(共85张PPT)
必修三unit5单词
basis / be s s/
n.基础;根据;基点
bas- (low 低的) + -is → 低处 → 基础
同根词:base, basic
(1)on the basis of sth在某事的基础上;根据某事
on a daily/weekly/regular basis每天/每周/定期地
(2)base vt.以……为根据 n.基部;基地;基础
base...on/upon把……建立在……上
be based on 以……为基础;以……为根据
(3)basic adj.基本的;基础的
basically adv.大体上;基本上;从根本上说
【背佳句】Traditions are activities that are repeated on a regular basis.
传统就是定期重复的活动。
练出神 单句填空
①While some people claim that they can predict the future,there is no scientific (base) behind it.
②Work out a daily basis,and you will become fit and lose weight.
③The film, (base) on a true story in World War Ⅱ,is a great success.
④When you select a flower arrangement,it is (base) to select a structure.
basis
on
based
basic
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
⑤常言道,“独木不成林”。我们的成功建立在与他人合作的基础上。
Just as the saying goes,“One tree doesn’t make a forest.” Our success
cooperating with others.
is based on
loan /l n/
n.贷款;借款
谐音记忆法
谐音:楼
联想:现在这情况,你看到楼这个字应该是想起买房,贷款买房,房贷压力,年轻人买房不容易,要还贷呢。贷款买楼
词块:take out a loan 取得贷款
bank loan 银行贷款
loan interest 贷款利息
plastic / pl st k/
n.塑料;
adj.塑料制的,塑料制品
谐音记忆法
lastic=谐音:拉丝滴。
联想:塑料的最大特征就是可以延展,拉伸,可以拉丝。大家拿回来的塑料袋是不是都可以拉伸呢?
块:plastic bags
词源义“形成的;可塑的”,引申为“塑料的”
词块:plastic bags
apologise / p l a z/ (also apologize)
vi.道歉;谢罪
apology (道歉) + -ise (使……);
谐音记忆法
谐音:啊,跑了鸡。
联想:让你好好看着鸡,结果现在鸡跑了,你是不是得道歉。
美式拼写:apologize
(1)apologise to sb for (doing)sth 因(做)某事向某人道歉
(2)apology n. 道歉;辩白
make an apology to sb for (doing)sth 因(做)某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse one’s apology接受/拒绝某人的道歉
【背佳句】If you have done wrong to your friend,you should apologise to him or her for your mistake.
如果你对你的朋友做错了什么,你应该为你的错误向他或她道歉。
练出神 单句填空
①I’m writing to (apology) to you for not being able to attend your birthday party tomorrow evening.
②I must make an (apologise) to John,because I misunderstood him this morning.
③You must apologise him for having kept him waiting so long.
apologise
apology
to
写精彩 一句多译·背诵
海伦因没能遵守诺言向鲍勃道歉。
→④ .(apologise)
→⑤ .(apology)
Helen apologised to Bob for her not keeping her word
Helen made an apology to Bob for her not keeping her word
ignore / g n (r)/
vt.忽视;对……不予理会
ig- (不、非) + -gnore (to know 知道、了解) → 不知道 → 无知、忽视
谐音记忆法
谐音:一个闹
联想:一个人在闹,不理他
(1)ignorant adj.无知的;愚昧的
be ignorant of/about 对……一无所知
(2)ignorance n. 无知;愚昧
in ignorance of对……一无所知
out of/through ignorance出于无知
【背佳句】What parents have ignored is that doing everything for their kids will get them into the habit of being dependent.
父母们忽视的是,为他们的孩子做所有事情将会让他们养成依赖的习惯。
练出神 单句填空
①The two boys went into the mountain, (ignore) the danger they might face.
②Most people don’t like to ask questions for fear of appearing
(ignore).
③Children often behave badly out ignorance.
ignoring
ignorant
of
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④他们决定不能再忽视这种情况了,开始一块一块地捡起垃圾。
They decided that the situation could no longer ,and began picking up the waste piece by piece.
be ignored
in return
作为回报;作为回应
(1)in return for作为对……的回报(交换)
(2)in turn依次,轮流;相应地,反过来
练出神 单句填空
①Keeping pets means giving love and being loved.We find comfort in giving care return.
