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柏拉图
柏拉图是古希腊哲学家，也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一，他和老师苏格拉底，学生亚里士多德并称为古希腊三大哲学家。
在柏拉图眼里，世界可分为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )彼岸世界和此岸世界，彼岸世界也就是理念世界，这里的理念是永恒的，完美的，且只能用理智来把握；此岸世界也就是现实世界，我们看到的，感受到的都是理念这个实体的影子，因此，此岸世界是由缺陷的，不完美的，暂时性存在的，用感觉把握。正是因为用感觉把握，我们所感受到的此岸世界总是带有欺骗色彩的。理念即相：那些不变的永恒的，非现实物质的本质和原型，我们实际所看到的那些可见事物仅仅是其拙劣而短暂的摹本。 柏拉图的道德哲学和政治哲学给我留下了深刻的印象。柏拉图政治学说的出发点是寻求正义。他认为人的灵魂由理性、激情、欲望三部分构成，正义的人必须让理性统治激情，由激情抑制欲望。个人是缩小了的国家，国家是放大了的个人。所以，国家的三个阶层即统治者、武士和生产者，它们各自的德性应该是智慧、勇敢和节制。统治者的职能是依靠智慧，理性地管理国家；武士的职能是发挥激情，勇敢地保卫国家；生产者的职能是节制欲望，安分守己，努力劳动。如果这三个阶层各自具备了自己的德性，各司其职，不相僭越，国家就达到了正义，否则便是不正义。在柏拉图的思想中，政治哲学与道德哲学紧密相关。柏拉图 在其理念中作了两个至关重要的假设： 其一是美德的统一性； 其二是如同灵魂有很多形式一样，国家也有很多形式。国家就像个人一样，它们产生于人类的品格。柏拉图关于个人德行与国家德行相一致的理念有着重要的内涵，在后来的千百年里逐渐被展现出来。一个颇有裨 益的涵义是：“国家的理性”不能有悖于个人的道德，但它还意味着，国家如同个人一样也需要一套连贯的正统信念。道德之于个人的意义相当于意识形态之于国家的意义。21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
柏拉图不赞成人人平等，但却赞成依法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )治国。他批评民主制度一个重要理由是，使得人人平等的法律最终取消了法律。他用“船”的比喻来阐明这一道理：一只船的船长比船上任何人都要更高大、更强壮、更有航海知识和经验，只是有点耳聋和近视，因而缺乏感性意见，不精于人际关系。船员们则利用船长的弱点发动力骚乱，控制了航海权，但他们缺乏航海知识，终日酗酒行乐。这艘船的前程是不言而喻的。柏拉图在后来的论著中进一步说明，只能 由一个人或少数人治理国家， 同时又要避免寡头制和独裁制的弊端， 这就需要两个条件： 一， 统治者应该知道什么是真正的国家利益；二，他或他们严格依法治国，既是法律的制定者，执行者，也是法律的遵守者，服从者。只有法律才是绝对的权威。第二点尤为重要，是柏拉图在晚年较为成熟的理论。他在《政治家》中已经认识到，只有神才具有应付千变万化的政局的知识，人只能按照法律治国，因为他们不可能具有这类神话的知识。21教育网21教育网
柏拉图给我们留下的精神财富，深深影响着后代人的思想，这也是文明世界里不可或缺的宝藏。
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孔子经典名言
1、【原文】 子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎？ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知，而不愠，不亦君子乎？” 《论语|学而篇第一》【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
【译文】孔子说：“经常学习，不也喜悦吗？远方来了朋友，不也快乐吗？得不到理解而不怨恨，不也是君子吗？”【版权所有：21教育】【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2、【原文】君子务本，本立而道生。孝悌也者，其为人之本与？” 《论语|学而篇第一》
【译文】做人首先要从根本上做起，有了根本，就能建立正确的人生观。孝敬父母、尊敬师长，就是做人的根本吧！” 21教育名师原创作品
3、【原文】 子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁。” 《论语|学而篇第一》
【译文】 孔子说：“花言巧语、满脸堆笑的人，很少有仁爱之心。”
