sustaining the earth.
32．What is the key to a sustainable future according to the author
A．Reducing and reusing of single-use plastics.
B．Asking petrochemical companies to be responsible.
C．Combined efforts of all the solutions.
D．More and more people joining in recycling.
A number of recent studies of families in several Asian countries help to shed light on how grandparents are involved in coparenting, which researchers define as the sharing of childcare and upbringing responsibility among two or more adults. These studies suggest that children benefit when parents have strong relationships with coparenting grandparents.
Researcher Xiaowei Li and her coworkers recently explored parent-grandparent coparenting in China, where it is very common. In their 2019 study, nearly 180 mothers of preschoolers completed questionnaires (问卷调查) about their coparenting. The majority of families lived in three-generational households, and 80% of families had only one child.
The questionnaire asked about positive aspects of the parent-grandparent coparenting relationship, like how much they agreed and felt close as well as challenging aspects like how much they had conflict in front of the child. The researchers also measured how competent mothers felt in using parenting strategies and teaching their children age-appropriate skills.
The findings Mothers who had strong coparenting relationships with grandparents tended to feel more effective in their role as a parent, and, in turn, their children tended to be more socially competent. That’s because grandparents, with their rich experience, can provide support, role modeling, and encouragement when they raise children, which could influence how competent mothers feel in their parenting role. And when mothers are feeling more confident, they can approach parenting with more positivity, which can boost their children’s social development.
Parent-grandparent coparenting also seems to influence other aspects of children’s development, such as preschoolers’ effortful control—their ability to regulate how they respond to a situation and notice novelty or mistakes. For preschoolers, it might come into play when they get a gift they don’t like, or have to figure out how to share toys.
This research on grandparents highlights that handling the coparenting relationship is not without its challenges. But grandparents’ involvement in children’s upbringing can bring great benefits for families and grandparents themselves.
33．What might be included in the questionnaire
A．Grandparents’ age gap. B．The support grandparents give.
C．The income the family have. D．Grandparents’ attitude to education.
34．What is the conclusion of the study
A．Parents and grandparents can get along well.
B．Mothers’ ability has an effect on their children.
C．Good coparenting relationships benefit children.
D．Parent-grandparent coparenting is becoming popular.
35．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 5 probably refer to
A．Effortful control. B．The response.
C．The development. D．The mistake.
36．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Trend of Coparenting is Catching on in Asia.
B．How Young Parents Think of Grandparents’ Help
C．Coparenting Relationships Are Becoming Comfortable.
D．What Happens When Grandparents Help Raise Children.
Cassandra Campbell has narrated (叙述) 900 audiobooks (有声读物), so it comes as no surprise that it’s a pleasure to interview her by phone, with a voice that’s both comfortable and powerful. Her recent projects include Golem Girl by Riva Lehrer, True Story by Kate Reed Petty and Eat the Buddha by Barbara Demick, but she is perhaps best known for her narration of Where the Crawdads Sing, which is now in its 27th month on the best-seller list for audio stories.
Set in North Carolina’s marshlands (湿地), Delia Owens’ popular story is also in its 118th week on the hardcover fiction list. “My mum grew up there, so I’ve done a lot of books set there,” says Campbell, a Connecticut native whose two interests, acting and reading, were inspired by her father’s work as a theatre critic for The Hart ford Courant.
She says she was recording voice-overs (画外音) for a TV show—which I was terrible at—when a friend helped her get an audition with an audiobook publisher (出版商). “I thought this was the perfect marriage: getting to play all the parts and reading the book,” she adds.
Campbell has never had any contact with Owens, but she feels closely connected with the story of a motherless girl who is left to take care of herself in the wild. “There was one section where the girl goes out of the marsh, and it was so beautifully written and so clear,” she says. “The scientific descriptions of the natural world were really attractive to me.”
Like many experienced narrators, Campbell has a recording room at her home in Sherman Oaks, California. “It’s in the garage (车库), and it’s not attractive.” The setup allows for a pleasing transition to fully faraway work during the pandemic (流行病). And the state of being separate allows her to disappear further into the story, an experience she describes as part consideration, part communication with the language.
37．What’s mainly talked about in Paragraph 1
A．The social status of Campbell. B．The achievements of Campbell.
