【课堂新坐标】2013-2014学年高中英语（译林版）选修10教师用书（1份打包）

【美文阅读】
Volunteer Farm feeds the hungry
在美国的弗吉尼亚州，有一个特殊的农场——Volunteer Farm，它由来自各地的志愿者来打理，为许多买不起食物的人们提供新鲜的蔬菜和水果。
Hunger in the United States is nothing compared to hunger in some parts of the world.Yet 10 million American households report that they do not always know where they will find their next meal.
The report by Feeding America，the largest hunger relief charity in the US，also says that each week，more than 5.5 million Americans turn to emergency food sources.Most of what they find in charities is bottled，canned or dry goods.
But at the Volunteer Farm in Virginia，fresh food is being harvested to feed the hungry.
As its name suggests，the farm relies on volunteers to weed，plant and harvest.During the past seven years the farm has had over 10，000 volunteers.They have come from nearly every US state and 26 foreign countries.
One day，a group from Tinkling Springs Church drove more than 100 kilometers to collect potatoes from a field.The majority of the volunteers，more than 50，were children.
Harriet，one of the church leaders，says that after a few hours' working in the sun，“the children go to bed，tired，but they know in a very physical and practical way that they have made a difference.”
Produce from the Volunteer Farm is distributed through large food banks.
“We received last year，about 71，000 pounds of fresh produce from the Volunteer Farm，”says Teresa，Director of Virginia Food Bank.
She says fruits and vegetables are important for proper nutrition.“They are healthier，so much better for children's bodies and we are able to provide so much with the Volunteer Farm.”
【诱思导学】
根据文章内容，判断正(T)误(F)
1．People get the produce from the Volunteer Farm directly.(　　)
2．All the volunteers for the Volunteer Farm come from the USA.(　　)
【答案】　1.F　 2.F
Period ⅠPreviewing
Ⅰ.篇章结构
Teach a man to fish
Bob Geldof and Live Aid (paragraph 1) On 13 July 1985，Bob Geldof organized a charity 1._______ in two places—London and Philadelphia to 2._______ hunger relief in Ethiopha.The concert not only 3._______ worldwide but also 4._______ politicians and statesmen.
the World Food Programme (paragraphs 2～3) It was 5._______ in 1963 There are a number of programmes.The Food for Life programme sends emergency food aid；the Food for Growth programme mainly helps the babies, pregnant women and old people；the Food for Work programme help the people 6.______.
the situation that the developing countries face and the ways to solve the problem (paragraphs 4～8) Though some developing countries are seeing great development，they are still poorer than other countries and there is 7.______ that they could fall further behind develop countries.There are three important ways that developing countries really need to do to stop poverty：one way is to improve its 8.______；another way is to 9.______ the problem of unemployment through the development of private enterprise 10.______ job training；Finally，education and training for young people is very important.
【答案】　1.concert　2.raise money for　3.made the headlines　4.put pressure on　5.set up　6.without job 7．a danger　8.infrastructure　9.address　10.along with
Ⅱ.语篇理解
1．What was the concert held by Geldof in 1985 for
A．Earning him a large amount of money.
B．Raising money for hunger relief and public awareness of the famine.
C．Drawing attention around the world to the famine.
2．Which of the following statements is true according to the text
A．The United Nations set up the World Food Programme in 1963.
B．The WFP has helped more than one billion people since it was set up，which is enough to help developing countries.
C．What developing countries really need is the food aid.
3．What's the target of the Food for Growth programme
A．Sending emergency food aid to countries during times of crisis.
B．Helping people most at risk，such as babies，pregnant women and the elderly.
C．Helping unemployed people support themselves by giving them work and paying them in food aid.
【答案】　1.B　 2.A　 3.B
Ⅲ.课文缩写
In 1985，people in Ethiopia 1.________the bad drought.In order to help them，Bob Geldof organized a charity concert named Live Aid in two places—London and Philadelphia，2.________$100 million to buy food and to assist with development projects there.3.________the concert also 4.________ and put great pressure on politicians and statesmen to do something about the problem of world hunger.
However，according to the United Nations，disease and poverty are still a serious problem in the developing world，especially hunger，which kills more people than any disease.5.________ the dilemma of worldwide hunger，the UN set up the agency，World Food Programme (WFP)in 1963.The WFP has organized many programmes，6.________ the Food for Life programme，Food for Growth，Food for Work programme and so on，which has helped more than one million people since it was set up.
While some developing countries are seeing great 7.________ ，they are still very poor.In order to solve the long term problem，what developing countries really needs to do are as follows：One way to help a country is to improve its 8.________；Another way to help a country is through the development of 9.________ along with job training to address the problem of unemployment.Finally，10.________ and training for young people is very important.
【答案】　1.suffered from　2.raising　3.Meanwhile
4．made the headlines　5.In wrestling with　6.including　7.development　8.infrastructure　9.private enterprise　10.education
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．gravity　　　　 A．a business company or organization
2．wrestle B．a situation in which you have to make a difficult decision
3．dilemma C．the force that makes sth. fall to the ground
4．permanent D．happening or existing for a long time or for all time in the future
5．framework E．struggle or deal with sth.that is difficult
6．enterprise F．the structure of a particular system
【答案】　1.C　 2.E　 3.B　 4.D　 5.F　 6.A
Ⅱ.短语填空
put pressure on；on top of；at risk；without doubt；at a crossroads；be dependent on；the story goes that；take place
1．____________ everything else，my car's been stolen.
2．Advertisements ____________ girls to be thin.
3．If we go to war，innocent lives will be put __________．
4．His life was ____________ when he quit his job.
5．A child's development ____________ many factors.
6．The Olympic Games of 2012 ____________ in London.
【答案】　1.On top of　2.put pressure on　3.at risk
4．at a crossroads　5.is dependent on　6.took place
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．These things provide a framework for new jobs to be created，allowing people to help themselves so that they no longer need to depend on others.
这些事业给创造新工作构架提供了机会，以便使人们自己帮助自己，不再依赖别人。
2．They are the result of teaching a man to fish so that he can fill his belly for a lifetime.
它们是授人以渔的成果，让一个人可以一生填饱肚子。
3．What developing countries really need to do is to stop poverty by fighting the cause of it.发展中国家真正需要做的就是通过与贫困的根源作斗争来消灭贫困。
　
较好 一般 较差
对教材整体结构的理解程度
对文章大意的理解程度
记住了多少词汇，背会了几个句型 ____________________________________________
自己的不足：______________________________________________________________________　 ______________________________________________________________________
Period ⅡWelcome to the unit & Reading
1．rate n. 比率；等级；价格，费用；速度
Many countries around the world are developing at a very fast rate.
世界上的许多国家以飞快的速度发展着。
The taxi was going at a tremendous rate.
这辆出租车正以高速行驶。
Most people walk at an average rate of 5 kilometres an hour.大多数人步行的平均速度为每小时5公里。
①at a．..rate　以……的速度
at the rate of以……速度，以……的比例
at any rate　无论如何，不管怎样
at this/that rate　照这/那情形看来
②rate v．　估价；评价
rate...as...　作为……受到评价
At any rate the task must be fulfilled.
无论如何，任务总得完成。
They rated him highly as a colleague.
作为同事，他们对他评价甚好。
　
完成句子
①人口在以惊人的速度增长。
The population was growing ____________．
②你对他的财产估价多少？
What do you ______ his fortune ____？
【答案】　①at an alarming rate　 ②rate；at
单项填空
③It was reported that the________of inflation decreased by 10% last year.
A．rate　　　　　　　 B．speed
C．value D．influence
【解析】　rate比率。句意：正如所报道的那样，去年通货膨胀率降低了10%。speed速度；value 价值；influence影响。
【答案】　A
2．In 1985，there was little rainfall in Ethiopia，which led to poor harvests and the death of many of the country's cattle．(教材P2)
1985年，埃塞俄比亚几乎没有降雨，这导致收成减产和许多牛死亡。
(1)rainfall n．降雨；降雨量(既可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词)
There was another rainfall early this morning.