②I wish I do something in return the kindness I have received from Mr.Yang.
③People try to avoid public transport delays by using their own cars,which
turn creates more problems.
in
for
in
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④他乐于帮助处于困境中的人。作为回报,人们尊敬他,说他是一个热心 的人。
He is ready to help those in trouble. ,people respect him,saying he is a warm-hearted man.
In return
judge / /
vi.&vt.评价;评判;判断;
n.法官;审判员;裁判员
谐音记忆法
谐音1:榨汁。谁榨汁呀?法官裁判达人呗。他们特别能从法律的角度
来挖掘犯罪分子的犯罪事实,哪怕再难发现的一些犯罪事实都能给榨出来。
词源记忆法
大家肯定认识just,通常表示:刚刚、仅仅、恰好、正好的意思。
但是just还有法律上的概念:正义、公平的意思。
暂且可以理解为just本意中有刚刚好、正好,表示恰到
好处、不偏不倚的意思,也许是这个核心概念引申出有公
平、正义的概念。
理解了just是正义公平的意思以后,judge和just同源,因为清浊
辅音本一家,意思就是:d=s;g=t所以judge=just,这两个单词
中间一定能够抽象出本质上相似的东西。judge是裁判审判,审
判的目的或者法官审判的核心是什么?保护和实现正义与公平。
同理:
justice n.正义、公平。
justify 是……的正当理由;对……作出解释,为……辩解
justification 正当理由,合理解释
judge / /
vi.&vt.评价;评判;判断;
n.法官;审判员;裁判员
一词多义:基本义“判断”
(1)judge...by/from...根据……判断……
as far as I can judge据我判断;我认为
(2)judging by/from根据……判断
(3)judgement n.看法;判断力;判决
make a judgement/judgements on/about对……做出判断
in one’s judgement在某人看来
judge
“不要以貌取人”这句话还有很多说法。其中一个著名的版本出自《圣经 约翰福音》第7章。原文是“Never judge from appearances, but judge with right judgment.”“不可按外貌定是非,总要按公平断定是非”。即不可以貌取人,判断事物不应受表面现象蒙蔽。
Don’t judge a book by its cover. You might miss out an amazing story!
【背佳句】Just as the saying goes,“Don’t judge a book by its cover.”
正如俗话说的,“勿以貌取人”。
练出神 单句填空
①We shouldn’t judge people the clothes they wear.
②Don’t make a (judge) on the newcomers.After all,they have been here for only three days.
③ (judge) from the look on his face,Peter was not satisfied with the result of the competition.
by/from
judgement
Judging
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④据我判断,格林先生将会拒绝就目前的形式做出判断。
,Mr.Green will refuse to
about the present situation.
As far as I can judge
make a judgement
scene /si n/
n.(戏剧或歌剧的)场;现场;场面
一词多义:基本义“场景”;熟词生义“圈子”
词块:on the scene;派生词:scenery
narrator /n re t /
n.(书,戏剧或电影中的)叙述者;讲述者;(电视节目中的)幕后解说员
拓展
narrate vt. 叙述;给……作旁白
narration /n re n/ n.叙述;讲述;解说
bet /bet/
n.打赌;赌注;(bet,bet)vi.&vt.下赌注,用……打赌;vt.敢说
词块:
bet on就…打赌
make a bet打赌
best bet最好的办法;最好的措施
You bet!当然,毫无疑问
servant / s v nt/
n.仆人;佣人
serv (to be a slave 当奴仆) + -ant (person 人) → 当奴仆的人 → 仆人、佣人
同根词:serve, service
sail /se l/
vi.&vt.(船)航行;(人)乘船航行
词块:
set sail (for) 扬帆起航
sail around the world 环球航行
派生词:sailing, sailor
spot /sp t/
vt.看见;注意到;发现;
n.地点;处所;斑点;污迹
一词多义:基本义“斑点”;名词动词化
谐音记忆法
还可以发音想成“是泼得”(污点和污渍都是被人泼上去的)。
(1)spot sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事
be spotted with用……点缀
(2)on the spot 在现场
put sb on the spot向某人提刁钻的问题;使某人处于难堪的境地
练出神 单句填空
①Neighbours spotted smoke (come) out of the house.