4、【原文】 曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？” 《论语|学而篇第一》www.21-cn-jy.com21·世纪*教育网
【译文】 曾子说：“我每天都要多次提醒自己：工作是否敬业？交友是否守信？知识是否用于实践？”
5.【原文】 子曰：“弟子入则孝，出则悌，谨而信，泛爱众而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。” 《论语|学而篇第一》【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
【译文】 孔子说：“年轻人应该孝顺父母，尊敬师长，认真诚信，广施爱心，亲近仁人志士。能轻松做到这些，才可以从事理论研究。”【出处：21教育名师】
6.【原文】 子夏曰：“贤贤易色，事父母能竭其力，事君能致其身，与朋友交言而有信。虽曰未学，吾必谓之学矣。” 《论语|学而篇第一》
【译文】 子夏说：“重贤轻色、尽心孝顺父母、尽力献身国家、交朋友言而有信的人，即使没有高等学历，我也认为他已经受到了良好的教育。”
7.【原文】 子曰：“君子食无求饱 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，可谓好学也已。” 《论语|学而篇第一》www-2-1-cnjy-com21教育名师原创作品
【译文】 孔子说：“君子吃不求饱、住不求安、做事灵敏、言谈谨慎、积极要求上进，就算好学了。”
8.【原文】 子贡曰：“贫而无谄，富而无骄 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )，何如？”子曰：“可也。未若贫而乐，富而好礼者也。”子贡曰：“《诗》云：‘如切如磋，如琢如磨’，其斯之谓与？”子曰：“赐也，始可与言《诗》已矣，告诸往而知来者。” 《论语|学而篇第一》
【译文】 子贡说：“贫穷却不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )阿谀奉承，富贵却不狂妄自大，怎样？”孔子说：“可以。不如穷得有志气，富得有涵养的人。”子贡说：“修养的完善，如同玉器的加工：切了再磋，琢了再磨，对吧？”孔子说：“子贡啊，现在可以与你谈诗了。说到过去，你就知道未来。”
9.【原文】 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。” 《论语|学而篇第一》
【译文】 孔子说：“不怕没人了解自己，就怕自己不了解别人。”
10.【原文】 子曰：“为政以德。譬如北辰，居其所而众星拱之。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“管理国家要以身做则。如同北极星，安然不动而众星绕之。”
11.【原文】 子曰：“《诗》三百，一言以蔽之，曰：‘思无邪’。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“《诗经》三百首，用一句话可以概括，即：‘思想纯洁’。”
12.【原文】 子曰：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“我十五岁立志于学习，三十岁有所建树，四十岁不困惑，五十理解自然规律，六十明辨是非，七十随心所欲，不违规。”
13.【原文】 子游问孝，子曰：“今之孝者，是谓能养。至于犬马，皆能有养。不敬，何以别乎？”《论语|为政篇第二》 21*cnjy*com21cnjy.com
【译文】 子游问孝，孔子说：“现在的孝顺，只是能赡养老人。即使是犬马，都会得到饲养。不敬重，有何区别？”2·1·c·n·j·y
14.【原文】 子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“温习旧知识时，能有新收获，就可以做老师了。”
15.【原文】 子曰：“君子不器。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“君子不能象器皿一样，只有一种用途。”
16.【原文】 子曰：“君子周而不比，小人比而不周。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“君子团结群众而不拉帮结派，小人拉帮结派而不团结群众。”
17.【原文】 子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“读书不想事，越学越糊涂；想事不读书，越想越头痛。”
18.【原文】知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】知道的就是知道的，不知道的就是不知道的，这就关于知道的真谛。”
