高中英语必修1-5语法

课件180张PPT。The day came at last when I went to college.
He laughs best who laughs last.
He is the only one of the teachers who comes
from Qingdao.一. 定语从句的位置——后置关系副词：
when, where, why二. 引导定语从句的关系词关系代词：
that, which, who, whom, whose定语从句1. 先行词和关系词的关系2. 关系代词的实质3. 关系代词用法概述4. 关系代词的用法8. 关系代词的用法练习（一）关系代词5. 介词＋关系代词的用法7. 只能用which做关系代词的情况6. 只能用that做关系代词的情况1. 先行词和关系词的关系A plane is a machine that can fly.

The boy who broke the window is called Tom.
The boy whose parents were dead was brought up
by his grandfather.
The school where I study is far from my home.the machine = thatthe boy =whothe boy’s =whosein the school = where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词 1) who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略） 2) whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省) 3) which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可 省略,如介词提前则不能省)4) that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语 可省略）3. 关系代词用法概述5) whose 指人/物，作定语√√√√√√√√√√√√× × × × 关系代词在从句中可以：何时可以省略？做宾语时可以省略3. 关系代词用法概述1) who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）The man who I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.2) whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,
如介词提前则不能省) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I talked is Mr Li.4. 关系代词的用法3) which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略,
如介词提前则不能省) What’s that animal which looks like a big mouse?A week later Miyoko received the camera (which) she had ordered.Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?Is this the library from which you borrow
books?He is the man (that) I told you about.? 注意：介词提前时只能用which 而不能用that 。4) that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）A plane is a machine that can fly.A. The teacher praised the student. His English is the best in our class.The teacher praised the student whose English is
the best in our class.Join the following pair of sentences.whose =the student’s关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格5) 关系代词whose的用法B. The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.The house whose window is broken is mine. whose=the house’s windowThe house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which the window is broken Students whose experiments are completed may go home.
This is the room whose windows were broken in the storm.More Examples: 介词+关系代词的情况 The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.
The city that/which she lives is far away.toin× × Are these two sentences right?可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后 介词+关系代词的情况 Is this the watch that you are looking for?
The old man whom I am looking after is better . 在固定短语中介词不能提前下面两句中的介词能提前吗?A. 当先行词是不定代词时,如:
All ,few, little, much, every, something,
anything, everything等B. 当先行词被the only, the very, the same,
little, few, no, any, just等修饰时6. 只能用that做关系代词的情况I’ ll do anything that I can to help you.
I have said all that I want to say.All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.
The chance is the only one that I’ve ever got.
This is the very dictionary that I want. C. 当人和物合做先行词时D. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时E. 在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中6. 只能用that做关系代词的情况The authors and their works that I know are excellent.This is the silliest thing that I have ever heard of.
This is the first time that I’ve been here.Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night?
Who is the woman that shook hands with you just now?A. 在非限制性定语从句中7. 只能用which做关系代词的情况B. 在介词后面F. 当引导词在从句中作表语时
China isn’t the country that it used to be.1. 先行词和关系副词的关系2. 关系副词when的用法5. 关系副词的用法练习（二）关系副词3. 关系副词where的用法4. 关系副词why的用法I still remember the day when I came here.

This is the house where I lived last year.

There are many reasons why people like traveling.

I don’t like the way that you speak.
on the day =whenin the house= wherefor the reasons =whyin the way =that关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词1. 先行词和关系副词的关系在从句中作时间状语，先行词是表示时间的名词。
☆ Four o’clock is the hour when the school is dismissed.
☆ The summer of 1969, when men first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten. 2. 关系副词when的用法先行词是时间时，并非都用when引导从句来修饰，试比较：
☆ Do you still remember the days when there was no electricity?
从句中缺少时间状语
☆ Do you still remember the days (which/that) we spent together?
从句中缺少宾语在从句中作地点状语，先行词通常是表示地点的名词。
☆ A one-way street is a street where vehicles can only go one way.
☆ The Tower of London, where so many people lost their lives , is now a tourist attention. 3. 关系副词where的用法先行词是地点时，并非都用where引导从句来修饰，试比较：
The place where Lu Xun once worked has become a museum.
从句中缺少地点状语
The place (which/that) I visit last week is in Hong Kong.
从句中缺少宾语在从句中作原因状语，先行词通常是reason
The reason why he left is still not clear to us.
先行词是the reason时并非都用why
That’s the reason why he was late.
That’s the reason (which/that) he gave me4. 关系副词why的用法 1. 定语从句分类The Restrictive Attributive Clause
限制性定语从句The Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause
非限制性定语从句三. 定语从句的分类——非限制性定语从句限定性定语从句对先行词具有限制作用，使该词的含义更加具体。非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，从句只是作一些附加说明。主句和从句之间常用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句所修饰的可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句所说的内容。Those who wish to go to the park must be at the gate by 7:50 am.