今天清晨又下了一场雨。
What is the average annual rainfall in this region
这个地区的年平均降雨量是多少？
We had too many rainfalls last summer.
我们这里去年夏天下了许多场雨。
完成句子
①气候影响着降雨量。
The climate affects the ________________．
②我们在丽江旅行期间经历了几场雨。
We experienced ________________during the trip in Lijiang.
【答案】　①amount of rainfall　 ②several rainfalls
(2)lead to 导致
Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.工作时间太长且休息不好容易生病。
Drinking too much leads to sleeping deeply.
饮酒太多导致深度睡眠。
【提示】　此短语中的to是介词，后面可接名词或动名词。
Staying up too late led to his being late.
熬夜太晚导致他来晚了。
lead...to (some place)带领……去(某地)
lead sb. to do sth.使某人做某事
lead the way 带路；引路
lead/live a．..life过着……样的生活
lead...into把……领进……
　Her words led me to think over my decision again.
她的话让我重新考虑我的决定。
He led us to the conference room.
他领我们进入会议室。
③Plenty of public funding of basic science would ________ considerable benefits for the country's health，wealth and security.
A．lead to　　　　　　　 B．result from
C．lie in D．settle down
【解析】　题意：为基础科学提供大量的资金将会使该国的卫生、经济和安全受益匪浅。lead to “导致；通向”符合题意。
【答案】　A
④It is sleeping late in the morning that________being late for work.
A．devotes to B．sticks to
C．refers to D．leads to
【解析】　devote oneself to(be devoted to)“献身于”；stick to“坚持”；refer to“提及；参考”，它们都不合句意。lead to 中的to为介词。该句为强调句型，强调的是句子主语“sleeping late in the morning”。
【答案】　D
(3)cattle n．牛
cattle是集合名词，是“牛”的总称，本身是复数形式，当它作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。用head作量词时，用head的原形，如“10头牛”可以说ten head of cattle或ten cattle。
He has twenty head of cattle on his farm.
他在农场里养了20头牛。
For this many cattle were killed.
为此宰杀了很多牛。
⑤这些牛是从新西兰来的。
________________from New Zealand.
⑥他们向国家卖了六百万头马、牛和羊。
They sold 6 million________________to the state.
【答案】　⑤These cattle are　⑥head of horses，cattle and sheep
3．take place 发生，举行，举办
The concert took place on 13 July 1985 in two places—London and Philadelphia—and included the biggest stars of the time.(教材P2)1985年7月13日，音乐会在伦敦和费城两地举行，出席者包括了当时最红的巨星。
Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.
在过去十年里，我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
take place/happen/occur/come about/break out
take place 表示“发生，举行，举办”，这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排
happen 作“发生，碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突发性事件
occur 作“发生，想到，突然想起”解
come about 表示“发生，产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句
break out 意为“发生，爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生
　Maybe something unexpected happened.
也许发生了出乎意料的事情。
It occurred to me that she didn't know I had moved into the new house.
我忽然想起她不知道我已经搬进了新房子。
I'll never understand how it came about that you were late three times a week.
我永远弄不明白你怎么一周会迟到三次。
Fighting has broken out between rival groups of fans.
双方球迷发生了打斗。
①When I was in danger，a bright idea suddenly______to me.
A．happened B．hit
C．struck D．occurred
【解析】　sth.occur to sb.某人忽然想到某事。句意：当我处于危险时，我忽然想到一个好主意。
【答案】　D
②It is announced that the wedding of John and Jane will____________next week.
A．happen B．happen to
C．take the place D．take place
【解析】　happen和take place都有“(偶然或意外)发生”之意，有时可以替换，区别在于take place还可以表示有计划，有准备的事情。happen to sb./sth.意为“(某人)发生(某种情况，尤指不幸的事情)；(某物)如何”；take the place of sb./sth.意为“代替(工作或职位)，接替”。
【答案】　D
4．intend vt.想要；打算；计划；打算使……(成为)
Geldof intended the concert to raise money for hunger relief and to make the public more aware of the problem.
格尔多夫想通过音乐会为饥荒筹钱，使公众更加关注这一问题。
What do you intend to do today？你今天打算做什么？
Let's ask her what she intends us to do.
让我们问问她，她想让我们做什么。
intend to do sth.打算做某事
intend sb.to do sth.打算让某人做某事
intend that从句(虚拟语气)
intend...as...打算使……成为……
intend...for...打算为……做准备
I intended that she (should) go.我计划让她去。
They intend this article as teaching materials.
他们打算把这篇文章作为教材。
That trap is intended for you.那个圈套是为你而设的。
【提示】　had intended to do sth.或intended to have done sth.都可以表示“本来打算做某事”。
I had intended to see you off at the airport＝I intended to have seen you off at the airport.
我本打算去机场为你送行。
My father________my brother for driving but he wanted to pick________the knowledge of the computer during his spare time.
A．advised；up　　　　　　　B．persuaded；out
C．intended；up D．managed；out
【解析】　intend sb.for sth.意为“打算让某人做某事”；pick up在此处的意思是“获得(知识等)”。句意：我爸爸打算让我弟弟将来开车，但是他想在业余时间学电脑知识。
【答案】　C
5．put/bring pressure on/upon sb.＝lay pressure on sb.给……施加压力
The concert also made the headlines around the world，and put great pressure on politicians and statesmen to do something about the problem of world hunger.(教材P2)音乐会也受到了全世界媒体的极大关注，这给政客和政治家施加了巨大压力，迫使他们为世界饥荒问题采取行动。
She didn't put any pressure on him to take the job.
她没有对他施加压力要他接受这份工作。
Don't put much pressure on the boy；he is only a child.不要给这个男孩施加太大压力，他只是个孩子。
①pressure n．压力；压迫
under pressure在压力之下；被迫，迫不得已
under the pressure of在……逼迫下
②pressure v．对……施加压力
pressure sb.to do sth.对某人施加压力使其做某事
pressure sb.into doing sth.迫使某人做某事
　Everyone shouldn't pressure himself/herself into making a hasty decision.每个人都不该勉强自己仓促作出决定。
　
完成句子
①他们给我施压要我卖掉我的房子。
They ______________________to sell my house.
②主任面对被迫辞职的压力越来越大。
The director is __________________to resign.
③不必强迫孩子吃东西。
Children needn't ________________things.
【答案】　①put/brought pressure on me　②under increasing pressure　③be pressured into eating
6．The WFP has organized a number of programmes，including the Food for Life programme，which sends emergency food aid to countries during times of trouble；the Food for Growth programme，which targets people most at risk，such as babies，pregnant women and old people...(教材P2)
世界粮食计划署已经组织了若干项目，包括挽救生命粮食计划，该计划为处于困难时期的国家送去紧急粮食援助；健康成长粮食计划，它主要以身处危险中的人作为目标，例如，婴儿、孕妇和老年人……
(1)a number of 许多
A number of students are boys in this room.
在这个房间里许多学生都是男生。
A great number of people were present at the meeting.
很多人出席了会议。
a number of/the number of
a number of 后跟可数名词的复数，意为“许多的；若干的”。number前可用large，small，good，certain，great等修饰词。当它修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。
the number of 后跟可数名词的复数形式，意为“……的数量/数目”。当它与后面的名词连用时，中心词是the number。如果用作主语，谓语要用单数。
　There are a great number of graduate students in this university.这所大学有许多研究生。
Up to now the number of people who were killed in the earthquake is more than 60，000.
到目前为止地震中丧生的人数已超过6万。
用所给动词的适当形式填空
①A number of volunteers ____________(assist) those people living in the earthquake hit area.
②A number of new oilfields ____________________(open) up recently.
【答案】　①are assisting　②have been opened
单项填空
③A number of people ________ now out of ________ and the number ________ increasing.
A．is；work；is B．are；the work；is
C．are；work；are D．are；work；is
【解析】　a number of...作主语时，谓语动词用复数。out of work是固定结构，意为“失业”，work前不加冠词。the number作主语时，意为“……的数目/量”，谓语动词用单数。
【答案】　D
(2)target vt.将……作为目标(常与介词on或at连用)n.靶；目标；指标；(谴责或嘲笑的)对象
Welfare spending should be targeted on the people who need it most.