19.【原文】 子曰：“人而无信，不知其可也。大车无輗，小车无軏，其何以行之哉？”《论语|为政篇第二》21·cn·jy·com21世纪教育网版权所有
【译文】 孔子说：“人无信誉，不知能干什么？就象大车没有车轴，小车没有车轴，怎么能启动？”
20.【原文】 子曰：“非其鬼而祭之，谄也；见义不为，无勇也。”《论语|为政篇第二》
【译文】 孔子说：“祭奠别人的先人，是谄媚；遇到符合道义的事不敢做，是懦夫。”
21.【原文】 孔子谓季氏：“八佾舞于庭，是可忍也，孰不可忍也？”《论语|八佾篇第三》
【译文】 孔子说季氏：“他用天子的舞蹈阵容在自己的庭院中舞蹈，这样的事可以容忍，什么事不能容忍？” 21世纪教育网版权所有www.21-cn-jy.com
22.【原文】 子曰：“人而不仁，如礼何？人而不仁，如乐何？”《论语|八佾篇第三》
【译文】 孔子说：“对于不仁的人，礼法有何用？音乐有何用？”
23.【原文】 子曰：“《关雎》，乐而不淫，哀而不伤。”《论语|八佾篇第三》
【译文】 孔子说：“《关雎》这篇诗，快乐却不淫秽，悲哀却不伤痛。”
24.【原文】成事不说，遂事不谏，既往不咎。《论语|八佾篇第三》
【译文】以前的事不要再评说了，做完的事不要再议论了，过去了就不要再追咎。
25.【原文】 子曰：“不仁者，不可以久处约，不可以长处乐。仁者安仁，智者利仁。”《论语|里仁篇第四》2·1·c·n·j·y
【译文】 孔子说：“品质恶劣的人，忍受不了贫穷，享受不了快乐。仁者安仁，智者利仁。”
26.【原文】 子曰：“富与贵，是人之 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )所欲也；不以其道得之，不处也。贫与贱，是人之所恶也；不以其道得之，不去也。君子去仁，乌乎成名？君子无终食之间违仁，造次必于是，颠沛必于是。”《论语|里仁篇第四》21cnjy.com
【译文】 孔子说：“富和贵，人人向往， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )不以正当的方法得到的，不要享受；贫和贱，人人厌恶，不以正当方法摆脱的，不要逃避。君子扔掉了仁爱之心，怎么算君子？君子时刻不会违反仁道，紧急时如此，颠沛时如此。”
27.【原文】 子曰：“朝闻道，夕死可矣。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“早上理解真理，晚上死也值得。”
28.【原文】 子曰：“君子怀德，小人怀土；君子怀刑，小人怀惠。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“君子心怀仁德，小人心怀家乡；君子心怀法制，小人心怀实利。”
29.【原文】 子曰：“不患无位，患所以立；不患莫己知，求为可知也。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“不要担心没有地位，要注意做人的立场；不要怕没人了解自己，要想法使自己容易得到理解。”2-1-c-n-j-y21·cn·jy·com
30.【原文】 子曰：“君子喻于义，小人喻于利。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“君子通晓道义，小人通晓私利。”
31.【原文】 子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而自省也。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“见到贤人，要向他看齐；见到不贤，要反省自己。”
32.【原文】 子曰：“父母在，不远遊，遊必有方。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“父母在世时，不要走远，必须远走时，一定要留下准确的地址。”
33.【原文】 子曰：“君子欲讷于言而敏于行。”《论语|里仁篇第四》
【译文】 孔子说：“君子要言谈简洁，要行动敏捷。”
34.【原文】 子曰：“道不行，乘桴浮于海。从我者，其由与？”《论语|公冶长篇第五》
【译文】 孔子说：“理想无法实现了，我准备乘筏漂到海上。会跟我走的，只有子路吧？”
35.【原文】 宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬也，于予与何诛？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是。”《论语|公冶长篇第五》【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】21教育网
