(共46张PPT)
第一部分 基于语义的语法知识篇
构词法
第八节 构词法
目录
考点思维导图
01
考点精讲精练
02
语篇考点专练
03
考点思维导图
考点精讲精练
考点1
合成法
合成法是由两个或更多的词组成一个新的单词,用连字符“-”连接或直接连写在一起。
类别 构成 举例
合成名词 名词+名词 classroom教室,seaside海滨
名词+动名词 handwriting笔迹,sightseeing观光
形容词+名词 highway公路,mainland大陆
续表
类别 构成 举例
合成动词 形容词 / 副词+动词 ill-treat虐待,overcome克服
名词+动词 sidetrack阻止,babysit照料(孩子)
合成 形容词 名词+形容词 duty-free免税的,worldwide遍布全世界的
形容词+名词 high-level高级的,full-time专职的
续表
类别 构成 举例
合成 形容词 形容词+名词+ed white-haired 白发的,warm-hearted 热心的
名词 / 形容词+现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的,good-looking好看的
名词+过去分词 heartbroken心碎的,man-made 人造的
续表
类别 构成 举例
合成 形容词 形容词+过去分词 new-born新生的,ready-made 现成的
副词+过去分词 well-known 著名的,widespread分布广的
数词+名词 first-class一流的,second-hand二手的
数词+名词+形容词 two-year-old两岁的,two-meter-long两米长的
续表
类别 构成 举例
合成副词 形容词+名词 hotfoot匆忙地
形容词+副词 everywhere到处,anyhow 无论如何
副词+副词 however 然而
介词+名词 beforehand预先
介词+副词 forever永远
续表
类别 构成 举例
合成代词 代词宾格+self / selves himself他自己,themselves 他们自己
物主代词+self / selves myself我自己,yourselves 你们自己
形容词+名词 anything任何事,somebody某人
续表
类别 构成 举例
合成介词 副词+名词 outside 外面
介词+副词 without没有
副词+介词 upon 在……上面
( )1. Tomorrow is National Day. Everyone is looking forward to the _____ holiday.
A. seven-days B. seven-day C. seven day
( )2. The United Kingdom is a(n) _____ country.
A. English-spoken B. speak-English
C. English-speaking
B
C
( )3. The _____ boy lost his way home. Luckily, a policeman sent him home.
A. two-year-old B. two-years-old
C. two years old
A
( )4. Mrs. Brown is such a(n) _____ woman. She always appears when we need help.
A. good-looking B. easy-going
C. peace-loving D. warm-hearted
( )5. Helen is a very _____ novelist in Australia.
A. well-dressed B. well-known
C. well-born D. well-behaved
D
B
派生法是指在词根上加词缀而构成新词,有前缀法和后缀法。
1. 前缀法:前缀一般改变词义,不改变词性
考点2
派生法
前缀 意义 举例
dis-, im-, in-, mis-, non-, un- 表示“否定;相反” dislike不喜欢,impossible不可能的,inexpensive价钱公道的,misunderstand误会,nonsense胡说,unhappy不开心的
续表
前缀 意义 举例
re- 表示“重复;再” replay重播,rewrite重写
micro- 表示“微型的” microbiology微生物学,microsecond微秒
inter- 表示“互相;在……之间” international国际的,interview面试
【注意】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化。
(1)“en-+形容词 / 名词”构成动词。
enlarge扩大,encourage鼓励
(2)“a-+动词”构成形容词。
asleep睡着,awake醒着
2. 后缀法:后缀一般改变词性,不改变词义
(1)常见名词后缀。
后缀 意义 举例
-or,-er,-ist,-ian 表示“从事某种职业的人” actor演员,worker工人,scientist科学家,musician音乐家
-ing 表示“状态;行为” shopping购物,building建筑
续表
后缀 意义 举例
-ment 表示“……的行为或结果” agreement同意,development发展
-ness,-th,-ty 表示“状态;性质” happiness幸福,truth真相,safety安全
-tion 表示“动作” competition比赛,prediction预测
-ship 表示“关系” membership会员身份,friendship友谊
(2)常见形容词后缀。
后缀 意义 举例
-able 表示“能……的” suitable适合的,believable可相信的
-al 表示“……的” traditional传统的,personal私人的
-ful 表示“有……性质的;充满……的” useful有用的,colorful鲜艳的
续表
后缀 意义 举例
-less 表示“没有;无” helpless无助的,homeless无家可归的
-ive 表示“……性质的” active活跃的,expensive昂贵的
-ly 表示“特性” friendly友好的,lovely可爱的
-y 表示“有……特性的;多……的” healthy健康的,sunny天气晴朗的
-ous 表示“属性” dangerous危险的,famous有名的
(3)常见动词后缀。
(4)常见的副词后缀为“-ly”。 happily开心地,quickly快地
后缀 意义 举例
-en 表示“变成” shorten缩短,darken变黑
-fy 表示“使……化” beautify美化,purify提纯
-ize 表示“使……成为” realize意识到,organize组织
( )1. Look at both sides of the road _____ when you cross the road.
A. care B. careful C. carefully
( )2. The _____ of the Queen Elizabeth II made the whole country sad.