Do you like the gift that I gave you?He gave his mother a color TV for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
Mr Green , who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s. E.g.: The town where I live is beautiful.
Kenli, where I live, is beautiful.Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.
Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.Please compare:修饰限定不能….的插入成分补充解释能Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.
Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.
Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.
Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.2. 分析两种定语从句省略后的结果限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，
所以不能省略4. as 引导的非限制性定语从句The earth is round._____ is known to all.
The earth is round,_____ is known to all.
_____ is known to all, the earth is round
______ is known to all that the earth is round.Itwhich
/ as AsItas 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：
as you know/ as you see/as we planned/
as we expected定语从句在句首时只能用as,4. as 引导的非限制性定语从句This is the same pen as I lost.
This is the same pen that I lost.Please compare:这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。4. as 引导的限制性定语从句This is such an interesting book ____ we all like.
This is so interesting a book _____ we all like.
This is such an interesting book ____we all like it.
This is so interesting a book ____we all like it.asthatPlease complete the following sentences and compare:asthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)1.一般现在时（1）表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态（2）表示主语现在的性格、特征、能力（3）表示客观事实或普遍用法（4）用于状语从句代替一般将来时eg.We?often?write?to?each?other. 我们时常相互通信。 常与always，usually，often，sometimes，every?day，once?a?week，yearly每年，monthly每月， 等时间状语或频率副词连用。 eg.He works hard.他努力工作eg.The sun rises in the east. Light goes faster than soundeg.You will succeed if you try .I will tell him about it as soon as I see him next Monday. 常与连词：when , as soon as , before , after , until , if 如果，等引导的时间状语或条件状语从句2.一般过去时(1).表示过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态. e.g. He arrived in Hangzhou an hour ago. Where were you just now?(2).表示过去某一时间里反复出现的动作或状态. e.g. Their children often went hungry in the old days.?????? During his middle school years, he played football nearly every day.(3).表示主语过去的特征或性格等. e.g. At that time she spoke very good English. (4).一般过去时往往和明确的过去时间状语连用.如:yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, in 1996, at that time 等,也常和when, if等引导的状语从句连用. e.g. Did you play volleyball yesterday afternoon??????? My father, when he was a child, worked 15 hours for the landlord a day.
(5).一般过去时可与today, this week, this month等时间状语连用. e.g. I saw him today.?????? He came late three times this week.3.一般将来时a.will / shall +动词原形(备：在口语中，shall和will常缩写成"'ll"，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not和will not的简略式分别为shan't和won't)(1)构成b. be going to + 动词原形c. be + 动词-ing形式（动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get等）d.be + 动词不定式 （例：You are to be back before 10:00 a.m.. 你必须在上午10点前回来。表示按计划或正式安排将发生的事 ）(2)用法①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。②表示将要反复发生的动作 (3)常用结构①用于“祈使句 + and + 陈述句"中。Eg.Work hard and you will succeed.
②与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用。If you ask him, he will help you.③ 用于"I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句"中。 I don't think the test will be very difficult.4.现在进行时(1)意义：a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作。 常与now,
the moment等连用。(2)构成：主语+be+现在分词(v.+ing)例:Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom. b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作。 例:They are planting trees on the hill these days.c.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感彩。 例:My brother is always leaving things about. 注:现在进行时往往与always连用，给现在的动作披上一层感彩。5.过去进行时(1)意义：（2）构成：主语+was/were+现在分词1．表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如：
What were you doing when I phoned you last night? 2．表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。
如：They were building a dam last winter.
去年冬天他们在建一个大坝。 3．用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。如：
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 6.现在完成时（1）意义：现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。（2）结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词（3）四大标志词：
* 以already, just和yet为标志：表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生
* 以ever和never为标志：表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过
* 以动作发生的次数为标志：He says he has been to the USA three times.
* 以so far为标志：表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生（4）注：a.*“终止”、“延续”要转换常见的有:come-be, go out -be out, leave-be away (from), begin-be on, buy-have, borrow-keep , join-be a member / 介词短语, die-be dead, become-be, open(v.)-be open(adj.) 等。
b. * 时间“点”、“段”须分清 for+时间段 since+过去某一时刻7.过去完成时(1)概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经发生的动作或情况，即：过去的过去。如:
When we got there, the football match had already started.
当我们赶到时，足球比赛已经开始了。(2)构成:肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他
否定句：主语+had not+过去分词+其他
疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他(3)用法:
A.表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，表示对这一过去时间造成的结果或影响。常用以下几种方式：
(1) 用by，before等构成的介词短语。
eg:Linda had learnt 10 English songs by the end of last month.
(2) 用when, before, after等引导的时间状语从句。
eg:The train had started before we got to the station.
B. 过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时间以前发生开始的动作持续到这一过去的时间。常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。
eg:I had worked in a hospital for three years before I came here.8.过去将来时（1）意义：表示以过去的某时来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中.（2）构成：①主语+would/should+动词原形
②主语+was/were+going to +动词原形 例:I didn’t know if she would come.
