人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册 Unit 1 Science Fiction 单元 复习学案（含答案）

Unit1 Science Fiction
第一步：单元学习目标整合
1 learn some new words and expressions
2 have a further understanding of the unit
3 learn and master passive voice
第二步：单元思维导图回顾知识
第三步：单元重难知识易混易错
被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
英语有种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，其构成为：助动词be+动词过去分词。在被动语态中，动作的执行者一般由by引出，但在多数情况下被省略。通常只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。 1. 被动语态的时态形式表（以动词do为例）：
形式 构成
现在时 一般式 am/is/are + done
进行式 am/is/are + being done
完成式 has/have + been done
过去时 一般式 was/ were + done
进行式 was/were + being done
完成式 had been + done
过去将来时 should/would be done
一般将来时 will/ shall be done
2. 被动语态的特殊情况
（1）含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词＋be+及物动词的过去分词。
例：All the letters should be answered immediately.
所有信件均应立刻回复。
（2）不定式的被动语态
① 一般式（to be done）:表示不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生或与其（几乎）同时发生
② 完成式（to have been done）:表示不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
例：The book is said to be published soon.
据说这本书很快就会出版。
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
据说这本书已被译成很多种语言。
二、主动形式表示被动意义的情况
1. 连系动词（如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain等）后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
例：Your advice sounds practical.
你的建议听起来是可行的。
Whether we can have a holiday remains unknown.
我们还不知道能否休假。
The material feels very soft.
这种材料摸起来很软。
The food tastes delicious.
这种食物尝起来味道很好。
2. 当open，close，shut，lock，move，read，wash，clean，cook，sell，cut，wear，carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例：The door doesn't shut.
这门关不上。
The book sells well.
这书卖得不错。
3. want，need，require等少数表示需要的动词后跟v-ing时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
例：The house needs cleaning.
=The house needs to be cleaned.
这所房子需要打扫。
This wall requires repairing.
= This wall requires to be repaired.
这面墙需要修理。
三、使用被动语态时要注意的问题
1. 常见的不能用于被动语态的（短语）动词有 appear，belong，disappear，happen，break out，come true，take place，run out，date back等。
例：We cannot say for sure what will happen.
我们无法确切地说会发生什么事。
2. 在主动语态里，跟在动词see，make，hear，watch，notice 等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to,但变为被动语态时，to必须补上。
例：他们让他独自去那里。
They made him go there alone. （主动语态）
He was made to go there alone by them. （被动语态）
3. 接双宾语的动词变被动语态。有些动词在主动语态中常接双宾语，即间接宾语（一般指人）和直接宾语（一般指物）。在变为被动语态时，如果间接宾语被提前作主语，那么直接宾语保持不变；如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语前一般要加上相应的介词to或for.
例：We gave him the letter.
=He was given the letter by us.
=The letter was given to him by us.
我们把那封信给他了。
She bought her mother a new coat.
=Her mother was bought a new coat by her.
= A new coat was bought for her mother by her.
她给她妈妈买了一件新大衣。
4. 将含有动词＋介词/副词类短语动词（如 look after，put on）的主动句变为被动句时，原短语动词中的介词或副词应保留。
例：她经常照看老人。
She often looks after the old. （主动语态）
The old are often looked after by her.（被动语态）
练习：
1. Five more survivors of the mudslide _________ (identify) with the help of dogs over the past days.
2. My washing machine _________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3. Luckily, I _________ (select) to take part in an activity on behalf of my classmates.
4. Trees _________ (plant) by students from our school at this time last week.
5. He told me that in the future, most films _________ (watch) on the Internet, not in cinemas.
6. It is reported that many new houses _________ (build) in this area.
7. The villagers expect that the building of the bridge _________ (complete) before the rainy season comes.
8. The message _________ (process) now, which may take 10 to 20 minutes.
9. He has sympathy for the dog which _________ (abandon) by its owner.
10. Luckily, I _________ (select) to take part in an activity on behalf of my classmates.
答案：
1. have been identified
2. is being repaired
3. was selected
4. were being planted
5. would be watched
6. have been built
7. will be completed
8. is being processed
9. was abandoned
10. was selected
第四步：单元核心素养对接高考
1. Jingxi Taiping Drum is a traditional form of dancing. With its display of profound cultural elements, it ①_____(include) in the first batch(批次) of China's national intangible cultural heritage(非物质文化遗产) items in 2006.
