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外研版（2019）高中英语必修1：Unit 5 Into the wild 单元过关测试
一、阅读理解
（2020高二下·浙江期末）阅读理解
As
an educator and health care provider, I have worked with numerous children
infected with the virus that causes AIDS. The relationships that I have had
with these special kids have been gifts in my life. They have taught me so many
things, but I have especially learned that great courage can be found in the
smallest of packages. Let me tell you about Tyler.
Tyler
was born infected with HIV: his mother was also infected. From the very
beginning of his life, he was dependent on medications to enable him to survive.
When he was five, he had a tube inserted (插入)
in a vein in his chest. This tube was connected to a pump, which he carried in
a small backpack on his back. Medications were linked to this pump and were
continuously supplied through this tube to his bloodstream. At times, he also
needed supplemented (补充的) oxygen to support his
breathing.
Tyler
wasn't willing to give up one single moment of his childhood to this deadly
disease. It was not unusual to find him playing and racing around his backyard,
wearing his medicine-laden backpack and dragging his tank of oxygen behind him
in his little wagon. All of us who knew Tyler were amazed at his pure joy in
being alive and the energy it gave him. Tyler's mom often teased him by telling
him that he moved so fast that she needed to dress him in red. That way, when
she peered through the window to check on him playing in the yard, she could
quickly spot him.
This
dreaded disease eventually wore down even the likes of a little dynamo like
Tyler. He grew quite ill and, unfortunately, so did his HIV-infected mother.
When it became apparent that he wasn't going to survive, Tyler's mom talked to
him about death. She comforted him by telling Tyler that she was dying too, and
that she would be with him soon in heaven.
A
few days before his death, Tyler called me over to his hospital bed and
whispered, "I might die soon. I'm not scared. When I die, please dress me
in red. Mom promised she's coming to heaven, too. I'll be playing when she gets
there, and I want to make sure she can find me."
1．From the passage, we can learn that Tyler is _________.
A．courageous and optimistic B．confident and energetic
C．enthusiastic and adventurous D．ambitious and passionate
2．Tyler had to wear his backpack because ________.
A．it contained his favourite toys from his mother
B．it provided oxygen to support his breathing
C．it had the pump supplying medications to his bloodstream
D．it made himself recognized by his mother in the crowd
3．Which can be the best title for the passage
A．Gifts in my life B．Dress me in red
C．Never give up D．Live with HIV
（2020高二下·嘉兴期末）阅读理解
Researchers have discovered a new bacterium that feeds on polyurethane, a kind of plastic that is difficult to recycle or destroy. Scientists say the discovery could help reduce a flood of hard-to-recycle plastics that are ending up in the world's landfills (垃圾填埋地) and polluting oceans.
A team from the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research in Leipzig, Germany, found the new type of soil bacteria. It was spotted in an area that contained a large amount of plastic waste. The team discovered the bacteria were feeding on polyurethane diol, which was widely used in many different products.
One problem is that recycling polyurethane requires a lot of energy. The plastic material does not melt when heated. Most polyurethane-based products end up in landfills, where they can release dangerous chemicals. The team round that the bacterium can produce enzymes (酶) that eat away polyurethane. This would make it possible to break down the material in the environment. The results were recently reported in a study in the publication Frontiers in Microbiology. Hermann Heipieper helped write the report. He said in a statement the finding “represents an important step in being able to reuse polyurethane products.”
German study noted that plastic-eating bacteria could be easily controlled and produced for industrial use. The researchers said the next step is to find more information about the bacterial enzymes that can break down polyurethane.
Scientist Douglas Rader wrote about the issue in a 2018 article for the Environmental Defense Fund. He said much more study should be carried out to learn about the complex relationships between bacteria and marine ecosystems. "Such research is needed before we can take action such as putting plastic-eating bacteria into the ocean," Rader wrote.
4．What is the problem about polyurethane
A．It seems difficult to transport when it goes to landfills.
B．It affects the quality of plastic products if widely used.
C．It melts easily when exposed to the sun for a long time.
D．It pollutes the environment unless recycled or destroyed.
5．What do we know about the new type of bacteria from the text
A．It can produce harmful chemicals.
B．It can gradually destroy polyurethane.
C．It is very hard to discover and control.
D．It is very likely to increase plastic waste.
6．What is Douglas Rader's attitude towards the future use of the new bacterium
A．Doubtful. B．Disapproval. C．Cautious. D．Enthusiastic.
7．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Plastic-eating Bacteria B．Plastic Waste — A Big Problem
C．Plastic and Ocean D．Polyurethane — A Bacteria killer
阅读理解
When our Scottish puppy reached doggie adolescence,
she suddenly stopped obeying my commands. Previously, if I called "come,"
Annie would fly across our yard to my arms. Now, the 8-month-old gave me an
aggressive "make me" look and ran the other way.
Our dog trainer advised us to stop complaining. "She's
a teenager," she said. Now, a new study is backing that up: Dogs, it says,
experience an oversensitive period just like human teenagers. "There is
abundant folk knowledge that the behavior of adolescents differs from younger
or older dogs," says Barbara Smuts.
Puppies bond with humans much as children do. "But
owners often feel like they're failing when their puppies reach adolescence,"
about 8 months for most dogs, says Lucy Asher. Like teenagers, adolescent dogs
can disregard and disobey their owners. Indeed, teenage dogs are the
most likely age group to land in U.S. shelters.
To see exactly how adolescence changes dog behavior,
Asher and her team monitored 70 female dogs being raised as potential guide
dogs. They asked caregivers to score the puppies on separation-related
behaviors, like trembling when left behind. Dogs with high scores on this
behavior entered adolescence earlier-at about 5 months, compared with 8 months
for those with lower scores. Various factors cause human teenage girls with
poor parental relationships to also enter adolescence at a younger age. Thus,
similar to humans, dogs that have bad relationships with their caregivers see
changes in their development.
According to Smuts, adolescent dogs that were stressed
by separation from their caregiver also increasingly disobeyed that person,
showing the insecurity of human teenagers.
Because of the similarity between adolescent pups and
humans, dogs can serve as a model species for studying adolescence in humans,
the scientists say. The temporary nature of dogs which disobey the owners may
make us worry less when our pups suddenly get minds of their own.
8．The author's attitude towards his dog's misbehavior can be best described as
A．tolerant B．delighted C．unsatisfied D．indifferent
9．The underlined word "disregard" in paragraph 3 probably means
A．run after B．pay no attention to
C．bark at D．defend against
10．What can we learn about adolescent dogs from the passage
A．Many adolescent dogs like staying in American shelters.
B．Adolescent dogs will never follow their owners' instructions.
C．Adolescent dogs are fond of being separated from their caregivers.
D．Dogs having poor relation with their caregivers enter adolescence earlier.
11．What's the main idea of the passage
A．Both young dogs and teenagers rely on their parents.
B．Many researches have shown young dogs are aggressive.
C．Adolescent dogs feel more anxious and frightened than teenagers.
D．Like human teenagers, dogs get difficult when they reach adolescence.
12．（2020高二下·丽水期末）阅读理解
Sea urchins (海胆) are small creatures, but what's
really remarkable about them is that they eat anything that happens to float by.
They have really sharp teeth they use to rid rocks of algae (海澡), which makes them pretty valuable especially in places like Hawaii
where algae are threatening the coral reefs. In the summer of 2019, 500,000 of them
were used to deal with the algae.
The problem started when non-native algae were introduced
to the ecosystem of Kane' ohe Bay in the 1970s. Because they had no enemies, they
ended up taking over the bay, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS). The algae blocked sunlight from reaching the coral, which in turn affected
the local fish because they changed the chemistry of the water.
That's when the NMFS turned to sea urchins that loved
to devour the algae. But they
had to grow to the size of a cherry tomato before they could be used. Since 2011,
sea urchins have been grown and used to handle the algae problem. Some of the funds
are available due to an unfortunate incident.
In 2005, a ship was grounded on a shallow reef near
Kane' ohe Bay. When the ship was removed, 20 acres of reefs have been damaged. When
there is environmental damage, the NMFS and other agencies receive funds from the
wrongdoers and the funds are used to restore the damage. Some funds were spent on
other projects like the sea urchins. When they are large enough, divers carefully
place them on the reef.
Algae isn't the only thing that threatens the coral
reefs. Climate change and the effects of fishing and tourism in the area also endanger
the coral reefs. But turning to sea urchins instead of man-made solutions seems
like the best way to go.
（1）Why are sea urchins regarded as outstanding creatures
A．They are tiny but have teeth.