福利开支应该将那些最有需要的人作为目标。
Without weapons，we are simply targets of our enemies.没有武器，我们仅仅是敌人的靶子。
①target at/on sth.对……瞄准；把……作为靶子；指向……
②on/off target 准确命中/不准确命中
set/meet a target 制定/达到目标
The programme is targeted at improving the health of women of all ages.
该项目的目的是改善各年龄层妇女的健康状况。
Few players managed to get their shots on target.
几乎没有运动员准确命中目标。
完成句子
④他是众人取笑的对象。
He is ____________ many jokes.
⑤他们在制定发展2000名新会员的目标。
They are ____________________ 2，000 new members.
⑥没有多少州能达到他们的目标。
Not many states will ________________．
【答案】　④the target of　⑤setting a target of
⑥meet their targets
(3)at risk处境危险；遭受危险(相当于in danger)
Low lying farmland may be at risk from flooding this weekend.这个周末地势低的农田可能会有遭到洪水侵袭的危险。
①at the risk of＝at risk to冒着……的危险
take the risk of sth./doing sth.冒着……危险
take a risk/take risks (to do sth.)冒险(做某事)
②risk doing sth.冒险做某事
　He saved my life at the risk of losing his own.
他冒着生命危险救了我的命。
You are taking a big risk driving so fast.
你开车这样快是在冒很大风险。
完成句子
⑦这种疾病正在蔓延，所有儿童都有被感染上的危险。
The disease is spreading，and all young children are ______________________．
⑧如果想在生意上取得成功，就得冒许多风险。
You have to _______________if you want to succeed in business.
【答案】　⑦at risk　⑧take a lot of risks
7．beyond doubt(＝without doubt)毫无疑问；的确
This is beyond doubt an amazing achievement，but is it enough？(教材P2)
毫无疑问，这是惊人的成就，但是这就足够了吗？
This meeting has been，without doubt，one of the most useful we have had so far.这次会议无疑是我们迄今为止最有用的一次会议。
①doubt用作动词，后接从句，主句是肯定句，用if或whether引导；主句是疑问句或否定句则用that引导。
②名词doubt后接同位语从句时，否定句、疑问句用that引导，肯定句用whether引导。
③there is...doubt about对……怀疑
④have doubt about对……怀疑
I doubt whether he'll be successful.
我怀疑他是否能成功。
I don't doubt that he'll be successful.
我对他能成功毫不置疑。
Do you doubt that he'll be successful
你对他能成功表示怀疑吗？
　
完成句子
①毫无疑问我们做得对。
____________________ we did the right thing.
②你可以抱怨，但是我看抱怨也未必有用。
You can complain，but ________________ it'll make any difference.
③我说不准今天是否下雨。
____________ if it will rain today.
【答案】　①There is no doubt at all that　②I doubt whether　③I have doubt
单项填空
④There's little doubt________our team will beat yours.
A．which B．whether
C．if D．that
【解析】　little使句子呈否定性，否定句中doubt的同位语从句或宾语从句的引导词用that。
【答案】　D
8．There is a saying that goes，‘Give a man a fish，and you feed him for a day.Teach a man to fish，and you feed him for the rest of his life’．(教材P3)有句俗语是这样说的：“授人以鱼，三餐之需；授人以渔，终生之用。”
“There is a saying that goes＋从句．”意为“(谚语、消息等)说法是……”，与As the old saying goes...(常言说道……)用法相似。
“Accidents will happen”，as the saying goes.常言道“意外事，总难免”。
结构相似的常见There be句型有：
There is no denying that...毫无疑问……
There is a chance that...有可能……
There is a possibility that...有可能……
There is no point(in)doing sth.做某事没有意义。
There is no need for sb.to do sth.某人没必要做某事。
There is no use/good doing sth.做某事没有用处/好处。
There is no denying that we will win the game.
毫无疑问我们会赢得这场比赛。
There is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。
—Here's a new pair of shoes for you.
—Thank you，but there's no need ________a new pair for me.
A．to have bought　　　　　B．to buy
C．buying D．to be buying
【解析】　There is no need to do sth.没有必要做某事。
【答案】　B
9．These things provide a framework for new jobs to be created，allowing people to help themselves so that they no longer need to depend on others.
这些事业给创造新工作构架提供了机会，以便使人们自己帮助自己，不再依赖他人。
allowing people to...是分词短语作结果状语。现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生)。谓语动词与现在分词的动作是因果关系。动词不定式短语也可作结果状语，但其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only。
His parents died，leaving him an orphan.
他父母双亡，留下他一个孤儿。(自然结果)
I hurried to the station，only to find the train had left.
我匆忙赶到车站，结果发现火车已开走了。(意想不到的、不愉快结果)
【对接高考】
(2012·山东高考)George returned after the war，only_____that his wife had left him.
A．to be told B．telling
C．being told D．told
【解析】　句意：战后乔治回到了家，结果被告知说他妻子已离他而去。四个选项均为非谓语动词形式，且本题前半句是个完整的句子，故应考虑非谓语动词作状语的情况。动词不定式作结果状语时表意料之外的结果，前面常有标志词only，而现在分词作结果状语时表自然而然的结果，由语境知应该选动词不定式，他是“被告知”妻子离他而去的，故选A项。
【答案】　A
完成句子
①The child slipped and fell，________________(头撞到了门) the door.
②He hurried to the station，________________(结果被告知)that his friend had left.
【答案】　①hitting his head against　②only to be told
10．pretend v．假装
There are hundreds of success stories from all over the developing world，showing that a lot is being done to fight poverty，yet we cannot pretend that the fight is over.(教材P3)在各处的发展中国家有数以百计的这样成功的故事，表明人们正在做许多事情与贫困作斗争，但我们不能佯称斗争已经结束。
He pretended that he was ill so that he could stay at home.他假装病了以便能待在家里。
pretend v．假装，其后可接从句，也常接不定式的三种形式
pretend
I'm sorry，but I can't just pretend it hasn't happened.
我很抱歉，但我不能当这件事没有发生过。
He pretended to be dead when he met a bear.
他遇到熊时假装死了。
He pretended to be working hard.＝He pretended that he was working hard.他假装在努力工作。
She pretended________when the mother came in.
A．to read　　　　　　　 B．reading
C．to be reading D．to have read
【解析】　“当母亲进来时”为一时间点，在此时刻，“她假装正在读书”，两个动作同时发生，因此使用不定式的进行式。
【答案】　C
11．They are the result of teaching a man to fish so that he can fill his belly for a lifetime.(教材P3)
它们是授人以渔的成果，让一个人可以一生填饱肚子。
so that以便；为了，引导目的状语从句。
He got up early so that he could catch up with the first early bus.他起得早以便能赶上第一辆早班车。
(1)so that引导目的状语从句，相当于in order that，意为“为了”，从句中常有can/could，may/might，will/would等情态动词。
(2)so that引导结果状语从句，意为“因此”，主句和从句是原因与结果的关系。
(3)在so that，in order that引导的状语从句中，当主句、从句的主语一致时，从句可以变成in order to do...，so as to do...或to do作状语。in order to引导的目的状语，可位于句首或句中。so as to引导的目的状语，只位于句中。to do结构作目的状语，可位于句首或句中。
　
She wondered___she could have the opportunity to spend_____here____she could learn more about the city.
A．if；sometime；so that
B．how；sometime；so that
C．when；sometimes；that
D．if；some time；so that
【解析】　wonder作动词用于肯定的陈述句中，后接if/whether或特殊疑问词引导的从句，在此用how/when句意不成立。some time一段时间；sometime某个时候；sometimes有时。so that引导目的状语从句。
【答案】　D
　
一、记住了多少词汇 __________________________
二、背会了几个句型 __________________________
三、自己的不足 __________________________
Period ⅢWord power & Grammar and usage
1．The word industry refers to all the businesses involved in supplying a certain product or service.
