Unit 4 Everyday economics　Period 3　Using language—Review：attributive clauses 课件(共39张PPT)

(共39张PPT)
Everyday economics
Unit 4
Using language
—Review：attributive clauses
语法感悟
感知以下句子，并完成方框下面的练习
1.The place where this happens is a valley，a world away from any television studio.
2.Dr Rowan，whose secretary resigned two weeks ago，has had to do all his own typing.
3.As is shown in the chart，cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within China.
4.Zhang therefore decided to return to her home town and grow roses，which surprised many people.
5.As someone who grew up in the country，Zhang already knew about growing plants.
6.I will do everything that you are fond of to make you feel at home.
7.There was no one to whom he could turn for help in the dark street.
8.Do you still remember the exact date when we visited the institute
1.以上句子中，句1、5、6、7、8含有限制性定语从句，对先行词起限制和修饰作用，是_________的，如果省略，会影响意思的表达；句2、3、4含有非限制性定语从句，对先行词起到补充说明和描绘的作用，如果省略，_____影响意思的表达。
2.在句1、8中，where和when都是_________，在从句中作____。where可以替换为_________，when可以替换为__________。关系副词还有______，可以替换为___________。
必不可少
不会
关系副词
状语
in which
on which
why
for which
3.在句2中，whose是________，在从句中作____，其意义相当于one’s。
4.在句3、4中，关系代词as和which指代_________的内容。as从句的位置比较灵活，可放在主句_____________，而which引导的从句不能放在_______。在翻译时，as常译为“_________”，而which译为“_______
_______”。
5.在句5中，who是_________，在从句中作_____，_____省略，代替先行词_________。
关系代词
定语
整个主句
前、后或中间
主句前
正如，像
这一点，
这件事
关系代词
主语
不能
someone
6.在句6中，that是关系代词，在从句中作_____，可以_____，代替先行词__________，不能替换为_______，因为先行词everything是________。
7.句7中含有“______________”引导的定语从句，介词之后的关系代词只能是______(指物)或_______(指人)，不可用that或who。介词的选择依据是_______________的固定搭配。
8.由以上句子可知，关系代词不仅引导定语从句，还在定语从句中替代________，作____________或表语；而关系副词引导定语从句，在从句中作_____。
宾语
省略
everything
which
不定代词
介词＋关系代词
which
whom
从句中谓语动词
先行词
主语、宾语
状语
一、定语从句概述
1.定义：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，叫作定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。
2.构成：
语法精讲
3.关系词用法：
关系代词 that 人、物 主、宾、表
which 物 主、宾
who 人 主、宾
whom 人 宾
whose 人、物 定
as 人、物 主、宾、表
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
4.分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
二、关系代词that和which的选择
1.宜用that不宜用which的五种情况：
(1)先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
你还有什么要为自己说的吗？
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only，the very(恰恰，正好)，the last等修饰时。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最激动人心的足球赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是目前我们唯一能做的事。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时。
The scientist and his achievements that you told us are admired by us all.
我们都很钦佩你告诉我们的那位科学家以及他所取得的成就。
(4)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate
站在门口的那个人是谁？
2.宜用which不宜用that的情况
(1)在非限制性定语从句中。
Beijing，which is the capital city of China，is a very beautiful city.
北京是一个十分美丽的城市，它是中国的首都。
(2)在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中。
He is looking for a box in which he can put the two rabbits.
他在寻找一个可以把这两只兔子放进去的盒子。
注意：
(1)关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
This is the factory (that/which) we paid a visit to last month.
这是上个月我们参观过的那家工厂。
(2)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
I’m fond of the piece of music which is popular with the teenagers.
我喜欢在青少年中流行的那支曲子。
(3)one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句，谓语动词用复数；the only one of＋复数名词＋定语从句，谓语动词用单数。
Lucy is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
露西是被老师表扬的学生之一。
Lucy is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher.
露西是唯一一个被老师表扬的学生。
三、关系代词和关系副词的选择
选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。
1.若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导。
He is studying at a school which/that is about 500 miles away from his home.