【译文】 宰予白天睡觉。孔子说：“他象朽木一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )样无法雕琢，象粪墙一样无法粉刷，我能拿他怎样？”孔子又说：“以前我看人，他说什么，我信什么；现在我看人，听他说，再看他做。因为宰予，我改了过来。”21*cnjy*com
36.【原文】 子贡问曰：“孔文子何以谓之‘文’也？”子曰：“敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之‘文’也。”《论语|公冶长篇第五》
【译文】 子贡问：“孔文子凭什么获得‘文’的称号？”孔子说：“灵敏又好学，向比自己学问差的人请教时，不觉得没面子，所以称为‘文’。”
37.【原文】 子曰：“贤哉，回也！一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。贤哉，回也！《论语|雍也篇第六》
【译文】 孔子说：“颜回真贤德！一篮饭，一瓢水，在陋巷，人人都愁闷，他却乐在其中。颜回真贤德！
38.【原文】 子曰：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。”《论语|雍也篇第六》
【译文】 孔子说：“一个人如果他的品质胜过文采就会粗野，文采胜过品质就会浮华。只有文采和品质配合恰当，才是君子。”
39.【原文】 子曰：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”《论语|雍也篇第六》
【译文】 孔子说：“知道学习不如喜欢学习，喜欢学习不如以学习为快乐。”
40.【原文】 子曰：“智者乐水，仁者乐山；智者动，仁者静；智者乐，仁者寿。”《论语|雍也篇第六》
【译文】 孔子说：“明智的人喜欢水，仁慈的人喜欢山；明智的人好动，仁慈的人好静；明智的人快乐，仁慈的人长寿。” 21*cnjy*com
41.【原文】君子可逝也，不可陷也；可欺也，不可罔也。《论语|雍也篇第六》
【译文】君子可以去救人，却不可陷进去；可以受欺骗，却不可以盲目行动。
42.【原文】夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。《论语|雍也篇第六》
【译文】所谓仁人，只要能做到自己想成功时先帮别人成功，自己想得到时先帮别人得到，就可以了。推己及人，可算实行仁的方法。21教育网
43.【原文】 子曰：“默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉？”《论语|述而篇第七》
【译文】 孔子说：“将知识默记在心，学习时，不感到满足；教人时，不感到疲倦，对我来说没什么问题。”
44.【原文】 子曰：“德之不修，学之不讲，闻义不能徙，不善不能改，是吾忧也。”《论语|述而篇第七》21·世纪*教育网【版权所有：21教育】
【译文】 孔子说：“对品德不进 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )行培养，对学问不进行钻研，听到好人好事不能跟着做，有了错误不能及时改正，这就是我所担忧的。”【出处：21教育名师】
45.【原文】 子曰：“志于道、据于德、依于仁、游于艺。”《论语|述而篇第七》
【译文】 孔子说：“树立崇高理想、培养高尚品德、心怀仁慈友爱、陶冶高雅情操。”
46.【原文】 子曰：“不愤不启、不悱不发，举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。”《论语|述而篇第七》
【译文】 孔子说：“不到苦思冥想时，不去提醒；不到欲说无语时，不去引导。不能举一例能理解三个类似的问题，就不要再教他了。”2-1-c-n-j-y
47.【原文】 子曰：“富而可求也，虽执鞭之士，吾亦为之；如不可求，则从吾所好。”《论语|述而篇第七》21*cnjy*com
【译文】 孔子说：“如能致富，哪怕是赶车，我也干；如不能，则随我所好。”
48.【原文】 子曰：“饭疏食、饮水、曲肱而枕之，乐亦在其中矣！不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。”《论语|述而篇第七》
【译文】 孔子说：“吃粗粮、喝白水、弯着胳膊当枕头，乐也在其中了！缺少仁义的富贵，对我来说，就象天上的浮云。”www-2-1-cnjy-com
49.【原文】 叶公问孔子于子路，子路不对。子曰：“汝奚不曰：其为人也，发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至云尔？”《论语|述而篇第七》
【译文】 叶公问子路：孔子是怎样的人 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )，子路不回答。孔子说：“你怎么不说：他这个人啊，发愤学习就忘记吃饭，高兴起来就忘记了忧愁，不知道快要变老了等等？”