②Staring at the sky (spot) with stars,Mary was deep in thought.
③Alice’s words put Tom the spot before their colleagues,but she didn’t realize it.
coming
spotted
on
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④不仅有各种剪纸作品将被展出,工匠们还将现场向参观者展示如何将纸剪成各种形状。
Not only will all kinds of paper-cutting works be on display,but the craftsmen will also show visitors how to cut paper into different shapes
.
【名师点睛】
spot意为“地点”,作先行词,其关系词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语时,用where引导定语从句。
on the spot
consulate / k nsj l t;NAmE'/ka:ns l t/
n.领事馆
词根词缀法
consul领事+-ate名词词尾
dare /de /
vi.&modal 胆敢;敢于
可作情态动词,常用于否定句,否定 daren’t 或 do not dare
词块:
dare (to) do sth,
dare sb to do sth
sort /s t/
n.种类;类别
近义词:type / kind;名词动词化
(1)what sort of...哪种……
all sorts of各种各样的
sort of有几分;有那么一点
(2)sort vt. 整理,将……分类
sort out分类;整理;解决
练出神 单句填空
①The exhibition includes clothes made with all (sort) of materials.
②Jackson felt sort nervous when he stood on the stage for the first time.
③My sister spent several hours sorting her coins and stamps.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④旅游将会为我们提供机会来享受不同种类的食物,体验新的事物。
Travelling will give us chances to enjoy food and experience new things.
sorts
of
out
different sorts of
mining / ma n /
n.采矿;采矿业
mine
pron.我的
v.采矿
n.矿
patience / pe ns/
n.耐心;忍耐力;毅力
词族:patient, patiently, impatient, patience, impatience
(1)have the patience for/to do sth 对/做某事有耐心
lose patience with sb/sth 对某人/某事失去耐心
with patience耐心地
(2)patient adj. 耐心的,能忍耐的
be patient with 对……有耐心
(3)patiently adv.耐心地
【背佳句】You must have the patience to train every day to make your dream come true.
你得有耐心每天训练以使自己的梦想实现。
练出神 单句填空
①With a little preparation and,most importantly,a lot of (patient),
you’ll get what you want.
②Susan is very (patience) with the children,so she is suitable for the job.
③Miss Lee is explaining the difficult language point to the boy
great patience.
patience
patient
with
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④我们的英语老师不但对我们有耐心,而且她还愿意关注我们的心理健康。
Not only ,but she is also willing to pay attention to our mental health.
is our English teacher patient with us
be about to do sth
即将或正要(做某事)
(1)be about to do sth 意为“即将或正要做某事”,不与时间状语连用。
(2)be about to do sth when...是固定句型,意为“刚要做某事突然……”。
(3)be on the point of doing sth when...意为“刚要做某事突然……”。
练出神 单句填空
①The curtains are about (open),and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story.
②Jackson was about to give up solving the problem a wonderful idea hit on him.
③Nancy was on the point of going to bed she saw a bright light outside.
to open
when
when
写精彩 一句多译·背诵
亨利刚要把这个秘密告诉他的父亲,这时突然有人敲门。
④____________________________________________________________
.(be about to do sth when)
⑤_____________________________________________________________
.(be on the point of doing sth when)
Henry was about to tell the secret to his father when someone knocked at the door
Henry was on the point of telling the secret to his father when someone knocked at the door
indicate / nd ke t/
vt.&vi.表明;显示;vt.象征;暗示
in- (toward 对) + dic (to say 说) + -ate → 针对某事说清楚 → 指示;指出
postpone /p 'sp n/
vt.延迟;延期;延缓
post(在…后面)+pon(放)+e→放在后面→延迟,延缓
(1)postpone doing sth 推迟做某事
(2)delay/put off doing sth 推迟做某事
练出神 单句填空
①Let’s postpone (make) a decision until we have more information.
