2023年高考英语阅读理解专项训练（含解析）

阅读理解
In Illinois, legislators (立法委员) and advocates of removing the state’s lead (铅) service lines said on Monday that a newly signed law moves the state closer to removing that “toxic infrastructure (基础设施)”and ensuring all Illinoisans have clean water to drink.
State Senator Melinda Bush, a supporter of the legislation, said the lines are a health threat that not only costs us billions of dollars, but poisons our children and destroys our residents’ confidence in their water supply.
“Passing this bill with strong support shows a basic truth about lead in our drinking water—it affects all of us, and every single one of us, especially our children, deserves clean, safe drinking water,” Bush said.
The Lead Service Line Replacement Notification Act creates timelines for owners and operators of community water supplies that have lead service lines to make a list of those lines and create replacement plans. Water suppliers will have to submit their replacement plan to the Environmental Protection Agency by April 2024. The law also requires the state’s Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity to create a low-income water assistance policy and program to ensure state residents have access to affordable, clean water.
Lead in drinking water has long been linked to a host of health problems, including kidney failure, heart disease, learning disabilities and impaired(受损的) hearing. Studies have found that even tiny amounts of lead can damage children’s brains.
Bush said it’s estimated that Illinois has about an eighth of all known lead service lines in the country.
Service lines are the pipes that carry water from a city’s street mains to homes. Not only does Illinois have one-eighth of the lead service lines in the country, but 300,000 to 500.000 of them are in Chicago.
“Although this is a statewide problem, we know that this toxic infrastructure really affects Illinois’ people,” Bush said.
1．What does the underlined word “toxic” mean in the first paragraph
A．Basic. B．Common. C．Healthy. D．Poisonous.
2．Why must the newly signed law be carried out as soon as possible
A．To warn water suppliers to offer clean water.
B．To test whether the water system works well.
C．To raise the confidence of all the Illinoisans.
D．To make sure residents have safe drinking water.
3．What can we infer from the fourth paragraph
A．The submitted policy must favour the poor families.
B．The residents in Illinois haven’t realized the possible dangers.
C．Water suppliers have submitted a practical replacement plan.
D．The government should inspect community water supplies regularly.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Statewide Lead in Water Is Hurting You
B．Lead in Water Is Damaging Kids’ Brains
C．Getting the Lead Out with the New Technology
D．A New Law Urges to Remove Lead Service Lines
John Frederick Kensett was born on March 22, 1816 in Cheshire, Connecticut. He attended school at Cheshire Academy, and studied carving with his immigrant father, Tomas Kensett, and later with his uncle. He worked as a carver in the New Haven area until about 1838, after which he went to work as a banknote carver in New York City. He didn’t know his carving experience would benefit him later. In 1840, Kensett traveled to Europe in order to study painting. He sketched (画素描) and painted throughout Europe, improving his talents. During this period, Kensett developed an affection for the 17th-century Dutch landscape painting. He returned to the United States in 1847.
After establishing his studio and settling in New York, Kensett traveled extensively throughout the Northeast and the Colorado Rockies as well as making several trips back to Europe.
Kensett is best known for his landscape of New York and New England and seascapes (海景画) of coastal New Jersey, Long Island and New England. He is most closely associated with the so-called “second generation” of the Hudson River School. In 1851 Kensett painted a monumental canvas (巨幅油画) of Mount Washington that has become a sign of White Mountain art.
Kensett’s style evolved gradually, from the traditional Hudson River School manner in the 1850s into the more improved Luminist style in his later years. By the early 1870s Kensett was spending considerable time at his home on Contentment Island, on Long Island Sound near Darien Connecticut.
It was during this time that Kensett painted some of his finest works. Many of these were seascapes, the major example being Eaton’s Neck, Long Island (1872) now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
The artist was widely praised and financially successful during his lifetime. In turn, he was generous in support of the arts and artists. He was a full member of the National Academy of Design, the founder and president of the Artists’ Fund Society, and a founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Kensett died of heart failure at his New York studio on December 14, 1872.
5．What can we learn about Kensett from the first paragraph
A．He studied carving at Cheshire Academy.
B．His uncle taught him to paint before 1840.
C．His carving work laid a foundation for his painting.
D．He painted throughout Europe to earn some money.
6．What was the feature of Kensett’s paintings
A．Most of them were in Luminist style.
B．They had nothing to do with White Mountain art.
C．They were once influenced by the Hudson River School.
D．All of them were closely associated with carving art.
7．When did Kensett produce his best paintings
A．When he first traveled in Europe.
B．When he painted a monumental canvas.
C．When he learned the Dutch landscape painting.
D．When he was in Connecticut in the early 1870s.
8．What can we infer about Kensett’s later life
A．He had financial problems.
B．He retired early because of ill health.
C．He gained both fame and income.
D．He devoted himself to charity work.
Europe is the second smallest continent in size but the third largest in population. Here are some facts to share.
People
About 10% of the world’s population lives in Europe. Most of the European population groups, almost 90%, belong to the three Indo-European language groups of the Slavic, Romance and Germanic language groups. According to the World Happiness Report from 2018 to 2020, the World’s happiest people live in Finland—and they won for the last three years in a row!
Languages
Most European languages belong to either the Romance language family such as French, Italian and Spanish, the Germanic language family, among which are German and English, or the Slavic language family, among which are Russian, Bulgarian and Polish. Russian is the language with most native speakers—about 100 million, while English is the language spoken by most people as a first language and a second language—about 270 million people. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French, English and Italian.
Animals
In Europe, there are 270 species of mammals (哺乳动物) such as bats, deer and hares. Of all mammal species 15% are endangered, such as wolves and bears. There are 75 species of amphibians(两栖动物)in
Europe, most of which are unique to Southern Europe. Slightly more than half of the 800 European bird species breed in Europe, and all the others migrate to warmer regions during the cold winter months.
Natural resources
Metals such as zinc and silver and minerals such as copper and coal are found in Europe. Some areas in northern Europe have deposits of natural gas and oil.
Agriculture
The most common crops in Europe are cereals(谷类植物) such as wheat, corn as well as sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables and fruits. France is Europe’s biggest producer of agricultural products.
9．What can we infer about the European population from the text
A．The population in Europe has decreased slightly.
B．Europe is thickly populated at the present time.
C．People in Europe belong to three language families.
D．People living in Europe are the happiest in the world.
10．What do we know about the languages in Europe
A．English belongs to the Romance language family.
B．English is the language with most native speakers.
C．The number of native Polish speakers is not very big.
D．French belongs to the Slavic language family.
11．Which of the following about Europe is right
A．Europe doesn’t produce natural gas or oil.
B．Most animal species in Europe are endangered.
C．France produces the most agricultural products in Europe.
D．Over 400 European bird species fly to warmer areas in winter.