C．The work environment of Campbell. D．The influence of Campbell’s works.
38．Which audiobook is Campbell most famous for
A．Golem Girl. B．True Story. C．Eat the Buddha. D．Where the Crawdads Sing.
39．What inspired Campbell’s two interests
A．Her father’s job. B．Her father’s instruction.
C．An audiobook publisher. D．Her friend’s encouragement.
40．What can we learn from Paragraph 4
A．Campbell is a motherless girl. B．Campbell prefers to live in the wild.
C．Campbell thinks highly of Owens’ novel. D．Campbell keeps in close touch with Owens.
Many people want to look away from injustice and other troubling issues. But visual artist Siyan Wong has chosen not to look away. Through her art, she helps us see what is right before our eyes.
Wong, who lives in New York City, was born in China. Her art focuses on women, the elderly, people who are experiencing homelessness, and clothing industry workers.
Wong has loved art since she was a child. Her family didn’t have much money, so she and her sister would draw and cut out paper dolls to play with. This early experience provided Wong with a creative outlet for her emotions.
After graduating from Stuyvesant High School, she went on to college and law school. She is now a workers’ rights lawyer, but her belief in the healing (治愈) power of art remains. “Whenever I’m stressed or sad, I draw,” Wong said. “I express my feelings through art. Art is a comfortable way to bring people together to talk about difficult issues.”
One of Wong’s series is called “Five Cents a Can: Making Visible the Invisible”. I was inspired by the artist’s meetings with an Asian-American woman in her neighborhood. During early morning runs, Wong noticed the woman, who was more than 90 years old, collecting deserted cans and bottles in the dustbins behind her apartment building.
She is currently working on a painting for her “Home and Homeless” series. In the painting, she describes both a person who is homeless and an elderly canner. “The difference between someone who collects cans and someone who is homeless is hope,” Wong said. Her goal is to highlight the difference between the two and bring about questions for the viewer. Why does the elderly canner have hope, while the homeless person doesn’t How did these individuals end up here
41．What does Wong’s art focus on
A．Social problems. B．Charity projects.
C．Natural environment. D．Her childhood life.
42．What does Wong think of the creation of arts
A．It can improve her emotions.
B．It needs much money to achieve.
C．It helps the world present itself clearly.
D．It is what people should pay attention to.
43．Where did Wong get her inspiration for Five Cents a Can: Making Visible the Invisible
A．Her profession as a lawyer. B．Cans and bottles in dustbins.
C．Poverty in her neighborhood. D．An old lady leading a hard life.
44．What is Wong’s attitude towards the lady picking up cans
A．Doubtful. B．Grateful. C．Favorable. D．Uncaring.
While ChatGPT successfully answered a variety of questions raised by testers, some responses were noticeably off. In fact, Stack Overflow — a Q&A website for coders and programmers — didn’t allow users to share information from ChatGPT, saying that it’s “harmful to the site and to users who are asking or looking for correct answers.”
Beyond the issue of spreading incorrect information, the tool could also be used to explain problematic thoughts, and as with all AI tools, spread biases(偏见) based on the pool of data on which it’s trained. Typing something involving a CEO, for example, could prompt(激起) a response assuming that the individual is white and male, for example.
“While we’ve made efforts to make the model refuse unsuitable requests, it will sometimes respond to harmful instructions or exhibit biased behavior,” OpenAI, the company that created ChatGPT, said on its website. “We’re using the Moderation API to warn or stop certain types of unsafe content, but it still has some false negatives and positives for now. We’re eager to collect user feedback(反馈) to aid our ongoing work to improve this system.”
Still, Lian Jye Su, a research director at market research company ABI Research, warns the chatbot is operating “without understanding the context of the language.”
“It is very easy for ChatGPT to give plausible-sounding(听起来合理) but incorrect or senseless answers,” he said. “It guessed when it was supposed to explain and sometimes responded to harmful instructions or exhibited biased behavior. It also lacks regional and country-specific understanding.”
While ChatGPT is free, it does put a limit on the number of questions a user can raise before having to pay. When Elon Musk, a co-founder of OpenAI, recently asked Altman on Twitter about the average cost per ChatGPT chat, Altman said: “We will have to monetize(货币化) it somehow at some point; the compute costs are eye-watering.”