②The sports meet has been put as a result of the bad weather.
写精彩 一句多译·背诵
出于安全考虑,他推迟了去见那位官员。
→③ .(postpone)
→④ .(delay)
→⑤ .(put off)
making
off
Out of safety,he postponed meeting the official
Out of safety,he delayed meeting the official
Out of safety,he put off meeting the official
odd / d/
adj.奇怪的;怪异的;反常的
单词辨析
以下这些形容词均含有"奇怪的,奇异的,新奇的"的意思
queer:指一种无法解释的怪诞,强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
odd:通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物,往往令人困惑或奇怪。
curious:通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
peculiar:侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性,也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange:普通常用词,含义广泛,指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
eccentric:指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
quaint:指古色古香,会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
singular:通常指异常或奇特,暗含不同于一般。
obligation / bl ge n/ n.义务;职责;责任
oblige
英[ bla d ]美[ 'bla d ]
核心词义
vt. 迫使;强制;赐,施恩惠;责成;义务
vi. 帮忙;施恩惠
速记技巧缀法
ob-加强意义+-lig-捆,约束+-e
intention / n ten n/
n.打算;计划;意图;目的;
in- (toward 朝、向) + tent (to stretch 延伸) + -ion (名词后缀) → 把目光延伸到某事上 → 意图、目的
是正式用语,对应 aim / purpose
(1)have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事
with the intention of doing sth 怀着做……的意图
(2)intend vi.& vt. 计划;打算;想要
intend to do/doing sth 打算做某事
(3)intended adj. 计划的;打算的
be intended for 为……打算(设计)的
be intended to do sth 为做某事设计的
练出神 单句填空
①Robert went to London with the (intend) of finding a well-paid job to provide for his family.
②Last Wednesday saw the activity of Elegant Art into Campus,which
(intend) to make elegant art more accessible.
③The book,intended children,is also very popular among adults.
④The visit, (intend) to strengthen the relationship between the two countries,was a great success.
intention
was intended
for
intended
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
⑤虽然他遇到了困难,但乔丹没打算放弃他的梦想。
Although he met with difficulty,Jordan______ ______ __________ _____
his dream.
had no intention of
giving up
nowhere / n we (r)/ adv.无处;哪里都不
近义词:not anywhere
get/go nowhere毫无进展;没有结果
nowhere near离……差得远;远不及
out of/from nowhere一下子出现;突然冒出来;出乎意料地发生
nowhere to be seen/found=nowhere in sight哪里也找不到(或看不见)
练出神 单句填空
①The next morning,his new bike was nowhere (find).
②To be safe,I stayed with a “pack” of bikers while cars on the streets came running swiftly of nowhere at times.
③We discussed it all morning but (get) nowhere.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④我们只有100美元,这些远不够买一台新电脑的。
We only had$100 and that was enough to buy a new computer.
to be found
out
got
nowhere near
in case
以防;以防万一
(1)in case是连词词组,后接从句或位于句末;
in case of是介词短语,后接名词或动词-ing形式作宾语。
(2)in that case 既然那样;假使那样的话
in this case既然这样;假使这样的话
in any case无论如何;不管怎样
in no case决不(置于句首时,句子需用部分倒装)
as is often the case情况经常是这样的(as引导非限制性定语从句)
练出神 单句填空
①I don’t think it will rain,but I will take my umbrella,just case.
②In case fire,press the red button right now.
③Traffic may be bad,but any case we’ll be there in time for dinner.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④应该给孩子们足够的空间;假使这样的话,他们就会有更多的生活体验。
Enough space should be given to kids; ,they will get more life experiences.
in
of
in
in this case
extent / k'stent/
n.程度;限度;大小;范围
ex- (out 出) + tent (to stretch 延伸) → 延伸出来的范围 → 程度;范围
词块:
to...extent到……程度;在……程度上
to some/a certain extent在某种程度上
to what extent在多大程度上
练出神 单句填空
①To extent is this true of all schools
② a very large extent,we are responsible for much of the good fortune that we encounter.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
③在某种程度上,生活是一次艰难的旅程,在这次旅程中,即使你不时地受到伤害和背叛,你依旧要微笑,要去爱。
Life is a tough journey, ,where you still smile and love even though you are occasionally hurt and betrayed.