I wasn’t sure whether he would do it .
I didn’t know if she was going to come.
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Sunday.名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词二、主语从句三、宾语从句四、表语从句五、同位语从句六、否定转移一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：　　
连接词：that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.1、if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
宾语：Let us know whether/if you can finish the article before Friday.
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.　
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass the exams.　　 2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
I don't care whether you like the plan or not. * whether、if连接词均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下　　　　列情况下，whether 不能被 if 取代：A. whether 引导主语从句（包括从句在句首的位置）应当用whether，不用if，如：
Whether it is true remains a problem.
Whether he will come, I am not sure.
B. 引导表语从句用whether，不用if，如：
The question is whether you should accept it.C. whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if 则不能，如：
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not.
It depends on whether we have got enough money.
D. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if 则不能, 如：
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
D. 引导同位语从句用whether，不用if，如：
The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is essential.★大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末，用it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go. 1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。
名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如： 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 2）that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　
It's a pity that you should have to leave.　2、that引导的名词从句a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　It is necessary that…　　　 有必要……
　It is important that…　　　 重要的是……
　It is obvious that…　　　　 很明显……b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　It is believed that…　　　　　 人们相信……
　It is known to all that…　　　 从所周知……
　It has been decided that…　　 已决定…… c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　It appears that…　　　　　　 似乎……
　It happens that…　　　　　　 碰巧……
　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起…… 用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.　
表语：My question is who will take over the president.　
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.
同位语：I have no idea when he will return.　
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.　
介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.2）wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
　It is not yet decided who will do that job.　3、wh-引导的名词从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.二、主语从句2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It is ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
Is that will rain in the evening likely? √×√×√×√× 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation. It is right what you said yesterday.It is a consolation that she is still alive.×√ 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
She did not know what had happened.
I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.三、宾语从句3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
I admire their winning the match.
I admire that they won the match. √×6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man.
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. √×7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四、表语从句1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 五、同位语从句3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
　I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。
　I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
　I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
　It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
　It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.　
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定状语)　六、否定转移典型错误分析找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
1. Can you tell me how many students are there
in your class?

2. I don't know where has he gone.

3. The owner of the shop came to see what
the matter was.

　　Can you tell me how many students there are
in your class?I don't know where he has gone.The owner of the shop came to see what was
the matter.规律一：名词从句中须使用陈述语序！找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
4. We suggested that we would go to the cinema.
　
5. My idea is that we must do our homework first.
6. His proposal that we went there on foot is
acceptable.

　　We suggested that we (should) go to the cinema.
My idea is that we (should) do our homework first.His proposal that we (should) go there on foot…...规律二：注意虚拟语气的使用！问题：此类虚拟语气有哪些关键词？找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
7. If we will have a meeting hasn't been decided yet.
8. It depends on if the weather is suitable for us to do it.
9. The question is if he himself will be present at the
meeting.
10. He asked me if I could go with him or not.
Whether we will have a meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It depends on whether the weather is …...
The question is whether he himself will be present …...
He asked me whether I could go with him or not. 规律三：4种情况只能用whether ：
（1）位于句子开头； （2）前面有介词；
（3）引导表语从句； （4）与or not连用。找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books.
2. That is hard to decide when and where we will hold our sports meeting.
3. Everybody considers it impossible which he wants to finish the job in such a short time.
4. It doesn’t matter that you will come or not.
ititthatwhether规律四：主语从句和宾语从句在适当的情况
下可以借助 “it” 而后置。问题：想想看是什么“适当的情况”？名词从句与定语从句
的主要区别成分上的区别：
名词从句和定语从句分别在句中充当什么
样的成分？1. How the prisoner escaped remains a mystery.
2. I wonder whether/if he is fit for the job.
3. The problem is who will be equal to the task.
4. He had no idea whether we could overcome the
present difficulties or not.
主语宾语表语同位语5. I visited the country which/that had been bombed by
the US-led NATO (美国为首的北约) a month before．
6. I shall never forget the years when I lived in the
countryside with the farmers, which? has a great
effect on my life.
7. In the office I never seem to have time until after
5:30 pm., by which time many people have gone home.
8. I had never seen such a good film as I watched last
night. 结论一：
名词从句充当句子的主要成分；
定于从句充当句子的修饰成分。 2. 引导词含义上的区别：
引导词是否指向句中的某个成分？1. That he came back made us very happy.
2. I’m sorry (that) I’ve made a mistake.
3. The fact is that his bark is worse than his bite.
4. Word came that he would come to see us all.5. He made another wonderful discovery, which
I think is?of great importance to science.
6. Kennedy and Johnson, both of whom were
murdered in their terms, once co-worked as
president and vice-president．
7. The Oscar is one of the film prizes that have
not been offered to any Chinese actor or actress
by far．
8. The Oscar is the only one of the film prizes?
that has not been offered to any Chinese actor
or actress by far． 9. The days are gone forever when we used
foreign oil.