The ②_____(early) historical references of this art date back to the Spring and Autumn Period. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it started to gain ③_____(popular) in and around the capital, and then it was introduced to Mentougou District of Beijing.
In ancient times, the drums were played ④_____ New Year's Eve at the imperial palace to bring peace. As a result, the performance also became known as the "New Year Drum" by Beijingers. This type of drum dance is commonly seen ⑤_____(perform) during the last and first month of the lunar year in many local festive activities, thus expressing ⑥_____(people) hope of a peaceful and prosperous year to come.
During a given performance, drummers perform various dance moves while ⑦_____(hold) the drum in their left hands and a mallet in their right hands. Traditional Chinese aesthetic(美学的) concepts are reflected in the drum playing, all of ⑧_____ represent distinctive local features.
In the past decades, efforts ⑨_____(make) by Mentougou District to preserve this signature folk dance culture. Today, the time-honored folk art of the Jingxi Taiping Drum is being taken up by the young people ⑩_____ is presenting its lively artistic charm(魅力) on a global stage.
2. Hot pot, as a traditional Chinese folk dish, ①_____(become) a favorite dish throughout China since at least the Han Dynasty, ②_____ is particularly true during winter months. There are different ③_____(style) of hot pot with differently flavored thick soup in China, from spicy hot pot in Sichuan, seafood-based hot pot in Guangdong to mutton hot pot in Hong Kong. No matter what your ④_____(prefer) is, Chinese hot pot has something to interest you.
The spicy hot pot featured in Sichuan is probably the most famous among the native Chinese. When ⑤_____(visit) Chongqing, you will have ⑥_____ opportunity to taste authentic(真正的) Chinese hot pot. Chongqing hot pot is known as má là ("numb and spicy") due ⑦_____ the inclusion of Sichuan peppers and is unique in the types of meat and the types of sauce ⑧_____(use) for its base.
Though the flavor of Chinese hot pot varies from region to region, the dining customs are similar. Hot pot is ⑨_____(typical) served in a metal bowl at the center of the dining table. As the soup in the pot is cooked at almost boiling point, the ingredients (原料) ⑩_____(add) into the boiling thick soup. The ingredients can vary from thinly-sliced meat, vegetables, mushrooms, potatoes, and cabbage, to seafood, fish balls and tofu.
3. Most people would probably just see wheat straw as a pile of waste in a farmer's field. However, Wu Cui, an intangible cultural inheritor, can turn the straw left over ①_____ beautiful and eye-catching functional artworks. The most from harvested wheat common materials, once ②_____(process) by the hands of craftsmen, can be magically transformed.
The technique of straw plaiting(编织), ③_____ method of manufacturing daily items or artworks by braiding straw, ④_____(list) as a national intangible cultural heritage in 2008. It enjoys a profound history in China and has played a significant role in the daily lives of common people.
⑤_____(intense) interested in the technique, Wu made the straw-plaiting her job and started from scratch after graduating from university two years ago. Now, she is working at a company in Beijing that focuses on the ⑥_____(promote) of traditional crafts.
According to Wu, instead of the actual weaving, the selection of materials is the first step ⑦_____ can take a long time to complete. Next come sketching the piece on paper, conceiving its three-dimensional structure, weaving, shaping ⑧_____ finally the preserving of the work. The ⑨_____(hard) part is to make the works lifelike and solid.
When asked about her plans, Wu says she desires ⑩_____(dig) deeper into local traditional culture and create cultural creative products by fully leveraging the straw plaiting technique.