B．They can keep the ocean clean.
C．They are useful in removing algae.
D．They grow on coral reefs with algae.
（2）What happened after non-native algae arrived at Kane' ohe Bay
A．They helped the coral reefs to survive.
B．They spread to every corner of the bay.
C．They didn't fit in with the new surroundings.
D．They fought against other species to get food.
（3）What does the underlined word "devour" in paragraph 3 mean
A．Eat. B．Block. C．Tease. D．Attract.
（4）What does the author suggest doing to save coral reefs
A．Relying on humans' solutions.
B．Banning fishing and tourism.
C．Employing divers to handle algae.
D．Letting nature take care of nature.
二、任务型阅读
任务型阅读
Whoever wrote the song "It's the Most Wonderful
Time of the Year" must have never experienced holiday blues. Fortunately,
psychological research suggests some effective ways you can beat the holiday
blues. The key point is that sadness and other tough emotions are not what we
should try to avoid. 13． . Here are four strategies to help you make your own
happiness recipe this holiday season.
Don't force cheer
At family gatherings with cousins you secretly can't
stand, you tend to put on a happy face. Indeed, that might even seem like the
most mature response—no drama, no conflict. But a 2011 study followed dozens of
bus drivers, looking to see when they gave forced or honest smiles at their
passengers. The results showed when the drivers pretended to have a good mood,
their actual moods got worse. 14． .
Let off sadness
The results of the bus driver study can be explained
by researchers, who find that negative feelings like sadness or anger only
increase when we try to control them. 15． . We don't like contradictory
behavior.
Respond cautiously
Recently, scientists have been paying special
attention to the benefits of caution. When you respond cautiously to an
emotional trigger (e.g.overcooking the holiday turkey), you pause rather than
reacting at once. 16． . Besides, it is associated with less anxiety, and may
even carry physiological benefits.
17．
Of course, the holidays will bring a mix of highs and
lows, but the most important lesson to keep in mind is that this variety of
emotions might be the best thing possible for your overall well being. In other
words, sadness, anger, and other difficult emotions are nothing to fear. Just
make sure you're balancing them with lighter experiences. And don't forget to
give yourself a break.
A. Relax your mind
B. Enjoy a mix of
emotions
C. We tend to deny the
important function emotions serve
D. Instead, they can
help contribute to a healthy and happy life
E. So trying to force
happiness seems to have the opposite effects
F. A cautious response
to a negative event reduces sadness we experience
G. We feel bad when
our appearance contradicts how we truly feel inside
三、完形填空
完形填空
Last summer I moved to Kirkland to live with my fiancé,
giving up being a lawyer. Without a job, I spent my days aimlessly wandering
around my new neighborhood.
That's how I 18． Steve. I'd seen him plenty of times
before—untidy, with a messy gray beard, 19． a worn cardboard sign at the
street corner. His 20． asked for help with food or rent—nothing
fancy, and never for alcohol or drugs. Having lived in the area for ten years,
Steve was well known to the locals. Even as I chatted with him, several people
waved to him as they went by. I 21． called him the Mayor of Kirkland. He
laughed, saying he hoped the name would stick. He had much to do before his
term was 22． .
In September, he told me he'd been homeless because he had a legal issue for the last thirty years and, as a result, his social security 23． had been halved. The remaining amount wasn't enough to live on, so he was forced to spend his days trying to 24． the difference.
Knowing I had legal experience, he asked me if I could
help him with this matter. I agreed 25． . In the months that followed, I began to 26． more time and energy into his
case. When we met to discuss his case, it was as if a heavy 27． was lifting off his back. I
could sense his growing optimism. He started describing me as his "little
ray of 28． " and telling his friends what a
great 29． I was doing.
Then came the day when the court finally decided to 30． most of what Steve owed, which meant he would have enough money to get his life back on 31． . I could see tears in Steve's eyes when he heard the 32． . But it also meant that I wouldn't see him as often anymore. When I told Steve this, he grinned with tears in his eyes," We're friends, and friends make time to see each other. Besides, the mayor's still got to do his rounds."
18．A．found B．missed C．helped D．met
19．A．leaving B．bringing C．holding D．writing
20．A．sign B．case C．house D．work
21．A．carefully B．silently C．jokingly D．desperately
22．A．up B．in C．away D．on
23．A．account B．payment C．number D．card
24．A．leave out B．break down C．cut off D．make up
25．A．instantly B．gradually C．probably D．normally
26．A．break B．divide C．throw D．perform
27．A．demand B．loss C．weight D．blow
28．A．mayor B．sunshine C．lawyer D．income
29．A．lesson B．course C．change D．job
30．A．charge B．appreciate C．forgive D．collect
31．A．schedule B．board C．guard D．track
32．A．decision B．attempt C．explanation D．trend
四、语法填空
语法填空
Astronauts have traditionally been serious, sensible types with the "right stuff" who can 33． (trust) to fly equipment. But any mission to Mars will need a "joker" or "class clown" figure to be 34． (success), according to NASA research. A sense of humor will be vital for any team to keep morale (士气) high on a two year trip to Mars 35． may happen in the 2030s.
According to researchers, groups work best when they have a "joker" who has the ability to pull everyone together, bridge gaps when tensions appear 36． really boost morale. When astronauts are in a confined space on a mission to Mars, tensions are likely 37． (occur). It's vital that there should be one who can help everyone get along, so they can do their jobs and get there and back 38． (safe).
Researchers have studied isolated groups of people in extreme environments including Russian, Chinese, Indian and Polish 39． (explorer) based in Antarctica. Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen succeeded while Captain Scott 40． (fail) to reach the South Pole because the Norwegians had a "clown" figure on their team. He laughed and was very happy, 41． (keep) up people's spirits.
But researchers added: "Being funny won't be enough to land somebody the job. He also needs to be 42． excellent scientist and engineer and be able to pass a strict training programme."
五、书面表达
43．阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
An 80-year-old man was sitting on the sofa in his house along with his 45-year-old highly educated son. Suddenly a crow perched on their window.
The father asked his son, "What is this？"The son replied, "It is a crow. "
After a few minutes, the father asked his son for the second time, "What is this？"The son said, "Father, I have just now told you, it's a crow!"