10. As we all know, China is a developing country.
11. This is the village where my father once lived
for several years.
12. 1980, when Chinese government began its
reform, is an important year for China.
结论二：
定语从句的引导词在语义上
具有指代先行词的作用。
名词从句的引导词不具备此功能。3. 关于that:
that 在名词从句和定语从句中各起什么作用？1. He pretended (that) he didn’t see me.
That she lost her necklace on the way home
made her so worried.
It is necessary that we should learn a second
language.
4. It is said that he works hard at English.
问题：that 作何成分？The school that my sister studies at is far from
here.
The first request that he made was to ask for
freedom.
7. It was said that that was all that he said.
8. Is this the house that you have bought yourself?
(which)(which)问题：that 作何成分？结论三：
名词从句中的 that 只起引导词的作用，
无任何意义。
定语从句中的that 在从句中充当主语或宾语，
有时可以与 which 互换。4. 引导词的不同：
不会出现在名词从句中的关系词：

不会出现在定语从句中的关系词： as, 且 when, where 等不能与 in/on/at which 互换。whether, if, what, how5、名词从句与定语从句的一些对应关系：
1. He has done what he can to help me.
--He has done ____ ____ he can to help me.
What I want to say has nothing to do with it.
--____ ____ I want to say has nothing to do
with it.
all thatAll that 3. Whoever breaks the law is to be punished.
______ ______ breaks the law is to be punished.
4. He will give the dictionary to whoever needs if most.
He will give the dictionary to ______ ____ needs it most.
5. We’ll remember whomever we turned to for help.
We’ll remember ______ ________ we turned to for help.
6. They will do whatever he wants them to do.
They will do ______ ______he wants them to do.
7. I’ll read whichever book you give me.
I’ll read ____ of the? books _____? you give me.
Anyone whoanyone whoAnyone (whom)anything thatanythat6、其余问题：1. 误：I don't know if he comes back this month.
2. 误：I have no idea what had happened when
I was away.
正：I don't know if he will come back this month.正：I have no idea what happened when I was
away.3.误：The reason is because he is ill.
4.误：Who leaves last turns off the light.正：The reason is that he is ill.正：Whoever leaves last turns off the light.
主谓语一致专题
１、定义：　所谓“主谓一致”，就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支配。这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处。 ２、主谓一致的种类： ⑴　语法形式上的一致 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，
谓语动词为复数形式。如： I often help him and he often helps me.??? 我经常帮助他，他经常帮助我。We often help each other and learn from each other.?? 我们经常互相帮助，互相学习。 ⑵　意义上的一致 a.主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如： The crowd were surrounding the government official.??? 人群包围住了这位政府官员。 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle等。如： The Chinese people are a brave and hardworking people.??? 中华民族是勇敢而又勤劳的民族。 b.主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如： Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860.??? 《远大前程》是查尔斯?狄更斯１８６０年所著。 形复意单的单词有：news，works 和一些以s结尾的书名、组织机构的名称（如：“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”，the United States, the United Nations）以及以ics结尾的学科名称（如：physics，politics，maths，economics等）。 ⑶　就近原则 就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。? a. 并列主语用连词or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接，谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。如： Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Are either you or he wrong??????? 要么是你错，要么是他错吗？ b. 在there be 表存在的句式中，主语是两个或多个名词（短语）的并列时，be 的形式与最前边的一个名词（短语）一致。如： There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.═ There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。 C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中，必须认准哪是主语。如： Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman.　船上有2,2001人, 1,500多人丧生，这位年轻妇女也在其中。
名词作主语 １、某些集体名词，如family, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如： My family is large.　我的家庭是个大家庭（看作一整体）My family all like music.　我的家人都喜欢音乐。　（指家庭中一个个成员之和） 属于这类的集体名词还有：audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, group, government,party, public, staff 等。 名词population一词的使用情况类似。如 The population of the earth is increasing very fast.　地球上的人口数增长很快 。One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee.　　这国三分之二的人喜欢喝咖啡。 “a group(crowd) of＋复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。 ２、单、复数同形的名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则。作单数意义时，谓语动词用单数，反之，谓语动词用复数。这类名词有：sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), works(工厂), Chinese, Japanese等。如： Every means has been tried out without much result.每一种方法都试过了却没什么结果。All means have been tried out without much result.　所有方法都试过了却没什么结果。This shoe works was set up in 1980.? 这家鞋厂建于1980年。Those shoe works were all set up in 1980.?? 这些鞋厂都建于1980年。 当它们前面有a, such a, this, that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数。 ３、名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如： My doctor’s is not far from my home.? 我的家庭医生诊所离我家不远。My uncle’s is just across the street.　　我叔叔家在街对面。 常见的省略名词有：the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Smith’s 等等。 表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但作主语时，谓语动词常常用复数。