动词时态和语态复习课件
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课件80张PPT。第一讲动词时态和语态 真 题 精 析 1. (2012新课标全国卷)I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ______ before my eyes.
A. swim B. swum
C. swam D. had swum
【解析】 C 考查时态。句意：我整个下午都在做数学，那些数字在我眼前晃来晃去。前一分句用了过去完成进行时，由此可知叙述的是过去的情况，后一分句用一般过去时描述做数学时的情况。 2. (2012大纲全国卷Ⅱ)—Did you ask Sophia for help?
—I ________ need to — I managed perfectly well on my own.
A. wouldn't B. don't
C. didn't D. won't
【解析】 C 考查时态。句意：——你让Sophia帮忙了吗？——我不需要——我自己完全能行。结合问句的时态以及答语后半部分的时态可知，应用一般过去时。故C项正确。 3．(2011年高考重庆卷)Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He________ to have been praised by the manager just now.
A．seemed B．seems
C．had seemed D．is seeming
【解析】选B。考查时态。句意：看汤姆脸上骄傲的表情，他看起来好像刚受到经理的表扬。本句陈述一个事实，故用一般现在时。 4．(2011年高考四川卷)—What a mistake!
—Yes. I ________ his doing it another way，but without success.
A. was suggesting B. will suggest
C. would suggest D. had suggested
【解析】选D。考查时态。句意：“竟犯了这样的错误！”“是啊。我曾建议他用另外一种方法做，但没有成功。”根据语境可知应使用过去完成时。
5．(2011年高考课标全国卷)When Alice came to，she did not know how long she ________there.
A．had been lying B．has been lying
C．was lying D．has lain
【解析】选A。考查时态。根据时态一致的原则，可排除B、D两项；由she did not know how long...可知应用过去完成进行时。 6. [2007·湖北卷] Last night, John was answering the letters that ___________ during the past two weeks.（arrive）
昨天晚上，约翰正在回复过去两周寄给他的信件。
【解析】 had arrived for him 在过去之前已经发生的事情或者动作要用过去完成时。 7. [2007·湖北卷] He believes that children _________ at their own pace.（allow）
他相信孩子们应该被允许以他们自己的步伐学习。
【解析】 should be allowed to study / learn 此题考查被动语态，某人应该被……sb be +过去分词, 同时注意短语allow sb to do sth.
8. [2010·湖北卷] Last night's TV news said that by then the death of the missing people __________ yet. (prove)
昨晚的电视新闻报道说，到当时为止失踪人员的死亡情况尚未被证实。 【解析】 had not been proved 考查过去完成时的被动语态。结合by then以及句意“事实未被证实”，可知答案为had not been proved。 9. [2009·湖北卷] If times __________，have our ways of thinking changed too? (change)
如果时代变了，我们的思考方式也会变吗？ 【解析】 have changed 考查现在完成时。根据主句have our ways of thinking changed可知答案为have changed。 10.[2012·湖北卷] In response to the audience’s great demand, the play ________ in the theatre twice a week. (put)
应观众的强烈要求，这部戏将会在这个剧院每周上演两次。
【解析】will/would?be?put?on 考查一般将来时的被动语态。根据语境可知，要用一般将来时，又因“the play”作主语，所以要用被动语态。同时考查了动词短语put on“上演”。
考 点 精 释什么是动词的时态和语态？
英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。
语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作的承受者，称为被动语态。一、动词时态
一般现在时
(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加－s / －es)
【完成例句】
(1)地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
【结论1】表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。【翻译句子】
(2) We always care for each other and help each other.
我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。
【结论2】表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。【翻译句子】
(3) All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.
这儿所有学生都是一中的。
【结论3】表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。【翻译句子】
(4) The shop closes at 11：00 p. m. every day.
这家商店每天晚上11：00 关门。
【结论4】少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时 (v.－ed或不规则变化)
【翻译句子】
(1) I met her in the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上遇到了她。
(2) I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
【结论1】一般过去时的基本用法：
①表示过去的事情、动作或状态;
②表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事, 通常用
一般过去时。我原以为这部电影很有趣, 但实际上并不是。
【翻译句子】
(3) The moment he arrived home, he read that interesting novel .
【结论2】表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute连接，都用一般过去时。他一到家，就去看那本有趣的小说。
3. 一般将来时
【翻译句子】
(1)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。
We will talk about this topic next week.