After a little while, the old father again asked his son for the third time, "What is this？"
At this time some expression of irritation was felt in the son's tone when he said to his father with a rebuff. "It's a crow, a crow. "A little while later, the father again asked his son the fourth time, "What is this？"
This time, the son shouted at his father, "Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again, although I have told you so many times' IT IS A CROW'. Are you not able to understand this？"
A little later the father went to his room and came back with an old tattered diary, which he had maintained since his son was born. On opening a page, he asked his son to read that page. When the son read it, the following words were written in the diary：
注意：
1）所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2）至少使用5个短文中有下划线的关键词语；
3）续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4）续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Today my little son aged three was sitting with me on the sofa,
……
After reading the diary,
答案解析部分
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了从小感染上艾滋病病毒的泰勒勇敢乐观地面对生活的故事，作为一名教育和保健护理工作者的作者从中懂得了，即使在最弱小的人物身上也能发现其所蕴含的巨大勇气。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
1．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“A few days before his death, Tyler called me over to his hospital bed and whispered, ‘I might die soon. I'm not scared.'”泰勒病逝前几天,招呼我到他病床前,低声对我说，“我可能就要死了，我不害怕。可知面对死亡时，他不害怕，可推理知他很勇敢；以及第三段中的“All of us who knew Tyler were amazed at his pure joy in being alive and the energy it gave him.”我们所有认识泰勒的人都惊叹生命带给他那纯朴的欢乐和赋予他的活力。可推理知他很乐观。因此从这篇文章中，我们得知泰勒是勇敢又乐观的。故选A。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When he was five, he had a tube inserted in a vein in his chest. This tube was connected to a pump, which he carried in a small backpack on his back. Medications were linked to this pump and were continuously supplied through this tube to his bloodstream.”他5岁时做手术，胸部插了一根管子，管子连着他背的背包里的泵，泵不断地把药通过管子输入他的血液。可知泰勒不得不背着他的背包是因为背包里装有为他的血液供应药物的泵。故选C。
3．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的“Tyler's mom often teased him by telling him that he moved so fast that she needed to dress him in red. ”泰勒的妈妈经常逗他说，他动的那么快，得给他穿件红衣服；及最后一段中的“When I die, please dress me in red. Mom promised she's coming to heaven, too. I'll be playing when she gets there, and I want to make sure she can find me.”我死时请给我穿上红色的衣服，妈妈答应我她也会来天堂的，她来的时候我会在玩，我得保证她能找到我。可知文章通过两次提到“给泰勒穿上红色衣服”来表达对泰勒面对病魔时仍坚强乐观的精神的歌颂。因此文章的最佳标题是B项“给我穿红色的衣服”。故选B。
【答案】4．D
5．B
6．C
7．A
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；环境保护类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现了一种食用塑料聚氨酯的细菌。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．考查细节理解。根据第一段”Researchers have discovered a new bacterium that feeds on polyurethane…a flood of hard — to — recycle plastics that are ending up in the world's landfills（垃圾填埋地） and polluting oceans.“聚氨酯是一种很难回收或销毁的塑料，这种难以回收的塑料流入世界垃圾填埋场并污染海洋。可知，对于人们来说，聚氨酯的问题是，如果不回收或销毁，聚氨酯会污染环境。故选D。
5．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的”The team round that the bacterium can produce enzymes（酶）that eat away polyurethane. This would make it possible to break down the material in the environment.“研究小组认为这种细菌可以产生吞噬聚氨酯的酶。这将使分解环境中的物质成为可能。可知，这种新型细菌可以逐渐分解聚氨酯。故选B。
6．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”He said much more study should be carried out to learn about the complex relationships between bacteria and marine ecosystems. “Douglas Rader认为应该进行更多的研究来了解细菌和海洋生态系统之间的复杂关系。可知，Douglas Rader对这种新型细菌的前景持谨慎态度。故选C。
7．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的”Researchers have discovered a new bacterium that feeds on polyurethane“可知，本文主要讲述科学家发现了一种食用塑料聚氨酯的细菌。故选A。
【答案】8．C
9．B
10．D
11．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究表明，狗也会像人类的青少年一样，经历一个过度敏感的时期。文章介绍了狗在青春期的一些表现，以及研究人员为了确切地了解青春期是如何改变狗的行为，而展开的研究过程。科学家们说，由于青春期的幼犬和人类有相似之处，狗可以作为研究人类青春期的模型物种。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
8．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Our dog trainer advised us to stop complaining."我们的训狗师建议我们停止抱怨。可推知，作者对狗的不端行为的态度是不满意的。故选C。
9．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的”and disobey their owners“可知青春期的狗也会不在意主人，不服从主人，可推断，划线单词意思为“不注意，不在意”。故选B。
10．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的”Dogs with high scores on this behavior entered adolescence earlier-at about 5 months, compared with 8 months for those with lower scores. Various factors cause human teenage girls with poor parental relationships to also enter adolescence at a younger age. Thus, similar to humans, dogs that have bad relationships with their caregivers see changes in their development.“在这种行为上得分高的狗进入青春期的时间更早——大约5个月，而得分低的狗则是8个月。各种因素导致父母关系不佳的青少年女孩也更早进入青春期。因此，和人类一样，与照顾者关系不好的狗也会看到它们在发育过程中的变化。可知，与照顾者关系不好的狗更早进入青春期。故选D。
11．考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的”Now, a new study is backing that up: Dogs, it says, experience an oversensitive period just like human teenagers.“现在一项新的研究表明，狗也会像人类的青少年一样，经历一个过度敏感的时期。结合文章还介绍了狗在青春期的一些表现，以及研究人员为了确切地了解青春期是如何改变狗的行为，而展开的研究过程。科学家们说，由于青春期的幼犬和人类有相似之处，狗可以作为研究人类青春期的模型物种。可知，文章的主要内容是和人类的青少年一样，狗到了青春期也会变得很难相处。故选D。
12．【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；说明文；环境保护类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海胆。海胆之所以被认为是杰出的生物是因为它们可以清除有害藻类。藻类并不是唯一威胁珊瑚礁的东西。气候变化以及该地区渔业和旅游业的影响也威胁着珊瑚礁。但是用海胆代替人工解决方案似乎是最好的选择。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They have really sharp teeth they use to rid rocks of algae (海藻) which makes them pretty valuable especially in places like Hawaii where algae are threatening the coral reefs.”它们有锋利的牙齿用来清除岩石上的藻类，这使它们非常珍贵，尤其是在夏威夷这样的地方，那里的藻类正在威胁珊瑚礁。可知，海胆之所以被认为是杰出的生物是因为它们可以清除有害藻类。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“The problem started when non-native algae were introduced to the ecosystem of Kane' ohe Bay in the 1970s. Because they had no enemies, they ended up taking over the bay,” 这一问题始于20世纪70年代非本地藻类被引入卡内奥河湾的生态系统。因为它们没有敌人，它们最终占领了海湾。可知，非本地藻类到达卡内奥河湾后，它们散布到海湾的每一个角落。故选B。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“But they had to grow to the size of a cherry tomato before they could be used.”但它们必须长到樱桃番茄的大小才能被使用，可知，“sea urchins that loved to devour the algae”海胆喜欢吃海藻。可推知，划线词的意思是“吃”。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段“Algae isn't the only thing that threatens the coral reefs. Climate change and the effects of fishing and tourism in the area also endanger the coral reefs. But turning to sea urchins instead of man-made solutions seems like the best way to go.”藻类并不是唯一威胁珊瑚礁的东西。气候变化以及该地区渔业和旅游业的影响也威胁着珊瑚礁。但是用海胆代替人工解决方案似乎是最好的选择。可知，作者建议让大自然照顾大自然来拯救珊瑚礁。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
【答案】13．D；14．E；15．G；16．F；17．B
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，我们无法避免一些消极的情绪，因为它们有助于我们健康快乐的生活，作者提供了几个度过快乐假期的秘诀。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇教育类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
13．根据空前”The key point is that sadness and other tough emotions are not what we should try to avoid.“说明的是悲伤和其他消极情绪不是我们应该设法避免的；以及空后提到的几个快乐秘方，D. Instead, they can help contribute to a healthy and happy life“相反，它们可促进健康快乐的生活”符合语境，故选D。
14．根据该段小标题”Don't force cheer“不要强求快乐”；以及空前”The results showed when the drivers pretended to have a good mood, their actual moods got worse. “说明强求快乐的司机，事实上情绪会更不好，E. So trying to force happiness seems to have the opposite effects“因此努力强求快乐会适得其反”符合语境，故选E。