如：Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell.?? Richardson的店里有许多货可卖。 ４、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.? 两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help.　　　两百美元帮了Jack大忙。 ５、如果主语有more than one… 或many a…构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如： More than one comrade has asked to stay.???? 不止一位同志已经要求留下。Many a passenger was killed in the accident.　许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。 但是“more＋复数名词＋than one”结构及“more than one hundred＋复数名词”结构之后，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如： More members than one are against your plan.????? 不止一位成员反对你的计划。 ６、不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a …and many a…结构作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如： Every man and every woman is at work.????? 所有男的和女的都在工作。Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.?? 许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。 ７、表示成双成套的名词，如：chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等，作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： The trousers are in the drawer.??????????? 裤子在抽屉里。There is a pair of shoes under the bed.????? 有一双鞋在床下。The pair of shoes is rather expensive.?????? 这双袜子很贵。 ８、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind （这种书），其谓语动词用单数；短语this kind of books═ books of this kind═ these kind of books（口语）（这类书），但this kind of books作主语时，谓语动词用单数；books of this kind 和these kind of books作主语时，谓语动词用复数。all/these kinds of 后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如： This kind of books is very popular with young people. 这类书很受年轻人欢迎。Books of this kind are very popular with young people.这类书很受年轻人欢迎。These kind of parties are dangerous.???????? ?????????这类政党很危险。All kinds of flowers have come out in the valley.???? 山谷里各种各样的花已竞相开放。 ９、如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, rest, some, neither, none, no等词，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之用单数。如： Some of the pigeons have been missing.????? 一些鸽子已经不见了。Some of the ice has melted so far.???????? 迄今已有一些冰融化掉了。All of the water in the area has been seriously polluted.??? 这地区所有的水都已受严重污染。All of the books have been sold out.?????? 所有的书都已被卖完了。None of us have been there.??????????????? 我们没人去过那里。None of the stolen money has been found yet. ??被偷的钱至今一点也未找到。The rest of the students are watering trees.?? 其余的学生正在浇树。The rest of the wine has gone bad.???????????? 剩下的酒已经变质了。 B.? 由连接词连接的名词作主语 １、用and或both…and连接并列主语，表示不同概念，谓语动词常用复数。如：You and he both stand up.　　　　你和他都站了起来。Water and air are both important.　水和空气都很重要。Time and tide wait for no man.??? 岁月不待人。 但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时，即指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有： ⑴　相关名词并列表示整体概念。如：　iron and steel 钢铁　? law and order 治安　 bread and butter　黄油面包 ⑵　配套事物。如： a watch and chain 一块带链的表? a needle and thread针线 a coat and tie配有领带的上衣A knife and fork is needed for a western meal.　吃西餐时要用刀和叉。The cart and horse is coming.　　　　　　　　马车来了。 ⑶　表示兼职或有多个称呼的人。如：the worker and poet　　这位工人兼诗人The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting.? 这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。 ⑷　两个完全重合的概念并列。如：语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组编写aim and end 　目的　　　　　　　　? truth and honesty 　　真诚capacity and efficiency 　效能　　　?? love and affection　　　情感To love and to be loved is the great happiness.　　　　　　爱与被爱是幸福。Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.　　　早睡早起是好习惯。 ２、当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。如： Your father as well as you is very kind to me.　不仅你而且你的父亲对我都非常好。He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever.????? 他象你和小李一样非常聪明。Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris.? Robbins先生明天将和妻子和孩子离开伦敦去巴黎。 C.? 代词作主语 １、名词性物主代词作主语时，根据它所替代的是单数还是复数来确定谓语动词的单、复数。如：Theirs (their classroom) is a big classroom.???????? 他们的教室是一个大教室。Your trousers are black and mine are brown.??????? 你的裤子是黑色的，我的是棕色的。 ２、such, the same起指示代词作用，应根据其所指的内容来确定单、复数。如：Such is our plan.??????? 这就是我们的计划。Such are my hopes.????? 这些就是我的愿望。 ３、关系代词which, who, that在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与其前的先行词的数保持一致。如： Those who want to go should sign your names here. 那些想去的人在这儿签上你们的名字。He is one of the students who are good at maths.　　他是那些擅长数学的学生中的一位。He is the only one of the children who often speaks ill of others behind their backs.　他是这些孩子中唯一经常在背后讲别人坏话的人。 ４、疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可以根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如： Who lives next door? It’s Xiao Liu.? Who live next door? It’s Zhang and Liu. ５、不定代词any, either, neither,none, all, some, more等作主语时，有以下两种情况：单独作主语，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。例如： Now all has been changed.?? All are present at the meeting. ?either, neither单独作主语，谓语通常用单数。 但是后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，谓语动词当然用单数形式，若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数，在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更为常用。