Right now you should know about two ways to represent numbers, as Roman numerals and Arabic numerals. Plus, people in other countries use different symbols for numbers. With all these different symbols, how can math be a universal language
Math is a universal language because the principles and foundations of math are the same everywhere around the world. Ten plus ten equals twenty if you write it as Arabic numerals 10+10=20 or Roman numerals X+X=XX. The concept of 20 items is the same no matter where you are in the world.
And, what about geometry(几何) A circle is always a circle and its circumference (周长) is always calculated the same way no matter where you are in the world. The same holds true for any other figure like triangles, squares or rectangles.
We like to visit other countries to experience new scenery, new foods and a different culture. It’s fun to watch documentaries about festivals that we don’t have in North America. There is a great deal of cultural diversity in the world that we can enjoy and celebrate. But math is one thing that is common to everyone.
Different countries use different units of measurement; for example, the United States and the United Kingdom use inches and feet while the rest of Europe uses metric measurements of centimeters and meters. But no matter what the units are, everyone must measure the house that they are building. Houses everywhere, whether they are square or round, are built using the same mathematical equations(方程式).
The principles of probability are the same everywhere as well. The chance of rain in Guatemala might be greater than the chance of rain in the Sahara Desert but probability works the same way. People around the world have different genes but the probability of passing on genes to their children follows the same mathematical rules.
It is easy to see that no matter how diverse different cultures are, math is one common language across the world.
12．How many ways to stand for numbers are mentioned in the text
A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.
13．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning geometry in the third paragraph
A．To highlight the importance of math.
B．To study different shapes and forms.
C．To show how to calculate the circumference.
D．To prove math calculation is often used in it is always the same.
14．What does the underlined word“figure”mean in the third paragraph
A．Shape. B．Size. C．Picture. D．Field.
15．What can we infer from the fourth paragraph
A．Math has no distinct characteristics of diversity.
B．Documentaries about festivals are always fun.
C．People hope to experience different cultures abroad.
D．Culture has a huge impact on the development of math.
The term “quiet quitting” went viral last year, describing people who stay in their jobs but mentally take a step back—for example, working the bare minimum and not making their job the center of their lives. Now in 2023, there is a new workplace trend on the horizon, called “quiet hiring”.
Quiet hiring is a strategy used to fill the critical gaps in a company without hiring new employees. One company has a limited amount of talent and needs to make a call about where it’s going to have the best impact. This year it may need to add five more data scientists to its team to meet the strategic goals. As a solution, it may move five employees from another department only for a short time, like data analysts in the human resources and marketing department, into the five open data scientist roles.
In this case, the boss is saying, “We’re going to intentionally deprioritize (降低) support for HR and marketing for the next six months so that we can increase the productivity of our data science team, and we are saying this clearly. Everyone knows this.” The important distinction with quiet hiring is that a company is openly communicating with employees about its priorities and moving employees to areas that serve those priorities, instead of just loading employees with more work or simply hiring more people.
While being assigned to a new role may seem scary, quiet hiring should be beneficial to employees. If you were asked to take on additional responsibilities, it would indicate your value. Meantime you might say, “If it’s not possible to increase my payment, can we make it so that I can work from home five days a week，reducing my commute (通勤) costs Or，could I work flexible hours, making it easier for me to live the rest of my life ” An individual conversation may be ineffective. If you’re part of a department or team being asked to switch roles, employ that power and approach human resources as a group.
16．What does the strategy of quiet hiring refer to
A．Moving existing staff to new posts. B．Adding more positions.
C．Employing new talents secretly. D．Training new employees.
17．What is the feature of a company’s handling quiet hiring
A．Innovations are highly valued. B．Employees are burdened with extra work.
C．Employees’ shifts are announced beforehand. D．Roles of departments are changed regularly.
18．What suggestion does the author offer to employees
A．Balance between work and life. B．Take on new roles as a team.
C．Shoulder more duties on work. D．Negotiate on extra jobs.
19．Which is a suitable title for the text
A．Hiring more or less B．Quiet hiring: An upcoming tendency
C．Quiet hiring: A workplace debate D．Quiet quitting or quiet hiring
On September 26, 2022, NASA successfully completed its Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission by intentionally crashing an unmanned spacecraft into the asteroid (小行星) Dimorphos. The goal was not to destroy the asteroid but to change its orbit. With the successful mission, NASA proved the concept that this technique could keep a potentially dangerous asteroid from crashing into Earth in the future.
Dimorphos is a small asteroid orbiting the larger asteroid Didymos. NASA noted that Dimorphos is not a threat to Earth, but because it passes relatively close to Earth, it was chosen as the target for the test mission.
Although the intended crash should change the asteroid’s position slightly, it will add to a major shift over time. “If you were going to do this for planetary (行星的) defense, you would do it 5, 10, 15, or 20 years in advance for this technique to work,” said NASA program executive Andrea Riley. “This is why we test. We want to do it now rather than when there’s an actual need.”
Asteroids can pose a significant threat to planet Earth. For example, around 66 million years ago, an asteroid around 6 to 9 miles across struck the Earth in what is now the Yucatan Peninsula. The resulting impact was so catastrophic (灾难性的) that it caused one of the largest extinction events in Earth’s history. Therefore, DART’s success is an important step forward in protecting the planet from potential damage from an asteroid. This shows humans are no longer powerless to prevent this type of natural disaster.
The DART spacecraft was launched by NASA on November 24, 2021. It was accompanied by another craft called LICIA Cube, supplied by the Italian Space Agency, and separated from DART just 15 days before the crash. LICIA Cube remained in orbit around the asteroid and took photographs of the crash and material ejected (弹出) from the asteroid’s surface.
20．What is the purpose of the DART mission
A．To destroy Dimorphos completely. B．To change the orbit of Dimorphos.
C．To track potentially dangerous asteroids. D．To stop Dimorphos from hitting the Earth.
21．Why does the author mention the example in paragraph 4
A．To prove the significance of DART’s success.
B．To present the cause of the largest extinction event in history.
C．To show the necessity of conducting research on natural disasters.
D．To explain the difficulty of protecting the Earth from asteroid strikes.
22．What is LICIA Cube intended for
A．Collecting rock samples from Dimorphos’s surface.
B．Increasing the force of crashing the DART.
C．Providing additional energy for the DART spacecraft.
D．Keeping track of the crash test with some photos.
23．Which of the following can describe the test according to Andrea Riley
A．Bark up the wrong tree. B．Rob Peter to pay Paul.
C．Prepare for a rainy day. D．Better late than never.
Stéphanie Frappart made history on Thursday as the first woman to referee (裁判) a men’s World Cup match. Alongside assistants Neuza Back from Brazil and Karen Diaz from Mexico, the Frenchwoman was part of an all-female refereeing trio officiating Costa Rica vs. Germany in their Group E match.