他在一所离家约500英里的学校学习。
2.若从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。
One was a cousin，who/whom I had lost touch with for 25 years.
一位是堂兄，我已经与他失去联系25年了。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是去年我待过的那个山村。
注意：当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等时，如果关系词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用关系代词which/that引导定语从句。
We have reached a point where a change is needed.
我们已经到了改变的时候了。
We have reached a point which/that should be paid special attention to.
我们已经到了需要特别注意的时候了。
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that或who。先行词指物时用which，先行词指人时用whom。
1.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定。
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了许多书，我存的所有的钱都花在买书上了。
(2)依据与先行词搭配的具体意义来确定。
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我将永远不会忘记我在乡下度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
我们赖以生存的无色气体叫氧气。
2.有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to。
There is a big window in my room，from where I can see the railway station.
我的房间里有个大窗户，从那里我可以看到火车站。
3.“名词/代词/数词/最高级＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。
Recently，I bought an ancient vase，the price of which was very reasonable.
最近，我买了一个古老的花瓶，其价格很合理。
4.当“介词＋关系代词”结构在定语从句中作时间或地点状语时，常常可以与关系副词when/where互换。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.
→The poor man has no house where he can live.
这个可怜的人没有房子可住。
五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的不同
1.限制性定语从句：用来修饰和限定先行词，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，它与主句关系十分密切，不用逗号分开，翻译时译成一句话。先行词一般为单个名词或代词，作宾语的关系代词常可省略。
The person (whom/who/that) you are looking for is downstairs.
你正在找的那个人在楼下。
2.非限制性定语从句：与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚完整，它与主句之间常用逗号分开，翻译时译成两句话。先行词既可以是单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。一般不用that来引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词不可省略。
This note was left by Tom，who was here a moment ago.
这个纸条是汤姆留下的，他刚刚还在这里。
Rose had made great progress，which made us very happy.
罗斯进步很大，这让我们很高兴。
六、非限制性定语从句中的as和which
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等
意思上 意为“这一点，这件事” 表示“正如……，正像……”
As is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
孩子们常常如此，当医生到达时艾米就好多了。
Until now，we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children，which is quite unexpected.
到目前为止，我们已经为这些可怜的孩子筹集了50 000英镑，这真是始料不及的。
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
正如报告中显示的那样，城市的空气质量在过去的两个月里改善了。
七、定语从句和其他句式的区别
类别 区别 例句
定语从句与并列句 并列句有and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接。并列句中绝对不可再用引导定语从句的关系词。 1.I have three cars，none of is in good condition.
2.I have three cars，but none of is in good condition.
句1中cars后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which；
句2中有并列连词but，题干是并列句，空格中填代词them。
定语从句与状语从句 定语从句修饰、限制先行词，常放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，可以放在主句的前面或后面。 Do you know the time when the meeting was over？(when引导定语从句)
When the meeting was over，it was already five o’clock.(when引导时间状语从句)
定语从句与状语从句 when，where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时则不行。 This is the school where(＝in which) I once worked.(where引导定语从句)
Put back the book where it was. (where引导状语从句)
定语从句与状语从句 定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉之后从句成分不完整；而状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分。 It is such an interesting book as we all like.(as引导定语从句，作动词like的宾语)
It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
(that引导结果状语从句，不充当从句的成分，但不能去掉)
定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语从句的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容，与前面名词之间是同位关系。 The suggestion that he came up with is practical.(that引导的是定语从句，that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语，可省略)
He gave me a suggestion that we should read aloud every morning.(that引导的是同位语从句，that在从句中不作成分，但不可省略)
教材听力训练(见课堂精彩PPT)
语法填空(用适当的关系词填空)
The very film 1.___ is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.___ is popular with the public,3.______ hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman 4._____ went to America with her mother.Jack,5._____ won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 6._________ they had a happy time.
达标检测
that
as
whose
who
who
where
Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge ice-berg,7.______ Jack lost his life for saving Rose (Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 8.______ most people can’t behave in real life).Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.9.____ is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 10._____ Rose could live alone and tell us the moving story.
when
which
As
why
本课结束