如： Do (Does) any of them know English?　他们中有人懂英语吗？None of them like (likes) football.???? 他们中没人喜欢足球。 D. 分数、量词作主语 １、“分数或百分数＋of＋名词”构成的短语及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a heap of, heaps of ＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的数与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。如： More than 70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water.　我们星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆盖着。One third of the students are girls in our group. 我们队三分之一的学生是女生。 注意：　a large quantity of 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，其短语作主语，谓语动词用单数，而(large) quantities of修饰可数名词或不可数名词，其短语作主语，谓语动词一般用复数。如：A large quantity of people is needed here.　　这儿需要大批人。Large quantities of food have rotten away.　　大量食物都已经腐烂了。 短语in quantity, in large quanities意为“大量的”；in small quantities意为“少量的”。 ２、a great deal of/ a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但large amounts of 修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如： A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway.　很多大米通过铁路从乡下运往城市。Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.　　许多前都花在这座桥的建设上了。 ３、a number of＋复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数：the number of＋复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如： A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.? 这个周末许多学生将去野炊。The number of days in February this year is 28.???????? 今年二月份的天数是二十八天。 ４、one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： One and a half bananas has been eaten by the child.?? 这孩子已经吃了一根半香蕉。 ５、half of, (a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如： Half of the building is finished.?????????????????? 这幢大楼已经建了一半。Part of the glasses in the store are made in Suzhou.??? 店里部分玻璃杯是苏州产的。 E. 名词化的形容词作主语 “the＋形容词（或过去分词或现在分词）”如：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等结构担任主语表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数形式；但也有少数的形容词或过去分词与定冠词连用指个别或表示抽象的概念时，谓语动词用单数。如： The young are more active than the old in the work.? 做这项工作青年人比老年人积极。The injured in the accident is an engineer.　　　　在这次事故中受伤的那人是位工程师。The beautiful attracts all the tourists.　　　　　　美景吸引住了所有的游客。 F.　动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如： To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.　学一门外语并不象你想象的那么难。Smoking is bad for health.　　　吸烟有害健康。That he has won the game is known to us all.　他赢了这场比赛是我们众所周知的事。 但what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如： What we need is more time.　　我们需要的是更多的时间。What we need are good teachers.　　我们需要的是好老师。 情态动词modal verbs
非推测性情态动词shall, will, must, mustn’t, should, would的用法情态动词could, should/ought to, may/ might , needn’t+ have done 的特殊含义情态动词must, can/could, may/might, should/ought to表猜测的用法情态动词的一些惯用法可兼作行为动词的情态动词：need, dare　情态动词
汇总表示推测不表示推测can could
may might
shall should
must
will would
ought tohave to
dare (daren’t)
need (needn’t)
used to可兼做行为动词的情态动词：need 、 dare 情态动词 (+动词原形)行为动词 .needdare 1.无人称和数的变化; 2.尤其用于：*否定句及疑问句中;*在if/whether之后;*或与hardly, never,
no one, nobody连用; 3.常以needn’t 和daren’t
的形式出现;4.dare有其过去时dared. 多用于肯定句;
(sb.) need to do
dare to do
(sth.) need to be
done
(sth.) need doing
注意对need问句的回答:
--Need I finish the work today?
--Yes, ________________.
No, ________________.
No, ________________.you mustyou needn’tyou don’t have toneedn’t 对其它情态动词的回答:
--Shall I tell John about it?
--No, you __________.
--Must we do it now?
--No, you __________.
needn’t (don’t have to) needn’t
(don’t have to)情态动词表示推测的用法1. You must be Mr Smith----I was told to expect
you here.
2. He must have known what we wanted.
3. We may have read the same report.
4. He can’t have slept through all that noise.
5. There’s someone outside----who can it be?
6. What can they be doing?
7. These pills might help to cure your disease.
8. You could be right, I suppose.肯定的推测
可能的推测
否定的推测
疑问的推测
should/ought tomust 对将来 对现在 对过去情态动词may, might can’t,
couldn’tcan, could + V. + V. + have done
常见must be + be doing + V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
可以用not表示“可能不” +V. + V. + have done
+ be doing+ V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列：
He is at home. (事实)
He must be at home.（非常肯定的推断）
He could be at home.（很可能）
He ought to be at home.（很可能）
He may be at home.（仅仅可能而已）
He might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定）
He might not be at home.（也许不在家）
He may not be at home. （比might可能）
He couldn’t be at home.（很可能不在家）
He can’t be at home.（一定不在家）
He isn't at home.（事实）
must, mustn’t1.must用于肯定句中表示“必须”
---- Must I hand in my exercises now?
---- Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
我必须现在交练习吗？是的，必须。（不，你不必）
2.Must用语肯定句中表示“偏偏”。
Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter must go and do the opposite.
自然地，在我交代女儿做什么之后，她偏偏要做相反的事情
3.mustn’t表示“禁止”
You mustn’t play in the street.
你不能在街上玩耍。must+do/be doing 可以对现在、现在进行的情况进行肯定的推测1.Judging from his accent, he must be from the south.
听他的口音， 他一定是南方人。
2.Tom bought a lot of apples. He must like eating apples.