50.【原文】 子曰：“我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。”《论语|述而篇第七》
【译文】 孔子说：“我不是天生就有学问的，只是个喜欢读书、勤奋敏捷地追求知识的人。”
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品资料·第 6 页 （共 7 页） 版权所有@21世纪教育网登陆21世纪教育 助您教考全无忧
莎士比亚
威廉·莎士比亚（1564—1616）是欧 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )洲文艺复兴时期英国最伟大的剧作家和卓越的人文主义思想的代表。 马克思和恩格斯曾提出创作方法上要“莎士比亚化”， 称赞莎士比亚剧作情节丰富，浑然一体，赞许他历史剧中的“福斯塔夫式的背景”。他以奇伟的笔触对英国封建制度走向衰落和资本主义原始积累的历史转折斯的英国社会做了形象、深入的刻画。21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网
1564年4月23日， 莎士比亚出 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )生于英国沃里克郡斯特拉福镇的一位富裕的市民家庭。他少年时代曾在当地的一所主要教授拉丁文的“文学学校”学习，掌握了写作的基本技巧与较丰富的知识，但因他的父亲破产，未能毕业就走上独自谋生之路。他当过肉店学徒，也曾在乡村学校教过书，还干过其他各种职业，这使他增长了许多社会阅历。
18岁时他和一个比自己大8负的农场主女儿结了婚，几年后就做了三个孩子的父亲。 22岁时他离开家乡独自来到伦敦。最初是给到剧院看戏的绅士们照料马匹，后来他当了演员，演一些小配角。1588年前后开始写作，先是改编前人的剧本，不久即开始独立创作。当时的剧坛为牛津、剑桥背景的“大学才子”们所把持，一个成名的剧作家曾以轻蔑的语气写文章嘲笑莎士比亚这样一个“粗俗的平民”、“暴发户式的乌鸦”竟敢同“高尚的天才”一比高低！但莎士比亚后来却赢得了包括大学生团体在内的广大观众的拥护和爱戴，学生们曾在学校业余演出过莎士比亚的一些剧本，如《哈姆雷特》、《错误的喜剧》。
写作的成功，使莎士比亚赢得了骚桑普 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )顿勋爵的眷顾，勋爵成了他的保护人。莎士比亚在90年代初曾把他写的两首长诗《维纳斯与阿都尼》、《鲁克丽丝受辱记》献给勋爵，也曾为勋爵写过一些十四行诗。借助勋爵的关系，莎士比亚走进了贵族的文化莎龙，使他对上流社会有了观察和了解的机会，扩大了他的生活视野，为他日后的创作提供了丰富的源泉。 从1594年起，他所属的剧团受到王宫大臣的庇护，称为“宫内大臣剧团”；詹姆斯一世即位后也予以关爱，改称为“国王的供奉剧团”，因此剧团除了经常的巡回演出外，也常常在宫廷中演出，莎士比亚创作的剧本进而蜚声社会各界。 1599年莎士比亚参加了伦敦著名的环球剧院，并成为股东兼演员。莎士比亚逐渐富裕起来，并为他的家庭取得了世袭贵族的称号。1612年他作为一个有钱的绅士衣绵还乡，四年后就与世长辞。
莎士比亚生活在封建制度开始瓦解，新兴资产阶级开始上升的大转折时期。当时中世纪以宗教神学为代表的蒙昧主义思想走向没落，资产阶级以个人主义为中心的世界观日益深入人心，人文主义在社会文化思潮中开始占据统治地位。莎士比亚则以他的剧作，大胆地批判了封建制度的残酷黑暗及对人性的禁锢，强烈反映了新兴的资产阶级希望建立新型的社会关系和伦理思想的要求，为人文主义在英国和欧洲的传播起了巨大的推动作用。莎士比亚的许多剧作都遗失了，流传下来的只有三十七个，研究者将他的创作按思想和艺术的发展分为三个时期：21教育网21cnjy.com
1．历史剧和喜剧时 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )期：（1590—1600）
在莎士比亚戏剧创作的最初十年中，他共创作了九部历史剧。在这些剧本中除了《约翰王》（1589）描写的是13世纪封建王朝内部的争斗外，其他的剧作则构成了两个内容衔接的四部曲：《亨利六世》上、中、下部（1590—1591）与《理查三世》（1592）；《理查二世》（1595）、《亨利四世》上、下部（1597—1598）与《亨利五世》（1599）。