45．Why does the author mention Stack Overflow
A．To show how narrow-minded it is.
B．To illustrate the negative influence of ChatGPT.
C．To reveal the competition it has with ChatGPT.
D．To indicate ChatGPT’s strong ability in problem solving.
46．What is the 3 paragraph mainly about
A．The efforts OpenAI make for improvement.
B．The reason for the use of Moderation API.
C．The problem OpenAI is now facing.
D．The success in solving OpenAI’s problem.
47．Why does ChatGPT have problems
A．It does not understand human language.
B．It mainly works through guessing.
C．It cannot respond properly based on contexts.
D．It holds bias on some specific regions.
48．What does the word “eye-watering” in the last paragraph most probably mean
A．extremely high B．very harmful
C．quite necessary D．too average
Los Angeles is a noodle bowl of highways. It’s also one of the only two cities in the world where big cats walk wild inside the city boundaries (边界). But big cats and highways do not mix, which is why Los Angeles will soon be home to one of the world’s biggest wildlife corridors (走廊). Last month the governor of California, Gavin Newsom, launched construction (发起建设).
The cats in question are mountain lions. They live in the Santa Monica Mountains. Their numbers are unchanging. Their habitat is mostly natural wilderness, full of deer, the lions’ food. The ecology (生态) of their home, the largest city national park in the world, is healthy. Yet animals can be in danger without habitat loss. Genetic degradation (基因退化) can be just as deadly.
Cutting through the mountains is Route 101, carrying up to 10,000 vehicles an hour. It cuts the Santa Monica range off from a larger wilderness to the north. The southern area is not big enough for all the lions. The result is a population trapped with inbreeding and genetic degradation.
Four years after that study came the first evidence (证据) that the big cats were suffering physical damage. In the early 1990s biologists studying the Florida panther, a closely related animal, found that many of the males had the same genetic shortcomings. The Florida panther escaped extinction only thanks to the introduction of females brought from Texas to refresh the gene pool.
California does not need to go that far. There are healthy mountain-lion populations north of the Santa Monica range, separated by the road. Hidden cameras show the animals waited at the side of the highway, not daring to cross. The solution is a 165-foot-wide dirt bridge which would allow them to walk high over the traffic.
The animals become sexually mature (成熟) at 2 1/2 to 3 years and have babies every other year. So within ten years of the corridor’s completion the great-grandchildren of the first mating beyond the mountains could have babies. Genetically, even a few matings would make a difference. “We’ll definitely save the mountain lion,” thinks Paul Edelman of the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority (MRCA). “It’s just a matter of how long it takes.”
49．What can we know about the corridor
A．It is being constructed by MRCA． B．It will take about ten years to complete.
C．It is supported by the governor of California. D．It will be the world’s biggest wildlife corridor.
50．Why can mountain lions be in danger
A．They lack food. B．Their habitat is lost.
C．Their genes are becoming worse. D．They are being hunted without limit.
51．What’s the solution to the problem with mountain lions
A．Making laws to protect their habitat. B．Introducing females from other states.
C．Setting up more national parks for them. D．Building a dirt bridge for them to cross Route 101.
52．Where can we probably find the text
A．In a textbook. B．In a novel. C．In a travel guide. D．In a science magazine.
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual(感知的)systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces.
This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being exposed to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. The authors recommended using such “doses(剂量)of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools.
Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, playing with mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, which allows the child to gradually understand his or her body signals.
Such activities — away from the house or classroom — may also help children to find ways to cope with emotions that maybe hard to explore in other environments. So-called “sand tray therapy”, which involves using sand and clay to express one’s thoughts and feelings, is an accepted form of counselling for children who are struggling to verbalise their emotional state.
When it comes to the child’s physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play maybe the exercise A child may find it easier to buildup strength and endurance in a large open space resulting in a reduced risk of overweight, according to one study led by Elizabeth Gershoff, professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, US.
The latest findings, however, suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments — and the secret maybe alive in the mud itself.
53．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To present the topic. B．To display brain landscapes.
C．To prove the well-established benefits. D．To introduce the perceptual systems.
54．How does the study show that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation
A．By recording learning experiences. B．By comparing walking in different settings.
C．By observing different activities. D．By exposing children to grass and trees.