Throughout her career, Frappart has achieved a seemingly endless series of firsts. In April 2019, she became the first female referee to take charge of a Ligue 1 match, in August 2019, the first to take charge of a major men’s European match, and in 2020, the first to officiate a men’s UEFA Champions League match.
At the World Cup,a referee might make 245 decisions in a single game, Sky Sports estimates, and if just one is wrong, it will be analyzed in microscopic detail.
It could alter the course of a game, or even a team’s World Cup-denying it a title or ensuring it progresses no further in the tournament. “When you make a mistake, it’s more important than if a player makes a mistake-there are more consequences for the teams,” Frappart says. “It’s also easy to say that it’s the fault of the referee and not the fault of our team when you lose.”
Inevitably, female referees are carefully examined, as they straddle (跨越) two traditionally male-dominated fields: football and leadership. “There are many questions involved if she’s there because she’s a woman.” Frappart recalls when she made her debut in Ligue. “It’s not only in football. I think in every job when you’re a woman you need to prove that you have the quality and after that they let you continue.” But as Frappart refereed more matches, the stance towards her gradually changed. “Now, it’s not a question of gender. It’s now only a question about competencies.”
With women refereeing, the matches at the Qatar World Cup broadcast to huge audiences worldwide. Frappart knew it encouraged more women to pick up a whistle and take more and more responsibility. “So if you have more female referees on the TV perhaps it might make it easier for women to say: ‘OK, this is possible.’”
24．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．Frappart’s life experience. B．Frappart’s achievements.
C．Frappart’s contributions. D．Frappart’s habits.
25．Which of the following words can best describe Frappart’s job as a referee
A．Creative and rewarding. B．Challenging but inspiring.
C．Difficult and meaningless. D．Easy but troublesome.
26．The underlined words “made her debut ” in paragraph 5 means _______ .
A．made a speech B．made full preparations
C．made her first appearance D．made a living
27．What can we learn about Frappart
A．The Qatar World Cup drew huge audiences for women refereeing.
B．It’s easy to put the blame for teams’failures on referees.
C．Frappart impressed the world with competencies in her first match.
D．In August 2019, Frappart was the first female referee in a Ligue 1 match.
Almost every year since she was a child, Hokkaido resident Naomi has looked forward to her family’s traditional Christmas meal: a KFC “party barrel” filled with salad, cake and lots of fried chicken.
“In Japan, it is customary to eat chicken at Christmas,” says the 30-something Japanese woman. Naomi and her family are far from the only Japanese residents who enjoy KFC for Christmas dinner. According to figures released by the American fast-food chain, KFC Japan pulled in 6.9 billion yen (roughly $63 million) from December 20 to 25 in 2018, with lines out the door starting on December 23. Every year, their busiest day is usually December 24, on which they usually sell about five to 10 times more than typical days.
Japan is a country where less than 1% of the population identifies as Christian — and in the 1970s many people didn’t have established family Christmas traditions. That’s where KFC — then known as Kentucky Fried Chicken — came in. The company launched its “Kentucky for Christmas” marketing campaign in 1974 and the first version of the party barrels soon followed. With a substantial advertising investment, KFC managed to capture the imagination of Japanese diners and create a national phenomenon.
“The festive commercials are what initially made me want to try to eat KFC for Christmas,” says Naomi. But saying such lasting success only arising from smart advertising wouldn’t be totally fair — it can also be attributed to KFC’s harmony with existing cultural norms. For instance, the tradition of sharing a big “party barrel” of fried chicken, salad and cake fits neatly into Japanese dining culture. “Being able to share food is an important social practice in Japan. A bucket of fried chicken fulfills this desire to eat together,” Naomi says.
For Naomi, it’s not a tradition she plans to give up anytime soon. “I have no children now,” she says. “But this is a tradition my family hopes to continue in the future.”
28．Why does the author mention several figures in the second paragraph
A．To show how Naomi likes KFC． B．To show the popularity of KFC in Japan.
C．To show the success of KFC． D．To indicate Japan’s Christmas tradition.
29．What made Naomi begin to eat KFC at Christmas
A．Friends’ recommendation. B．Advertisements about KFC．
C．Her family tradition. D．The delicious taste.
30．What is the rooted reason for KFC’s popularity in Japan
A．KFC adapting to Japan’s culture. B．Smart Advertising.
C．Convenient delivery. D．Attractive price.
31．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Fast Food — KFC’s Development B．KFC Successfully Fits into Japan
C．KFC — Christmas Tradition in Japan D．Japanese People Like Fried Chicken
Some China Podcasts (播客) to Listen to
Whether you’re an old-timer or a newcomer to China, there’s always more to learn about this awesome country. To help in your never-ending thirst for knowledge, we’ve rounded up some most entertaining China-focused podcasts that hit on everything from history to business.
Tech Buzz China by Pandaily
Tech Buzz China by Pandaily is a technology podcast about China’s innovations. Its co-hosted by Rui Ma and Ying Lu, who are both seasoned China-watchers with years of experience working in the technology space in the country. They share and discuss the most important tech news from China every week.
The China History Podcast
Started in 2010, Laszlo Montgomery presents topics that cover 5, 000 years of Chinese history and culture. The show has a lot of unknown and interesting history lessons that help provide more color as to why China is the way it is. Topics like the history of Tang poetry, or the Hokkien people are analyzed and explored.
China Untold
The China Untold podcast is a program that aims to introduce listeners to lesser-known stories from the Middle Kingdom. From urban tales and extinct religions to China’s role in the exploration of space, this podcast hosted by Matt Bossons, is your essential guide to the unusual and wonderful aspects of the world’s most highly populated nation.
The Wasai Show
The Wasai Show is hosted by Ne to Trevino from Mexico and Alice He who is a local Chinese. In each episode, stories are collected from listeners about a topic and shared in a funny way by both comedians. The first half of the show is presented in English, followed by a Chinese section.
32．Who are the podcasts intended for
A．Foreigners in China. B．Chinese historians.
C．Technology enthusiasts. D．Podcast hosts in China.
33．Which podcast may talk about ancient poems
A．Tech Buzz China by Pan daily B．The China History Podcast
C．China Untold D．The Wasai Show
34．What do we know about The Wasai Show according to the text
A．It is a talk show about local Chinese life.
B．It has a single host discussing various topics.
C．It features two hosts sharing stories from listeners.
D．It includes interviews with experts on Chinese culture.
A study offers even more evidence of the harmful health effects of sugar. The research, published in the journal BMC Medicine, found that diets higher in free sugars –a category that includes sugar added to processed foods and sodas, as well as that found in fruit juice and syrups—raise one’s risk of heart disease and stroke.
The study relied on data about the eating habits of more than 110,000 people aged 37 to 73 in the United Kingdom, whose health outcomes were then tracked over about nine years. An author of the study, Cody Watling said sugars that occur naturally in whole fruits and vegetables are not considered “free sugars” and were excluded from the analysis. The researchers estimated participants’ carbohydrate(碳水化合物) intakes and then further broke that down by type of carbohydrate to focus on free sugars.