答案：
1.答案：①was included②earliest③popularity④on⑤performed⑥people's⑦holding⑧which⑨have been made⑩and
解析：①考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意:它展现了深厚的文化元素,于2006年被列入中国第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。分析句子可知,include(把……列为一部分)是句中谓语动词,与主语it之间是被动关系,结合时间状语in 2006可知,讲述过去的事情,应使用一般过去时态,又因主语是第三人称单数代词,所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上,谓语应用一般过去时的被动语态,单数形式。故填was included。
②考查形容词最高级。句意:这种艺术最早的历史记载可以追溯到春秋时期。句中表示"最早的历史记载",结合空格前定冠词the可知,应用形容词最高级形式earliest作定语,修饰名词historical references。故填earliest。
③考查名词。句意:清初,它开始在京城内外流行,后来传入北京门头沟区。分析句子可知,提示词和宾语,应用名词形式popularity,意为"流行,普及",抽象名词不可数。故填popularity。
④考查介词。句意:在古代,人们在除夕之夜在皇宫里敲鼓,以带来和平。New Year's Eve是"除夕",是在具体的某一天前用介词on。故填on。
⑤考查非谓语动词。句意:这种类型的鼓舞通常在农历年的最后一个月和第一个月在许多地方节日活动中表演,从而表达人们对和平和繁荣的一年的期盼。分析句子可知, "_____(perform) during the last and first month of the lunar year in many local festive activities"作主语补足语,perform是非谓语动词,与其逻辑主语This type of drum dance之间是被动关系,用过去分词表被动。故填performed。
⑥考查名词所有格。句意:这种类型的鼓舞通常在农历年的最后一个月和第一个月在许多地方节日活动中表演,从而表达人们对和平和繁荣的一年的期盼。根据句意,提示词与名词hope之间是所属关系,表示"人们的期盼",应用名词所有格people's作定语。故填people's。
⑦考查状语从句的省略。句意:在一场表演中,鼓手们左手拿鼓,右手拿木槌,表演各种舞蹈动作。在when, while, if, as if, though(或although), as, until, once, whether, unless, where等连词连接的状语从句中,常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。结合句意,分析子可知,"while _____(hold) the drum in their left hands and a mallet in their right hands."是时间状语从句,原句为"while they are holding the drum in their left hands and a mallet in their right hands.",符合状语从句省略条件,省略they are后,应保留现在分词holding。故填holding。
⑧考查定语从句。句意:鼓乐体现了中国传统的审美观念,具有鲜明的地方特色。分析句子可知,空格处为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the drum playing,关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,应使用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。
⑨考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意:在过去的几十年里,门头沟区一直在努力保护这一标志性的民间舞蹈文化。分析句子可知,make是句中谓语动词,与主语efforts之间是被动关系,结合时间状语In the past decades可知,应使用现在完成时态,又因主语是复数名词,所以谓语动词也应使用复数形式。综上,谓语应用现在完成时的被动语态,复数形式。故填have been made。
⑩考查连词。句意:今天,靖西太平鼓这一历史悠久的民间艺术正在被年轻人所接受,并在世界舞台上展示着其生动的艺术魅力。结合句意分析句子,"is being taken up..."和"is presenting..."是并列谓语动词,用连词and连接。故填and。
2.答案：①has become②which③styles④preference⑤visiting⑥an⑦to⑧used⑨typically⑩are added
解析：①考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意:火锅,作为中国传统的民间美食,至少从汉代开始,就已经成为全中国最受欢迎的美食,尤其是在冬季。根据时间状语since at least the Han Dynasty(自从汉代开始)可知,主句应用现在完成时,主语Hotpot为第三人称单数,谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式。故填has become。
②考查定语从句。句意:火锅,作为中国传统的民间美食,至少从汉代开始,就已经成为全中国最受欢迎的美食,尤其是在冬季。分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰整个主句,连接词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。