55．What’s the advantage of sand tray therapy
A．Children can speak out their inner thoughts.
B．Children can develop their senses and movements.
C．Children can express their thoughts by applying sand.
D．Children can cope with their emotions in the classroom.
56．What does the author mean by saying “the secret maybe alive in the mud itself’
A．Playing outdoors brings unexpected benefits.
B．Playing in the mud is the best outdoor exercise.
C．Playing outdoors can cure children with ADHD．
D．Playing in the mud can reduce the risk of overweight.
Four Must-Eat Chicago Sandwiches
On a hit list of Chicago’s must-eat dishes, you’ll find various meals on bread. Let’s take a look at four of them.
Italian beef sandwich
Known around the city simply as a “beef”, this giant sandwich piles thinly sliced roast beef and green peppers on brown French bread, which has roots in the Italian American community in 1938. Dozens of Italian beef joints now exist in Chicago area, including Johnnie’s Beef in Elmwood Park and Plant-Based Italian Beefless Sandwich. The latter is popular among people who favor vegetable products.
Italian sub
Italian subs exist all over the country with different names. Chicago’s version originates from Vincenzo Graziano’s first sandwich store in 1922, who came to Chicago in 1905 without any money. At J.P. Graziano, now managed by Graziano’s great-grandson Jim Graziano, the Italian sub features hot pork sausage, plus tomato, red wine vinegar, which adds a deeper, richer flavor.
Reuben
Made with roasted beef, Swiss cheese and salted vegetables, the Reuben was invented in the Blackstone Hotel in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925 and won the National Sandwich Idea Contest in 1956. At Manny’s, you can taste the classic Reuben served with the award-winning roasted beef, which is the restaurant’s signature.
Chicago-style hot dog
Dating back to 1929, a Chicago Red Hot is made up of nine ingredients (原料). They include an all-beef frank, a steamed bread roll and a salad bar of toppings. As one of the city’s most popular spots for a Chicago dog, the family-owned roadside stand, Superdawg Drive-In, has served hot dogs since 1948. If you order a Chicago dog, the really critical detail is that you can’t see tomato source, which would ruin the perfect balance of the food.
57．Among the four must-eat Chicago sandwiches, which one has the longest history
A．Italian beef sandwich. B．Italian sub.
C．Reuben. D．Chicago-style hot dog.
58．In which restaurant can you taste an award-winning sandwich
A．Johnnie’s Beef in Elmwood Park. B．J.P. Graziano.
C．Manny’s. D．Superdawg Drive-In.
59．Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
A．Transport. B．Health. C．Travel. D．Science.
Plant-based products have been breaking into the foodie mainstream in the United States, after years in which vegan (素食的) burgers and milk alternatives knocked on the market’s door. That is partly because more companies are targeting people who seek to reduce the amount of meat they eat, rather than forswear it altogether.
Now, as fish alternatives begin to attract investment and land at restaurants in the United States and beyond, people who track the fishless fish sector say that it could achieve significant growth.
One reason, they say, is that consumers in rich countries are becoming more aware of the seafood industry’s environmental problems, including overfishing and the health risks of some seafood. Another is that today’s plant-based companies do a better job of approaching fish flavor than earlier ones did—an important consideration for non-vegetarians (非素食者).
“There are a number of people already looking at alternative hamburgers,” said Joshua Katz, an analyst at the consulting firm McKinsey who has studied the alt-protein (替代蛋白) industry. “You might actually say, ‘I should work on something else.’ And seafood is still a massive market with convincing reasons to work on.” People who reduce their consumption of animal proteins for environmental reasons often stop eating red meat, which requires enormous amounts of land and water to farm.
But alt-fish advocates say that seafood also comes with environmental problems. Unsustainable fishing practices have destroyed fisheries (鱼汤) in recent decades, a problem both for biodiversity and the millions of people who depend on the sea for income and food.
“It’s simply a smarter way to make seafood,” says Mirte Gosker, the acting managing director of the Good Food Institute Asia-Pacific, a nonprofit advocacy group that promotes alternative proteins. “Full stop.”