Then the authors compared that to the participants’ possibility of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. The people who were found to have the highest risk of heart disease or stroke consumed about 95 grams of free sugar per day, which accounts for 18% of their daily energy intake, Watling said.
“Avoiding sugar-sweetened beverages is probably the single most important thing we can do,” said Walter Willett. He added that although there are some health benefits to drinking a small glass of orange juice occasionally, its sugar content means “a glass of fruit juice is the same thing as Coke.”
Cody Watling said the study demonstrates that the types of carbohydrates people choose to eat may matter more than the total amount. “What’s really important for overall general health and well-being is that we’re consuming carbohydrates that are rich in whole grains,” he said, while “minimizing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.”
35．What can we learn from the text
A．Free sugar refers to the sugar added to processed foods.
B．Walting didn’t research sugars that occur naturally in whole fruits and vegetables.
C．The free sugar accounts for 18%of people’s daily sugar intake.
D．Walting suggested us avoiding sugar-sweetened beverages.
36．What does the underlined phrase “break down” mean in paragraph 2
A．Classify. B．Destroy. C．Analyze. D．Confirm.
37．Which section of a magazine is this text taken from
A．Health and life. B．Food and Culture.
C．Science and Technology. D．Medicine Science.
38．What’s the purpose of the text
A．To encourage people to refuse fruit juice.
B．To ask people to say no to free sugar.
C．To advise people to consume more types of carbohydrates.
D．To warn people against diets with higher free sugars.
With summer behind us and the fall and winter holidays just around the corner, now it seems as good a time as any to start planning the next family vacation. Instead of a beach break or ski getaway, a family cruise offers a convenient and cost-effective alternative winter vacation.
Explore Asian Metropolises with Regent Seven Seas
Regent Seven Seas, all-inclusive ships take visitors to world-class destinations. This winter, visitors will discover top destinations across Asia, from Hong Kong to Beijing, aboard the Regent Seven Seas Voyager. Departing on Dec.17, this 12-day cruise offers plenty of outdoor activities. Kids will enjoy the waterfalls of Miyazaki, Japan, and the legendary street food scene in Hong Kong.
Tour Australia with Princess Cruises
For a far-flung family vacation this winter, consider exploring Australia aboard the Sea Princess this winter. Leaving Brisbane on Dec.17, the Sea Princess will take passengers to Airlie Beach. And on the ship, little ones can enjoy a variety of onboard activities and entertainment, from dance classes to volleyball to enrichment classes.
Cruise to the Caribbean with Disney
Aboard each Disney ship, you’ll find numerous kid-friendly activities and services that are well-suited for the young-and the young at heart. Disney characters pop up frequently throughout the kids club and in public spaces. Best of all, there are plenty of family-friendly stateroom category options that cater to budget-conscious families.
Norwegian Cruise Line
Norwegian Cruise Line offers a unique style of cruising-Freestyle Cruising. It offers a delicious lineup of excellent restaurants ranging from casual to fine dining, thrilling entertainment, exciting fitness activities and classes.
39．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An advertisement.
C．An academic article. D．A travel journal.
40．Which family cruise can you choose to have kids perform ballet
A．Regent Seven Seas. B．Norwegian Cruise Line.
C．Disney Cruise Line. D．Princess Cruises.
41．Who will be more interested in Disney ships
A．Elegant families. B．Cautious families.
C．Economical families. D．Generous families.
Do you remember when Nelson Mandela died In the 1980s In the 1990s The answer is in 2013. The political figure was in prison from 1964 to 1990 before receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and being elected president in 1994. However, many people incorrectly remember him dying in prison in the 1980s, which is how the Mandela effect gets its name.
The Mandela effect is a phenomenon where a large number of people believe something happened, when in reality, it did not. For example, many people misremember details such as the color of a snack packet or the name of a TV show. A 2020 memory study found that 76% of adults made at least one detectable error when asked to recall information, demonstrating that memory is not accurate.
“The Mandela effect seems to be closely related to a number of well-known memory phenomena,” said Tim Hollins, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Plymouth in the U.K. He named three similar types of memory-related phenomena: “false memory,” which is the creation of a memory that didn’t happen; “source-memory errors,” which is when someone forgets the true source of a memory; and “imagination inflation (膨胀),” which is the tendency to believe something is real when it is often or vividly imagined.
However, Hollins believes the phenomenon that is most closely connected to the Mandela effect is that of “gist memory,” which is when someone has a general idea of something but can’t necessarily remember the specifics. A common example relates to the monkey called Curious George, a children’s book character that first appeared in the 1940s, and his lack of a tail.
“Remembering Curious George as having a tail just reflects the fact that most monkeys have tails,” Hollins said. “If you just remember the gist-it’s a monkey-why wouldn’t you remember him having a tail ”
42．What contributes to the name of the Mandela effect
A．Mandela passed away in the prison.
B．Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize.
C．Mandela’s death was wrongly remembered.
D．Mandela’s political ideas were well-received.
43．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Experiments related to memory phenomena.
B．Psychological causes for the Mandela effect.
C．Memory problems leading to the Mandela effect.
D．Scientific explanation of memory-related problems.
44．What can we learn about our memory from the text
A．It is not as reliable as we think.
B．It can be improved through efforts.
C．Memories of details do not last long.
D．Imagination helps strengthen memory.
45．Which is a phenomenon of “gist memory” according to the text
A．Imagining something that didn’t exist.
B．Recalling every word of a conversation.
C．Just preserving the memory of pleasant things.
D．Remembering only key features of something.
There’s a new AI bot: ChatGPT, and you’d better pay attention, even if you aren’t into artificial intelligence. The tool is an AI chatbot system that OpenAI released in November 2022 to show off and test what a very large, powerful AI system can achieve.
ChatGPT remembers the thread of your dialogue, using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses. It derives its answers from huge volumes of information on the Internet. ChatGPT is built on top of the OpenAI GPT-3 family of large language models and is fine-tuned (a method of transfer learning) using both supervised and reinforcement learning (监督和强化学习).
You can ask ChatGPT anything, like explaining physics, asking for birthday party ideas and getting programming (编程) help. Perhaps it’s not smart enough to replace all humans yet, but it can be creative, and its answers can sound downright authoritative. A few days after its launch, more than 1 million people were trying out ChatGPT. UBS analyst Lloyd Walmsley estimated in February 2023 that ChatGPT reached 100 million monthly users in January, accomplishing in 2 months what took TikTok about 9 months and Instagram two and a half years.
ChatGPT is free to use at the moment because it is still in its research phase. But when too many people hop onto the server (服务器), it overloads and can’t process your request. It just means you should try visiting the site at a later time when fewer people are trying to access it. If you want to skip the wait and have reliable access, there is an option for you. As of Feb.1, 2023, OpenAI has a ChatGPT pro plan, ChatGPT Plus, which allows users to have general access even during peak times. This service does come at a cost of $20 / month.’