单词industry是指涉及供应某一产品或服务的所有行业。
(1)refer to参考；参阅；涉及；谈到；提及
In his speech，he didn't refer to the problem at all.
在他的演讲中，丝毫未触及那个问题。
If you have any questions，please refer to the guide book.如果你有问题，请参阅旅游指南。
①refer to sb./sth.提到/说起某人/某事
refer to sth.参考某物；查看/查阅某物
refer to...as...把……说成；把……比作
refer sb./sth.to sb.提交某人/某机构做决定/处理
②reference n．参考
I have read a lot of reference materials.
我已读了很多的参考资料。
【提示】　refer to中的to是介词，后面不接动词原形，要跟动名词或名词，与之用法相同短语还有stick to，lead to，look forward to, be devoted to等。
　
①The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without ________his notes.
A．bringing up　　　　　　B．referring to
C．looking for D．trying on
【解析】　refer to意为“参照，提到”；bring up意为“抚养，养育”；look for意为“寻找”；try on意为“试穿”。句意：主席在商务会议上做了将近一个小时的发言，没有参阅笔记。
【答案】　B
(2)involve vt.牵涉；牵连；包含；引起
This problem involves us all.
这个问题牵涉到我们所有的人。
Taking the job involves living abroad.
接受这项工作就一定得住到国外去。
involve sb.in sth./doing sth.(使)参加，加入
involve...in 使牵连进去；使陷入
involve...with和……混在一起；和……有密切联系
be/become/get involved in参与，与……有关
The young man's heedless remarks involved him in a law suit.这个小伙子不检点的话语使自己牵连至一桩法律案件中。
Don't involve yourself with those people.
别跟那些人混在一起。
②Bob doesn't like the idea of his wife ________ in that affair.
A．being involved B．involving
C．involved D．to be involved
【解析】　考查involve的用法。of的宾语是his wife involving...
【答案】　B
2．belong to属于；为……所有
All kinds of jobs belong to one industry or another.(教材P6)所有的工作都属于一个行业或另一个行业。
This watch belongs to Tom.这块手表归汤姆所有。
China is a developing country belonging to the third world.中国是个发展中国家，属于第三世界。
①belong to表示“是……的财产(属于)/是……的组成部分(属于)/是……的成员(属于)”。不用于被动语态和进行时态。
②belong还可用于除to以外的其他介词或副词前面，表示“某人/某物处在适当的位置；在这个地方正合适/有用”。
Who does this watch belong to？这块手表是谁的？
Put it back where it belongs after you have read it.
读完后，请你把它放回原处。
【对接高考】
(2009·重庆高考)Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future________to the well educated.
A．belongs B．is belonged
C．is belonging D．will be belonged
【解析】　belong to没有被动语态，不用于进行时，因此本题的正确选项只能是A项。
【答案】　A
完成句子
①他说矿山应该属于人民。
He said the mines should ____________the people.
②像他这样有能力的人适于教书。
A man of his ability____________teaching.
③这本书应该放在那个架子上。
The book____________that shelf.
【答案】　①belong to　②belongs in　③belongs on
3．include v．包括；把……列入在内
People who work in the construction industry include those who work on building sites and those who produce building materials.(教材P6)
在建筑行业工作的人们包括那些在建筑工地工作的人和那些生产建筑材料的人。
The money I gave you includes Xiao Zhang's.
我给你的钱包括小张的钱。
Does the price include postage？这个价格包含邮费吗？
contain/include
两者均含有“包含，包括，容纳”的意思。
contain 指某物容纳在比其更大的东西之内，侧重所含的内容与成分。
include 指包括或容纳某东西成为整体的一部分，侧重于整体与部分的对比。
　【提示】　include还常用其现在分词或过去分词短语作插入语，起补充说明作用，即“including＋名词”或“名词＋included”。而contain无此用法。
The basket contains a variety of fruits.
那个篮子里装了各种各样的水果。
All officials were present at the meeting，including the chairman(＝the chairman included)．
包括那个主席在内，所有的官员都出席了会议。
　
Those old pots，________the one with a flying dragon on it，________32，000 Chinese ancient coins.
A．included；include B．containing；contain
C．including；contain D．including；include
【解析】　句意：那些旧缸，包括上面镶有一条飞龙的那只，共盛有32000枚中国古钱币。第一空填including，和后面的the one with a flying dragon on it构成一个分词短语，作插入语；第二空是“盛有”的意思，填contain。contain侧重“容纳”非同类的不定型的东西。
【答案】　C
4．Another big industry，and one that is growing annually，is the tourism industry.(教材P6)另外一个大的行业，而且是每年都在增长的一个行业是旅游业。
one是代词，相当于an industry。that is growing annually是定语从句修饰one。one常在句中起替代作用，以免重复。
The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one.这班火车太挤了，我们决定乘坐下一班。
that/one/it
that 表示特指，指代前面提到过的那类事物(不指代人)。既可以替代可数名词(复数形式为those)，也可以替代不可数名词，其作用有时等于the one。
one 表示泛指，代替前面提到过的同类人或物，但不是同一个；它只能替代可数名词，复数形式是ones。
it 表示特指，指代前面提到过的那个事物(是同一个)或一种情景，用于指可数名词单数或不可数名词。
—What should I do with the key
——我该怎么处理这钥匙？
—Oh，just leave it on the table.
——噢，把它放在桌上就好了。
【对接高考】
①(2012·辽宁高考)If you're buying today's paper from the stand，could you get ________ for me
A．one B．such
C．this D．that
【解析】　本题的关键词是paper，其作“报纸”讲时是可数名词。结合情景，说话人要对方给自己捎一份报纸，也就是a paper，而与此相对应的就是one。句意：如果你要从书报摊买今天的报纸，你能给我买一份吗？除了A项外的其他三个选项都可以用作代词，代替名词，但是用法不一样。such的意思是“这类的 (上文提到的人或物)”，且在句中作定语或主语；this指将要提到的内容，that指刚提到过的内容。
【答案】　A
②(2013·四川高考)The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than________on the small ones.
A．one B．this
C．that D．it
【解析】　本题四个选项都为替代词，one指代上文中出现的单数可数名词，表泛指；that指代上文中出现的不可数名词或单数可数名词，表特指，其后有修饰语限制；it指代上文提到的同名同物。句意：主街上交通灯的绿灯指示时间比小街上的绿灯指示时间长。由句子结构和句意可知，空格处应用that替代上文中出现的不可数名词traffic。
【答案】　C
　
用代词one，it，that填空
①—Why don't we take a little break
—Didn't we just have________？
②Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a summer day.
③The doctor advised Vera strongly that he should take a holiday，but ________ didn't help.
【答案】　①one　②that　③it
5．develop...into...把……扩展成……；发展成为……
He is glad to see that the company has developed into one of the most successful in the world.(教材P7)他高兴地看到这个公司已发展成为世界上最成功的公司之一。
The place has rapidly developed from a small fishing community into a thriving tourist resort.这地方由原来的小渔村迅速发展成一个繁荣的旅游胜地。
①develop v．形成；培养；发展；冲洗(胶卷)
develop an interest in对……感兴趣
develop from从……发展来；由……进化来
develop the habit of养成……的习惯
have photos/pictures/the film developed
冲洗照片/图片/胶卷
a developed country发达国家
a developing country发展中国家
②development n．发展
with the development of...随着……的发展
　
—Have you________my films？I want to have a look at my photos.
—Not yet，I will do as soon as possible.
A．seen B．formed
C．developed D．studied
【解析】　film在该题中表示“底片；胶片”，应该与develop搭配使用。develop the films冲洗胶卷。
【答案】　C
6．on the contrary正相反
On the contrary，it is a problem all over the world.(教材P8)相反，它是一个世界性的问题。
—Didn't you find the film exciting
难道你不认为这部电影有趣吗？
—On the contrary，I nearly fell asleep half way through it！相反，看到一半时我几乎睡着了！
—I am sure you like your new job.
