2023年中考英语复习 第一节 名词课件(共92张PPT)

(共92张PPT)
第一部分 基于语义的语法知识篇
词 类
第一节 名词
目录
考点思维导图
01
中考考点回顾
02
考点精讲精练
03
语篇考点专练
04
考点思维导图
编者按 此部分汇总了2018—2022广东中考真题，梳理了单项填空（2018—2019）、语法选择（2020-2022）、完形填空以及短文填空的近5年考情，分析命题规律，探究命题趋势。
中考考点回顾
考点 考查题型及频次 考查内容
名词词义 辨析 完形填空（5年12考） purpose，secret（2018）； decision，truth（2019）；look，change，decision（2020）；advantages，space，reply（2021）；vegetables，family（2022）
含有名词的固定搭配 短文填空（5年2考） live a happy life（2019）；raise money(2020)
可数名词及其单、复数 语法选择（3年1考） birds（2021）
短文填空（5年3考） animals（2019）；idea（2020）；letters（2021）
续表
考点 考查题型及频次 考查内容
不可数名词 短文填空（5年1考） water（2022）
同一名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词 单项填空（2年1考） room（2018）
名词所有格 语法选择（3年1考） teacher's (2022)
32. The three ______ upstairs are too small to have enough ______ for a double bed.
A. room； room B. room； rooms
C. rooms； room D. rooms； rooms
解析：考查同一名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词。room表示“房间”时为可数名词，room表示“空间”时为不可数名词。故选C。
单项填空
… he decided to send him to see a wise old man for his advice on happiness. When the old man learnt about his __46__ …
A. research B. promise
C. purpose D. experience
解析：通过语境考查名词purpose(目的)。故选C。
完形填空
“Enjoy the beauty of the world，but never forget the water in your bowl. This is the 55_ of happiness.”
A. result B. cause C. secret D. decision
解析：通过语境考查名词secret(秘诀)。故选C。
完形填空
“We always do what you want to do，Cindy. It's my turn to make a _47_， ” Anna said.
A. promise B. project
C. decision D. dialogue
解析：通过语境考查名词decision(决定)。故选C。
完形填空
When it was time for lunch，Cindy finally told Mrs. Stone the _53_.
A. chance B. method
C. truth D. rule
解析：通过语境考查名词truth(真相)。故选C。
完形填空
In the village，there were many paintings of _75_，such as cats and birds.
解析：考查复数可数名词。由下文的cats and birds可推断出填“动物”，结合上文的many可知用复数可数名词。故填animals。
短文填空
From them， Grandpa Huang learned to live a long and happy _79_.
解析：考查含有名词的固定搭配live a happy life(过着幸福的生活)。故填life。
短文填空
In the next few weeks，Mr. Smith's interest in his _46_ kept growing. He bought new eyes，new hands and new feet.
A. shape B. age C. life D. look
解析：通过语境考查名词look(外貌)。故选D。
完形填空
However， the _48_ in the face and fingerprints brought him much trouble.
A. smile B. change C. color D. kiss
解析：通过语境考查名词change(改变)。故选B。
完形填空
In the end，he decided to have his old body back！ To his surprise，Mrs.Smith was unhappy with his _50_ because she could not bear (忍受) the bad smell of his old feet.
A. interest B. condition
C. decision D. situation
解析：通过语境考查名词decision(决定)。故选C。
完形填空
They wanted to raise _70_ to help their friends.
解析：考查含有名词的固定搭配raise money（筹钱）。故填money。
短文填空
Then she came up with an _71_.
解析：考查单数可数名词。由上下文可知“她想出了一个主意”。故填idea。
短文填空
People could enjoy the scenery (风景) and watch _36_ there.
A. bird B. birds C. bird's D. birds'
解析：考查复数可数名词。空格前无限定词，复数可数名词作宾语。故选B。
语法选择
What are Sam's _44_？ For one，he wrote， “My sister says I act like an alien (外星人).”