what
To
to a certain extent
pursue /p sju /
vt.追求;致力于
词根词缀
pur(pro-)向前+sue(-sequ-)跟随→ 向前跟随 → pursue追求,追逐
duty / dju ti NAmE'du:ti/
n.责任;义务;职责;值班
词源记忆法
duty:责任,税来自due,欠债的,应当的。引申词义责任,税。
(1)on duty值班;值勤
off duty下班;不值班
on guard duty站岗
(2)it be one’s duty to do sth 做某事是某人的职责
have a duty to do sth 有责任做某事
do one’s duty尽某人的义务
out of duty出于责任
duty
翻译词块:
student on duty
(工作)任务;职责
(道德或法律上的)责任;义务
义务
duty
(基本义)
工作中承担的“义务”
道德或法律上的“义务”
值班
上班 / 在岗的
“义务”
duty 语义网络图
(购物缴纳的)税;关税
购物需缴纳税费“义务”
练出神 单句填空
①I am duty tonight,so I can’t go to the cinema with you.
②The policeman was duty,but he saved a drowning boy while walking along the river.
③I feel it our duty (raise) people’s awareness about environmental protection.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④让世界人民了解我们多样的文化是我们的责任。
people all around the world know about our diverse cultures.
on
off
to raise
It is our duty to let
hesitate / hez te t/
vi.犹豫;迟疑;顾虑
(1)hesitate to do sth 犹豫/迟疑做某事
hesitate over/about对……犹豫不决
(2)hesitation n.犹豫;迟疑;顾虑
without hesitation毫不犹豫
have no hesitation of doing sth 毫不犹豫做某事
【背佳句】The firefighter didn’t hesitate to rush into the burning house to save the mother and the son.
这位消防队员毫不犹豫地冲进着火的房子里去救那对母子。
练出神 单句填空
①If you have any other requirements,please don’t hesitate
(tell) me.
②Emily didn’t want to be rejected again,so she hesitated a little
it.
③John stepped on the stage hesitation as if he had been preparing for this moment all his life.
to tell
over/about
without
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④屠呦呦毫不犹豫地接受了这项任务,着手寻找治疗疟疾的方法。
Tu Youyou the mission and set out to look for the cure for malaria.
didn’t hesitate to accept
sequence / si kw ns/
vt.按顺序排列;n.顺序;一系列
记忆法
词根词缀
sequ-跟随+-ence名词词尾=sequence顺序,次序,一系列,一连串
近义词:order
名词动词化:“按顺序排列”
in sequence依次,逐一
time sequence时间顺序
eventually / ven u li/ adv.最后;终于
eventual (最终的) + -ly;近义词:finally
tailor / te l (r)/
n.(男装)裁缝;vt.专门制作;定做
tail (to cut 切) + -or → 裁剪衣服的人 → 裁缝
名词动词化:“专门制作;定做”
manner / m n /
n.举止;行为方式;方法; /pl./礼貌;礼仪
① 意为“方式;方法”时是正式用语,对应way
词块:in a … manner
以一种……的方式;带着一副……的样子
② 意为“礼貌;礼仪”时用复数
词块:table manners
It be good/bad manners to do sth. 做……有/没有礼貌。
manner语义网络图
方式;方法
(基本义)
礼貌;礼仪
举止;态度
待人处事的“方式;
方法”
社会公认的社交
“方式”
练出神 单句填空
①I told the stranger the way to the newly-built railway station
a friendly manner.
②You can reduce your stress in relaxed manner.
③It is good manners (take) off your shoes before you go into the room.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④如果你用一种礼貌的方式对待那位顾客,这场争吵就会避免了。
The argument would have been avoided if you had treated the customer
.
in
a
to take
in a polite manner
option / p n/
n.可选择的事物;选择;选择权
比choice稍正式
(1)have no option but to do sth 别无选择只好做某事
(2)optional adj. 可选择的;非强制的
练出神 单句填空
①Their costs have fallen sharply,making the new sources of energy the least expensive (option).