So far plant-based seafood products in the United States account for only 0.1 percent of the country’s seafood sales, less than 1.4 percent of the U.S. meat market occupied by plant-based meat alternatives. But alt-seafood enterprises worldwide received at least $83 million from investors in 2020, compared with $1 million three years earlier. As of this June, 83 companies were producing alt-seafood products around the world, a nearly threefold rise since 2017. All but 18 of those 83 companies focus on plant-based products. A dozen others are developing lab-grown seafood, which is not yet commercially available in any country.
60．What does the underlined word “forswear” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Sample. B．Consume. C．Produce. D．Abandon.
61．Which aspect of seafood do non-vegetarians focus on
A．The health risks. B．The protein intake.
C．The taste and mouthfeel. D．The overfishing problem.
62．What is Mirte Gosker’s tone when he says “Full stop” in paragraph 6
A．Determined. B．Concerned. C．Humorous. D．Enthusiastic.
63．What do the figures in the last paragraph mainly show
A．Seafood companies are struggling.
B．Plant-based meat products will be a trend.
C．Alt-seafood products have a promising future.
D．Seafood will be commercially available soon.
Nowadays, instead of scrolling (滚屏) through apps like TikTok and Instagram all day on a smartphone, many people begin to use a so-called “dumb phone ” according to the latest report, and seventeen-year-old Robin West is one of them.
Dumb phones are basic devices, with very limited functionality compared to an iPhone. Typically, you can only make and receive calls and text messages. And if you are lucky, you can also listen to the radio and take very basic photos, but definitely you cannot connect to the Internet or apps.
Robin West’s decision to rid himself of the former smartphone two years ago was out of a sudden urge. “I didn’t notice how much a smartphone was taking over my life until I bought a dumb phone. I had a lot of social media apps on it, and I didn’t get much work done as I was always on my phone.” He said that he would never buy another smartphone. “I don’t think my dumb phone limits me; I’m definitely more active,” he added.
Outdated for a while with the appearance of smartphones, dumb phones are now regaining popularity. A 2021 study said that one in ten mobile phone users in the UK had a dumb phone. “Many of us once had a dumb phone as our first mobile phone and TikTok videos remind us of that, so it’s natural that we feel a sense of nostalgia (怀旧) towards these classic markers, which have a part to play in dumb phones’ revival (再流行),” said a mobile expert.
One maker of dumb phones is The Light Phone. Slightly cleverer than the norm for such products, it has handsets that do allow users to listen to music and podcasts, and connect by Bluetooth to headphones. Yet the firm promised that its phones “will never have social media click bait news, email or a web browser”.
Light co-founder, Kaiwei Tang, says that, surprisingly, the firm’s main customers are aged between 25 and 35. He says he was expecting buyers to be much older. Tech expert, Prof. Sandra Wachter, says it is understandable that some of us are looking for simpler mobile phones. “Smartphones always want to grab our attention with updates, breaking news and the like constantly disrupting (扰乱) our day.”
64．What does Robin West probably fail to do on his dumb phone
A．Make a call to his friend.
B．Have access to the radio.
C．Store photos in the album.
D．Visit social networking pages.
65．Why do many people start to use dumb phones according to the mobile expert
A．They are very easy to operate.
B．They can impact people’s life.
C．They come into fashion again.
D．They make people recall old days.
66．What’s Prof. Sandra Wachter’s attitude towards people’s using dumb phones
A．Flexible. B．Supportive. C．Confused. D．Doubtful.
67．What would be the best title for the text
A．The return of dumb phones
B．The popularity of smartphones
C．The marketing strategies of phones
D．The intense competition between phones
As a young girl growing up in France, Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place. Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homework clubs and activities for children.
Toumi witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification (沙漠化). “Within 10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of droughts have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisia’s agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
Toumi recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilizers rather than chemicals.
In 2012, Toumi consolidated (巩固) her dream of fighting the desert. She moved to Tunisia, and set up a programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy (理念) into action. “I want to show young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to water.”
By September 2016, more than 130, 000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect Tunisia’s farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, Toumi hopes to extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco.
68．How did Toumi’s holiday trips to Tunisia influence her
A．They made her decide to leave the country.
B．They helped her better understand her father.
C．They aroused her enthusiasm for helping others.
D．They destroyed her dream of being a teacher.
69．What is the main cause of the desertification of Tunisia’s farmland
A．Low rainfall. B．Soil pollution. C．Cold weather. D．Forest damage.