15．根据空后”We don't like contradictory behavior. “我们不喜欢矛盾的行为”和该段标题句中的关键词sadness可判断出G. We feel bad when our appearance contradicts how we truly feel inside“当我们的外在和真实的内心感受矛盾时，我们会觉得悲伤”符合语境。故选G。
16．根据空后”Besides, it is associated with less anxiety, and may even carry physiological benefits.“此外，它与减少焦虑有关，甚至可能带来生理上的好处；以及本段小标题”Respond cautiously“可判断F. A cautious response to a negative event reduces sadness we experience“对于消极事件的谨慎回应减少我们经受的悲伤”符合语境，故选F。
17．根据空后的”Of course, the holidays will bring a mix of highs and lows, but the most important lesson to keep in mind is that this variety of emotions might be the best thing possible for your overall well being. “当然，假期会带来一系列的高潮和低谷，但最重要的是要记住这种各种各样的情绪可能是对你的整体健康最好的事情，B. Enjoy a mix of emotions“享受各种情绪”符合语境，故选B。
【答案】18．D；19．C；20．A；21．C；22．A；23．B；24．D；25．A；26．C；27．C；28．B；29．D；30．C；31．D；32．A
【知识点】故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，去年夏天作者和未婚夫搬去Kirkland居住并为此辞去了律师的工作，闲下来的作者热心帮助了流浪汉Steve，他因一个法律问题导致近三十年只能领到一半的社会保障金。最后Steve的生活得以改善。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
18．句意：我就是这样认识 Steve 的。A：found“发现”；B：missed“错过”；C：helped“帮助”；D：met“遇见”。 根据空后的“I'd seen him”可知“我”是在闲逛时遇到的Steve。故选D。
19．句意：我以前见过他很多次——凌乱不堪，留着凌乱的灰色胡子，手里拿着一块破旧的纸板招牌硬纸板牌子站在街角。A：leaving“留下，离开”；B：bringing“带来”；C：holding“举着，握着”；D：writing “写”。根据语境可知Steve手里举着一块硬纸板牌子向人们求助，故选C。
20．句意：他的牌子要求提供食物和房租——没什么特别的，也没有酒精和毒品。A：sign“标牌”；B：case“情况，案例”；C：house“房子”；D：work “工作”根据空前的“a worn cardboard sign”可知空处指他拿着的牌子。故选A。
21．句意：我开玩笑说他是Kirkland的市长。A：carefully“认真地”；B：silently“沉默地”；C：jokingly“开玩笑地”；D：desperately “绝望地，拼命地”。我开玩笑地称他为Kirkland市的市长。因为他并不是市长，只是作者的玩笑话，故选C 。
22．句意：在任期结束之前，他还有很多事要做。up“结束，告终”；B：in“在……里”；C：away“离开，远离”；D：on “在……上面”。他在“任期”结束前还有很多事要做。上文作者笑称他为市长所以他才打趣说的这番话。 故选A。
23．句意：在九月份他告诉我他因为一个法律问题只能拿到一半的社会保障金，结果无家可归。A：account“账户”；B：payment”支付，付款“；C：number“数字”；D：card “卡片”。social security payment固定短语， “社会保障金”，故选B。
24．句意：剩下的钱不够维持生计，所以他不得不整天努力弥补这部分钱的不足。A：leave out“省略，遗漏”；B：break down“出故障”；C：cut off“切断”；D：make up”弥补“。 根据上文“The remaining amount wasn't enough to live on”可知因为剩下的一半钱不足以养活他，所以他只能被迫终日向他人求助以弥补这部分钱的不足。make up the difference 固定短语，“弥补差额”，故选D。
25．句意：我立刻同意帮他。A：instantly“立刻”；B：gradually“逐渐地”；C：probably“可能”；D：normally “正常地”。故选A。
26．句意：在接下来的几个月里，我开始把更多的时间和精力投入到他的案子上。A：break”打破“；B：divide”分裂“；C：throw”扔“；D：perform”表演“。throw ... into sth. 固定短语，“把……投入到某事上”，故选C。
27．句意：当我们讨论他的案子的时候，就好像一个沉重的负担从他的背上卸下。A：demand“要求，需求”；B：loss “损失”；C：weight“重担”；D：blow “打击，一阵风”。根据下文” I could sense his growing optimism.“他逐渐乐观起来，可知当讨论他的案子时好像他背上的重担正在慢慢卸去一样。经济上的拮据对于他来说是精神上的重物，故选C。
28．句意：他开始称我为他生命中的“一缕阳光”并且告诉他的朋友们我做得很好。A：mayor“市长”；B：sunshine“阳光”；C：lawyer“律师”；D：income “收入”。 a ray of sunshine 固定短语，“一缕阳光”。故选B。
29．句意：他开始称我为他生命中的“一缕阳光”并且告诉他的朋友们我做得很好。A：lesson “课程”；B：course“课程，航线”；C：change“改变”；D：job ”工作“。do a good job 固定短语，“做得很好”，故选D。
30．句意：终于这一天来了，法庭最后决定免除他之前的大部分债务，这意味着他会有足够的钱使自己的生活回到正轨上来。A：charge“控告，收费”；B：appreciate“欣赏”；C：forgive “免除，原谅”；D：collect “收集”。故选C。
31．句意：终于这一天来了，法庭最后决定免除他之前的大部分债务，这意味着他会有足够的钱使自己的生活回到正轨上来。A：schedule”时间表“；B：board”在船(火车、飞机、汽车)上“；C：guard”守卫“；D：track ”轨道“。on track 固定短语，“在正轨上，在正道上”，故选D。
32．句意：当 Steve 听到这个决定时，我能看到他眼中的泪水。A：decision “决定”；B：attempt “企图”；C：explanation“解释”；D：trend “趋势”。空处与decided呼应，指当他听到法庭的决定时，故选A。
【答案】33．be trusted；34．successful；35．which/that；36．and；37．to occur；38．safely；39．explorers；40．failed；41．keeping；42．an
【知识点】语法填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，美国国家航空航天局正在寻找“幽默搞笑”的人担任宇航员，以在探测火星的漫漫旅途中保持士气。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及语态，形容词，定语从句，连词，非谓语动词，副词，名词，冠词以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
33．句意：传统的宇航员是严肃理智的，具备"应有素质"，可以信赖他们驾驶设备飞行。该句是定语从句，关系词指代先行词the “right stuff”，且与trust是被动关系，设空前是情态动词can，故此处应符合“情态动词＋be＋done”结构，填be trusted。
34．句意：但根据美国航天局的研究，任何去往火星的任务都将需要一名"搞笑分子"或"班级小丑"式的人物才能获得成功。设空在句中作表语，表“成功的”，应用形容词，故填successful。
35．去往火星需要耗时两年，幽默感对任何去往火星的团队保持士气高涨都至关重要。火星之旅可能在2030年左右出发。 may happen in the 2030s是限制性定语从句，先行词是a two year trip，指物，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which/that引导定语从句，故填which/that。
36．句意：根据研究人员所言，当团队中有人扮演”开玩笑的人“的角色时，这些人有能力团结所有人，当紧张局面出现时能弥合分歧并真正鼓舞士气，团队的工作表现最好。设空前后的pull everyone together, bridge gaps和boost morale是并列关系，应用连词and，故填and。
37．句意：当宇航员在火星任务的密闭空间里的时候，可能出现紧张。be likely to do sth.固定短语，“可能做某事”，故填to occur。
38．句意：至关重要的是，应该有一个人能够帮助大家和睦相处,，这样他们就能顺利完成任务，抵达火星，并安全返回。设空在句中作状语，修饰get there and back，应用副词，故填safely。
39．句意：研究人员研究了极端环境中的孤立人群，包括俄罗斯，中国，印度和波兰在南极洲的探险家。根据设空前的内容，可知探险队员不止一个，故explorer应用复数形式，填explorers。
40．句意：failed挪威探险家Roald Amundsen成功到达了南极，而斯科特船长的南极探险就失败了是因为挪威人有一位成员幽默搞笑，是团队中的“小丑”。设空在句中做谓语，且与句中已有的谓语动词succeeded时态一致，应用一般过去时，填failed。
41．句意：他大笑，非常高兴，让大家精神饱满。He与keep up是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填keeping。
42．句意：他还需要是出色的科学家和工程师，能够通过严格的训练项目。根据语境“一个出色的科学家和工程师”可知，此处表“一个”，应用不定冠词，形容词excellent是元音音素开始的单词，应用不定冠词an，故填an。
43．【答案】Paragraph I:
Today my little son aged three was sitting with me on the sofa, when a crow suddenly landed on the window edge. My son asked me 23 times what it was, and I replied him 23 times that it was a crow. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. I did not at all feel angry, but instead felt affection for my son.
Paragraph 2:
After reading the diary, the son was filled with tears and began to reflect on the days when he used to sit together with his father. His father would patiently answer the same question all 23 times without feeling irritation while his father asked him the same question just four times! Feeling ashamed, the son got down on his knees before his father and made an apology to his old man, begging his father to forgive him for his bad behavior. He said this aloud, "It is you who have cared for me ever since I was a little child, showering your selfless affection on met. I will serve you in the best way no matter how you behave".
【知识点】文字式记叙文；开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达是读后续写。通过阅读文章可知，一位80岁的老人和他受过高等教育的45岁的儿子坐在家里的沙发上。父亲反复地问乌鸦是什么，儿子逐渐不耐烦，对父亲吼。过了一会儿，父亲回到自己的房间，拿着一本自从儿子出生以来就一直保存着的、破破烂烂的日记回来。打开一页后，他让儿子读那一页。儿子读日记时，日记上写了这样几句话……续写部分分为两段,第一段开头是：今天，我三岁的小儿子和我一起坐在沙发上。所以后文应该是讲述父亲和小时候的儿子看到乌鸦，儿子问了23次那是什么，父亲都耐心地回答了他；第二段开头是：看完日记后，儿子……本段应该写儿子看完日记后的感受，他感到羞愧，对父亲道歉了。 写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。特别注意在选择句式时要富有变化。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：My son asked me 23 times what it was, and I replied him 23 times that it was a crow. 运用了并列句，宾语从句；I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. 运用了时间状语从句；I did not at all feel angry, but instead felt affection for my son.，其中but转折，并列谓语；the son was filled with tears and began to reflect on the days when he used to sit together with his father.运用了限制性定语从句； His father would patiently answer the same question all 23 times without feeling irritation while his father asked him the same question just four times!运用了对比并列句； Feeling ashamed, the son got down on his knees before his father and made an apology to his old man, begging his father to forgive him for his bad behavior. 运用了时间状语从句；It is you who have cared for me ever since I was a little child, showering your selfless affection on me.运用了强调句，时间状语从句； I will serve you in the best way no matter how you behave.运用了让步状语从句。
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外研版（2019）高中英语必修1：Unit 5 Into the wild 单元过关测试
一、阅读理解
（2020高二下·浙江期末）阅读理解
As
an educator and health care provider, I have worked with numerous children
infected with the virus that causes AIDS. The relationships that I have had
with these special kids have been gifts in my life. They have taught me so many
things, but I have especially learned that great courage can be found in the
smallest of packages. Let me tell you about Tyler.