A. die B. dead C. death
C
C
( )3. The performance tonight was a great _____. The band became famous overnight.
A. success B. successful C. succeed
( )4. Many strangers gave the boy helping hands when he was in _____.
A. danger B. endanger C. dangerous
A
A
( )5. The hot word yyds _____ someone or something you love and nothing can beat it.
A. means B. meaning C. meaningful
A
转化法是指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的方法。这种转化并不改变单词的拼写,有一词多义现象。
1. 名词转化为动词
book n. 书→v. 预定 water n. 水→v. 浇水
land n. 土地→v. 着陆 sleep n. 睡眠→v. 睡觉
考点3
转化法
2. 动词转化为名词
talk v. 交谈→n. 谈话 look v. 看→n. 外表
walk v. 步行→n. 散步 help v. 帮助→n. 帮助
3. 形容词转化为动词
dry adj. 干燥的→v. (使)变干
clear adj. 清澈的→v. 清理
correct adj. 正确的→v. 纠正
open adj. 开着的→v. 打开
( )1. You can call 889-9934 to _____ the ticket in advance if you want to see the concert.
A. sell B. buy C. book D. borrow
( )2. The plane will _____ in Guangzhou in 20 minutes and we can see Mom soon.
A. get B. land C. fly D. reach
C
B
( )3. John left the building with the _____ on. It was a waste of electricity.
A. shoes B. watches C. beds D. lights
( )4. We should be brave and_____ big. Nothing is impossible.
A. dream B. fight C. see D. make
D
A
( )5. Peter’s new _____ makes everyone shocked. He has made a big difference.
A. talk B. start C. change D. sleep
C
缩写和简写(也被称为“截断法”或“缩短法”)主要采取“截头”“去尾”或者“既截头又去尾”的方法来生成新词。
考点4
缩写和简写
(2022课标新增)
1. 星期、月份及序数词
月份 缩写 月份 缩写
January Jan. August Aug.
February Feb. September Sept.
March Mar. October Oct.
April Apr. November Nov.
May May December Dec.
June Jun.
July Jul.
续表
星期 缩写 序数词 缩写
Monday Mon. first 1st
Tuesday Tues. second 2nd
Wednesday Wed. third 3rd
Thursday Thur. fourth 4th
Friday Fri. twentieth 20th
Saturday Sat. twenty-first 21st
Sunday Sun. fifty-fifth 55th
2. 国家 / 地区及国际组织类
PRC:中华人民共和国(People’s Republic of China)
UK:英国(United Kingdom)
USA:美国(United States of America)
EU:欧洲联盟 / 欧盟(European Union)
UN:联合国 (United Nations)
WTO:世界贸易组织 / 世贸组织(World Trade Organization)
WHO:世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)
FBI:美国联邦调查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation)
3. 其他常见缩写
Ad:广告(Advertisement)
DIY:自己动手 / 自助服务(Do It Yourself)
Add. :地址(Address)
ID:身份证(Identification Card)
BBQ:烧烤(Barbecue)
PE:体育(Physical Education)
IQ:智商(Intelligence Quotient)
EQ:情商(Emotional Quotient)
No. :号码 / 编号(Number)
DNA:脱氧核糖核酸(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
WC:厕所(Water Closet)
UFO:不明飞行物(Unidentified Flying Object)
CCTV:中国中央电视台(China Central Television)
CBA:中国男子篮球职业联赛(China Basketball Association)
NBA:美国篮球职业联赛(National Basketball Association)
VIP:贵宾(Very Important Person)
语篇考点专练
语法选择
People were saying that without question, the 2022 Ballon d’Or (金球奖) should go to Karim Benzema. And it did.
The _1_ French soccer player got the prize on October 17. He won it for his _2_ 2021—2022 season. He scored a career-best 27 times in La Liga (西甲) and 15
35-year-old
successful
times in the Champions League (欧冠). He helped Real Madrid become the _3_ of both events.
“I’m _4_ proud seeing this prize. It’s been my dream since I was a kid. I grew up with this in my head,” Benzema said.
But this prize did not come _5_. Benzema started his career (职业生涯) as“young talent” at 17. But _6_
winner
really
easily
later
he had low and hard times. He was once kicked out of the French _7_ team. For years, he played as a sidekick (配合者) to Cristiano Ronaldo in Real Madrid. As Ronaldo and Lionel Messi shined as _8_ biggest stars on soccer fields, Benzema didn’t get a Ballon d’Or until this year.
_9_, what will come, will come. Just as Real Madrid _10_ Carlo Ancelotti said, Benzema is “better every day, like wine”.
national
the
However
manager
( )1. A. 35-year-olds B. 35-years-old C. 35-year-old
( )2. A. successfully B. success C. successful
( )3. A. winner B. win C. winning
( )4. A. really B. real C. reality
( )5. A. easy B. ease C. easily
C
C
A
A
C
( )6. A. lately B. later C. late
( )7. A. national B. international C. nation
( )8. A. an B. the C. a
( )9. A. Whatever B. However C. Wherever
( )10. A. manage B. management C. manager
B
A
B
B
C
THANKS!