70．Why did Toumi set up Acacias for All in Tunisia
A．To create job opportunities for young people.
B．To help the children obtain a basic education.
C．To persuade the farmers not to use fertilizers.
D．To promote the protection of their farmland.
71．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Saving Water in Tunisia B．Holding back the Sahara
C．Planting Trees of Native Species D．Fighting Poverty in North Africa
Cerebral palsy(脑瘫)is the most common motor disability in children. The condition,which affects about 1 in 345 children, can make daily activities like walking, eating, or even lifting a cup difficult. A team of researchers from the University of California, Riverside (UCR) hopes to reduce the daily struggles with robotic clothing that will allow kids with cerebral palsy to better control their arm movements.
Wearable robotic units to help people with mobility issues have been around for many years. However, they are rigid and uncomfortable to wear. The UCR team plans to use light-weight materials to create a robotic sleeve that is cheap, durable, and, most importantly, comfortable to wear on a daily basis.
“Hard materials don’t interact well with humans,” said Jonathan Realmuto, UCR assistant professor of mechanical engineering and project lead. “What we’re going for by using materials like nylon and elastic are essentially robotic clothing.”
The scientists envision the robotic sleeves to have sealed areas that can be inflated. When filled with air,they would become temporarily rigid and provide the force needed for movement. The clothing will be fitted with sensors to detect small muscle contractions and anticipate what the wearer wants to do. The inflated bladders(气囊) will then help move the arm to complete the intended action.
“If we can help kids brush their own teeth, pour water or open doors, actions that others take for granted, it’s a huge win for them,” Realmuto said. “And it’s also a huge win for their families and caretakers.”
The UCR engineers are not the only ones working on soft robotic clothing to help those with motor disabilities. San Francisco-based startup CIONIC is on a similar mission. The company’s first product, the CIONIC Neural Sleeve, is designed to improve mobility for people with conditions like cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Jeremiah Robison, the founder of CIONIC, was inspired to develop the product after seeing his daughter struggle with cerebral palsy.
72．What is the disadvantage of previous robotic clothing
A．They are uncomfortable to wear.
B．They are not easy to carry around.
C．They aren’t environmentally friendly.
D．They aren’t affordable for most families.
73．What improvement is being made to the existing robotic clothing
A．Easy operation. B．Adjustable design.
C．Soft material. D．Simple structure.
74．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．Why bladders are needed in the new unit.
B．How the improved robotic clothing works.
C．What material is used in the robotic sleeves.
D．What difficulty cerebral palsy patients have.
75．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．The UCR is teaming up with the CIONIC．
B．Soft robotic clothing is an emerging industry.
C．The CIONIC Neural Sleeve is quite popular.
D．Robison made robotic clothing for his family first.
Changing the wording about expiration dates (保质期) on food items of easily going bad — which is currently unregulated (缺乏监管) and widely variable — could help reduce food waste, according to a new Cornell University study.
This work results from the “wild west” landscape of food date labels which is expected to be driven, to a large extent, by manufacturers’ (制造商) strong wish to sell more products. It is important for both the government’s decisions regarding date labels and the market impacts of reducing food waste.
A survey of consumers found that certain wording — “best by,” as opposed to “best if used by,” for example — had the possibility to reduce food waste, but that result differed depending on the type of food in question. The easier food is to go bad, the more likely it is to be thrown away.
“There are no practical rules about food date labels in the U.S. If you go into the yogurt section at a U.S. grocery store, you would see various date labels — ‘use by’, ‘best by’, ‘best if used by’, ‘fresh by’, or ‘sell by’, etc. Some consumers might smell the food to see if it is still good, while others might just look at the date label and drop it,” said Rickard, leader of the study team. “And the truth is that these date labels are not food safety dates; they’re just food quality dates.”
The 15 food items selected for the survey, including bread, cookies, chicken, packaged salad greens and canned soup, all typically use date labels with different wording variations. Survey results showed an increase in throwing intentions with the “use by” and the “sell by” date label, inferring that food with these date labels was more often thrown and replaced. So they think that the word “use” spoke more directly to the food safety impact of consuming food past the date listed on the package, and could therefore lead to an increase in food waste. However, the wording “best by” seemed to refer only to food quality beyond a certain date and led to less waste.