However, ChatGPT can not replace Google. ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence bot that provides solutions to your questions, but Google is a search engine in which you can search for as much information as possible. ChatGPT has limited knowledge due to its programming but Google has unlimited knowledge which is updated every day.
46．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about ChatGPT
A．Its language model. B．Its working theory.
C．Its design inspiration. D．Its development process.
47．Why does the author list figures in paragraph 3
A．To show the popularity of ChatGPT.
B．To stress the high cost of inventing ChatGPT.
C．To present the creativity of artificial intelligence.
D．To prove the necessity of developing tools for chatting online.
48．What is ChatGPT Plus intended for
A．Guiding users to experience free services.
B．Allowing net surfers to skip advertisements.
C．Helping researchers detect the failure of the system.
D．Offering consumers priority access during peak hours.
49．What is a limitation of ChatGPT compared with Google
A．It operates based on limited data.
B．It takes more time to search for solutions.
C．It can only update information at a fixed time.
D．It may provide replies unrelated to the questions.
Plants and exposure to greenery have been found to have mental health benefits and like any new skill or hobby, taking care of houseplants comes with difficulty. Anyone starting to care for plants should be patient and allow themselves time to learn the basics. Here are several plants recommended for giving mental health benefits:
Snake Plant
These popular indoor plants have a striking appearance, with dark green sword-shaped leaves that have yellow or white stripes. It is a great first plant, and is very easy to care for. It grows in spaces with low sunlight, has visual appeal and cleans the air.
Lavender
Well known for its relaxing smell, Lavender has a calming effect, aids in reducing stress, promotes sleep and specially has anti-inflammatory (抗炎的) effects when used as a medicine for skin. You can cut it off and dry the leaves or even put them into your bath.
Pothos
If you want to go bright green, try Pothos. The plants grow long stems that can hang from a pot and grow downward, or the stems can climb and grow upward. They clean the air and look beautiful hanging down a bookcase or shelf.
Lemon Balm
This fragrant green herb is part of the mint family and is simple to plant. Known for its calming properties, it has a light lemony smell and has been used to improve sleep, reduce stress and anxiety.
Basil
The experience of growing, picking and using herbs you’ve grown yourself has a positive impact on your mental health, creating a sense of accomplishment. Eating Basil has health benefits too. It has properties that help to relieve stress and anxiety, and eating it can clear your mind.
50．What do Snake Plant and Pothos have in common
A．Long stems. B．Bright green leaves.
C．Purifying the air. D．Relaxing your mind.
51．What is special about Lavender
A．Promoting sleep. B．Resisting inflammation.
C．Reducing stress. D．Clearing your mind.
52．If you are a cook, which plant may appear in the menu
A．Basil. B．Snake Plants. C．Pothos. D．Lavender.
When Tonee Carter sits in front of a piano, his fingers take on a life of their own, dancing across the keys as he smiles, closes his eyes, and sinks into a melody.
Carter, 66, isn’t famous, but he does perform for an international audience nearly every day at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Travelers lucky enough to hear him often find themselves attracted by his music. That’s what happened to Carlos Whittaker, a motivational speaker who was traveling home to Tennessee. “As I was walking through the hall, I heard someone playing the piano,” Whittaker, 46, told CNN.
While listening to the music that seemed to effortlessly flow from Carter’s fingertips, Whittaker, the influencer on social media also took videos of the musician and shared them with his more than 200,000 followers. And an idea hit Whittaker. “Suddenly I was like, what would happen if I asked my followers if we could give him the biggest tip he’s ever gotten,” he said. “As of this conversation, we had raised $61,000.”
Carter was just 6 years old when his father, also a pianist, took him to a Ray Charles concert. But Carter hasn’t had the easiest life. In fact, Carter has had serious kidney disease since 2008. “I thought he was kidding. I just couldn’t believe it,” Cater told CNN. “This is the kind of thing I do. I love giving and donating and helping people, but I never expected someone to do it for me.”
Whittaker has used his social media platform to raise funds for others in the past. Earlier this month, he and his followers raised $230,000 for Brooklyn To Alaska, a non-profit organization that sends urban teenagers on an adventure to Alaska.
Carter plans to use the money to help people the way Whittaker has helped him. “That $61,000 is not mine. It’s the money that’s going to go to others,” Carter said. “There is only one way to say thank you, because words aren’t enough. And that is to pay this forward.
53．What do we know about Tonee Carter and Carlos Whittaker
A．They met by chance. B．They had met before.
C．They were good friends. D．They were both musicians.
54．What made the followers on social media help Carter
A．Carter’s reputation. B．Carter’s serious disease.
C．Whittaker’s influence. D．Whittaker’s inspiring story.
55．Which word best describes Whittaker
A．Knowledgeable. B．Intelligent.
C．Generous. D．Humorous.
56．What will Carter choose to do in the end
A．Keep the money. B．Help those in need.
C．Help Whittaker in return. D．Treat his disease with the money.
From inspirational keynote sessions to hot topics and networking events, everything you know and love about the Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo (FNCE) is included in this year’s program — plus these amazing new additions!
Extra Networking Event. You asked for more networking opportunities, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics listened! Immediately following Opening Session on Saturday, October 26, from 6p. m. to 7p.m., there will be a special networking opportunity in the Grand Hall of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Connect with colleagues and meet new friends while enjoying festive fall beverages.
New Educational Tracks. For attendees looking to develop business and communications skills, the new Career Development and Advancement track offers 12 applicable sessions on topics such as leadership, mentoring and being an entrepreneur. Seven sessions in the Behavioral and Mental Health track focus on eating disorders, body image and more. The Business and Communications track includes information about building a practice and professional relationships.
More Learning Styles. Not everyone learns the same way, so FNCE 2023is offering more ways than ever to engage and gather new information. The Conversation Series in Room 114 Lecture Hall will feature in-depth one-on-one conversations with experts, leaders and innovators on topics including leadership, emerging technologies and more. Ninety-minute expert panel discussions will feature a moderator and up to three panelists presenting perspectives on a specific topic.
Longer DPG/MIG Showcase. To give attendees more time to explore all the dietetic practice groups and member interest groups available, this showcase will be extended by one hour. Visit the Showcase and join a DPG or MIG on Monday, October 28, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the Arch Street Bridge (200 Level) of the convention center.
57．Where can you go to find a networking opportunity at FNCE
A．Mental Health track. B．The Grand Hall.
C．Room 114 Lecture Hall. D．The Arch Street Bridge.
58．What can be inferred about the Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo
A．The DPG/MIG Showcase this year will be extended to three hours.
B．The Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo will start from October 28.
C．The Business and Communications track centers on body image and mentoring.