【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态，常用will / shall ＋ 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)。【翻译句子】
(2) The bus is coming.
公共汽车马上就到了。
【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词，如come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 4. 现在进行时(am / is / are ＋ v．－ing)
【疑难1】
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
The girl is always talking loud in public.
【疑难剖析1】表示说话时正在发生着的动作；表示现阶段发生（但不一定是讲话时正在发生）；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等用进行时代替将来时 (与always, often等频率副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感彩)。 【疑难2】
The room remains clean.
You are allowed to speak here.
【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：
a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
b. 表示存在状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
c. 表示瞬间动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
d. 表示感官的动词：see, feel, smell, sound, taste。5. 过去进行时 (was / were ＋v.－ing)
【完成例句】
(1) 在2010年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
During the summer of 2010, she was traveling in Europe.
【结论1】过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。. 【翻译句子】
(2) 门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。
He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.
(3) 我在想你能否载我一程。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
【结论2】
①某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
②过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。6. 现在完成时 (has / have＋v.－ed)
【翻译句子】
(1) 我已经看过这部电影了。
I have seen the film already.
【结论1】表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。【翻译句子】
(2) 过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。
We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
(3) 他们自2008年一直生活在这儿。
They've lived here since 2008.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点，for＋时间段及介词短语during / in / over 等连用。【疑难1】
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
I closed the door. (强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)
I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)
【疑难剖析1】虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。【疑难2】
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
【疑难剖析2】 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。【疑难3】
试比较：
I have bought the computer for a year. (×)
I have kept the computer for a year. (√)
I bought the computer a year ago. (√)
【疑难剖析3】非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等, 不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。7. 过去完成时 (had＋ v．－ed)
【完成例句】
(1) 到去年为止我们已经生产了20000辆车。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
【结论1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则“过去的过去”。【完成例句】
(2) Jack到的时候，Mary已经走了将近一小时了。
When Jack arrived, Mary had walked for almost an hour.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。【完成例句】
(3) 我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
【结论3】表示不曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等表示，即：hoped / planned…＋ to have done。 【疑难1】
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
【疑难剖析1】 “时间名词 ＋ ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时; “时间名词 ＋ before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时。【疑难2】
We had no sooner arrived than the bus came.
＝ No sooner had we arrived than the bus came.
【疑难剖析2】 no sooner…than ；hardly / scarcely…when /before表示“一……就……”。【疑难3】
It was the second time that he had been out with her.
【疑难剖析3】It / That / This was the first (second，third…)time＋that从句中，用过去完成时。 8. 过去将来时 (would do, was / were going to do)
【完成例句】
(1) 我说我会安排一切的。
I said I would arrange everything.
【结论】过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。【疑难1】
He said he was leaving for Beijing.
【疑难剖析1】come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。 【疑难2】
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
【疑难剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来， 后面常常接when引导的从句。二、被动语态
(一)常考时态的被动语态
以下是常见的8种时态的被动语态： (二)被动语态的用法
【完成例句】
(1) 新的课本将在下学期被使用。
The new text books will be used next term.
【结论1】动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。【完成例句】
(2) 这种自行车在我们店没有卖。
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
(3) 那个贼昨天被警察抓了。
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
【结论2】当动作的承受者比动作的执行者更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。【完成例句】
(4) 学生被钢琴家提了一些建议。
The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
＝ Some advice was given to the pupils by the
pianist.
【结论3】含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。
如果主动句中的直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。【完成例句】
(5) 他们被老板强迫一天工作10小时。
They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
(6) 他被看见进入房子。
He was seen to enter the house.
【结论4】在主动语态句中动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接不定式作宾语补足语，不定式省略to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。(三)不能用被动语态的几种情况:
【完成例句】
(1) 我的家乡近来发生了很大的变化。
Great changes have taken place recently in my hometown.
【结论1】所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。【完成例句】
(2) 他看起来像他父亲。
He looks like his father.
【结论2】表示状态的谓语动词，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of 等不用于被动。【翻译句子】
(3) 这支笔属于Tom。
The pen belongs to Tom.
【结论3】表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等不用于被动。【翻译句子】
(4) 我想要些苹果。
I would like some apples.
【结论4】表示“希望，意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不用于被动。【完成例句】
(5) 小孩自己会穿衣服了。
The baby can dress himself now.