A. dreams B. problems
C. discoveries D. advantages
解析：通过语境考查名词advantages(优点)。故选D。
完形填空
Sam also said he had watched almost all the _45_ movies he could find.
A. war B. road C. space D. sports
解析：通过语境考查名词space(太空)。故选C。
完形填空
Sam soon got a _46_ from Bill Black，director of the agency. “We have received your letter …”
A. job B. test C. reply D. ticket
解析：通过语境考查名词reply(回复)。故选C。
完形填空
Lao Pan's new book includes his forty-seven _73_ to his family back in America. The letters …
解析：考查复数可数名词。此处是对下文letters的复现。故填letters。
短文填空
She was her music _33_ favorite student.
A.teacher B.teachers C.teacher's
解析：考查名词所有格。此句意为“她是音乐老师最喜欢的学生”，-'s结构表示所有格。故选C。
语法选择
On the table she lays out some _41_ in season, such as carrots and tomatoes.
A . fruits B. flowers
C. leaves D. vegetables
解析：通过语境考查名词vegetables(蔬菜)。故选D。
完形填空
Earlier that year, a fire broke out in her house. Molly's _43_ had a hard time.
A. family B. class C. office D. team
解析：通过语境考查名词family(家庭)。故选A。
完形填空
At that time, people made tea in a simple way. They just put fresh tea leaves into hot _ 71_.
解析：考查不可数名词。结合常识可知，煮茶是将茶叶放进开水里面。故填water。
短文填空
考点精讲精练
考点1
可数名词及其单、复数
（5年4考）
1. 可数名词单数变复数的变化规则
规 则 举 例
一般情况下，直接在名词后加-s desk→desks， chair→chairs， book→books
以s， x， sh， ch结尾的名词，在词尾加-es bus→buses， box→boxes， brush→brushes， watch→watches
续表
规 则 举 例
以 “辅音字母＋y” 结尾的名词，变y为i，再加-es baby→babies， story→stories， city→cities
以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf→leaves， knife→knives， thief→thieves
以o结尾的名词变复数时，一般表示无生命含义的词加-s，表示有生命含义的词加-es radio→radios， photo→photos， piano→pianos， potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes， hero→heroes
续表
规 则 举 例
不规则变化 ①改变单数可数名词中的元音字母（a→e, oo→ee） ②单复数形式相同 ③其他形式 man→men， woman→women， tooth→teeth；
deer→deer， sheep→sheep;
mouse→mice， child→children， ox→oxen
2. 表示某国人的单、复数变化
口诀：“中日不变英法变，其他-s加后面”
“中日不变” Chinese→Chinese， Japanese→Japanese
“英法变a为e” Englishman→Englishmen，Frenchman→Frenchmen
“其他-s加后面” German→Germans， American→Americans， Australian→Australians， Canadian→Canadians， Indian→Indians
3. 集体名词：既可表示若干个体组成的集合体，也可表示集合体中的若干个体
集体名词如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示个体成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有：family， class， team， group， army。
My family is a big one in the village. 在村子里，我的家庭是一个大家族。
My family _______ busy doing their own things now. 我的家人现在正忙于做自己的事情。
4. 一般以复数形式出现的名词
常见的这类名词有：people， police， trousers， socks， clothes， glasses， gloves， pants， shorts。
She wears a pair of glasses. 她戴着一副眼镜。
are
5. 以-s结尾却表示单数或不可数的名词
常见的这类名词有：news， politics， physics。
Physics is one of my favorite subjects. 物理是我最喜欢的科目之一。
6. 两个名词组成的名词词组(合成名词)的复数变化
(1)一般情况下把最后一个单词变为复数。
a girl student→two girl students， an apple tree→three apple trees
(2)当前面一个单词是man或woman时，前后两个名词都要变为复数。
a man teacher→two men teachers， a woman nurse→two women nurses
（3）当前面一个单词表示“体育”时，只能用sports。
a sports cap→three sports caps
7. 单数可数名词前一般用a, an, one修饰；复数可数名词前一般用many, few, a few, some, a lot of或数词等修饰
There is an apple, a banana and some oranges on the table. 桌子上有一个苹果、一根香蕉和一些橙子。
( )1.We see some ______ rising into the air at the opening of our new library. (2021岳阳)
A.balloons B.balloon C.balloones
A
( )2.—I've got a “C” in the English test. Can you give me some ______
—Of course. I think reading can help. (2021东营)
A.messages B.information
C.suggestions D.instructions
C
( )3.There are many ______ teachers in this primary school. (2021重庆A卷改编)
A.woman B.woman's C.women
( )4.Uncle Li has a farm. There are some ______ on the farm. (2021百色改编)
A.chicken and sheep B.chickens and sheeps
C.chickens and sheep
C
C
( )5.Hurry up! Some ______ and ______ are on sale in the supermarket.