这些剧本概括了英国从1377—1485年间一百余年的动乱历史，描写了英法战争和英国的封建内战，歌颂英国民族国家的形成，谴责封建领主之间的不义战争，对人民的疾苦则表示了深切的同情。后一组剧本写理查二世优柔寡断，听信宠臣，他的堂弟趁机起兵篡夺王位，自立为亨利四世。亨利四世虽然两次平定内乱，却整日忧心忡忡，害怕有野心家会像他曾经做的那样来夺取王位，而太子又是个不务正业的公子哥儿，国家的前途令人担忧。幸好太子改过自新，即位为亨利五世，他以对法战争转移了国内矛盾，收复了在法国的领地。前一组剧本则紧接后一组，写英法百年战争中英国因贵族内讧而失利，贵族纷争再加上平民起义导致争夺王位的封建内战--红白玫瑰战争。内战中，属于红玫瑰集团的国王亨利六世被杀，夺取了王位的白玫瑰集团在爱德华四世死后，其弟理查以狡诈、凶残的手段窃取了王位，最终也死于敌党之手。
这些剧本的艺术成就不一，而最为人们津津乐道的是《理查三世》、《亨利四世》、《亨利五世》。理查三世是英国历史上出了名的暴君，莎士比亚怀着无比愤怒的心情，在剧中描写了阴险狡诈的贵族理查如何以血腥手段挤掉了六个合法继续人，登上王位的故事，揭露谴责了他的凶狠暴和昏庸无道，塑造了一个虚伪狡诈、残酷无情的暴君形象。《亨利五世》描写亨利五世做太子时不甘心宫廷中的刻板生活，在下层社会厮混，与流氓无赖为伍，即位后改邪归正，成为英明的理想君主。这两个剧本从正反两方面反映了莎士比亚的人文主义思想：他谴责封建贵族争权夺利给国家造成的内乱，认为通过道德改善可以产生开明君主，实行自上而下的改革，建立和谐的社会关系与理想的社会制度。
《亨利四世》创造了一个不朽的艺术典型--喜剧人物福斯塔夫。福斯塔夫是一个年过五十的破落骑士，一个好吹牛的懦夫，一个贪婪的冒险家。他是流氓头子，善于见风使舵、混水摸鱼。他否认任何道德，既无良心谴责也无怜悯之心，平生第一快事就是以粗鲁低级的方式向女子献殷勤，生活理想只是如何更大了限度地满足口腹之欲。他生性幽默，喜剧情节和笑料通过他的所言所行妙趣横生。他自恃是太子亲信，整天醉眼朦胧，坐在野猪头酒馆里，率领着一群年轻的地痞无赖，说谎、欺诈、抢劫。一但被太子拉上战场却又胆小如鼠，毫不顾及封建骑士的勇敢精神与荣誉观念，只会倒在地上装死，驮来敌人的尸体冒功。作品最后通过福斯塔夫被掌权的太子——“贤明”君王亨利五世驱逐，反映了封建势力及其附庸必将灭亡的命运。而福斯塔夫则作为一个活在老百姓身边为老百姓喜闻乐见的人物，一个封建关系解体时期“无衣无食的雇用兵”和“冒险家”的典型，成为莎士比亚笔下最成功的喜剧形象之一。21·cn·jy·com21·cn·jy·com
在莎士比亚历史剧大受欢迎的同时 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )，他还创作了十部喜剧：《错误的喜剧》（1592）、《驯悍记》 （1593）、 《维洛那二绅士》 （1594）、 《爱的徒劳》 （1594）、 《仲夏夜之梦》（1596）、 《威尼斯商人》 （1597）、 《温莎的内风流娘儿们》 （1598）、 《无事生非》（1599）、《皆大欢喜》（1600）、《第十二夜》（1600）。其中最后三部最能表现莎士比亚喜剧创作的风格，人称"娇艳明媚的喜剧三部曲"。这些剧本大都以爱情、友谊、婚姻为主题，而情节却异常生动丰富，非同凡俗。作者以幽默、欢快的笔触和如诗如画的抒情，来揭示人们的感情冲突和现实生活中的矛盾，特别是塑造了一批勇气过人又执着、风趣、机智、温柔的女主人公形象。她们追求自己自由恋爱的权力，与各种邪恶势力做不屈不挠的斗争，在戏剧舞台上放射着耀眼的光芒。
《第十二夜》描写孪生兄妹西巴斯辛和薇奥拉在海上航行遇险，先后流落到伊利里亚。这里的统治者奥西诺公爵正在向一位名叫奥丽维亚的贵族小姐求婚，却遭到拒绝。薇奥拉女扮男装，化名西萨里奥做了公爵的少年侍人。从此，爱上奥西诺公爵的薇奥拉作为爱情的使者，奔跑于奥西诺和奥丽维亚之间，凭着她与自己孪生哥哥相貌异常相像，顺利解决了一系列复杂而又严重的爱情冲突。钟情少年侍从薇奥拉的奥丽维亚成了薇奥拉哥哥的妻子；而饱受对奥丽维亚单相思之苦的奥西诺公爵在发现他的侍从原来是一个美丽的女孩之后，也认识到她感情的可贵，就和薇奥拉结了婚。剧中错综复杂的情节充满了巧合、悬念、误会以及移花接木、巧装改扮的喜剧因素，而处于全剧中心的是勇敢、热情、纯真的少女薇奥拉，在争取人格独立、幸福的权力及人与人之间平等关系的斗争中，她显示出忘我无私、坚贞不渝的品格，充分体现了文艺复兴时期人文主义者的理想。全剧充满了对自由的渴望、对生活的热爱，反映了文艺复兴时代人们朝气蓬勃、勇于进取的精神风貌。