【结论5】宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。【完成例句】
(6) 他过着一种简单的生活。
He lives a simple life.
【结论6】宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等， 谓语动词不用被动语态。【翻译句子】
(7) 这种衣服很好卖。
This kind of clothes sell well.
【结论7】有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时。常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。【疑难1】主动形式表被动意义
① My pen writes smoothly.
【疑难剖析】feel, smell, taste, sound等接形容词, cut, sell, wear, write等接状语, 均用主动表被动。
② The car needs repairing.
【疑难剖析】 want, require, need后接动名词主动形式，表示被动含义。
③ The book is worth reading.
【疑难剖析】 be worth doing用主动表示被动。
④ The question is hard to answer.
【疑难剖析】be＋adj.＋to do, 用主动表被动。【疑难2】
被动形式表示主动意义
He is seated on a bench.
(He seats himself on a bench. )
He was hidden behind the door.
(He hid himself behind the door. ) 【疑难剖析2】
被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated 坐着
②be hidden 躲藏
③be lost 迷路
④be drunk 喝醉
⑤be dressed 穿着【疑难3】
被动语态与系表结构的区别
The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动)
The book is well sold. (系表结构)
【疑难剖析3】被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。习 题 精 练 1. In order to find the missing child, villagers ______ all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do
C. had done D. have been doing
【解析】 D 考查动词时态。句意：为了找到那个丢失的孩子，在过去的五个小时里，村民们做了他们所能做的一切事情。根据句中的“can”及时间状语“over the past five hours”可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，故选D。 2. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, ______ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A. keeps B. keep
C. have kept D. had kept
【解析】 A 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：沃尔玛是美国最大的连锁超市之一，部分店从星期一到星期六24小时营业。根据句中的“is”可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语为Walmart，故选A。 3. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it ______ .
A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating
D. was being decorated
【解析】 D 考查时态和语态。句意：放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。阅览室是被装修，应用被动语态，又根据句意可知，阅览室是正在装修, 故用过去进行时态，故选C。
4. —Look ! Somebody ______ the sofa.
—Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning
C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
【解析】 C 考查时态。——瞧，有人擦过沙发了。——哦，不是我，我没有擦过沙发。根据语境可知，空处表示有人已经做过某事了，故用现在完成时。
5. By the time you have finished this
book, your meal ______ cold.
A. gets B. has got
C. will get D. is getting
【解析】 C 考查时态。句意：到你读完这本书的时候，你的饭就将凉了。根据前半句中的内容可知，这里叙述的是将来的情况，所以用一般将来时。 6. George said that he would come to
school to see me the next day, but he
______.
A. wouldn't B. didn't
C. hasn't D. hadn't
【解析】 B 考查时态。句意：George说他将在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有那么做。根据句意可知，此处是对过去事情的否定，故应用一般过去时。 7. —Have you heard about that fire in
the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one______.
A. hurt B. was hurt
C. has hurt D. had been hurt
【解析】 B 考查时态和语态。——你听说商场里发生的火灾了吗？——听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。no one与hurt之间是被动关系，而且所说的事发生在过去，因此应用一般过去时的被动形式。
8. — Tommy is planning to buy a car.
— I know. By next month，he
______ enough for a used one.
A．saves B．saved
C．will save D．will have saved
【解析】选D。由时间状语by next month判断，该句应该用将来完成时，故选D项。 9. In the last few years thousands of
films ________ all over the world.
A．have produced
B．have been produced
C．are producing
D．are being produced
【解析】选B。根据时间状语in the last few years可确定时态为现在完成时，然后根据films与produce的关系可确定使用被动语态。 10． — You speak very good French!
— Thanks. I ________ French in Sichuan University for four years.