我想你一定喜欢你的新工作。
—On the contrary，it's dull.正好相反，它很乏味。
(be) contrary to sth.与某事相反
to the contrary相反的；相反地
What you are doing now is contrary to the doctor's advice.你正在做与医嘱相反的事。
Despite all evidence to the contrary，he believed his plan would succeed.他相信他的计划一定会成功，尽管所有的证据都表明了情况相反。
—I think you must be very interested in the subject we are discussing.
—Not at all.________，I feel it rather boring.
A．In contrast to B．On the other hand
C．On the contrary D．In a word
【解析】　句意：“我想你肯定对我们正在讨论的话题非常感兴趣。”“一点也不。相反，我觉得这个话题相当无聊。”on the contrary恰恰相反，用来表示完全不赞成对方刚说过的观点，符合句子的语境。in contrast to 对比，对照，表示两个事物之间存在着惊人的差距；on the other hand另一方面，表示与所说的内容不同的另一个内容；in a word总之，表示概括总结。
【答案】　C
7．furthermore而且，此外
Furthermore，we are collecting clothing to give to those in need.(教材P8)
此外，我们正在征集衣服给那些需要的人。
Furthermore，these child raising families may raise other people's children in addition to their own.
而且，这些抚养孩子的家庭除了自己的孩子外也可以抚养其他人家的孩子。
What you did was extremely irresponsible.Furthermore，it achieved nothing.
你的所作所为极其不负责任，而且都是徒劳。
　
—Have you decided to buy that apartment
—No，I don't like it，because it is too small，and______，it is too far from my office.
A．therefore B．however
C．otherwise D．furthermore
【解析】　第二个说话人列出了自己不喜欢那所公寓的原因：一是太小，二是离自己的办公室太远了。空白处缺一个表示递进关系的副词，故选furthermore(而且，再者)。therefore因此，所以；however然而，却；otherwise否则，要不然。
【答案】　D
8．As a result，these countries are always struggling to catch up on their repayments...结果，这些国家一直在拼命偿还他们的债务……(教材P9)
(1)as a result结果；因此
As a result，they caught up with us.
结果，他们赶上了我们。
as a result of...(＝because of...＝owing/thanks to...)由于……的原因(后接原因)
without result毫无结果；徒劳
result from...因……而引起，句子的主语是“果”，from的宾语是“因”。
result in(＝cause)导致；致使。句子的主语是“因”，in的宾语是“果”。
As a result of the fish，he felt ill.
由于鱼的原因，他生病了。
Success results from hard work.成功来自努力。
Hard work results in success.努力终会成功。
①My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever.________，he could neither eat nor sleep.
A．As a result B．After all
C．Anyway D．Otherwise
【解析】　as a result“结果”，符合前后句之间的因果关系；after all“毕竟”；anyway“无论如何，不管怎样”；otherwise“否则”。根据语境可知A项正确。
【答案】　A
②Her son's excellent work________his rise in the company，while her daughter's laziness________her failure in the entrance exams.
A．led in；resulted from B．led to；resulted in
C．led in；resulted to D．led for；resulted from
【解析】　lead to“导致，导向，通向”；result in“导致”，表示结果；result from“出自于……”，表示原因。
【答案】　B
(2)catch up on(用额外时间)补做；赶做；补上；了解(已发生的事情)
I have a lot of work to catch up on.
我有许多工作要补上。
catch up with跟上；赶上
catch hold of 抓住；抓牢
catch one's eye/attention引起注意
catch sight of看见
He caught up with his classmate at last.
最终他赶上他的同学。
③We spent the evening________each other's news.
A．catch up with B．catching up with
C．catching up on D．catching up in
【解析】　catch up with赶上，追上；catch up on在此句中意为“了解(已发生的事情)”；get caught up in被卷入，陷入。
【答案】　C
9．remain v．保持(某种状态)继续存在；仍旧是(continue in some condition/continue to be)
As long as these debts remain，developing countries will feel the economic squeeze，and they will be unable to focus on long term development to end poverty.(教材P9)
只要这些债务仍然存在，发展中国家就会感到经济困难，他们也就不能集中精力长期发展来结束贫困。
Please remain seated until all the lights are on.
请继续坐着，直到所有的灯都亮起来。
Little of the original building remains.
原来的建筑已经所剩无几。
①remaining为形容词，意为“剩下的”，常做前置定语；而left也意为“剩下的”，它只能做后置定语。
②remain作名词用时，一般用其复数形式remains，意为“剩余物；(古建筑的)遗址”。
The remaining 2 dollars belong to you.
剩下的2美元属于你。
There are only 5 dollars left.只剩下5美元了。
The remains of the ancient temple are worth visiting.
那座古庙的遗址值得一看。
remain/stay
remain与stay意为“留下；继续保持某一状态”时，它们常做系动词用，可以互换。
当表示“在某处或在某处住下”、“停留，逗留”时，通常用stay，不用remain。
　The fruits will not remain/stay fresh tomorrow.
明天这些水果就不新鲜了。
The shop stays/remains open till night.
这家店铺一直营业到晚上。
He wants to stay in his parents' house for another week.他想在父母家再待上一个星期。
用remain和stay的适当形式填空
①I'm ________at my uncle's this weekend.
②Only the shell of the building ________ after the explosion.
【答案】　①staying 　②remained
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会关联词语的用法和含义。
1．In the end ，$100 million was raised，which was used to buy food and to provide help with development project in Ethiopia.
2．The concert also made the headlines around the world，and put great pressure on politicians and statesmen to do something about the problem of world hunger.
3．Finally，we must remember that the future of a country lies in the hands of its children.
4．However，these small victories are a good start towards a better future，as they are not the result of giving a man a single fish so that he can eat for a day.
关联词语
　　　一篇好文章除了要求覆盖所有的要点，应用较多的语法结构和词汇以外，还必须有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，行文连贯，条理清楚。要使句子与句子之间的意思互相连接，就需要有关联词语。没有关联词语，读者就很容易被弄糊涂。这些关联词语帮助读者推断出文章中接下来将发生什么。
以下是句子之间常见的几类关联词：
一、Time sequence words——表示先后次序关系的词语
用来列举事件以及人的行为或观点发生、发展的次序。这一类常见的连接词有：firstly，secondly，finally，in the end，previously，next，at last，eventually，to begin with，to start with，first of all，to end with，afterwards等。
There are some rules we must obey in the lab.To begin with，don't touch anything unless your teacher asks you to.
Previously，I seldom had the confidence to participate in my classmates' discussion.I also had little enthusiasm for studying as I found it boring.
二、Cause and effect words——表示因果关系的词语
用来表达事情发生的起因与结果。这一类常见的连接词有：for one thing，therefore，so，as a result，owing to，due to，in that，for the reason，under these conditions，as a conequence，consequently等。
He was just about to walk away when a guard appeared and stopped him.As a result，he had to turn in the money.
For these reasons，I believe the most effective way to learn is studying alone.
三、Contrasting words——表示对比关系的词语
用于连接句子或成分与前文内容形成对比。这一类常见的连接词有：however，in contrast，instead，nevertheless，on the contrary，on the other hand，in comparison with，compared with，rather than等。
It's a difficult race.Nevertheless，about 1，000 runners participate every year.
Rather than stay outdoors for the weekends，John prefers to stay in bed reading.
四、Addition words——表示递进关系的词语
常用来介绍一些补充性的信息，或表达语意的递进。这一类常见的连接词有：also，on top of，above all，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition，additionally等。
In addition，the product that a star advertises is not necessarily suitable for everyone.
Besides，we must take measures to control pollution.
五、Conclusive words——表示总结归纳的词语
用来对前文进行概括或总结。这一类常见的连接词有：in a word；in short；generally speaking；in one's opinion；to summarize等。
In my opinion，we should be cool and sensible while choosing a product.
In a word，the virtue of helping others is frequently seen in our daily life.