Tyler
was born infected with HIV: his mother was also infected. From the very
beginning of his life, he was dependent on medications to enable him to survive.
When he was five, he had a tube inserted (插入)
in a vein in his chest. This tube was connected to a pump, which he carried in
a small backpack on his back. Medications were linked to this pump and were
continuously supplied through this tube to his bloodstream. At times, he also
needed supplemented (补充的) oxygen to support his
breathing.
Tyler
wasn't willing to give up one single moment of his childhood to this deadly
disease. It was not unusual to find him playing and racing around his backyard,
wearing his medicine-laden backpack and dragging his tank of oxygen behind him
in his little wagon. All of us who knew Tyler were amazed at his pure joy in
being alive and the energy it gave him. Tyler's mom often teased him by telling
him that he moved so fast that she needed to dress him in red. That way, when
she peered through the window to check on him playing in the yard, she could
quickly spot him.
This
dreaded disease eventually wore down even the likes of a little dynamo like
Tyler. He grew quite ill and, unfortunately, so did his HIV-infected mother.
When it became apparent that he wasn't going to survive, Tyler's mom talked to
him about death. She comforted him by telling Tyler that she was dying too, and
that she would be with him soon in heaven.
A
few days before his death, Tyler called me over to his hospital bed and
whispered, "I might die soon. I'm not scared. When I die, please dress me
in red. Mom promised she's coming to heaven, too. I'll be playing when she gets
there, and I want to make sure she can find me."
1．From the passage, we can learn that Tyler is _________.
A．courageous and optimistic B．confident and energetic
C．enthusiastic and adventurous D．ambitious and passionate
2．Tyler had to wear his backpack because ________.
A．it contained his favourite toys from his mother
B．it provided oxygen to support his breathing
C．it had the pump supplying medications to his bloodstream
D．it made himself recognized by his mother in the crowd
3．Which can be the best title for the passage
A．Gifts in my life B．Dress me in red
C．Never give up D．Live with HIV
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了从小感染上艾滋病病毒的泰勒勇敢乐观地面对生活的故事，作为一名教育和保健护理工作者的作者从中懂得了，即使在最弱小的人物身上也能发现其所蕴含的巨大勇气。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
1．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“A few days before his death, Tyler called me over to his hospital bed and whispered, ‘I might die soon. I'm not scared.'”泰勒病逝前几天,招呼我到他病床前,低声对我说，“我可能就要死了，我不害怕。可知面对死亡时，他不害怕，可推理知他很勇敢；以及第三段中的“All of us who knew Tyler were amazed at his pure joy in being alive and the energy it gave him.”我们所有认识泰勒的人都惊叹生命带给他那纯朴的欢乐和赋予他的活力。可推理知他很乐观。因此从这篇文章中，我们得知泰勒是勇敢又乐观的。故选A。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When he was five, he had a tube inserted in a vein in his chest. This tube was connected to a pump, which he carried in a small backpack on his back. Medications were linked to this pump and were continuously supplied through this tube to his bloodstream.”他5岁时做手术，胸部插了一根管子，管子连着他背的背包里的泵，泵不断地把药通过管子输入他的血液。可知泰勒不得不背着他的背包是因为背包里装有为他的血液供应药物的泵。故选C。
3．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的“Tyler's mom often teased him by telling him that he moved so fast that she needed to dress him in red. ”泰勒的妈妈经常逗他说，他动的那么快，得给他穿件红衣服；及最后一段中的“When I die, please dress me in red. Mom promised she's coming to heaven, too. I'll be playing when she gets there, and I want to make sure she can find me.”我死时请给我穿上红色的衣服，妈妈答应我她也会来天堂的，她来的时候我会在玩，我得保证她能找到我。可知文章通过两次提到“给泰勒穿上红色衣服”来表达对泰勒面对病魔时仍坚强乐观的精神的歌颂。因此文章的最佳标题是B项“给我穿红色的衣服”。故选B。
（2020高二下·嘉兴期末）阅读理解
Researchers have discovered a new bacterium that feeds on polyurethane, a kind of plastic that is difficult to recycle or destroy. Scientists say the discovery could help reduce a flood of hard-to-recycle plastics that are ending up in the world's landfills (垃圾填埋地) and polluting oceans.
A team from the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research in Leipzig, Germany, found the new type of soil bacteria. It was spotted in an area that contained a large amount of plastic waste. The team discovered the bacteria were feeding on polyurethane diol, which was widely used in many different products.
One problem is that recycling polyurethane requires a lot of energy. The plastic material does not melt when heated. Most polyurethane-based products end up in landfills, where they can release dangerous chemicals. The team round that the bacterium can produce enzymes (酶) that eat away polyurethane. This would make it possible to break down the material in the environment. The results were recently reported in a study in the publication Frontiers in Microbiology. Hermann Heipieper helped write the report. He said in a statement the finding “represents an important step in being able to reuse polyurethane products.”
German study noted that plastic-eating bacteria could be easily controlled and produced for industrial use. The researchers said the next step is to find more information about the bacterial enzymes that can break down polyurethane.
Scientist Douglas Rader wrote about the issue in a 2018 article for the Environmental Defense Fund. He said much more study should be carried out to learn about the complex relationships between bacteria and marine ecosystems. "Such research is needed before we can take action such as putting plastic-eating bacteria into the ocean," Rader wrote.
4．What is the problem about polyurethane
A．It seems difficult to transport when it goes to landfills.
B．It affects the quality of plastic products if widely used.
C．It melts easily when exposed to the sun for a long time.
D．It pollutes the environment unless recycled or destroyed.
5．What do we know about the new type of bacteria from the text
A．It can produce harmful chemicals.
B．It can gradually destroy polyurethane.
C．It is very hard to discover and control.
D．It is very likely to increase plastic waste.
6．What is Douglas Rader's attitude towards the future use of the new bacterium
A．Doubtful. B．Disapproval. C．Cautious. D．Enthusiastic.
7．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Plastic-eating Bacteria B．Plastic Waste — A Big Problem
C．Plastic and Ocean D．Polyurethane — A Bacteria killer
【答案】4．D
5．B
6．C
7．A
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；环境保护类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现了一种食用塑料聚氨酯的细菌。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．考查细节理解。根据第一段”Researchers have discovered a new bacterium that feeds on polyurethane…a flood of hard — to — recycle plastics that are ending up in the world's landfills（垃圾填埋地） and polluting oceans.“聚氨酯是一种很难回收或销毁的塑料，这种难以回收的塑料流入世界垃圾填埋场并污染海洋。可知，对于人们来说，聚氨酯的问题是，如果不回收或销毁，聚氨酯会污染环境。故选D。
5．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的”The team round that the bacterium can produce enzymes（酶）that eat away polyurethane. This would make it possible to break down the material in the environment.“研究小组认为这种细菌可以产生吞噬聚氨酯的酶。这将使分解环境中的物质成为可能。可知，这种新型细菌可以逐渐分解聚氨酯。故选B。
6．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”He said much more study should be carried out to learn about the complex relationships between bacteria and marine ecosystems. “Douglas Rader认为应该进行更多的研究来了解细菌和海洋生态系统之间的复杂关系。可知，Douglas Rader对这种新型细菌的前景持谨慎态度。故选C。
7．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的”Researchers have discovered a new bacterium that feeds on polyurethane“可知，本文主要讲述科学家发现了一种食用塑料聚氨酯的细菌。故选A。
阅读理解
When our Scottish puppy reached doggie adolescence,
she suddenly stopped obeying my commands. Previously, if I called "come,"
Annie would fly across our yard to my arms. Now, the 8-month-old gave me an
aggressive "make me" look and ran the other way.
Our dog trainer advised us to stop complaining. "She's
a teenager," she said. Now, a new study is backing that up: Dogs, it says,
experience an oversensitive period just like human teenagers. "There is
abundant folk knowledge that the behavior of adolescents differs from younger
or older dogs," says Barbara Smuts.
Puppies bond with humans much as children do. "But
owners often feel like they're failing when their puppies reach adolescence,"
about 8 months for most dogs, says Lucy Asher. Like teenagers, adolescent dogs
can disregard and disobey their owners. Indeed, teenage dogs are the
most likely age group to land in U.S. shelters.