A. studied B. study
C. was studying D. had studied
【解析】选A。我在四川大学学过4年法语是指过去发生的事情，所以谓语动词用一般过去时表示过去的学习（工作）经历。 11．I ______________ for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (live)
虽然我在伦敦住了多年，但是我绝不后悔我最终返回中国的决定。
【解析】lived in London 考查时态的用法。依据句中的时间for many years，常用完成式，但结合下文，实际上我现在在中国，又不能用完成式。
12. By the time the firemen arrived at the building, the fire _____________
by the nearby citizens. (put)
待到消防队员赶到大楼时，火已被附近的居民扑灭了。
【解析】had been put out 考查时态的用法。依据题意，应该是强调过去的过去发生的动作，所以用过去完成时。
13．When you phoned yesterday, I __________ with my daughter. (play)
你昨天给我打电话时，我正在和女儿下棋。
【解析】was playing chess 考查时态的用法。依据题意，应该是强调过去正在发生的动作，所以用过去进行时，强调当时正在下棋。 14．Since she left home, I have been worried about her and _____________ at all. (sleep)
自她离开家，我一直担心她，因此睡眠一直不好。
【解析】 haven’t slept well / haven’t been sleeping well考查时态的用法。依据上下文含义和一致性，应该用现在完成进行时。 15．By the time they got back to the camp, they ____________ water. (run)
当他们回到营里时，他们的水已经用完了。
【解析】had run out of 考查时态的用法。依据题意，应该是强调过去的过去发生的动作，所以用过去完成时，同时注意run out of这个词组。
16．It is the first time that the EXPO _______________ in a developing country. (hold)
这是第一次在发展中国家举办世博会。
【解析】has been held 考查时态的用法。在This/It is the first / second time＋that从句中，that从句用现在完成时，而此处又强调一个被动动作。
17．Every possible means __________ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. (use)
各种能用的阻止空气污染的方法都已经用了，但天空依然浑浊。
【解析】has been used 考查时态和主谓一致的用法。本题需要仔细推敲句子所提供的语境，采用现在完成时的被动语态，并且主语是单数形式，由此可知答案为has been used。 18．An increasing number of people _____________ that education is not complete with graduation. (begin)
越来越多的人正在开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。
【解析】are beginning to realize考查时态的用法。依据下面的汉语意义，此句应该是强调正在进行发生的动作，所以用现在进行时。
19．The opinion ___________ by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems. (question)
这种观点正在遭到越来越多的城市居民的怀疑，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题。
【解析】is being questioned考查时态的用法。依据下面的汉语意义，此句应该是强调正在进行发生的动作，所以用现在进行时。 20. Hurry up, or the tickets ______ by the time we get there. (sell)
快点，否则等到我们到达那里的时候票已售完了。
【解析】will have been sold out考查时态的用法。根据句子中的时间状语by the time we get there，此句应该是强调到将来将已经完成的动作，所以用将来完成时。
Bye-bye!
A. swim B. swum
C. swam D. had swum
【解析】 C 考查时态。句意：我整个下午都在做数学，那些数字在我眼前晃来晃去。前一分句用了过去完成进行时，由此可知叙述的是过去的情况，后一分句用一般过去时描述做数学时的情况。 2. (2012大纲全国卷Ⅱ)—Did you ask Sophia for help?
—I ________ need to — I managed perfectly well on my own.
A. wouldn't B. don't
C. didn't D. won't
【解析】 C 考查时态。句意：——你让Sophia帮忙了吗？——我不需要——我自己完全能行。结合问句的时态以及答语后半部分的时态可知，应用一般过去时。故C项正确。 3．(2011年高考重庆卷)Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He________ to have been praised by the manager just now.
A．seemed B．seems
C．had seemed D．is seeming
【解析】选B。考查时态。句意：看汤姆脸上骄傲的表情，他看起来好像刚受到经理的表扬。本句陈述一个事实，故用一般现在时。 4．(2011年高考四川卷)—What a mistake!
—Yes. I ________ his doing it another way，but without success.
A. was suggesting B. will suggest
C. would suggest D. had suggested
【解析】选D。考查时态。句意：“竟犯了这样的错误！”“是啊。我曾建议他用另外一种方法做，但没有成功。”根据语境可知应使用过去完成时。
5．(2011年高考课标全国卷)When Alice came to，she did not know how long she ________there.
A．had been lying B．has been lying
C．was lying D．has lain
【解析】选A。考查时态。根据时态一致的原则，可排除B、D两项；由she did not know how long...可知应用过去完成进行时。 6. [2007·湖北卷] Last night, John was answering the letters that ___________ during the past two weeks.（arrive）
昨天晚上，约翰正在回复过去两周寄给他的信件。
【解析】 had arrived for him 在过去之前已经发生的事情或者动作要用过去完成时。 7. [2007·湖北卷] He believes that children _________ at their own pace.（allow）
他相信孩子们应该被允许以他们自己的步伐学习。
【解析】 should be allowed to study / learn 此题考查被动语态，某人应该被……sb be +过去分词, 同时注意短语allow sb to do sth.