76．What is probably the main reason for so many date labels in the U.S.
A．The government wants to monitor the market.
B．The producers intend to increase the food sales.
C．The sellers tend to meet the needs of consumers.
D．The manufacturers hope to ensure the food quality.
77．Which wording on the date labels may help reduce food waste
A．“Best by”. B．“Sell by”. C．“Use by”. D．“Best if used by”.
78．Why is the yogurt section at a grocery store mentioned
A．To solve a problem. B．To give a warning.
C．To offer some advice. D．To prove a fact.
79．What might be the best title for the text
A．Similar Date Labels Mislead Shoppers
B．Words Matter in Food Safety Messaging
C．The Correct View of Consumption Is Important
D．The U.S. Is Taking Measures to Reduce Food Waste
参考答案：
1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了娱乐恐惧的概念、好处及作者的建议。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“So, yes, fear is a feel-bad emotion, but also the engine in a whole range of pleasurable activities and behaviors, which inspire what we can call recreational fear. (所以，是的，恐惧是一种让人感觉不好的情绪，也是一系列愉快活动和行为的引擎，这些活动和行为激发了我们所谓的娱乐性恐惧)”可知，恐惧也是一系列愉快活动和行为的引擎，这些活动和行为激发了我们所谓的娱乐恐惧。因此，坐海盗船符合娱乐恐惧的特点。此外，海盗船与第二段中提到的roller coasters(过山车)同属一类娱乐设施。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段内容，尤其第二句“When an organism plays, it learns important skills and develops strategies for survival. (当一个有机体玩耍时，它会学习重要的技能并制定生存策略)”可知，娱乐恐惧有助于提高生存技能。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“For instance, it was found that people who watch many horror movies exhibited better psychological resilience (承受力) during the first COVID-19 lockdown than people who stay away from scary movies. (例如，研究发现，在第一次新冠肺炎疫情封锁期间，经常看恐怖电影的人比不看恐怖电影的人表现出更好的心理承受力)”可知，该例子是为了解释前一句，也是该段的主题句“In the studies of engagement with recreational fear, we’ve seen it improve people’s ability to cope with stress and anxiety. (在对娱乐恐惧的研究中, 我们发现它能提高人们应对压力和焦虑的能力)”。由此推知，作者举例子的目的是为了证明娱乐恐惧能让我们内心强大。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With these in mind, we should maybe think twice about protecting kids and young people too zealously (热衷地) from playful forms of fear. They’ll end up in the real world sooner or later, and they will be better equipped if they’ve at least pretended to be there before. (考虑到这些，我们也许应该三思而后行，保护孩子和年轻人免受嬉戏的恐惧。他们迟早会出现在现实世界中，如果他们以前至少假装在那里，他们的装备会更好)”可知，作者建议家长们，不要过于热衷保护孩子和年轻人而不让他们体验娱乐恐惧。由此推知，作者对娱乐恐惧的态度是积极的。故选A。
5．B 6．D 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Christian Beer教授进行的一项新研究发现，如果北极有足够的动物，80% 的永久冻土可以保存到至少2100年。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That’s because reintroducing these grazing animals (食草动物) can slow down the rate of permafrost melting (永冻土融化) and global warming.(这是因为重新引进这些食草动物可以减缓永久冻土融化和全球变暖的速度。)”可知，食草动物被重新引进引入北极是为了减缓永久冻土融化，即保护永久冻土。故选B。
6．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“A new study conducted by Professor Christian Beer has found that if there are enough animals in the Arctic, 80% of the permafrost could be kept until at least 2100.(Christian Beer教授进行的一项新研究发现，如果北极有足够的动物，80% 的永久冻土可以保存到至少2100年)”和划线单词所在句子“It was inspired by an experiment carried out by a scientist named Sergey Zimov.(它的灵感来自于一位名叫Sergey Zimov的科学家进行的一项实验)”可推知，it代指上文提到的Christian Beer的研究。故选D。