②This term,history is an (option) subject.Would you like to take it
③Because of the pandemic,they had no option but (cancel) their wedding.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④你有两个选择:要么工作,要么去国外进修。
You can have :you can work or you can go abroad for further study.
options
optional
to cancel
two options
broad /br d/
adj.宽阔的;广阔的;广泛的
一词多义:基本义“宽的”;反义词:narrow
词块:in broad daylight, a broad smile
派生词:broaden
区分:
board
英[b d]美[b rd]
核心词义
n. 布告牌;木板;委员会
v. 登上(船、火车、飞机)
broad
broadband
宽带
normal / n m l/
adj.典型的;正常的;一般的;精神正常的;n.常态;通常标准;一般水平
norm (正规 、常规) + -al (形容词后缀) → 常规的 → 正常的
(1)it be normal for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事很正常
(2)above/below normal高于/低于正常水平
return/go back to normal恢复正常
(3)normally adv.正常地
abnormal (ab- 否定前缀)
练出神 单句填空
①It is normal for you (feel) shy and nervous when you are in a new environment.
② (normal),snow and ice cool the surface by reflecting a lot of the sun’s energy back up into the atmosphere.
③The crisis has passed and our life will return normal soon.
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④杰克渴望像其他孩子一样过一种正常的生活。
Jack looked forward to like other children.
to feel
Normally
to
leading a normal life
willing / w l /
adj.愿意;乐意
will (自愿、意愿) + -ing;反义词:unwilling
be willing to do sth 愿意做某事
be unwilling to do sth 不愿意做某事
练出神 单句填空
①If you are (will) to fly at night,you can get a much cheaper ticket.
②As long as the motherland needs,I am willing (do) everything for her.
③We were (willing) to send the cats out,nor were we brave enough to annoy Mum by not listening to her.
willing
to do
unwilling
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
④如果你愿意在一份关系中重建信任,我们有些方法能帮助你达到这个
目的。
If you in a relationship again,we have some steps you can take to get you there.
are willing to build trust
element / el m nt/
n.要素;基本部分
ele(形似:鼻子眼睛)+ment(名词后缀)→鼻子和眼睛是脸的重要组成部分(引申为要素)。
名词辨析
以下这些名词均包含“组成,成分,部分”的意思
component:指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent:常可与component换用,指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
element:指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分,强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
element
plot /pl t/
n.故事情节;布局;阴谋
阴谋、密谋 → 小说的故事情节;名词动词化
谐音记忆法
谐音:捕老大。
联想:要抓捕老大,这个可不是小事,必须密谋好一切。
maintain /me n te n/
vt.维持;保持;维修;保养
main- (= man, hand 手) + -tain (to hold 拿 ) → 用手拿着保持不动 → 维持
maintain语义网络图
维持;保持 maintain
(基本义)
“维持”抽象事物
“维持”具体事物
保持;维持
维护;保养
坚持认为
“维持”观点
permission /p m n/
n.许可;准许;批准;许可证
(1)with/without permission经过/未经允许
ask for permission请求许可
give sb permission给某人许可
(2)permit v. 允许;许可
permit sb sth 允许某人某事
permit doing sth允许做某事
permit...to do sth允许……做某事
weather/time permitting如果天气/时间允许
练出神 单句填空
①Without (permit),no one shall set foot on the mysterious island.
②Our school doesn’t permit (smoke).Please put out your cigarettes.
③The government has already permitted the company (use) special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.
④Time (permit),I do hope you will attend this year’s music festival.
permission
smoking
to use
permitting
写精彩 完成句子·背诵
⑤为了让我了解这个国家,父母允许我参观大英博物馆和其他的名胜古迹。
My parents the British Museum and other places of interests so as to make me learn about the country.
permitted me to visit
external /iks t nl/
adj.外部的;外面的;外来的
extern (向外) + -al (形容词后缀)
internal
英[ n t n( )l]美[ n't rnl]
核心词义
adj. 内部的;体内的;国内的;内心的;(大学生)本校生的
n. 内脏;内部特征