8. [2010·湖北卷] Last night's TV news said that by then the death of the missing people __________ yet. (prove)
昨晚的电视新闻报道说，到当时为止失踪人员的死亡情况尚未被证实。 【解析】 had not been proved 考查过去完成时的被动语态。结合by then以及句意“事实未被证实”，可知答案为had not been proved。 9. [2009·湖北卷] If times __________，have our ways of thinking changed too? (change)
如果时代变了，我们的思考方式也会变吗？ 【解析】 have changed 考查现在完成时。根据主句have our ways of thinking changed可知答案为have changed。 10.[2012·湖北卷] In response to the audience’s great demand, the play ________ in the theatre twice a week. (put)
应观众的强烈要求，这部戏将会在这个剧院每周上演两次。
【解析】will/would?be?put?on 考查一般将来时的被动语态。根据语境可知，要用一般将来时，又因“the play”作主语，所以要用被动语态。同时考查了动词短语put on“上演”。
考 点 精 释什么是动词的时态和语态？
英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。
语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作的承受者，称为被动语态。一、动词时态
一般现在时
(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加－s / －es)
【完成例句】
(1)地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
【结论1】表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。【翻译句子】
(2) We always care for each other and help each other.
我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。
【结论2】表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。【翻译句子】
(3) All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.
这儿所有学生都是一中的。
【结论3】表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。【翻译句子】
(4) The shop closes at 11：00 p. m. every day.
这家商店每天晚上11：00 关门。
【结论4】少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时 (v.－ed或不规则变化)
【翻译句子】
(1) I met her in the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上遇到了她。
(2) I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
【结论1】一般过去时的基本用法：
①表示过去的事情、动作或状态;
②表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事, 通常用
一般过去时。我原以为这部电影很有趣, 但实际上并不是。
【翻译句子】
(3) The moment he arrived home, he read that interesting novel .
【结论2】表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute连接，都用一般过去时。他一到家，就去看那本有趣的小说。
3. 一般将来时
【翻译句子】
(1)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。
We will talk about this topic next week.
【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态，常用will / shall ＋ 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)。【翻译句子】
(2) The bus is coming.
公共汽车马上就到了。
【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词，如come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 4. 现在进行时(am / is / are ＋ v．－ing)
【疑难1】
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
The girl is always talking loud in public.
【疑难剖析1】表示说话时正在发生着的动作；表示现阶段发生（但不一定是讲话时正在发生）；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等用进行时代替将来时 (与always, often等频率副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感彩)。 【疑难2】
The room remains clean.
You are allowed to speak here.
【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：
a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
b. 表示存在状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
c. 表示瞬间动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
d. 表示感官的动词：see, feel, smell, sound, taste。5. 过去进行时 (was / were ＋v.－ing)
【完成例句】
(1) 在2010年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
During the summer of 2010, she was traveling in Europe.
【结论1】过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。. 【翻译句子】
(2) 门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。
He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.
(3) 我在想你能否载我一程。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
【结论2】
①某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
②过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。6. 现在完成时 (has / have＋v.－ed)
【翻译句子】
(1) 我已经看过这部电影了。
I have seen the film already.
【结论1】表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。【翻译句子】
(2) 过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。
We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
(3) 他们自2008年一直生活在这儿。
They've lived here since 2008.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点，for＋时间段及介词短语during / in / over 等连用。【疑难1】
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
I closed the door. (强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)
I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)
【疑难剖析1】虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。【疑难2】
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
【疑难剖析2】 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。【疑难3】
试比较：
I have bought the computer for a year. (×)
I have kept the computer for a year. (√)
I bought the computer a year ago. (√)
【疑难剖析3】非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等, 不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。7. 过去完成时 (had＋ v．－ed)
【完成例句】
(1) 到去年为止我们已经生产了20000辆车。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
【结论1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则“过去的过去”。【完成例句】
(2) Jack到的时候，Mary已经走了将近一小时了。
When Jack arrived, Mary had walked for almost an hour.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。【完成例句】
(3) 我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
【结论3】表示不曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等表示，即：hoped / planned…＋ to have done。 【疑难1】
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
【疑难剖析1】 “时间名词 ＋ ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时; “时间名词 ＋ before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时。【疑难2】
We had no sooner arrived than the bus came.