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段中“He had believed that because of the warming climate of the Arctic region, the melting permafrost would give off greenhouse gases that had been trapped in the soil for thousands of years, and it would increase the amount of warming and start an endless cycle. (他相信，由于北极地区的气候变暖，融化的永久冻土会释放出埋藏在土壤中数千年的温室气体，这会加剧气候变暖，并开始无休止的循环)”可知，如果永久冻土继续融化，它将释放更多的温室气体。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Today, we have an average of 5 reindeer per square kilometer across the Arctic. With 15 reindeer per square kilometer, we could save 70% of the permafrost. If we were able to maintain the high animal density (密度) like in Zimov’s Pleistocene Park, would that be good enough to save permafrost under the strongest warming Yes, it could work for 80% of the region,” said Beer.(“今天，我们在北极地区平均每平方千米有5只驯鹿。如果每个平方千米养15只驯鹿，我们就可以拯救70% 的永久冻土。如果我们能够像齐莫夫的Pleistocene Park那样保持高动物密度，这是否足以在全球变暖最严重的情况下拯救永久冻土？是的，它可以适用于该地区80% 的地区，”Beer说)”可知，Christian Beer认为重新引入食草动物能在全球变暖最严重的情况下拯救永久冻土。由此推知，他认为引进食草动物会带来一个有希望的结果。故选B。
9．B 10．D 11．D
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了今年食品与营养大会和博览会（FNCE）的一些新增内容。
9．细节理解题。根据Extra Networking Event.部分中的“You asked for more networking opportunities, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics listened! Immediately following Opening Session on Saturday, October 26, from 6p. m. to 7p.m., there will be a special networking opportunity in the Grand Hall of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. (你要求更多的人际交往机会，营养与营养学会听从了你的要求！紧接着10月26日星期六的开幕式，从下午6点开始到下午7点。在费城会议中心大厅将有一个特别的交流机会)”可知，在费城会议中心大厅你可以找到交流的机会。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据More Learning Styles. 部分中的“The Conversation Series in Room 114 Lecture Hall will feature in-depth one-on-one conversations with experts, leaders and innovators on topics including leadership, emerging technologies and more. (114演讲厅的对话系列将与专家、领导者和创新者就领导力、新兴技术等话题进行深入的一对一对话)”可知，对话系列为你提供了一个与专家直接交谈的机会。故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段中“From inspirational keynote sessions to hot topics and networking events, everything you know and love about the Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo (FNCE) is included in this year’s program — plus these amazing new additions!(从鼓舞人心的主题演讲到热门话题和社交活动，你所知道和喜爱的关于食品与营养大会和博览会（FNCE）的一切都包括在今年的活动中——还有这些令人惊叹的新增内容！)”可知，文章主要介绍了今年食品与营养大会和博览会（FNCE）的一些新增内容。由此推知，文章的目的是吸引更多人参加2023年的FNCE。故选D。
12．B 13．C 14．A 15．B 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。与阿拉斯加、加拿大和西伯利亚的森林大火使气候变暖的假设相反，科学家们发现，在被烧毁的树木允许更多的雪将更多的阳光反射到太空的地区，可能会出现降温。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. (这一发现表明，采取措施防止北部森林火灾以限制温室气体的释放可能会使北部地区的气候变暖。)”可知，根据新的发现，采取措施预防北部森林火灾可能导致气候变暖。故选B。
13．推理判断题。根据第四段“The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling. (然而，第二年春天，由于覆盖地面的树木减少，火灾区域内的土地比火灾前更明亮。地面上的雪将更多的阳光反射回太空，从而导致降温。)”可知，第二年春天地面上的雪才将更多的阳光反射回太空，因此这不是森林火灾后的即时效应（immediate effects）。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat. (其他科学家的早期研究表明，北部地区的火灾会加速气候变暖，因为燃烧树木和植物产生的温室气体会释放到大气中，从而锁住热量。)”可知，其他科学家早先的研究表明，北方地区的火灾会加速气候变暖。故选A。
15．词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话“Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling. (地球吸收的阳光往往会导致变暖，而反射回太空的热量往往会导致冷却。)”以及划线短语所在句子 “Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. (具体来说，他们确定，当火灾比预测提前20年再次发生时，地球每平方米燃烧的面积会soaked up0.5瓦的温室气体，但每平方米0.9瓦的热量会被送回太空。)”可知，这里的soaked up表示“吸收”。A. released释放；B. absorbed吸收；C. created创造；D. distributed打扰。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根