To see exactly how adolescence changes dog behavior,
Asher and her team monitored 70 female dogs being raised as potential guide
dogs. They asked caregivers to score the puppies on separation-related
behaviors, like trembling when left behind. Dogs with high scores on this
behavior entered adolescence earlier-at about 5 months, compared with 8 months
for those with lower scores. Various factors cause human teenage girls with
poor parental relationships to also enter adolescence at a younger age. Thus,
similar to humans, dogs that have bad relationships with their caregivers see
changes in their development.
According to Smuts, adolescent dogs that were stressed
by separation from their caregiver also increasingly disobeyed that person,
showing the insecurity of human teenagers.
Because of the similarity between adolescent pups and
humans, dogs can serve as a model species for studying adolescence in humans,
the scientists say. The temporary nature of dogs which disobey the owners may
make us worry less when our pups suddenly get minds of their own.
8．The author's attitude towards his dog's misbehavior can be best described as
A．tolerant B．delighted C．unsatisfied D．indifferent
9．The underlined word "disregard" in paragraph 3 probably means
A．run after B．pay no attention to
C．bark at D．defend against
10．What can we learn about adolescent dogs from the passage
A．Many adolescent dogs like staying in American shelters.
B．Adolescent dogs will never follow their owners' instructions.
C．Adolescent dogs are fond of being separated from their caregivers.
D．Dogs having poor relation with their caregivers enter adolescence earlier.
11．What's the main idea of the passage
A．Both young dogs and teenagers rely on their parents.
B．Many researches have shown young dogs are aggressive.
C．Adolescent dogs feel more anxious and frightened than teenagers.
D．Like human teenagers, dogs get difficult when they reach adolescence.
【答案】8．C
9．B
10．D
11．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究表明，狗也会像人类的青少年一样，经历一个过度敏感的时期。文章介绍了狗在青春期的一些表现，以及研究人员为了确切地了解青春期是如何改变狗的行为，而展开的研究过程。科学家们说，由于青春期的幼犬和人类有相似之处，狗可以作为研究人类青春期的模型物种。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
8．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Our dog trainer advised us to stop complaining."我们的训狗师建议我们停止抱怨。可推知，作者对狗的不端行为的态度是不满意的。故选C。
9．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的”and disobey their owners“可知青春期的狗也会不在意主人，不服从主人，可推断，划线单词意思为“不注意，不在意”。故选B。
10．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的”Dogs with high scores on this behavior entered adolescence earlier-at about 5 months, compared with 8 months for those with lower scores. Various factors cause human teenage girls with poor parental relationships to also enter adolescence at a younger age. Thus, similar to humans, dogs that have bad relationships with their caregivers see changes in their development.“在这种行为上得分高的狗进入青春期的时间更早——大约5个月，而得分低的狗则是8个月。各种因素导致父母关系不佳的青少年女孩也更早进入青春期。因此，和人类一样，与照顾者关系不好的狗也会看到它们在发育过程中的变化。可知，与照顾者关系不好的狗更早进入青春期。故选D。
11．考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的”Now, a new study is backing that up: Dogs, it says, experience an oversensitive period just like human teenagers.“现在一项新的研究表明，狗也会像人类的青少年一样，经历一个过度敏感的时期。结合文章还介绍了狗在青春期的一些表现，以及研究人员为了确切地了解青春期是如何改变狗的行为，而展开的研究过程。科学家们说，由于青春期的幼犬和人类有相似之处，狗可以作为研究人类青春期的模型物种。可知，文章的主要内容是和人类的青少年一样，狗到了青春期也会变得很难相处。故选D。
12．（2020高二下·丽水期末）阅读理解
Sea urchins (海胆) are small creatures, but what's
really remarkable about them is that they eat anything that happens to float by.
They have really sharp teeth they use to rid rocks of algae (海澡), which makes them pretty valuable especially in places like Hawaii
where algae are threatening the coral reefs. In the summer of 2019, 500,000 of them
were used to deal with the algae.
The problem started when non-native algae were introduced
to the ecosystem of Kane' ohe Bay in the 1970s. Because they had no enemies, they
ended up taking over the bay, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS). The algae blocked sunlight from reaching the coral, which in turn affected
the local fish because they changed the chemistry of the water.
That's when the NMFS turned to sea urchins that loved
to devour the algae. But they
had to grow to the size of a cherry tomato before they could be used. Since 2011,
sea urchins have been grown and used to handle the algae problem. Some of the funds
are available due to an unfortunate incident.
In 2005, a ship was grounded on a shallow reef near
Kane' ohe Bay. When the ship was removed, 20 acres of reefs have been damaged. When
there is environmental damage, the NMFS and other agencies receive funds from the
wrongdoers and the funds are used to restore the damage. Some funds were spent on
other projects like the sea urchins. When they are large enough, divers carefully
place them on the reef.
Algae isn't the only thing that threatens the coral
reefs. Climate change and the effects of fishing and tourism in the area also endanger
the coral reefs. But turning to sea urchins instead of man-made solutions seems
like the best way to go.
（1）Why are sea urchins regarded as outstanding creatures
A．They are tiny but have teeth.
B．They can keep the ocean clean.
C．They are useful in removing algae.
D．They grow on coral reefs with algae.
（2）What happened after non-native algae arrived at Kane' ohe Bay
A．They helped the coral reefs to survive.
B．They spread to every corner of the bay.
C．They didn't fit in with the new surroundings.
D．They fought against other species to get food.
（3）What does the underlined word "devour" in paragraph 3 mean
A．Eat. B．Block. C．Tease. D．Attract.
（4）What does the author suggest doing to save coral reefs
A．Relying on humans' solutions.
B．Banning fishing and tourism.
C．Employing divers to handle algae.
D．Letting nature take care of nature.
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；说明文；环境保护类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海胆。海胆之所以被认为是杰出的生物是因为它们可以清除有害藻类。藻类并不是唯一威胁珊瑚礁的东西。气候变化以及该地区渔业和旅游业的影响也威胁着珊瑚礁。但是用海胆代替人工解决方案似乎是最好的选择。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They have really sharp teeth they use to rid rocks of algae (海藻) which makes them pretty valuable especially in places like Hawaii where algae are threatening the coral reefs.”它们有锋利的牙齿用来清除岩石上的藻类，这使它们非常珍贵，尤其是在夏威夷这样的地方，那里的藻类正在威胁珊瑚礁。可知，海胆之所以被认为是杰出的生物是因为它们可以清除有害藻类。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“The problem started when non-native algae were introduced to the ecosystem of Kane' ohe Bay in the 1970s. Because they had no enemies, they ended up taking over the bay,” 这一问题始于20世纪70年代非本地藻类被引入卡内奥河湾的生态系统。因为它们没有敌人，它们最终占领了海湾。可知，非本地藻类到达卡内奥河湾后，它们散布到海湾的每一个角落。故选B。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“But they had to grow to the size of a cherry tomato before they could be used.”但它们必须长到樱桃番茄的大小才能被使用，可知，“sea urchins that loved to devour the algae”海胆喜欢吃海藻。可推知，划线词的意思是“吃”。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段“Algae isn't the only thing that threatens the coral reefs. Climate change and the effects of fishing and tourism in the area also endanger the coral reefs. But turning to sea urchins instead of man-made solutions seems like the best way to go.”藻类并不是唯一威胁珊瑚礁的东西。气候变化以及该地区渔业和旅游业的影响也威胁着珊瑚礁。但是用海胆代替人工解决方案似乎是最好的选择。可知，作者建议让大自然照顾大自然来拯救珊瑚礁。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
二、任务型阅读
任务型阅读
Whoever wrote the song "It's the Most Wonderful
Time of the Year" must have never experienced holiday blues. Fortunately,
psychological research suggests some effective ways you can beat the holiday
blues. The key point is that sadness and other tough emotions are not what we
should try to avoid. 13． . Here are four strategies to help you make your own
happiness recipe this holiday season.
Don't force cheer
At family gatherings with cousins you secretly can't
stand, you tend to put on a happy face. Indeed, that might even seem like the
most mature response—no drama, no conflict. But a 2011 study followed dozens of
bus drivers, looking to see when they gave forced or honest smiles at their
passengers. The results showed when the drivers pretended to have a good mood,
their actual moods got worse. 14． .
Let off sadness
The results of the bus driver study can be explained
by researchers, who find that negative feelings like sadness or anger only
increase when we try to control them. 15． . We don't like contradictory
behavior.