＝ No sooner had we arrived than the bus came.
【疑难剖析2】 no sooner…than ；hardly / scarcely…when /before表示“一……就……”。【疑难3】
It was the second time that he had been out with her.
【疑难剖析3】It / That / This was the first (second，third…)time＋that从句中，用过去完成时。 8. 过去将来时 (would do, was / were going to do)
【完成例句】
(1) 我说我会安排一切的。
I said I would arrange everything.
【结论】过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。【疑难1】
He said he was leaving for Beijing.
【疑难剖析1】come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。 【疑难2】
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
【疑难剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来， 后面常常接when引导的从句。二、被动语态
(一)常考时态的被动语态
以下是常见的8种时态的被动语态： (二)被动语态的用法
【完成例句】
(1) 新的课本将在下学期被使用。
The new text books will be used next term.
【结论1】动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。【完成例句】
(2) 这种自行车在我们店没有卖。
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
(3) 那个贼昨天被警察抓了。
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
【结论2】当动作的承受者比动作的执行者更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。【完成例句】
(4) 学生被钢琴家提了一些建议。
The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
＝ Some advice was given to the pupils by the
pianist.
【结论3】含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。
如果主动句中的直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。【完成例句】
(5) 他们被老板强迫一天工作10小时。
They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
(6) 他被看见进入房子。
He was seen to enter the house.
【结论4】在主动语态句中动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接不定式作宾语补足语，不定式省略to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。(三)不能用被动语态的几种情况:
【完成例句】
(1) 我的家乡近来发生了很大的变化。
Great changes have taken place recently in my hometown.
【结论1】所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。【完成例句】
(2) 他看起来像他父亲。
He looks like his father.
【结论2】表示状态的谓语动词，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of 等不用于被动。【翻译句子】
(3) 这支笔属于Tom。
The pen belongs to Tom.
【结论3】表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等不用于被动。【翻译句子】
(4) 我想要些苹果。
I would like some apples.
【结论4】表示“希望，意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不用于被动。【完成例句】
(5) 小孩自己会穿衣服了。
The baby can dress himself now.
【结论5】宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。【完成例句】
(6) 他过着一种简单的生活。
He lives a simple life.
【结论6】宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等， 谓语动词不用被动语态。【翻译句子】
(7) 这种衣服很好卖。
This kind of clothes sell well.
【结论7】有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时。常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。【疑难1】主动形式表被动意义
① My pen writes smoothly.
【疑难剖析】feel, smell, taste, sound等接形容词, cut, sell, wear, write等接状语, 均用主动表被动。
② The car needs repairing.
【疑难剖析】 want, require, need后接动名词主动形式，表示被动含义。
③ The book is worth reading.
【疑难剖析】 be worth doing用主动表示被动。
④ The question is hard to answer.
【疑难剖析】be＋adj.＋to do, 用主动表被动。【疑难2】
被动形式表示主动意义
He is seated on a bench.
(He seats himself on a bench. )
He was hidden behind the door.
(He hid himself behind the door. ) 【疑难剖析2】
被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated 坐着
②be hidden 躲藏
③be lost 迷路
④be drunk 喝醉
⑤be dressed 穿着【疑难3】
被动语态与系表结构的区别
The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动)
The book is well sold. (系表结构)
【疑难剖析3】被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。习 题 精 练 1. In order to find the missing child, villagers ______ all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do
C. had done D. have been doing
【解析】 D 考查动词时态。句意：为了找到那个丢失的孩子，在过去的五个小时里，村民们做了他们所能做的一切事情。根据句中的“can”及时间状语“over the past five hours”可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，故选D。 2. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, ______ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A. keeps B. keep
C. have kept D. had kept
【解析】 A 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：沃尔玛是美国最大的连锁超市之一，部分店从星期一到星期六24小时营业。根据句中的“is”可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语为Walmart，故选A。 3. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it ______ .
A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating
D. was being decorated
【解析】 D 考查时态和语态。句意：放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。阅览室是被装修，应用被动语态，又根据句意可知，阅览室是正在装修, 故用过去进行时态，故选C。
4. —Look ! Somebody ______ the sofa.
—Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning
C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
【解析】 C 考查时态。——瞧，有人擦过沙发了。——哦，不是我，我没有擦过沙发。根据语境可知，空处表示有人已经做过某事了，故用现在完成时。
5. By the time you have finished this
book, your meal ______ cold.