汤姆买了很多苹果，他一定喜欢吃苹果。
3.It is eleven o’clock at night and the lights are off. They must be sleeping now.
现在已经是深夜十一点且灯都关了，他们一定是在睡觉了。must +have done 表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测， “想必/准是/一定作了某事”1.It must have rained last night, for the road was very muddy.
昨晚 一定是下雨了， 因为地上很泥泞。
2.We must have learned 2,000 words by the end of last term.
到上学期为止我们一定学了有两千个单词 。
3.He must have gone to Beijing.
他一定已经去北京了。

NOTICEmust表推测时只能用于肯定句中。
与must有关句子的反意疑问句。1.Judging from his accent, he must be from the south,2.Tom bought a lot of apples. He must like eating apples,3.It is eleven o’clock at night and the lights are off. They must be sleeping now,isn’t, he? didn’t he?aren’t they?因must后是实意动词like因must后是系动词 be must后接的是be sleeping，是对正在进行的情况推测1.We must have learned 2,000 words by the end of last term,hadn’t we?3.He must have gone to Beijing,didn’t it?hasn’t he? 若句中含有过去完成时的时间状语，用过去完成时完成反意疑问句若句中含有过去的时间状语，用一般过去时完成反意疑问句若句中不含任何时间状语， 用现在完成时完成反意疑问句2.It must have rained last night, for the road was very muddy，can 后跟动词原形，表示对现在情况的否定和疑问推测
1. Mr Li has gone to Beijing, the man at the gate can’t be him。
李老师去北京了，门口的那个人不可能是他。
2. The watch is not yours. Who else’s can it be?
这块表不是你的，它可能是谁的呢？
can/could+have done表示对过去的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。1. Can they have won the basketball match?
他们可能赢了篮球赛吗？
2. It couldn’t have been Mr. Green. He has gone to New York.
那不可能是格林先生的，他已经去北京了。
should/ought to表示推测，意为“理应，应该”。They left yesterday. They should be home by now.
他们昨天就离开了，现在理应到家了。may/might后跟动词原形，表示对现在情况的推测。may/might+have done表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许/已经…”。一般只用语肯定句和否定句中，不用于疑问句。might比may更委婉、含蓄和不肯定。 1. He may/might be English.
他可能是英国人。
2. It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
太晚了，我想他可能已经睡觉了。
3. He may/might not have finished the work.
他可能没有完成工作。1. 表示能力、许可的情态动词的用法。
2. 表示否定的情态动词的用法。
3. shall 和 will 的多种意义的区别。
4. 情态动词短语的使用。
5. 虚拟语气中情态动词的使用。非推测性情态动词shall, will, must, mustn’t, should, would的用法 表示能力: can, could, be able to
*be able to 能用于各种时态。
can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力。
*was / were able to : “设法做成某事”
相当于 managed to do sth.
succeeded in doing sth.。
1. 表示能力、许可的情态动词的用法。表示许可: may / might, can / could
* might, could 比较委婉, 一般多用于疑问句.
* can, may 表达的语言比较随便.
* 在以could, might 表示征询对方意见
或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may.2. 表示否定的情态动词的用法:
部分情态动词的否定式是情态动词中的考点
之一。

mustn’t 不准, 禁止
needn’t 没必要 ( = don’t have to )
can’t 不能; 不可能
may not 不可以; 可能不
shouldn’t 不应该 ( = ought not to )情态动词：shall, will 的多种意义: shall / will+ 动词原形: * shall 可表示必须、命令、 警告或征询意见. * will 可表示意愿、常出现的动作、在疑问句
中表示请求和建议.* 均可表示将来。 过去时为 should, would.3.4. 情态动词短语的使用:
would like to do…
would rather do…
would rather + 从句
would prefer to do...
had better do...5. 用于虚拟语气的情态动词: should
might
could
would
needn’t
ought tocould(不用can)+have done,在肯定句中表示“本来能够…而没能…”，具有婉转的批评和责备之意。1. I could have passed my exam easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本来能够轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该 犯的错误。
2.You could have reported to me earlier.
你本该早点告诉我的。情态动词＋have done的特殊含义should/ought to+have done用于肯定句时，表示“本该做某事而实际上没做”，用于否定句时，则表示“不该做的事反而做了”。
1.You should have told him a week ago.
你本来应该在一周前告诉他的。
2.You ought not to have taken the magazine out of the reading room.
他不该把杂志带出阅览室的。might（不用may）+have done表示“本来可能…”，但实际上没有发生的事。另外，还可表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。1.You might not have told her.
你本可以不告诉他的。（事实上你告诉他了）
2. You might have come earlier.
你本可以早点来的。（但没有这样）needn’t +have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。1.She needn’t have gone to the station yesterday.
昨天她本不必到火车站去的.（昨天她去了）
2.You needn’t have bought it.