③考查可数名词复数。句意:在中国,从四川的麻辣火锅、广东的海鲜火锅到香港的羊肉火锅,有着不同风格的火锅和不同口味的浓汤。根据空前的形容词different(不同的)及谓语动词are可知,此处应用可数名词style的复数形式。故填styles。
④考查可数名词单数。句意:不管你喜欢什么,中国火锅总有让你感兴趣的地方。空前有形容词性物主代词your修饰,空处应填名词,prefer的名词形式是preference,表示"偏爱的事物;最喜爱的东西",是可数名词,在让步状语从句中作主语,根据空后is可知,主语为单数形式。故填preference。
⑤考查现在分词。句意:游览重庆,你将有机会品尝到正宗的中国火锅。分析句子结构可知,在when引导的时间状语从句中省略了主语和be动词,visit和逻辑主语you之间是主动关系,此处应用现在分词形式。故填visiting。
⑥考查冠词。句意:游览重庆,您将有机会品尝到正宗的中国火锅。opportunity"机会"是可数名词,此处泛指"一次机会",且opportunity是以元音音素开头的单词,应用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
⑦考查介词。句意:重庆火锅因含有四川辣椒而被称为麻辣火锅,其独特之处在于其肉和酱汁的类型。分析句子可知,此处是固定搭配due to,意为"由于"。故填to。
⑧考查过去分词。句意:重庆火锅因含有四川辣椒而被称为麻辣火锅,其独特之处在于其肉和酱汁的类型。分析句子结构可知,空处应用非谓语动词形式,动词use与其逻辑主语sauce之间构成被动关系,应用其过去分词作后置定语,types of sauce used for its base指"用作其底料的酱料类型"。故填used。
⑨考查副词。句意:火锅通常放在餐桌中央的一个金属碗里。分析句子结构可知,此处应用副词作状语修饰动词served。故填typically。
⑩考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:由于锅里的汤快要煮到沸点,食材就被加入沸腾的浓汤中。分析句子结构可知,空处为主句谓语动词,主语the ingredients与动词add之间构成被动关系,应用被动语态;且上文时态为一般现在时,此处也应用一般现在时;the ingredients是复数形式,be动词用are。故填are added。
3.答案：①into②processed③a④was listed⑤Intensely⑥promotion⑦that⑧and⑨hardest⑩to dig
解析：①考查介词。句意:而非物质文化传承人吴翠,却能将收割后的麦秆变成美观、醒目的功能性艺术品。分析句子可知,此处应为固定短语turn sth. into sth.意为"把……变成……"符合句意。故填into。
②考查非谓语动词。句意:最普通的材料,一旦经过工匠的手加工,就能神奇地变形。分析句子可知,此处应为状语从句省略"主语+be动词"结构,在时间、条件或者让步状语从句中,从句中的主语和主句主语一致,且谓语动词中含有be动词时,可以省去"主语+be动词",该从句中主语与主句主语均为The most common materials,且为条件状语从句,process与句子主语为被动关系,所以使用过去分词形式。故填processed。
③考查冠词。句意:草编技术是一种用稻草编织日常用品或艺术品的方法,于2008年被列为国家级非物质文化遗产。分析句子可知,此处所在的短语作The technique of straw plaiting的同位语,method为可数名词单数,其前需要限定词,所以此处应为冠词,结合句意,此处表示泛指数量"一",所以此处为不定冠词,method第一个音节为辅音。故填a。
④考查时态和语态。句意:草编技术是一种用稻草编织日常用品或艺术品的方法,于2008年被列为国家级非物质文化遗产。分析句子可知,此处应为谓语动词,根据in 2008可知,此处应使用一般过去时态,与主语The technique of straw plaiting之间为被动关系,且主语为单数。故填was listed。
⑤考查副词。句意:由于对草编技术非常感兴趣,两年前大学毕业后,她就开始白手起家,开始了自己的草编工作。分析句子可知,此处应为副词作状语修饰interested, intense的副词为intensely且位于句首,首字母需大写。故填Intensely。
⑥考查词性转换。句意:现在,她在北京一家致力于推广传统手工艺的公司工作。分析句子可知,此处应为名词作宾语,promote的名词为promotion且为不可数名词。故填promotion。
⑦考查定语从句。句意:吴女士说,比起实际的编织,选材是第一步,这需要很长时间才能完成。分析句子可知,此处应为连词引导定语从句,从句中缺少主语,先行词指的是物,所以使用关系代词,先行词前有序数词修饰时,关系代词不能使用which。故填that。
⑧考查连词。句意:接下来是在纸上画草图,构思它的三维结构,编织,成型,最后保存作品。结合句意可知,空前与空后的内容为并列关系。故填and。
⑨考查形容词。句意:最难的部分是使作品逼真和扎实。分析句子可知,此处应为形容词作定语修饰名词part,根据句意以及空前的定冠词the经常与形容词最高级连用可知,此处应为形容词最高级。故填hardest。
⑩考查非谓语动词。句意:当被问及她的计划时,吴女士表示,她希望能更深入地挖掘当地的传统文化,充分利用草编创作文化创意产品。分析句子可知,此处为固定用法desire to do sth.意为"渴望做某事"符合句意,所以此处应为不定式形式,且表示主动意义。故填to dig。
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