Respond cautiously
Recently, scientists have been paying special
attention to the benefits of caution. When you respond cautiously to an
emotional trigger (e.g.overcooking the holiday turkey), you pause rather than
reacting at once. 16． . Besides, it is associated with less anxiety, and may
even carry physiological benefits.
17．
Of course, the holidays will bring a mix of highs and
lows, but the most important lesson to keep in mind is that this variety of
emotions might be the best thing possible for your overall well being. In other
words, sadness, anger, and other difficult emotions are nothing to fear. Just
make sure you're balancing them with lighter experiences. And don't forget to
give yourself a break.
A. Relax your mind
B. Enjoy a mix of
emotions
C. We tend to deny the
important function emotions serve
D. Instead, they can
help contribute to a healthy and happy life
E. So trying to force
happiness seems to have the opposite effects
F. A cautious response
to a negative event reduces sadness we experience
G. We feel bad when
our appearance contradicts how we truly feel inside
【答案】13．D；14．E；15．G；16．F；17．B
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，我们无法避免一些消极的情绪，因为它们有助于我们健康快乐的生活，作者提供了几个度过快乐假期的秘诀。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇教育类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
13．根据空前”The key point is that sadness and other tough emotions are not what we should try to avoid.“说明的是悲伤和其他消极情绪不是我们应该设法避免的；以及空后提到的几个快乐秘方，D. Instead, they can help contribute to a healthy and happy life“相反，它们可促进健康快乐的生活”符合语境，故选D。
14．根据该段小标题”Don't force cheer“不要强求快乐”；以及空前”The results showed when the drivers pretended to have a good mood, their actual moods got worse. “说明强求快乐的司机，事实上情绪会更不好，E. So trying to force happiness seems to have the opposite effects“因此努力强求快乐会适得其反”符合语境，故选E。
15．根据空后”We don't like contradictory behavior. “我们不喜欢矛盾的行为”和该段标题句中的关键词sadness可判断出G. We feel bad when our appearance contradicts how we truly feel inside“当我们的外在和真实的内心感受矛盾时，我们会觉得悲伤”符合语境。故选G。
16．根据空后”Besides, it is associated with less anxiety, and may even carry physiological benefits.“此外，它与减少焦虑有关，甚至可能带来生理上的好处；以及本段小标题”Respond cautiously“可判断F. A cautious response to a negative event reduces sadness we experience“对于消极事件的谨慎回应减少我们经受的悲伤”符合语境，故选F。
17．根据空后的”Of course, the holidays will bring a mix of highs and lows, but the most important lesson to keep in mind is that this variety of emotions might be the best thing possible for your overall well being. “当然，假期会带来一系列的高潮和低谷，但最重要的是要记住这种各种各样的情绪可能是对你的整体健康最好的事情，B. Enjoy a mix of emotions“享受各种情绪”符合语境，故选B。
三、完形填空
完形填空
Last summer I moved to Kirkland to live with my fiancé,
giving up being a lawyer. Without a job, I spent my days aimlessly wandering
around my new neighborhood.
That's how I 18． Steve. I'd seen him plenty of times
before—untidy, with a messy gray beard, 19． a worn cardboard sign at the
street corner. His 20． asked for help with food or rent—nothing
fancy, and never for alcohol or drugs. Having lived in the area for ten years,
Steve was well known to the locals. Even as I chatted with him, several people
waved to him as they went by. I 21． called him the Mayor of Kirkland. He
laughed, saying he hoped the name would stick. He had much to do before his
term was 22． .
In September, he told me he'd been homeless because he had a legal issue for the last thirty years and, as a result, his social security 23． had been halved. The remaining amount wasn't enough to live on, so he was forced to spend his days trying to 24． the difference.
Knowing I had legal experience, he asked me if I could
help him with this matter. I agreed 25． . In the months that followed, I began to 26． more time and energy into his
case. When we met to discuss his case, it was as if a heavy 27． was lifting off his back. I
could sense his growing optimism. He started describing me as his "little
ray of 28． " and telling his friends what a
great 29． I was doing.
Then came the day when the court finally decided to 30． most of what Steve owed, which meant he would have enough money to get his life back on 31． . I could see tears in Steve's eyes when he heard the 32． . But it also meant that I wouldn't see him as often anymore. When I told Steve this, he grinned with tears in his eyes," We're friends, and friends make time to see each other. Besides, the mayor's still got to do his rounds."
18．A．found B．missed C．helped D．met
19．A．leaving B．bringing C．holding D．writing
20．A．sign B．case C．house D．work
21．A．carefully B．silently C．jokingly D．desperately
22．A．up B．in C．away D．on
23．A．account B．payment C．number D．card
24．A．leave out B．break down C．cut off D．make up
25．A．instantly B．gradually C．probably D．normally
26．A．break B．divide C．throw D．perform
27．A．demand B．loss C．weight D．blow
28．A．mayor B．sunshine C．lawyer D．income
29．A．lesson B．course C．change D．job
30．A．charge B．appreciate C．forgive D．collect
31．A．schedule B．board C．guard D．track
32．A．decision B．attempt C．explanation D．trend
【答案】18．D；19．C；20．A；21．C；22．A；23．B；24．D；25．A；26．C；27．C；28．B；29．D；30．C；31．D；32．A
【知识点】故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，去年夏天作者和未婚夫搬去Kirkland居住并为此辞去了律师的工作，闲下来的作者热心帮助了流浪汉Steve，他因一个法律问题导致近三十年只能领到一半的社会保障金。最后Steve的生活得以改善。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
18．句意：我就是这样认识 Steve 的。A：found“发现”；B：missed“错过”；C：helped“帮助”；D：met“遇见”。 根据空后的“I'd seen him”可知“我”是在闲逛时遇到的Steve。故选D。
19．句意：我以前见过他很多次——凌乱不堪，留着凌乱的灰色胡子，手里拿着一块破旧的纸板招牌硬纸板牌子站在街角。A：leaving“留下，离开”；B：bringing“带来”；C：holding“举着，握着”；D：writing “写”。根据语境可知Steve手里举着一块硬纸板牌子向人们求助，故选C。
20．句意：他的牌子要求提供食物和房租——没什么特别的，也没有酒精和毒品。A：sign“标牌”；B：case“情况，案例”；C：house“房子”；D：work “工作”根据空前的“a worn cardboard sign”可知空处指他拿着的牌子。故选A。
21．句意：我开玩笑说他是Kirkland的市长。A：carefully“认真地”；B：silently“沉默地”；C：jokingly“开玩笑地”；D：desperately “绝望地，拼命地”。我开玩笑地称他为Kirkland市的市长。因为他并不是市长，只是作者的玩笑话，故选C 。
22．句意：在任期结束之前，他还有很多事要做。up“结束，告终”；B：in“在……里”；C：away“离开，远离”；D：on “在……上面”。他在“任期”结束前还有很多事要做。上文作者笑称他为市长所以他才打趣说的这番话。 故选A。
23．句意：在九月份他告诉我他因为一个法律问题只能拿到一半的社会保障金，结果无家可归。A：account“账户”；B：payment”支付，付款“；C：number“数字”；D：card “卡片”。social security payment固定短语， “社会保障金”，故选B。
24．句意：剩下的钱不够维持生计，所以他不得不整天努力弥补这部分钱的不足。A：leave out“省略，遗漏”；B：break down“出故障”；C：cut off“切断”；D：make up”弥补“。 根据上文“The remaining amount wasn't enough to live on”可知因为剩下的一半钱不足以养活他，所以他只能被迫终日向他人求助以弥补这部分钱的不足。make up the difference 固定短语，“弥补差额”，故选D。
25．句意：我立刻同意帮他。A：instantly“立刻”；B：gradually“逐渐地”；C：probably“可能”；D：normally “正常地”。故选A。
26．句意：在接下来的几个月里，我开始把更多的时间和精力投入到他的案子上。A：break”打破“；B：divide”分裂“；C：throw”扔“；D：perform”表演“。throw ... into sth. 固定短语，“把……投入到某事上”，故选C。
27．句意：当我们讨论他的案子的时候，就好像一个沉重的负担从他的背上卸下。A：demand“要求，需求”；B：loss “损失”；C：weight“重担”；D：blow “打击，一阵风”。根据下文” I could sense his growing optimism.“他逐渐乐观起来，可知当讨论他的案子时好像他背上的重担正在慢慢卸去一样。经济上的拮据对于他来说是精神上的重物，故选C。
28．句意：他开始称我为他生命中的“一缕阳光”并且告诉他的朋友们我做得很好。A：mayor“市长”；B：sunshine“阳光”；C：lawyer“律师”；D：income “收入”。 a ray of sunshine 固定短语，“一缕阳光”。故选B。
29．句意：他开始称我为他生命中的“一缕阳光”并且告诉他的朋友们我做得很好。A：lesson “课程”；B：course“课程，航线”；C：change“改变”；D：job ”工作“。do a good job 固定短语，“做得很好”，故选D。
30．句意：终于这一天来了，法庭最后决定免除他之前的大部分债务，这意味着他会有足够的钱使自己的生活回到正轨上来。A：charge“控告，收费”；B：appreciate“欣赏”；C：forgive “免除，原谅”；D：collect “收集”。故选C。
31．句意：终于这一天来了，法庭最后决定免除他之前的大部分债务，这意味着他会有足够的钱使自己的生活回到正轨上来。A：schedule”时间表“；B：board”在船(火车、飞机、汽车)上“；C：guard”守卫“；D：track ”轨道“。on track 固定短语，“在正轨上，在正道上”，故选D。
32．句意：当 Steve 听到这个决定时，我能看到他眼中的泪水。A：decision “决定”；B：attempt “企图”；C：explanation“解释”；D：trend “趋势”。空处与decided呼应，指当他听到法庭的决定时，故选A。
四、语法填空
语法填空
Astronauts have traditionally been serious, sensible types with the "right stuff" who can 33． (trust) to fly equipment. But any mission to Mars will need a "joker" or "class clown" figure to be 34． (success), according to NASA research. A sense of humor will be vital for any team to keep morale (士气) high on a two year trip to Mars 35． may happen in the 2030s.