D．The Conversation Series offer you a chance to have a direct talk with the experts.
59．What is the purpose of the passage
A．To explore secrets to healthy life. B．To introduce new educational approaches.
C．To offer more learning opportunities. D．To attract more attendees to FNCE 2023.
It all started with a post on social media. Returning home from the grocery store, then 25-year-old Simone Policano felt compelled to help the elderly in her neighbourhood to practise safer social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic. With this in mind, she reached out to her friends via the social media, inquiring about existing volunteer opportunities in the state of New York. Unexpectedly, many responded to her post, expressing their interest to volunteer as well. As a result of that outreach, one of her friends, Liam Elkind joined Policano. They decided to start an initiative called Invisible Hands Deliver.
Just two days after conceiving(想出)the idea, Policano and Elkind had a website up and running. This site allowed the elderly and other at-risk individuals to make requests for groceries and prescription medicines to be delivered to them. Volunteers left the bags of groceries outside the doors. The webpage also included a call for volunteers, which gained more than 2,000 sign-ups within the first five days.
As the pandemic began to take its toll on New York in March 2020, Invisible Hands Deliver witnessed a massive outpouring of support from like-minded individuals in the community. Besides volunteering to deliver groceries for free, New Yorkers also reached out to translate the Invisible Hands flyers into over a dozen languages, enabling the organisation to reach out to more members of the community.
Following its success in New York and New Jersey, the organisation has expanded its operations to Philadelphia and there are plans to expand to other areas of the United States. Their acts of kindness have also inspired similar networks to sprout up worldwide. Invisible Hands Deliver is also supported by other organizations.
Helmed by a team of college students and recent graduates, Invisible Hands Deliver has shown that one is never too young to make a difference and give back to the community. In a time when the pandemic has forced people apart, the young are in a prime position to take advantage of technology and bridge the gap, bringing communities together.
60．Why did Simone Policano setup “Invisible Hands Deliver”
A．To practice outreach on the social media.
B．To bring volunteers of the same interest together.
C．To help the elderly with their daily chores contactlessly.
D．To sell groceries and prescription medicines to the lonely elderly.
61．What does the underlined phrase “take its toll” mean in paragraph 3
A．Cause great damage. B．Reduce the impact.
C．Fill a huge gap. D．Recover slowly.
62．What can we learn from the passage
A．Invisible Hands Deliver has drawn wide attention.
B．People responded to Simon’s post in actively at the beginning.
C．Invisible Hands Deliver has existed in many areas of the United States.
D．Young people pull the elderly together when the pandemic pulls them apart.
63．What does the author want to convey through the passage
A．Great minds think alike. B．All the people gather the fire.
C．Great things never come easy. D．Kill two birds with one stone.
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual(感知的)systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces.
This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being exposed to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. The authors recommended using such “doses(剂量)of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools.
Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, playing with mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, which allows the child to gradually understand his or her body signals.
Such activities — away from the house or classroom — may also help children to find ways to cope with emotions that maybe hard to explore in other environments. So-called “sand tray therapy”, which involves using sand and clay to express one’s thoughts and feelings, is an accepted form of counselling for children who are struggling to verbalise their emotional state.
When it comes to the child’s physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play maybe the exercise A child may find it easier to buildup strength and endurance in a large open space resulting in a reduced risk of overweight, according to one study led by Elizabeth Gershoff, professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, US.
The latest findings, however, suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments — and the secret maybe alive in the mud itself.
64．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To present the topic. B．To display brain landscapes.
C．To prove the well-established benefits. D．To introduce the perceptual systems.
65．How does the study show that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation
A．By recording learning experiences. B．By comparing walking in different settings.
C．By observing different activities. D．By exposing children to grass and trees.
66．What’s the advantage of sand tray therapy
A．Children can speak out their inner thoughts.
B．Children can develop their senses and movements.
C．Children can express their thoughts by applying sand.
D．Children can cope with their emotions in the classroom.
67．What does the author mean by saying “the secret maybe alive in the mud itself’
A．Playing outdoors brings unexpected benefits.
B．Playing in the mud is the best outdoor exercise.
C．Playing outdoors can cure children with ADHD．
D．Playing in the mud can reduce the risk of overweight.
Anyone who commutes (通勤) by car knows that traffic jams are an unavoidable part of life. But humans are not alone in facing potential jams.
Ants also commute — between their nest and sources of food. The survival of their colonies depends on doing this efficiently.
When humans commute, there’s a point at which cars become dense (稠密) enough to slow down the flow of traffic, causing jams. Motsch, a mathematician in Arizona State University, and his colleagues wanted to know if ants on the move could also get jammed. So they regulated traffic density by constructing bridges of various widths between a colony of Argentine ants and a source of food. Then they waited and watched. “The goal was to try to find out at what point they are going to have a traffic jam.” said Sebastien Motsch.
But it appears that that never happened. They always managed to avoid traffic jams. The flow of ants did increase at the beginning as ants started to fill the bridge and then levelled off at high densities. But it never slowed down or stopped, even when the bridge was nearly filled with ants.
The researchers then took a closer look at how the behaviour of individual ants impacted traffic as a whole. And they found that when ants sense overcrowding, they adjust their speeds and avoid entering high-density areas, which prevents jams. These behaviours may be promoted by pheromones, chemicals that tell other ants where a trail is. The ants also manage to avoid colliding (碰撞) with each other at high densities, which could really slow them down. The study is in the journal eLife.
Can ants help us solve our own traffic problems Not likely, says Motsch. That’s because when it comes to getting from point A to point B as fast as possible, human drivers put their own goals first. Individual ants have to be more cooperative in order to feed the colony. But the research could be useful in improving traffic flow for self-driving cars, which can be designed to be less like selfish humans—and more like ants.
68．What does the underlined word “this” in para.2 refer to
A．Surviving. B．Commuting.
C．Finding food. D．Avoiding jams.
69．According to the research, ants can avoid traffic jams mainly because ________.
A．they follow a special route.
B．they level off at high densities.
C．they never stop or slow down on the way.
D．they depend on their natural chemicals to adjust their speeds.
70．What is the best title of the passage
A．Traffic jams. B．Unavoidable Not for ants!
C．Survival of an ant colony. D．Difference between humans and ants.
More than 360 million years ago, during the Devonian (泥盆纪) period, life was flourishing in spectacular fashion. As fish and invertebrates populated the seas, the first trees emerged on land. But by the end of the Devonian, more than half of all Earth’s species had disappeared in a series of mass extinctions. New research shows how tree evolution could have contributed to these extinction events.
As land plants diversified, “they started to grow more complex root systems that were able to reach farther down to grab water,” says U. S. Naval Academy oceanographer Mathew Smart, lead author of the new study in the Geological Society of American Bulletin. Deep tree roots drew crucial minerals such as phosphorus (磷) out of the bedrock and then eventually decayed, forming mineral-rich soil. Periodically, large quantities of this soil were washed into the seas and lakes-where the sudden phosphorus inflow caused harmful algal blooms (藻华) that pulled oxygen from the waters below. Then came a series of large-scale extinctions.