A.tomatoes; eggs B.tomatoes; egg C.tomatos; eggs
A
1. 不可数名词通常没有复数形式，不可数名词前不能用a， an或数词修饰，但可用much, little, a little, some, a lot of等修饰
常见的这类名词有：music, fun, news, information, advice, weather, homework, air, money, traffic, progress。
考点2
不可数名词
（2022.71）
I had a quarrel with my good friend yesterday. Can you give me some advice？昨天我和我的好朋友吵架了。你可以给我一些建议吗？
【注意】有些表示数量的单词或短语既可修饰复数可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，如all, some, any, enough, a lot of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of等。
2. 不可数名词的量的表示：借助量词来表示一定的数量，即“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”
a piece of news 一则新闻, two pieces of music 两首音乐，three cups of tea 三杯茶,four bottles of water 四瓶水，five pieces of advice 五条建议
【拓展】既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词的单词
单词 可数 不可数
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
room （2018.32） 房间 空间
fish 鱼 鱼肉
time 次；倍 时间
exercise 习题 锻炼
续表
单词 可数 不可数
paper 报纸；试卷 纸
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉
orange 橙子 橙汁
work 著作；作品 工作
experience 经历 经验
We can use these oranges to make orange. 我们可以用这些橙子制作橙汁。
【注意】fish表示鱼的种类时，为可数名词，复数形式为fishes；表示鱼的条数时，单复数同形，均为fish；表示鱼肉时，为不可数名词。
( )1. Hurry up, Su Mei! The graduation ceremony begins in a second. We have ______ time left.
(2022泸州改编)
A.few B.a few C.little
C
( )2. —Can I help you
—Please give me ______ about the trains to Daqing. (2021大庆改编)
A.a few informations
B.a little informations
C.a little information
C
( )3. My good friend Linda gave me much ______ on how to study English well when I had some trouble.
A. advice B. question
C. suggestion D. problem
A
( )4. —How much are they —￥10 for ______.
A. four bottle milks
B. four bottles of milk
C. four bottles of milks
( )5. When he was a little boy, he made up his mind to make a lot of ______ and help others.
A. money B. moneys C. moneies
B
A
专有名词是表示特定的、独一无二的人或物。其特点是：第一个字母大写；一般无复数形式。
1. 人名、地名、国家名、某国人、语言
Tom 汤姆，London 伦敦， China中国，American美国人，French 法语
考点3
专有名词
2. 组织、机构、报刊
the United Nations 联合国，Peking University 北京大学，China Daily 《中国日报》
3. 星期、月份、节日
Monday 星期一，December 十二月，National Day 国庆节
【注意】以Day结尾的节日以及一些西方传统节日前一般不加冠词the；以Festival结尾的中国传统节日前需加the。
Shops close only on Christmas Day and New Year's Day.商店只在圣诞节和元旦停业。
The Mid-Autumn Festival is a good occasion for family reunion.中秋节是家庭团圆的好时机。
( )1. The pink hair band must belong to ______.