除了以上列举的这些连接词以外，英语中还有许多各式各样的连接词。如表示转折、并列、举例、条件、让步等关系的关联词。它们的出现使得原本显得孤立的句子
形成语意丰富的篇章。在平时的学习中留意并积累一些这样的连接词无疑会有助于我们口语与书面表达的提高。
一、记住了多少词汇 __________________________
二、背会了几个句型 __________________________
三、语法的掌握程度 较好(　　)一般(　　)较差(　)
四、自己的不足 __________________________
Period ⅣTask & Project
Ⅰ.判断正误
阅读P14－15课文，判断正(T)误(F)
1．The sustainable development in the future will pay more attention to preserving the environment and natural resources.(　　)
2．We are now using coal，gas and oil to produce energy，which is harmful to the environment.(　　)
3．Solar energy is environmental friendly and can easily be gathered.(　　)
4．Now quite a few countries take steps to introduce these forms of alternative energy.(　　)
【答案】　1.T　2.T　3.F　4.T
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P14－15课文，选择最佳答案
1．Which of the following statements is True according to the passage
A．The past development set alarm bells ringing.
B．The sustainable development is more suitable in the future.
C．The sustainable development is short term planning.
2．Which one is not non renewable sources of energy
A．Solar energy.　　　 B．Coal.　　　 C．Oil.
3．What is the oldest and most common renewable energy sources
A．Solar energy.
B．Wind power.
C．Hydroelectricity
【答案】　1.B　2.A　3.C
1．This should set alarm bells ringing，since the bare fact is that in order for everyone to survive，serious adjustments need to be made in worldwide development.(教材P14)这应该给人们敲响了警钟，因为最基本的现实是，为了让每一个人得以生存，在全球发展方面必须有重大改变。
(1)set alarm bells ringing意为“敲响警钟”。set的意思是“使……处于某种状态”。
The company's financial problems have set alarm bells ringing in big cities all over the world.那家公司的财务问题在全世界的大城市中已经敲响了警钟。
What my teacher said about planning for the future set me thinking.我的老师所说的关于为将来做计划的事使我沉思。
alarm bells ring/alarm bells start ringing
警钟敲响；发出危险信号
set off 出发，引爆，使(某人)开始(做某事)
set out to do sth.着手做某事
set about doing sth.着手(做某事)
set up建立，创立
set aside 留出，储蓄，置之不理
set sb.doing sth.使某人做某事
Little Tom and his father set off for America last week，and arrived there this morning.小汤姆和他的爸爸上周动身去了美国，并于今天上午到达了那里。
The man set the bomb off in a ditch.
那个人把炸弹放在沟里引爆了。
【对接高考】
(2013·安徽高考)Traditionally，college students hold a graduation ceremony to encourage themselves before they ________ on their life journey.
A．give up　　　　　　　　B．settle down
C．get through D．set off
【解析】　give up放弃；settle down定居，(使)安静下来；get through完成，读完，通过，用完；set off出发，(使)开始，引起。句意：依照惯例，为激励自己，大学生在踏上人生旅程之前会举行一场毕业典礼。根据句意应选D项。
【答案】　D
完成句子
①警钟已经为当地的企业敲响，这些企业在本季已经出现了利润下滑的情况。
________________，which have seen a decrease in profits this season.
②我一到家就开始做我的家庭作业。
The moment I got home，________________．
③那天晚上，他着手写一篇关于污染的报告。
That evening ________________．
【答案】①Alarm bells start ringing/ring for local businesses　②I set out to do my homework　③he set about writing a report on pollution
(2)bare在句中用作形容词，表示“不加掩饰的；仅有的”。
I defeated him with my bare hands.
我赤手空拳击败了他。
barely adv.仅仅；刚刚；勉强；几乎没有
They have traveled barely a third of the way.
他们只不过走了三分之一的路程。
The thought had barely come to me before it was gone again.这个想法在我脑子里刚刚出现就又消失了。
【提示】　barely，hardly，scarcely等否定词置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。
Barely had we sat down at the table，when the phone rang.我们刚在桌子旁坐下电话铃就响了。
完成句子
④墙上除了一只挂钟什么也没有。
The walls were ________________________．
⑤那家人甚至没有最起码的生活所需。
The family was short of ________________________of life.
⑥她勉强能站立。
She was ________________________．
【答案】　④bare except for a clock　⑤even the bare necessities　⑥barely able to stand
2．One possible solution to this problem now being discussed is sustainable development.
对于现在讨论的这个问题，一种可能的解决方法就是可持续发展。
being discussed是现在分词的被动语态作定语，修饰this problem。现在分词的被动语态、过去分词和动词不定式的被动语态都可以用作定语，其主要区别是：
(1)现在分词的被动语态作定语，表示分词的被动动作正在发生。
The house being built now will be a hospital.
现在正在建设之中的房子是一家医院。
(2)过去分词作定语，表示分词的动作已完成。
The house built last year is a hospital now.
去年建造的那个房子现在是一家医院。
(3)动词不定式的被动语态作定语表示动词不定式的被动动作将要发生。
The house to be built next year will be a hospital.
明年将要建造的那个房子会成为一家医院。
　
—Why are you looking so disappointed，Ken
—The outdoor concert________for tomorrow will be put off.
A．planned　　　　　　　　B．planning
C．to plan D．to be planned
【解析】　本句缺定语，即planned for tomorrow是过去分词作后置定语，室外露天音乐会是计划好的，并已完成，故选A。
【答案】　A
3．put...into practice将……付诸实施
This is a simple idea，but one that is hard to put into practice.(教材P14)这是一个简单的想法，不过也是一个难于付诸实践的理念。
She's determined to put her new ideas into practice.
她决定要把自己的新想法付诸实践。
①practice n．实践；练习；惯例；习惯
in practice实际上；事实上
get/be out of practice练习不足；变得荒疏
②practical adj.实际的；实践的；实用的
③practise v．实践；练习
practise doing sth.练习做某事
It seemed like a good idea before we took action，but in practice it was a disaster.在我们采取行动前它看似是一个很不错的想法，但是事实上它是一个灾难。
We should solve the problem in a practical way.
我们应该用一个更实用的方法来解决这个问题。
完成句子
①你想如何将这些提议付诸实施呢？
How do you intend to ________ these proposals ____________？
②应该尽快实施这项法规。
The law should be _____________ as soon as possible.
【答案】　①put；into practice　②put into practice
单项填空
③As a new driver，I have to practise ________ the car in my small garage again and again.
A．parking B．to park
C．parked D．park
【解析】　句意：作为一个新的驾车手，我不得不一次又一次地在我的小车库里练习停车。practise后跟动名词或名词做宾语。
【答案】　A
4．For all these things，we mostly depend on fuels such as coal，gas and oil to produce energy.
为了能做所有这些事情，我们主要依靠燃料，如煤、天然气和石油来产生能量。
(1)depend on 依靠，依赖，相信
He depends on you to help him.他指望着你帮助他。
It depends on the weather whether we can go out for a picnic.我们是否去野餐取决于天气。
①depend on/upon＋n. 依靠，依赖，相信
depend on/upon sb.to do 指望某人做……
depend on/upon it that...指望……
That(all)depends./It (all)depends.(口语)视情况而定
②depend on 同义短语：rely on/count on
—Can you finish the work before Sunday
你可以在星期天之前完成这项工作吗？
—It (all)depends.
这要看情况而定。
You may depend on it that she will help you.
你可以相信她会帮助你的。
①—Would you come to see me tomorrow
—________．
A．It depends B．That depends on
C．It is depended D．That depends so
【解析】　考查交际用语。It depends“视情况而定” 是固定用法。
【答案】　A
(2)such as例如；譬如
They will plant flowers，such as roses and peonies.
他们将种植一些花，例如玫瑰和牡丹。
such as/for example
such as 用来列举事物时，一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。
for example 用来举例说明某一论点或情况，一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。
Some of the rubbish，such as food，paper and iron，rots away over a long period of time.