The researchers tracked this deadly pattern in five prehistoric lake beds in Scotland and Greenland. They measured a gradual phosphorus decrease in sediment layers from the middle to late Devonian, accompanied by sudden increase of the mineral with evidence of corresponding oxygen depletion (耗竭).
“We’ve been working on the Devonian for a long time, and we have been thinking that these cycles have occurred, but we couldn’t really explain it,” says Anne-Christine Da Silva, a sedimentologist at the University of Liège in Belgium. “This paper could bring an explanation.”
University of New Mexico planetary scientist Maya Elrick, who was also not involved in the study, says that while the oxygen depletion incidents coincided with extinctions, it is unclear how much of a role tree roots played. Phosphorus levels did gradually decrease overall as trees evolved, but she says this reduction may have already been occurring: “If it’s a trend that was happening prior, you can’t blame it on the plants.”
Next, Smart’s team plans to test its results using computer models to see whether plants on land could have caused ocean-wide oxygen depletion and corresponding extinction-analysis that could also help predict modern algal blooms’ impact.
71．What’s the main idea of paragraph 2
A．The evolution of land plants. B．The effect of phosphorus inflow.
C．The source of crucial minerals. D．The process of mass extinctions.
72．What’s Anne-Christine Da Silva’s attitude towards the research finding
A．Disapproving. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
73．Which of the following statements does Maya Elrick agree with
A．Oxygen depletion worsened as trees evolved.
B．Tree evolution can’t necessarily reveal extinctions.
C．Plant extinction resulted from the mineral increase.
D．Phosphorus reduction occurred before tree evolution.
74．What is a suitable title for the text
A．The Rise and Fall of the Devonian Period
B．The Role of Phosphorus in Trees’ Evolution
C．Algal Blooms Contribute to Oxygen Depletion
D．Tree Roots May Have Set Off Mass Extinctions
参考答案：
1．D 2．D 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了一项新法律将敦促拆除伊利诺斯州的含铅管道，确保该州居民喝上干净的水。
1．词义猜测题。根据文章第一段“In Illinois, legislators (立法委员) and advocates of removing the state’s lead (铅) service lines said on Monday that a newly signed law moves the state closer to removing that “toxic infrastructure(基础设施)”and ensuring all Illinoisans have clean water to drink.(在伊利诺伊州，立法者和支持拆除该州铅管道的人士周一表示，一项新签署的法律使该州离拆除“toxic基础设施”更近了一步，并确保所有伊利诺伊州人都能喝上干净的水)”可知，这里的toxic基础设施实际上就是前面的铅管道，而铅对人体是有害的。由此可推知，此处的toxic也应为负面词，意为“有毒的”，与poisonous同义。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In Illinois, legislators(立法委员) and advocates of removing the state’s lead(铅) service lines said on Monday that a newly signed law moves the state closer to removing that “toxic infrastructure(基础设施)”and ensuring all Illinoisans have clean water to drink.(在伊利诺斯州，立法者和移除该州铅管线的倡导者周一表示，一项新签署的法律使该州离移除“有毒基础设施”更近了一步，并确保所有伊利诺斯州人都有干净的水喝)”可知，新签署的法律确保所有伊利诺斯州人都有干净的水喝。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The law also requires the state’s Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity to create a low-income water assistance policy and program to ensure state residents have access to affordable, clean water.(该法律还要求该州商业和经济机会部制定一项低收入水援助政策和计划，以确保该州居民能够获得负担得起的干净的水)”可知，该法律还要求该州商业和经济机会部制定低收入水援助政策和计划，确保该州居民能负担得起干净的水。由此可推知，所提交的政策必须有利于贫困家庭。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“In Illinois, legislators(立法委员) and advocates of removing the state’s lead(铅) service lines said on Monday that a newly signed law moves the state closer to removing that “toxic infrastructure(基础设施)”and ensuring all Illinoisans have clean water to drink.(在伊利诺斯州，立法者和移除该州铅管线的倡导者周一表示，一项新签署的法律使该州离移除“有毒基础设施”更近了一步，并确保所有伊利诺斯州人都有干净的水喝)”可知，文章开篇提出了一项新法律将敦促拆除含铅的管线，下文介绍了新法律的具体要求。由此可知，D项“A New Law Urges to Remove Lead Service Lines(一项新法律敦促拆除含铅管线)”最能概括本文内容。故选D项。
5．C 6．C 7．D 8．C
【导语】这是一篇人物传记。文章介绍了美国著名画家Kensett的一些经历和成就。
5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“He worked as a carver in the New Haven area until about 1838, after which he went to work as a banknote carver in New York City. He didn’t know his carving experience would benefit him later. In 1840, Kensett traveled to Europe in order to study painting. (他在纽黑文地区做雕刻工，直到1838年左右，之后他去纽约市做纸币雕刻工。他不知道自己的雕刻经验日后会给他带来好处。1840年，肯赛特前往欧洲学习绘画)”可知，Kensett一开始是一名雕刻工，他不知道他的雕刻经验日后会给他带来好处，后来他去欧洲学习了绘画，而他的雕刻经验为他的绘画学习打下了扎实的基础。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Kensett is best known for his landscape of New York and New England and seascapes (海景画) of coastal New Jersey, Long Island and New England. He is most closely associated with the so-called “second generation” of the Hudson River School.(肯赛特最著名的作品是纽约和新英格兰的风景画，以及新泽西、长岛和新英格兰沿海的海景画。他与所谓的哈德逊河学派的“第二代”联系最为密切)”可知，Kensett的画被誉为哈德逊河学派“第二代”。由此可知，Kensett的画深受哈德逊河学派影响。故选C项。
7．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“By the early 1870s Kensett was spending considerable time at his home on Contentment Island, on Long Island Sound near Darien Connecticut.(到19世纪70年代初，肯塞特在康涅狄格州达里恩附近的长岛海峡的知足岛上的家中度过了相当长的时间)”及第五段“It was during this time that Kensett painted some of his finest works.(正是在这段时间里，肯塞特画了一些他最好的作品)”可知，正是在19世纪70年代初在康涅狄格州的时候，Kensett画出了一些最好的作品。故选D项。
8．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The artist was widely praised and financially successful during his lifetime. In turn, he was generous in support of the arts and artists. He was a full member of the National Academy of Design, the founder and president of the Artists’ Fund Society, and a founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(这位艺术家生前广受赞誉，经济上也很成功。反过来，他也慷慨地支持艺术和艺术家。他是美国国家设计学院的正式成员，艺术家基金协会的创始人和主席，大都会艺术博物馆的创始人之一)”可知，Kensett生前广受赞誉，在经济上也很成功。由此可推知，Kensett晚年可以说名利双收。故选C项。