A. gets B. has got
C. will get D. is getting
【解析】 C 考查时态。句意：到你读完这本书的时候，你的饭就将凉了。根据前半句中的内容可知，这里叙述的是将来的情况，所以用一般将来时。 6. George said that he would come to
school to see me the next day, but he
______.
A. wouldn't B. didn't
C. hasn't D. hadn't
【解析】 B 考查时态。句意：George说他将在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有那么做。根据句意可知，此处是对过去事情的否定，故应用一般过去时。 7. —Have you heard about that fire in
the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one______.
A. hurt B. was hurt
C. has hurt D. had been hurt
【解析】 B 考查时态和语态。——你听说商场里发生的火灾了吗？——听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。no one与hurt之间是被动关系，而且所说的事发生在过去，因此应用一般过去时的被动形式。
8. — Tommy is planning to buy a car.
— I know. By next month，he
______ enough for a used one.
A．saves B．saved
C．will save D．will have saved
【解析】选D。由时间状语by next month判断，该句应该用将来完成时，故选D项。 9. In the last few years thousands of
films ________ all over the world.
A．have produced
B．have been produced
C．are producing
D．are being produced
【解析】选B。根据时间状语in the last few years可确定时态为现在完成时，然后根据films与produce的关系可确定使用被动语态。 10． — You speak very good French!
— Thanks. I ________ French in Sichuan University for four years.
A. studied B. study
C. was studying D. had studied
【解析】选A。我在四川大学学过4年法语是指过去发生的事情，所以谓语动词用一般过去时表示过去的学习（工作）经历。 11．I ______________ for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (live)
虽然我在伦敦住了多年，但是我绝不后悔我最终返回中国的决定。
【解析】lived in London 考查时态的用法。依据句中的时间for many years，常用完成式，但结合下文，实际上我现在在中国，又不能用完成式。
12. By the time the firemen arrived at the building, the fire _____________
by the nearby citizens. (put)
待到消防队员赶到大楼时，火已被附近的居民扑灭了。
【解析】had been put out 考查时态的用法。依据题意，应该是强调过去的过去发生的动作，所以用过去完成时。
13．When you phoned yesterday, I __________ with my daughter. (play)
你昨天给我打电话时，我正在和女儿下棋。
【解析】was playing chess 考查时态的用法。依据题意，应该是强调过去正在发生的动作，所以用过去进行时，强调当时正在下棋。 14．Since she left home, I have been worried about her and _____________ at all. (sleep)
自她离开家，我一直担心她，因此睡眠一直不好。
【解析】 haven’t slept well / haven’t been sleeping well考查时态的用法。依据上下文含义和一致性，应该用现在完成进行时。 15．By the time they got back to the camp, they ____________ water. (run)
当他们回到营里时，他们的水已经用完了。
【解析】had run out of 考查时态的用法。依据题意，应该是强调过去的过去发生的动作，所以用过去完成时，同时注意run out of这个词组。
16．It is the first time that the EXPO _______________ in a developing country. (hold)
这是第一次在发展中国家举办世博会。
【解析】has been held 考查时态的用法。在This/It is the first / second time＋that从句中，that从句用现在完成时，而此处又强调一个被动动作。
17．Every possible means __________ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. (use)
各种能用的阻止空气污染的方法都已经用了，但天空依然浑浊。
【解析】has been used 考查时态和主谓一致的用法。本题需要仔细推敲句子所提供的语境，采用现在完成时的被动语态，并且主语是单数形式，由此可知答案为has been used。 18．An increasing number of people _____________ that education is not complete with graduation. (begin)
越来越多的人正在开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。
【解析】are beginning to realize考查时态的用法。依据下面的汉语意义，此句应该是强调正在进行发生的动作，所以用现在进行时。
19．The opinion ___________ by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems. (question)
这种观点正在遭到越来越多的城市居民的怀疑，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题。
【解析】is being questioned考查时态的用法。依据下面的汉语意义，此句应该是强调正在进行发生的动作，所以用现在进行时。 20. Hurry up, or the tickets ______ by the time we get there. (sell)
快点，否则等到我们到达那里的时候票已售完了。
【解析】will have been sold out考查时态的用法。根据句子中的时间状语by the time we get there，此句应该是强调到将来将已经完成的动作，所以用将来完成时。
Bye-bye!