你本可不必买它的。 （你买了）
1.canmot…too/enough表示“无论怎么…也不（过分）…”，“越…越好”。例如：
You cannot be too careful.你越小心越好 。
You cannot remember enough English words.
你记的英语单词越多越好。
2.cannot but+do sth.表示“不得不，只好”。
I cannot but admire your bravery.我不得不钦佩你的勇气 。
I could not but choose to go.我只好去 。情态动词的一些惯用法3. “may well+do”是一种常用结构 ，意为“（完全）能 ，很可能 ，”相当于be very likely to。例如 ：
He may well be proud of his son.
他大可为儿子高兴。
Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her.
她的模样变化太大，你很可能认不出她了。 4. “may as well+do”表示 “最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better或 to have no strong reason not to。例如 ：
You may as well stay here over the night.
你最好留在这里过夜。
You may as well do it at once.
你最好马上做这件事 。
We may as well stay where we are.
我们留在现在的地方倒也不错 。
You may as well tell me the truth.
你还是把真相告诉我的好 。被动语态详解一、语态分类 英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词 构成。 二、被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下：
一般现在时： am / is / are + given
一般过去时： was / were +given
一般将来时： shall / will + be + given
一般过去将来时： should / would + be + given
现在进行时： am / is / are + being + given
过去进行时： was / were + being + given
现在完成时： have / has + been + given
过去完成时： had + been + given
将来完成时： shall / will + have been + given
过去将来完成时： should / would + have been + given
?［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 三、被动语态常用的八种时态
1、一般现在时：
People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2、一般过去时：
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
The students didn't forget his lessons easily.
His lessons were not easily forgotten. 3、一般将来时：
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4、过去将来时：
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible. 5、现在进行时：
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6、过去进行时：
— Why didn't they drive there on time?
— Because the workers were mending the road.
Because the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7、现在完成时：
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
I have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
The price has been brought down. 8、过去完成时：
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
He had been considered to be a great leader.
9、含有情态动词的被动语态：
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions must be handed in after class.
He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him. 四、被动语态的使用
1、当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。
Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class.
(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2、突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3、当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。
These cars were made in China.
15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 五、主动语态变被动语态的方法（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
－→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
－→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1、把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2、把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3、把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。 六、语态转换时所注意的问题
1、把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2、含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday. 保留宾语注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class.
My bike was lent to her.
一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. )
The meat was cooked for us.
Some country music was played for us.
有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. )
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 3、由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. 4、带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
误：Love apples were called them.
正：They were called love apples. 5、还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1) We take good care of the books.
The books are taken good care of.
Good care is taken of the book.
2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。
6、当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody. 7、当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 8、以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首，例如：
Who wrote the story?
误：Who was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written? 9、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：
The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。
对比：
The books sell well. (主动句)
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)10、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
— Do you like the material?
— Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
误：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误：Each other is loved. 11、在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：
据说…… It is said that …
据报导…… It is reported that …
据推测…… It is supposed that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍认为…… It is generally considered that …
有人建议…… It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing 形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。 非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。分为三种形式:不定式、动名词、和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。 1）动名词时态语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done2）不定式时态语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　　一般式　　　　to do　　　　　 to be done　 完成式　　　 to have done　　to have been done3）分 词时态语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done　 　　 否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 动名词，　not + 现在分词一、 动名词 动名词兼有动词和名词特征；可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰；动名词有时态和语态的变化
1 动名词作主语、宾语、表语和定语
1）作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
2）作宾语　
a. 作动词宾语：v. + doing sth.admit 承认　　　appreciate 感激,赞赏　avoid 避免　　complete 完成　 consider 认为　　 delay 耽误　　 deny 否认　　　 detest 讨厌　　　 endure 忍受　　enjoy 喜欢　escape 逃脱　　 prevent阻止 fancy 想象　　　finish 完成　　 imagine 想象　　 mind 介意　　 miss 想念　 postpone 推迟　 practise 训练　 recall 回忆　　 resent 讨厌　　　resist 抵抗　　 resume 继续　　　　　 risk 冒险 suggest 建议　　face 面对　　　 include 包括　　　　stand 忍受　understand 理解　 forgive 宽恕　　　 keep 继续 E.g.：
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.　　　
b. 作介词宾语：
admit to　　 prefer…to　　　　　be used to　　
lead to　　　devote oneself to　 object to　　stick to
look forward to(to为介词）no good　no use
It's worth…　 as well as can't help　It's no use /good
be tired of be fond of be capable of　 be afraid of
be proud of　 think of / about　 hold off　　put off
keep on　 insist on　　count on / upon set about
be successful in　 good at　　take up give up
burst out　　prevent … from…E.g.:
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.
我们休息呢还是开始干活？
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?
c. 作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once.
这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.
我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3）作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换。
Your task is cleaning the windows.
= Cleaning the windows is your task.
What I hate most is being laughed at.
= Being laughed at is what I hate most.
4) 作定语
动名词作定?