现在完成时讲解及练习小测
一、现在完成时用法及结构
现在完成时:由“have/has+过去分词”构成,have、has是助动词,当主语是三人称单数时用has,其余用have。
句型:基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)
常与时间状语连用:just , already, yet,ever, never, before, several times.
already“已经”; yet“仍然, 还”, 这两个副词常常用于完成时态, 其中already常用于肯定句, yet常用于否定句和疑问句中。
如: Jim has already finished his work. Jim已经把他的工作做完了。Mother hasn’t come home yet. 妈妈还没回来。
主要有两中用法:
①表示动作发生在过去,但与现在的情况有联系,有时无时间状语,有时和一些表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,
如:many times,just,yet,ever,never,already,before,so far, by now等连用。
②表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在并还可能继续延续下去的动作,用于延续性动词,且句中常带有表示一段时间的时间状语,如:since + 时间点/从句,for two months, so far等。
拓展:
1.现在完成时+for+一段时间 We have known each other for twenty years.我们认识有二十年了。
现在完成时+since+表示过去的时间点 He has worked here since 1999.自1999年以来,他就在这里工作。
现在完成时+since+从句 She has learned about 5000 English words since he went to college.自上大学以来她学了大约5000个单词。
2.延续性动词与非延续性动词
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 延续性动词常与for/how long/since等引导的表示一段时间短语(时间状语)或句子(状语从句)连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+ 时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago等。 如:I have lived here for 23 years. 我已经在这里住了23年。
非延续性动词也称终止性动词/瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:die/borrow/begin/buy/join/reach/come/go/open/close/become/leave等。 可用于现在完成时态,但由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如:two years ago; at 5 o'clock; He died 5 years ago.
非延续性动词在否定句中可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。如:I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.
二、have/has been to与have/has gone to的用法区别
have been to意为“曾经去过某地”,后可接次数,如once/twice/three times等,表示“去过某地几次”,也可和just/never/ever等连用。
如:My father has been to Beijing twice.我父亲去过北京两次。 I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
have gone to意为“到某地去了”,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一人称、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如:
—Where is Jim?—He has gone to England.—他去英国了。(尚未回来) Mr Wang isn't here,He has gone to Qingdao.
三、现在完成时一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示的是与现在有关联的过去事件;而一般过去时则与现在毫无关系,只是单纯的过去的情况。比较:
I have lost my pen, so I have to buy one.我丢了钢笔,所以得去买一枝。 I lost my pen, but found it later. 我丢了钢笔,但后来找到了。
当句子中有表示明确过去的状语时,只能用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时。
如:他一周以前动身去了纽约。误:He has left for New York a week ago. 正:He left for New York a week ago.
当句首为疑问词when时,其后可用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时。
如:你什么时候和他首次见面的 误:When have you first met him 正:When did you first meet him
补充知识点
辨析:how long /how soon /how often /how far
How long多久, 多长(时间)。对时间段提问, 如: for+时间段;since+过去的时间点。如:
—How long have you worked in Beijing —For five years.
How soon多久以后。对“in+时间段提问, 常用于一般将来时”, 其答语常用“in+时间段”。如:
—How soon will Mr. Li be back —In a week.
How often多久一次, 对频率提问, 其答语为: once (twice/…)+时间段, always, usually 等。如:
—How often do you exercise —Once a day.
How far多远,对距离提问,其答语是表距离的内容。如:
—How far is it from here to your school —Three kilometers.
练习小测
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .
A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he
A. already B.never C.ever D. still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______?
A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good
C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really When _____ there
A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished
C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish
二、汉译英.
1、 吉姆已做完作业,他现在有空了.
2、 他昨天收到一封信.
3、 我父亲以前到过长城.
4、 她还没有看过那部新电影.
5、 她去了上海.
参考答案:
一、1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.B
二、1. Tom has done his homework, he is free now.
2. He received a letter yesterday.
3. My father has been to the Great Wall before.
4. She has never seen that new film.
5. She has gone to Shanghai.