(2021绥化)
A. Linda's B. Linda C. hers
( )2. ______ is the first month of a year.
A. January B. December
C. September D. October
B
A
( )3. —Helen, do you know which is the largest country in the world
—______.
A. Russia B. China
C. America D. France
A
( )4. ______ is on October 1st. We all celebrate it on that day.
A. Women's Day B. National Day
C. The Double Ninth Festival D. Tree Planting Day
B
( )5. China is located in ______ and France belongs to ______.
A. Asia; Europe B. Africa; Europe
C. Europe; Africa D. Asia; Australia
A
1. -'s结构表示所有格的用法
考点4
名词所有格
(2022.33)
用 法 举 例
有生命的名词所有格一般直接在词尾加-'s，但以s结尾的名词只需加-' father's shoes爸爸的鞋子, teachers' office教师办公室
续表
用 法 举 例
表示共同所有的名词所有格，只需在最后一个单词后加-'s；表示分别所有的名词所有格，则需在每个名词后加-'s Lily and Lucy's room 莉莉和露西共有的一间房
Lily's and Lucy's rooms 莉莉和露西各自的房间
续表
用 法 举 例
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等的名词所有格用-'s或者-s' nine days' holiday 9天的假期，twenty minutes' walk 步行20分钟的路程，ten miles' journey 10英里的旅程，two pounds' weight 2磅的重量，fifteen dollars' worth 15美元的价值，the world's population 世界的人口， China's industry 中国工业
续表
用 法 举 例
表示商铺、某人的家、诊所或餐馆等的名词所有格，其后的名词可以省略 at Li Lei's 在李雷家，at the doctor's 在医生的诊所里
2. of结构表示所有格的用法
无生命的名词所有格一般用of结构来表达。
a map of China 一张中国地图，the end of this term 本学期末，the capital of our country 我们国家的首都，the foot of the hill 山脚
3. 双重所有格
(1）of+-'s所有格。 a picture of Tom's 汤姆的一张图片
(2）of+名词性物主代词。 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
4. 个别用to表示所有格
the key to the door 门的钥匙，the answer to the question 问题的答案，the way to the school 去学校的路，the ticket to the concert 演唱会的门票
( )1.This year, the family went camping on ______ Day, June 1st. (2022重庆A卷改编)
A.Child B.Children's C.Children
B
( )2.The movie named A Little Red Flower shows ______ love for their children. (2021安顺)
A.parents B.parent's C.parents'
( )3.—You have a nice house! Whose room is this
—It's ______. (2021铜仁改编)
A.Jack and Peter's B.Jack's and Peter's
C.Jack's and Peter
C
A
( )4.—It's easy to travel from here to Shanghai by taking the high-speed railway.
—Yes, it's about ______.
A.eight hours ride B.eight hour's ride
C.eight hours' ride
C
( )5.Frank is a friend of ______. He is a scientist from Canada.
A.mine B.I C.me
A
编者按 更多名词辨析及短语可见于《中考高频词汇突破》，并建议结合《早读本》记忆
语篇考点专练
一、语法选择
Nightingale was the world’s first great nurse. She was born in a rich __1__ in 1820, in Florence, Italy. She could have lived __2__ easy, comfortable life. But instead, she chose to work hard and care for the sick. Because she is one of the __3__ greatest nurses, every year on her
family
an
world’s
birthday, May 12th, people celebrate International Nurses' Day to remember the love and __4__ that she gave to so many people.