有些废物，如剩饭、废纸和废铁，时间一久就烂掉了。
Ball games，for example，have spread around the world.例如，球类运动已经在世界各地传播开了。
What would you do if you met a wild animal—a lion，for example？如果遇上野兽——例如狮子，你该怎么办？
【提示】　使用such as时，后面列举的事物数量不能等于它前面所提到的数量的总和，一旦相等就要用that is或namely。如不可以说I have three good friends，such as John，Jack and Tom.应该说：I have three good friends，that is，John，Jack and Tom.我有三个好朋友，即约翰、杰克和汤姆。
②She likes drinks，________tea，coffee and other soft drinks.
A．for example B．such as
C．namely D．that is
【解析】　for example仅举一例；such as列举几个例子；namely(＝that is)表列举数量与前文相等。
【答案】　B
5．at a much higher rate以快得多的速度(相当于at a much higher speed)
We are now consuming these fuels at a much higher rate than they are being produced.(教材P14)我们现在消耗这些燃料的速度要远远超出生产这些燃料的速度。
The number of reported crimes is increasing at an alarming rate.报警案件的数量正在以惊人的速度增长。
rate用作名词，意为“(价值，代价，速度等的)比率；率”，常用于“at the rate of”结构中。
at any rate在任何情况下；无论如何
at this/that rate照这/那情形看来
We were driving at the rate of 100 kilometers per hour，when suddenly something went wrong with the brake.我们正以每小时100公里的速度开车，这时刹车突然坏了。
He will never give in to difficulties at any rate.
他在任何情况下都不会对困难屈服。
Recycling wastes slows down the rate________which we use up the Earth's finite(有限的) resources.
A．in B．of
C．with D．at
【解析】　句意：回收利用废物可以减慢我们消耗地球有限资源的速度。表示“以……速度”时，跟rate搭配的介词是at。
【答案】　D
6．on top of 另外，此外；在……上面；在……上方；紧挨着；与……紧靠着；控制着；掌握着
On top of this，burning these fuels produces carbon dioxide，which is harmful to the environment.(教材P14)除此之外，燃烧这些燃料会产生对环境有害的二氧化碳。
On top of being accused of stealing，he was also accused of having murdered an old couple.
除了被指控偷盗以外，他还被控告谋杀了一对老夫妻。
Books were piled on top of one another.
书籍一本一本地摞在一起。
We were all living on top of each other in that small house.我们挤着住在那座小房子里。
Do you think he's really on top of his job
你认为他真的能做好他的工作吗？
on top of the world欢天喜地；心满意足；非常自豪
on top另外；在上面；在顶部；处于领先地位
from top to bottom从上到下；彻底地
from top to toe从头到脚；浑身上下；全部
at the top of one's voice高声地；放声地
　
完成句子
①He had a bad week.He lost his job and on __________(另外；此外)，his car was stolen.
②She was screaming ________________(声嘶力竭地)．
【答案】　①top of that　②at the top of her voice
7．contribute to促成；有助于
Carbon dioxide contributes to air，water and soil pollution and causes acid rain.(教材P14)二氧化碳造成了空气、水和土壤的污染，引起酸雨的产生。
Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。
①contribute vt. & vi. 捐献；贡献；捐款；投稿；提供(时间、精力等)；为……出力/作贡献
contribute...to...把……贡献给……
②contribution n．贡献
make contribution to为……作贡献
Each worker contributed one dollar to the Red Cross.
每个工人都向红十字会捐献了一美元。
She has contributed (several poems) to literary magazines.她给文学刊物投了(几首诗)稿。
【提示】　contribute to 及make a contribution to 中的to为介词，后面接名词、代词或动名词。
类似的短语：be used to，look forward to，lead to，devote oneself to，object to等。
I am sure your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem.我相信你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。
完成句子
①你为那笔救济金捐了多少？
How much did you ______________ the relief fund
【答案】　contribute to
单项填空
②Eating too much fat can ________ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
A．result from B．contribute to
C．attend to D．devote to
【解析】　result from归因于；attend to注意，照顾；devote to捐献于；contribute to导致，促成。
【答案】　B
8．This is why many people are pushing for the use of alternative energy sources.(教材P14)这就是许多人强烈要求使用替代能源的原因。
(1)push for不断要求；争取
They are pushing for a quick solution to the problem.
他们催促对这个问题的快速解决方案。
Non smokers are pushing for a ban on smoking here.
非烟民强烈要求禁止在这里吸烟。
push sth.aside不考虑；不去想
push ahead with毅然推行(计划)
push sth.back推迟；延迟
push forward继续前进
push sb.out开除；驱逐；替换
push sb./sth.over推倒；推翻
push sth.through使通过；使得到批准
They were urged to push forward with their reforms.
人们催促他们推行改革。
She pushed her doubts aside and carried on.
她抛开那些疑团，继续坚持下去。
①Workers start ________ a higher salary.
A．pushing for B．making for
C．going for D．put for
【解析】　句意：工人们开始催促涨工资。push for不断要求，争取，催促；make for促成，向……移动；go for去拿，去取。
【答案】　A
(2)alternative adj. (二者之间)只能选其一的；二者任择其一的，无比较级和最高级的变化。
We have two alternative courses，surrender or death.
我们只有两条路，投降或死亡。
alternative n．二者之间的选择；二者选一(一般为可数名词，可以在前面加定冠词)
have no alternative but...除……外别无选择
＝(have no choice but to do)
You have the alternative of riding or walking.
你可以在坐车和步行中选择一种。
We have no alternative but to move.
我们别无选择只好搬走。
②You have the________of working hard and being successful or of not working hard and being unsuccessful.
A．selection B．choice
C．alternative D．option
【解析】　alternative抉择、取舍，指在两者之间作出选择；selection精选，挑选；choice一般意义上的选择；option选择权。
【答案】　C
9．run out用完；耗尽(不及物动词，无被动语态)
Alternative energy sources can be used without running out.(教材P14)替代能源可以被使用而不会耗尽。
Time is running out for the trapped miners.
被困矿工的时间不多了。
【提示】　run out表示“某物用完了”，物作主语；run out of 表示“某人用完了某物”，人作主语，是及物动词短语，物作主语时没有被动形式。
The petrol ran out，which means we ran out of the petrol or the petrol was run out of.汽油耗尽了，那意味着我们用光了汽油或汽油被用光了。
run across 无意间碰到
run after 追逐；追求
run away 逃走；离家
run off 逃跑；出版
run over 碾压；快速阅读
in the long run 从长远的观点来看
in the short run 从短期来看；在短期内
I ran across the letter while I was tidying the drawers.
我在整理抽屉时，偶然发现了那封信。
When he was 13，he ran away from home.
他13岁时离家出走。
—Have we ________ food
—Yes，________．We'd better buy some.
A．run out of；we have run it out
B．run out of；our food has run out
C．run out of；our food has been run out
D．run out；our food has run out
【解析】　句意：“我们的食品用完了吗？”“是的，已经用完了，我们最好买一些。”run out of“用光，耗尽”，主语是人，用完的东西作它的宾语。而run out则需要用物作主语。因此选B。
【答案】　B
10．The pipes have oil or water inside them，which is heated and sent to the storage tank until needed or used to produce electricity．
管子里有油或水，它们先被加热，然后被输送到储存槽里储存备用，或者被用来发电。
句子中which引导非限制性定语从句，until needed＝until it is needed是一种省略形式，to produce electricity是目的状语。
非限制性定语从句指代物时只能用which引导，指代全句时用which，as。
Zhang Jike won the match，which made me very happy.
张继科取得了这场比赛的胜利，这使我非常高兴。
He is ready to help others，as anybody can see.
正如大家所看到的，他乐于助人。
【对接高考】
①(2013·安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，________ made one of the Chinese people's long held dreams come true.
A．it B．that
C．what D．which
【解析】　句意：莫言获得2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这件事使中国人民长久以来的一个梦想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。it和what不能引导定语从句，可排除；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。故选D项。
【答案】　D
②(2013·山东高考)There is no simple answer，________ is often the case in science.