9．B 10．C 11．C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章从人口、语言、动物、自然资源和农业等方面介绍了欧洲的基本情况。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Europe is the second smallest continent in size but the third largest in population.(欧洲是面积第二小的大陆，但人口第三大。)”以及People中的“About 10% of the world’s population lives in Europe.(世界上大约10%的人口生活在欧洲。)”可知，欧洲是面积第二小的大陆，但人口却是第三大，全世界大约10%的人口生活在欧洲。由此可推知，欧洲的人口密度很大。故选B项。
10．细节理解题。根据文章Languages中的“Most European languages belong to either the Romance language family such as French, Italian and Spanish, the Germanic language family, among which are German and English, or the Slavic language family, among which are Russian, Bulgarian and Polish. Russian is the language with most native speakers—about 100 million, while English is the language spoken by most people as a first language and a second language—about 270 million people. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French, English and Italian. (大多数欧洲语言要么属于罗曼语系，如法语、意大利语和西班牙语，要么属于日耳曼语系，其中包括德语和英语，要么属于斯拉夫语系，其中包括俄语、保加利亚语和波兰语。俄语是母语使用者最多的语言——大约有1亿人，而英语是大多数人作为第一语言和第二语言使用的语言——大约有2.7亿人。欧洲最常用的五种母语是俄语、德语、法语、英语和意大利语。)”可知，法语属于罗曼语系，英语属于日耳曼语系，俄语是母语使用者最多的语言，故A、B、D项均错，波兰语不属于欧洲最常用的母语，由此可推知，以波兰语为母语的使用者人数不多。故选C项。
11．细节理解题。根据文章Natural resources中的“Some areas in northern Europe have deposits of natural gas and oil.(北欧的一些地区蕴藏着天然气和石油。)”可知，北欧的一些地区蕴藏有天然气和石油，A项错误；根据文章Animals中的“In Europe, there are 270 species of mammals (哺乳动物) such as bats, deer and hares. Of all mammal species 15% are endangered(在欧洲，有270种哺乳动物，如蝙蝠、鹿和野兔。所有哺乳动物中有15%濒临灭绝)”和“Slightly more than half of the 800 European bird species breed in Europe, and all the others migrate to warmer regions during the cold winter months.(在欧洲800种鸟类中，略多于一半的鸟类在欧洲繁殖，所有其他鸟类在寒冷的冬季迁徙到温暖的地区。)”可知，哺乳动物中有15%濒临灭绝，并非大多数；欧洲800种鸟类中，略多于一半的鸟类在欧洲繁殖，剩下其他鸟类会在冬天迁徙到温暖地区，也就是说不到一半的鸟类会迁徙，B项、D项错误；根据文章Agriculture中的“France is Europe’s biggest producer of agricultural products.(法国是欧洲最大的农产品生产国。)”可知，法国是欧洲最大的农产品生产国，故选C项。
12．B 13．D 14．A 15．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章说明了数学是一种通用性语言，数学的原理和基础在世界各地是一样的。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Right now you should know about two ways to represent numbers, as Roman numerals and Arabic numerals.(现在你应该知道两种表示数字的方法，罗马数字和阿拉伯数字。)”可知，文章提到了罗马数字和阿拉伯数字这两种表示数字的方法。故选B项。
13．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“And, what about geometry(几何) A circle is always a circle and its circumference (周长) is always calculated the same way no matter where you are in the world. The same holds true for any other figure like triangles, squares or rectangles.(那么，几何呢？圆始终是圆，无论你在世界上的哪个地方，它的周长都是用同样的方法计算的。这同样适用于任何其他图形，如三角形、正方形或矩形。)”以及文章第二段第一句话“Math is a universal language because the principles and foundations of math are the same everywhere around the world.(数学是一种通用语言，因为数学的原理和基础在世界各地都是一样的。)”可知，作者提到几何，是想表达它们的计算方式总是一样的，是为了论证第二段第一句话：数学是一种通用性语言，它的原理和基础在世界各地都是一样的。故选D项。
14．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“The same holds true for any other figure like triangles, squares or rectangles.(这同样适用于任何其他图形，如三角形、正方形或矩形。)”可知，这同样适用于其他任何figure，如三角形，正方形或矩形。三角形、正方形、矩形等都是figure的代表，这些都是图形。由此可推知figure此处应指“图形”。A. Shape.图形；B. Size.尺寸；C. Picture.图片；D. Field.田地、领域。figure与shape为同义表达。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“We like to visit other countries to experience new scenery, new foods and a different culture. It’s fun to watch documentaries about festivals that we don’t have in North America. There is a great deal of cultural diversity in the world that we can enjoy and celebrate. But math is one thing that is common to everyone.(我们喜欢到其他国家去体验新的风景、新的食物和不同的文化。看关于电影节的纪录片很有趣，这在北美是没有的。世界上有大量的文化多样性，我们可以享受和庆祝。但数学对每个人来说都很常见。)”可知，世界上有大量的 文化多样性，但是数学对每个人来说都很常见。由此可推知，数学没有多样性。故选A项。
16．A 17．C 18．D 19．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种被称为“安静招聘”新的职场趋势即将到来。
16．细节理解题。根据第二段“Quiet hiring is a strategy used to fill the critical gaps in a company without hiring new employees. (“安静招聘”是指在不雇佣新员工的情况下填补公司关键职位空缺的一种策略。)”可知，“安静招聘”策略指的是将现有工作人员调往新岗位。故选A。
17．推理判断题。根据第二段“This year it may need to add five more data scientists to its team to meet the strategic goals. As a solution, it may move five employees from another department only for a short time, like data analysts in the human resources and marketing department, into the five open data scientist roles. (今年，该公司可能需要为其团队增加5名数据科学家，以实现战略目标。作为一种解决方案，它可以在短时间内从另一个部门调动5名员工，比如人力资源和营销部门的数据分析师，变成5个开放数据科学家角色。)”和第三段“In this case, the boss is saying, “We’re going to intentionally deprioritize support for HR and marketing for the next six months so that we can increase the productivity of our data science team, and we are saying this sound and clearly. Everyone knows this.”(在这种情况下，老板说，“我们将有意在未来六个月优先支持人力资源和市场营销，这样我们就可以提高数据科学团队的生产力，我们说得很清楚。大家都知道这一点。”)”可推断，公司处理安静招聘的特点是人事变动是事先宣布的。故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Meantime you might say, “If it’s not possible to increase my payment, can we make it so that I can work from home five days a week, reducing my commute（通勤）costs Or, could I work flexible hours, making it easier for me to live the rest of my life ” An individual conversation may be ineffective. If you’re part of a department or team being asked to switch roles, employ that power and approach human resources as a group. (与此同时，你可能会说，“如果不可能增加我