When she was 24, she told her parents she wanted to be a nurse. But they didn't like the idea. The family had lots of __5__, so they thought it would be better if she didn't work. Nurses were not very well respected at
help
money
that __6__. But Nightingale went on with her dream. She went to __7__ to learn to be a nurse. There were no nursing schools at that time. She had to learn by practicing. During a war in 1854, Nightingale and a team of 38 nurses from England went to care for __8__ near Turkey. She made the hospitals much cleaner there. At night, she would look after the soldiers. She carried a lamp(灯)
time
Germany
soldiers
with her, and soldiers began to call __9__ “The Lady with the Lamp”. In 1860, after the war, Nightingale opened the first nursing school. She also worked to make hospitals better and make __10__ for nurses. She died in 1910 in London, England at the age of 90. Nightingale's birthday became International Nurses' Day in 1974. （2022广安改编）
her
rules
( )1. A. families B. family C. family’s
( )2. A. an B. a C. the
( )3. A. world B. world's C. worlds'
( )4. A. helpful B. helpless C. help
( )5. A. money B. moneys C. monies
B
A
B
C
A
( )6. A. time B. times C. time's
( )7. A. German B. Germany C. Germans
( )9. A. soldiers B. soldier C. soldier's
( )9. A. she B. herself C. her
( )10. A. rule B. rules C. rule’s
A
B
A
C
B
二、完形填空
China defeated Japan 3-0 in Saturday's women's final of the 2022 ITTF World Team Table Tennis Championships in Chengdu, Sichuan province on October 8th.
Chen Meng, a gold medalist（金牌得主） at the Tokyo Olympics who now ranks second in the world, expressed the team _1_ of the women's team.
“Before the final, I just told myself no matter how hard it might be, I must win my _2_ in the final. I hoped to _3_ the team by winning the first game,”
spirit
game
cheer up
said Chen, who overcame Japan's Miyuu Kihara in the first game.
“And the _4_ of my teammates Wang Manyu and Sun Yingsha were also brilliant. I enjoyed the final so much, and gave it all I had. I just want to thank the _5_ and confidence that everyone gives me.”
performances
trust
Chen's _6_ certainly seemed to relax the pressure on Sun Yingsha, as the world No.1 did well in the third match.
“I prepared myself for the _7_ possible match. But my _8_ Chen and Wang had great performances in the first two matches, so I had no pressure and was
victory
hardest
teammates
able to produce my best,” said Sun. “I'm _9_ happy to win the world team title. All our _10_ and our coaches were very united. We trusted and supported each other.”
really
players
( )1. A. spirit B.subject C.dream D.attention
( )2. A. happiness B. knowledge
C.time D.game
( )3. A. fix up B.deer up C.set up D.hurry up
( )4. A. performances B.choices
C.support D.luck
A
D
B
A
( )5. A. purpose B.position
C.trust D.enemy
( )6. A. problem B.victory
C.competition D.difficulty
( )7. A. easiest B.busiest C.hardest D.earliest
C
B
C
( )8. A. teammates B. coaches
C. family D. people
( )9. A. suddenly B.quickly
C. loudly D.really
( )10. A.teachers B. drivers
C.players D. workers
A
D
C
三、短文填空
A young man went for a job interview. The employer (雇主) asked the young man who paid for his _1_. The young man said his parents washed clothes to make _2_ which he spent on his education.
The employer looked at the young _3_ hands and asked, “Have you ever helped your parents wash _4_ ”
education
money
man's
clothes
“No. My parents always make me study. Besides, they wash clothes faster _5_ I do.”
The employer asked the young man to go back home and wash his parents' _6_. When he got _7_, he told his parents that he wanted to wash their hands. His parents felt _8_ but happy. Then the young man began to wash their hands.
than
hands
home
surprised
He was in tears. He found his parents' hands were rough (粗糙的) and pale because of washing lots of clothes in cold _9_. There were also many injuries (伤口) in their hands. After washing his parents' hands, the young man washed all the remaining clothes.
water
The next morning, the young man went to the employer's _10_. The employer saw the young man's pale hands. He told the young man that he was employed. Suddenly, the young man felt that he had grown up.
office / company
1. ________________ 2. ________________
3. ________________ 4. ________________
5. ________________ 6. ________________
7. ________________ 8. ________________
9. ________________ 10. ________________
than
education
surprised
money
man's
clothes
hands
home
water
office / company
THANKS!