According to researchers, groups work best when they have a "joker" who has the ability to pull everyone together, bridge gaps when tensions appear 36． really boost morale. When astronauts are in a confined space on a mission to Mars, tensions are likely 37． (occur). It's vital that there should be one who can help everyone get along, so they can do their jobs and get there and back 38． (safe).
Researchers have studied isolated groups of people in extreme environments including Russian, Chinese, Indian and Polish 39． (explorer) based in Antarctica. Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen succeeded while Captain Scott 40． (fail) to reach the South Pole because the Norwegians had a "clown" figure on their team. He laughed and was very happy, 41． (keep) up people's spirits.
But researchers added: "Being funny won't be enough to land somebody the job. He also needs to be 42． excellent scientist and engineer and be able to pass a strict training programme."
【答案】33．be trusted；34．successful；35．which/that；36．and；37．to occur；38．safely；39．explorers；40．failed；41．keeping；42．an
【知识点】语法填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，美国国家航空航天局正在寻找“幽默搞笑”的人担任宇航员，以在探测火星的漫漫旅途中保持士气。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及语态，形容词，定语从句，连词，非谓语动词，副词，名词，冠词以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
33．句意：传统的宇航员是严肃理智的，具备"应有素质"，可以信赖他们驾驶设备飞行。该句是定语从句，关系词指代先行词the “right stuff”，且与trust是被动关系，设空前是情态动词can，故此处应符合“情态动词＋be＋done”结构，填be trusted。
34．句意：但根据美国航天局的研究，任何去往火星的任务都将需要一名"搞笑分子"或"班级小丑"式的人物才能获得成功。设空在句中作表语，表“成功的”，应用形容词，故填successful。
35．去往火星需要耗时两年，幽默感对任何去往火星的团队保持士气高涨都至关重要。火星之旅可能在2030年左右出发。 may happen in the 2030s是限制性定语从句，先行词是a two year trip，指物，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which/that引导定语从句，故填which/that。
36．句意：根据研究人员所言，当团队中有人扮演”开玩笑的人“的角色时，这些人有能力团结所有人，当紧张局面出现时能弥合分歧并真正鼓舞士气，团队的工作表现最好。设空前后的pull everyone together, bridge gaps和boost morale是并列关系，应用连词and，故填and。
37．句意：当宇航员在火星任务的密闭空间里的时候，可能出现紧张。be likely to do sth.固定短语，“可能做某事”，故填to occur。
38．句意：至关重要的是，应该有一个人能够帮助大家和睦相处,，这样他们就能顺利完成任务，抵达火星，并安全返回。设空在句中作状语，修饰get there and back，应用副词，故填safely。
39．句意：研究人员研究了极端环境中的孤立人群，包括俄罗斯，中国，印度和波兰在南极洲的探险家。根据设空前的内容，可知探险队员不止一个，故explorer应用复数形式，填explorers。
40．句意：failed挪威探险家Roald Amundsen成功到达了南极，而斯科特船长的南极探险就失败了是因为挪威人有一位成员幽默搞笑，是团队中的“小丑”。设空在句中做谓语，且与句中已有的谓语动词succeeded时态一致，应用一般过去时，填failed。
41．句意：他大笑，非常高兴，让大家精神饱满。He与keep up是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填keeping。
42．句意：他还需要是出色的科学家和工程师，能够通过严格的训练项目。根据语境“一个出色的科学家和工程师”可知，此处表“一个”，应用不定冠词，形容词excellent是元音音素开始的单词，应用不定冠词an，故填an。
五、书面表达
43．阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
An 80-year-old man was sitting on the sofa in his house along with his 45-year-old highly educated son. Suddenly a crow perched on their window.
The father asked his son, "What is this？"The son replied, "It is a crow. "
After a few minutes, the father asked his son for the second time, "What is this？"The son said, "Father, I have just now told you, it's a crow!"
After a little while, the old father again asked his son for the third time, "What is this？"
At this time some expression of irritation was felt in the son's tone when he said to his father with a rebuff. "It's a crow, a crow. "A little while later, the father again asked his son the fourth time, "What is this？"
This time, the son shouted at his father, "Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again, although I have told you so many times' IT IS A CROW'. Are you not able to understand this？"
A little later the father went to his room and came back with an old tattered diary, which he had maintained since his son was born. On opening a page, he asked his son to read that page. When the son read it, the following words were written in the diary：
注意：
1）所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2）至少使用5个短文中有下划线的关键词语；
3）续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4）续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Today my little son aged three was sitting with me on the sofa,
……
After reading the diary,
【答案】Paragraph I:
Today my little son aged three was sitting with me on the sofa, when a crow suddenly landed on the window edge. My son asked me 23 times what it was, and I replied him 23 times that it was a crow. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. I did not at all feel angry, but instead felt affection for my son.
Paragraph 2:
After reading the diary, the son was filled with tears and began to reflect on the days when he used to sit together with his father. His father would patiently answer the same question all 23 times without feeling irritation while his father asked him the same question just four times! Feeling ashamed, the son got down on his knees before his father and made an apology to his old man, begging his father to forgive him for his bad behavior. He said this aloud, "It is you who have cared for me ever since I was a little child, showering your selfless affection on met. I will serve you in the best way no matter how you behave".
【知识点】文字式记叙文；开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达是读后续写。通过阅读文章可知，一位80岁的老人和他受过高等教育的45岁的儿子坐在家里的沙发上。父亲反复地问乌鸦是什么，儿子逐渐不耐烦，对父亲吼。过了一会儿，父亲回到自己的房间，拿着一本自从儿子出生以来就一直保存着的、破破烂烂的日记回来。打开一页后，他让儿子读那一页。儿子读日记时，日记上写了这样几句话……续写部分分为两段,第一段开头是：今天，我三岁的小儿子和我一起坐在沙发上。所以后文应该是讲述父亲和小时候的儿子看到乌鸦，儿子问了23次那是什么，父亲都耐心地回答了他；第二段开头是：看完日记后，儿子……本段应该写儿子看完日记后的感受，他感到羞愧，对父亲道歉了。 写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。特别注意在选择句式时要富有变化。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：My son asked me 23 times what it was, and I replied him 23 times that it was a crow. 运用了并列句，宾语从句；I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. 运用了时间状语从句；I did not at all feel angry, but instead felt affection for my son.，其中but转折，并列谓语；the son was filled with tears and began to reflect on the days when he used to sit together with his father.运用了限制性定语从句； His father would patiently answer the same question all 23 times without feeling irritation while his father asked him the same question just four times!运用了对比并列句； Feeling ashamed, the son got down on his knees before his father and made an apology to his old man, begging his father to forgive him for his bad behavior. 运用了时间状语从句；It is you who have cared for me ever since I was a little child, showering your selfless affection on me.运用了强调句，时间状语从句； I will serve you in the best way no matter how you behave.运用了让步状语从句。
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