《威尼斯商人》则以较强的对社会讽刺、批判的态度见称。威尼斯富商安东尼奥为了成全好友巴萨尼奥的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克借债。由于安东尼奥货款给人从不要利息，并帮夏洛克的女儿私奔，怀恨在心的夏洛克乘机报复，佯装也不要利息，但若逾期不还要从安东尼奥身上割下一磅肉。不巧传来安东尼奥的商船失事的消息，资金周转不灵，贷款无力偿还。夏洛克去不法庭控告，根据法律条文要安东尼奥履行诺言。为救安东尼奥的性翕，巴萨尼奥的未婚妻鲍细霞假扮律师出庭，她答允夏洛克的要求，但要求所割的一磅肉必须正好是一磅肉，不能多也不能少，更不准流血。夏洛克因无法执行而败诉，害人不成反而失去了财产。 莎士比亚成功地塑造了夏洛克这样一个生动复杂、极端利己的高利贷者的形象，同时通过夏洛克，莎士比亚又为一切受民族与宗教歧视的犹太人鸣不平，体现了资产阶级人道主义的立场。剧中借生动的法庭对抗场景提出了海外贸易、放高利贷等经济问题，使人感到作者驾驭素材的高超能力。 剧中性格纯朴、富有才华和正义感的鲍细霞则是莎士比亚塑造的一个理想的资产阶级女性形象。她年轻、貌美、智慧超人，芳名远播，面对纷沓而来的求婚者，她把人的品行作为考虑的第一条件，而并不看重门第财富。她遵从父亲遗训，设置了金、银、铅三个匣子供求婚者挑选，结果攫取金匣的摩洛哥王子得了一张骷髅画，拿了银匣的法国阿尔贡亲五看到的是傻瓜画像，只有聪明、坦诚的巴萨尼奥选中了朴实无华的铅匣，得到了藏在里面的鲍细霞的倩影。鲍细霞则毫不犹豫地投入这个贫穷的青年人的怀抱。这一婚姻标准实际是对封建等级制度的强烈挑战，体现了鲍细霞高尚情操和美好心灵。在法庭上，当凶恶的夏洛克挥舞着借据逼迫法庭镣害安东尼奥的性命时，所有的男人都束手无策，只有智慧的鲍细霞看出了契约的漏洞，重新对契约进行法律的解释，制止了满心报复的夏洛克的凶残行为，这又为鲍细霞的聪慧形象增添了明丽的一笔。 21cnjy.com2·1·c·n·j·y
在这一时期写作的《罗密欧与 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )朱丽叶》（1594），则是反映人文主义者爱情、理想与封建压迫之间冲突的一出充满诗意地悲剧。意大利维洛那城有两个世代为亿的家族。一次舞会上，蒙太古家族的罗密欧与凯普莱特家族的朱丽叶一见钟情，但家族之间的仇杀使恋爱受到阻力。经劳伦斯祖父帮助，两人秘密举行了婚礼。罗密欧因替友复仇刺死了朱丽叶的表哥泰保尔。亲王下令放逐罗密蔚蓝色，朱丽叶也面临被迫逼婚的窘境。神父给她吃安眠药让她装死，并派人通知罗密欧立即返回，但送信人却误了期。不明真相的罗密欧听到朱丽叶的死讯，立刻悄悄赶回家乡，在她身边自杀殉情。不久朱丽叶苏醒，见爱人已死，悲痛之余，也用匕首结束了自己年轻的生命。鉴于世仇造成的恶果，在罗密欧与朱丽叶的录柩前，多少世纪不共戴天的两个家族最后和解。这一对纯真的青年为了追求爱情自由，最终以死反抗阻碍他们结合的封建势力，在情节上虽属悲剧，却也充满了喜剧作品中对生活的热爱、对幸福的向往和对未来的信心，钱剧洋溢着积极向上的乐观主义气氛，实际是一首青春与爱情的赞歌。尽管主人公付出了生命的代价，但隔阂却消除了，爱情、理想最终得胜，罗密欧与朱丽叶成为世界文学中不朽的典型。剧中充满了浓郁的抒情性，如朱丽叶等待罗密欧前来赴约的优美独白： 来吧，黑夜！来吧，罗密欧！来吧，你黑夜中的白昼！因为你将要睡在黑夜的翼上，比乌鸦背上的新雪还要皎白。来吧，柔和的黑夜！来吧，可爱的黑夜，把我的罗密欧给我；等他死了以后，你再把他带去，分散成无数的星，把天空装饰得如此美丽，使全世界都恋爱着黑夜，不再崇拜眩目的太阳。 这深情热烈的词句不知打动过多少少男少女的心。
2．悲剧时期 （1601—1608）
这一时期，是莎士比亚思想与艺术成熟与深化的阶段。时值伊丽莎白女王统治末期，王权与资产阶级关系开始紧张，宫廷贵族生活日趋腐朽。莎士比亚已看清理想与现实之间不可逾越的鸿沟，但他把这些归结为善与恶的道德冲突，他反对暴力，强调理性的作用，创作了一批辉煌而又抑郁愤怒的悲剧剧作，揭露了资本主义原始积累时期已开始出现的社会罪恶与资产阶级的利已主义，表现了人文主义美好理想与残酷现实之间的矛盾。剧中的浪漫主义光辉越来越弱，现实主义描写日益突出。其悲剧的主要内容是人与社会、人与人、人的内心深处的冲突，被称做“性格悲剧”和“社会悲剧”的典范。
《哈姆雷特》（1601）是莎士比亚最重要的作品，这部悲剧就其表现的社会内容和哲学内涵来说都是最丰富的。它以精湛的艺术形式，博大的思想内容表现出主人公人文主义理想的幻灭，反映了作者对人生价值和意义的探索。早在12世纪就流传着丹麦王子为父报仇的故事，英法两国的剧作家都据其情节写过中世纪的血亲复仇为中心的剧本。1601年，莎士比亚将其改编成一部深刻反映时代面貌、具有激烈矛盾冲突的杰出悲剧，使这一复仇故事有了广泛的社会意义。