A．as B．that
C．when D．where
【解析】　句意：没有简单的答案，在科学上情况通常是这样。因句中有逗号，其后面的句子中无连词引导，可判断是定语从句。本句的先行词是空格前的整个句子，有此用法的是 as。as在句中意为“正如，正像”。“as is often the case”常被看作是一个固定搭配，意为“情况通常是这样”，符合句意。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，when的先行词在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，where的先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故B、C、D三项都不符合句意，应被排除。
【答案】　A
用as，which填空
①________is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
②The weather turned out to be very good，________was more than we could expect.
③She has been absent again，________ is expected.
④Tom has made rapid progress，________makes me very happy.
【答案】　①As　②which　③as　④which
11．The introduction of programmes like these will hopefully help end the systematic destruction of the environment and see alternative energy promoted around the world.
类似项目的引进将有望帮助结束对环境的蓄意破坏，确保替代能源在世界范围内得以推广。
在本句中see的意思是“确保”，后接复合宾语结构，alternative energy为宾语，promoted作补足语表示被动。过去分词作宾语的补足语表示被动意义。
I got my bike repaired.我请人修了自行车。
I'll have my house painted tomorrow.
明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。
Because of my poor English I'm afraid I can't make myself ________．So I spoke loudly.
A．understand B．be understood
C．understood D．understanding
【解析】　句意：由于我的英语不好，唯恐别人听不懂我的讲话，所以就大声讲。本题考查过去分词作宾语补足语。句中make是使役动词，其后可接A项understand不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，意为(不能)“使自己听懂”，也可以接C项understood作宾语补足语，意为(不能)“使自己被听懂”。而B、D项结构不正确，排除掉。根据语境可知是句子的主语自己在讲话，因此怕别人听不懂，所以选择C项。
【答案】　C
连接词在作文中的使用
本单元的写作项目主要是关于英语写作中过渡词，连接词的使用。一些同学在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌，有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等，非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过合理使用连接词，尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词，如because，since，although，after，as，before，when，whenever，if，unless，as if等，不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。
Natural resources are very limited.They will be exhausted in the near future.It is not true.But it becomes a major concern around the world.This is a widely accepted fact.
这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用连接词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。
It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true.
某英语报就中学生课外阅读开展征文活动。假如你是某中学高三学生蒋平，请你根据下面表格中的信息，写一篇英语短文，发送到该报。
为什么要进行课外阅读 ●课外阅读既能拓展知识，也是一种休闲娱●书籍是人类智慧的结晶乐●中外历史上有很多有关读书的名言警句(举例说明)
如何才能养成好的课外阅读习惯 坚持课外阅读的习惯要从小培养
你的观点(两到三点)
注意：1.对所给要点逐一陈述，适当发挥，不能简单翻译；
2.词数150左右，开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：结晶crystal；
课外阅读out of class reading
Dear editor，
Students are reading more than ever before today.Indeed，the importance of reading can never be too much stressed.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Best wishes.
Yours sincerely，
Jiang Ping
[思路点拨]
本篇作文可从以下三个方面入手，首先分析要进行阅读的原因；第二介绍怎样才能养成良好的阅读习惯；最后发表一下作者自己的观点。
[词汇热身]
1．事实上
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2．首先
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3．拓宽
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4．放松
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5．消磨时间
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6．养成习惯
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【答案】　1.in fact/indeed/in reality/as a matter of fact　2.first of all/firstly/to begin with/to start with
3．broaden/widen　4.relaxation　5.kill time　6.develop/form the habit of
[句式温习]
1．事实上，怎样强调阅读的重要性都不过分。
Indeed，the importance of reading
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2．首先，阅读，尤其是课外阅读，充实我们的大脑和拓宽我们的视野。
______，reading，especially out of class reading，enriches our mind and ______．
3．通过阅读，我们能学习一些课堂上学不到的东西。
Through reading，we can learn ________________ in class.
4．关于阅读有许多名言，像“读书健脑，运动强身”。
There're many famous sayings about reading，like“Reading _____ the mind ______ exercise ________ the body”．
5．最重要的是，阅读时应该做好笔记。
____________________，we should keep notes ____________．
【答案】　1.can never be too much stressed
2．First of all；broadens our horizons
3．what can not be learnt
4．is to；what；is to
5．Last but not least；while reading
[连句成篇]
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【参考范文】　
Dear editor，
Students are reading more than ever before today.Indeed，the importance of reading can never be too much stressed.
First of all，reading，especially out of class reading，enriches our mind and broadens our horizons.People say that books are the crystal of human wisdom.Through reading，we can learn what cannot be learnt in class.Besides，reading is also a way of relaxation.It is so refreshing to read a story before going to bed，or after a day of study.What's more，reading is a good way to kill time while having fun.
There're many famous sayings about reading，like“Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body”．Then，how can we develop the habit of reading？In the first place，I believe we need to begin from an early age，then stick to it and never give up.Secondly，it makes sense for us to choose those which contribute to our healthy growth.Last but not least，we should keep notes while reading.
Best wishes.
Yours sincerely，
Jiang Ping
一、记住了多少词汇 __________________________
二、背会了几个句型 __________________________
三、记住了几个在写作中用到的连接词 __________________________
四、自己的不足 __________________________
Ⅰ.立体式复习单词
A．基本单词
1．________adj.短期的；近期的
2．________n．降雨；降雨量
3．________n．严重性；重力
4．________n．结构；机制；构架
5．________adj.传统的
6．________n．拮据vt.挤压；挤出
7．________n．沉积物；存款vt.使沉积；存钱
8．________adj.太阳的；太阳能的
9．________n．面粉
10．________adj.蓄意的；系统的
【答案】　1.short term　2.rainfall　3.gravity　4.framework　5.conventional　6.squeeze　7.deposit　8.solar　9.flour　10.systematic
B．词汇拓展
11．________n．从政者；政客→________n．政治→________adj.政治的
12．________vi.&vt.努力对付或解决；摔跤→________n．摔跤者
13．________n．专门机构；服务机构→________n．代理人，中介人
14．________adj.怀孕的→________n．怀孕；怀孕期
15．________adj.永久的；长久的→________n．永久；不变
16．________n．灌溉→________vt.灌溉
17．________n．费用；开销→________vt.花费
18．________vt.& vi.削弱；减弱→________adj.软弱的；虚弱的
19．________n．创造力→________adj.创造的；有创造力的
20．________n．调整，调节→__________adj.可调节的→________v．调整……；调节……
21．________adj.暂定的；踌躇的→________adv.暂时地
22．________adv.有希望；渴望→________adj.有希望的
【答案】　11.politician；politics；political　12.wrestle wrestler　13.agency；agent　14.pregnant；pregnancy　15.permanent；permanence　16.irrigation；irrigate
17．expense；expend　18.weaken；weak　19.creativity；creative　20.adjustment；adjustable；adjust　21.tentative；tentatively　22.hopefully；hopeful
Ⅱ.递进式回顾短语
A．短语互译
1．________________毫无疑问
2．________________处在关键时刻
3．________________艺术品
4．________________给……施加压力
5．________________补上；补做
6．________________refer to
7．________________put something into practice
8．________________on top of
9．________________push for
10．________________run out
【答案】　1.beyond doubt　2.at a crossroads　3.work of art　4.put pressure on/upon　5.catch up on　6.参考；参阅；涉及　7.实施　8.在……上面，除……之外　9.不断要求；争取　10.用完
B．用上面短语的适当形式完成下列句子
11．The workers________________a pay rise.
12．You'd better________what you have thought ________________．
13．Don't _________________him，for he is in bad condition.
14．My money ____________．I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before I have none inhand.
15．He lost his job and ____________that he got ill.
16．He is ____________the wisest student I've ever taught.
【答案】　11.are pushing for　12.put；into practice
13．put pressure on　14.has run out　15.on top of
16．beyond doubt
Ⅲ.仿写式活用句型
1．These things provide a framework for new jobs to be created，allowing people to help themselves so that they no longer need to depend on others.
【句式仿写】　很多人喜欢旅游，欣赏美景体验不同的文化。
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2．One possible solution to this problem now being discussed is sustainable development.
【句式仿写】　正在由学生们执行的这个项目很重要。
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