年轻的主人公丹麦王子哈姆雷特是一个有理想、有魄力、好思索的人文主义者，是个诚实、坦率、正派、道德高尚的人。他结束求学生涯回国时发现，他的祖国已变成成了黑暗的牢狱，父亲已被叔父克劳狄斯害死，克劳狄斯还娶了哈姆雷特的寡母，篡夺了王位。父亲的亡魂出现，要求他复仇。哈姆雷特决心杀死奸王但又顾虑重重，他报仇的愿望逐渐转变成为一种社会责任心：应当改变这个充满犯罪、不仁不义、谎话和虚伪的世界。而要完成这一重整乾坤的神圣使命，哈姆雷特深感自己无法胜任，反之，要同恶势力妥协， 他又深恶痛绝。 这一切使哈姆雷特陷入犹豫、忧郁、和痛苦的自我分析之中。在他下决心动手除去奸王时，不幸误杀了恋人娥菲丽娅的父亲、媚上的御前大臣波洛涅斯。伤心的娥菲丽娅因此丧失了理智，溺死河中。娥菲丽娅的哥哥雷欧提斯要为父亲和妹妹报仇，在奸王阴谋安排的决斗中用涂了毒药的剑刺中了哈姆雷特，哈姆雷特的母亲也误饮奸王为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒毙命。哈姆雷特在临死前奋力刺死了奸王，但他改变现实的宏伟理想却没以能实现。www.21-cn-jy.com【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
哈姆雷特是莎士比亚精心塑 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )造的人文主义者的形象，他对人自身、对人类的明天满怀热爱和信心，在他看来人是“了不得的杰作”，具有“高贵的理性”、“伟大的力量”，有着无比的智慧，是“宇宙的精华，万物的灵长”。人文主义教育使他胸怀远大抱负，但突破其来的巨变，使他遭受了那样多的不增，他无忧无虑、明朗爽快的性格发生了变化。父死母嫁，奸邪当道，国内一片乌烟瘴气。他渴望用进步的人文主义思想改造社会，却又觉重任难当，难以施为。踌躇难决之下，他苦思焦虑，性格一变而为忧虑沉闷，更因复仇的证据不足，一时也找不复仇的时机，无法贸然行动，这使得他优柔寡断，拖延迟疑， 戏中大段沉痛的、强烈自责的独白， 反映了他痛苦、矛盾的心境。表面上看，他令人惋惜地放过了一次次行动的机会，实际上这正是敌我力量悬殊，人文主义理想难以实现的悲剧性反映。从第三幕起，他忧郁的心情开始得到克服，崇高的理想与责任感，使他意识到必须以行动来抗争不合理的命运，于是他雷厉风行地采取了一系列复仇措施，从采取演戏的方法从实奸王的罪行到改写密信，破坏了奸王把他放逐到英国，然后借刀杀人的阴谋，最终刺杀奸王，把国事托给他志同道合的密友，这无不表现了他的机智勇敢、镇定缜密以及超人的智慧。莎士比亚恰如其分地描写了哈姆雷特性格的变化与发展。
悲剧《奥赛罗》（1604）同样反映了文艺复兴时期深刻的社会矛盾。在威尼斯，黑皮肤的摩尔人大将奥赛罗和贵州小姐苔丝狄蒙娜相爱而结婚，遭到贵族们的反对。威尼斯大公派战功赫赫的奥赛罗去抵御土耳其人入侵，故对婚事不加干涉。伪善、狡诈而又阴险的旗官伊阿古因奥赛罗未任命他为副将怀恨在心，为了报复，他巧使诡计诬陷苔丝狄蒙娜不贞。轻信他人而又嫉恶如仇的奥赛罗陷入极大的悲愤与绝望中，妒火中烧，他亲手扼死了无辜的苔丝狄蒙娜，还以为做了一件正义的事。伊阿古的妻子当场揭发了真相，奥赛罗悔恨万分，为了惩罚自己铸下的大错，挥剑自杀身亡。 奥赛罗其实是作者所肯定和同情的人物，他坦率、公正、诚信，但性格中存在着致使的点。他轻信虚假的表面现象，让感情左右理智，以至他和苔丝狄蒙娜的爱情虽战胜了种族的偏见，却未能躲过极端主义者的暗箭，酿成悲剧结局。剧中的伊阿古是一个极端生活利已主义者的形象，为了个人私欲，使尽了卑鄙毒辣的手段。他的生活信条是“既不是为了感情，也不是为了义务，只是为了自己的利益”。他设尽圈套去暗害别人，最后受到了正义的惩罚。
《李尔王》（1605）取材于古代英国的历史传说：年老昏聩的李尔王把王国分给了虚伪的大女儿里根、二女儿贡纳莉，却把诚实率直不会取悦父王的小女儿考迪丽霞驱逐到国外。李尔自己仅保留国王的尊号和一百名侍从，准备轮流住在两个女儿家中安享晚年。谁料两个大女儿达到目的后却原形毕露，把老父赶出家门，李尔王饱受颠沛流离之苦。在一个雷电交加的暴风雨之夜，被逼疯癫的李尔王奔向旷野，对苍天呼喊着自己的悲愤与无奈。李尔王在狂风暴雨下的大段对天独白， 在为我们展现了一个痛苦心灵的同时， 也揭示了这个曾被权利异化的君王的人性觉醒过程。小女儿得知李尔王的遭遇，起兵讨伐两个姐姐，不幸失被杀，李尔王也在悲痛疯癫中死去。莎士比亚站在人文主义者的立场，通过王室家族的内乱和李尔王传动的大起大落，批判了资本主义社会伪善的人伦关系，肯定了同情、博爱的道德原则。
《麦克白》（1605）是莎士比亚戏剧中心理描写的佳作。苏格兰大将麦克白从战场上凯旋而归，途中听信女巫他能当国王的预言， 在野心驱使与其妻的怂恿下， 趁国王邓肯到家中作客之机，弑君篡位，最终落得众叛新离、兵败被杀的下场；他的妻子也因精神分裂而死。全剧弥漫着一种阴鸷可怕的气氛。莎士比亚通过对曾经屡建奇勋的英雄麦克白变成一个残忍暴君的过程的描述，批判了野心对良知的侵蚀作用。由于女巫的蛊惑和夫人的影响，不乏善良本性的麦克白想干一番大事业的雄心蜕变成野心，而野心实现又导致了一连串新的犯罪，结果是倒行逆施，必然死亡。在迷信、罪恶、恐怖的氛围里，作者不时让他笔下的罪人深思、反省、剖析内心，麦克白夫妇弑君前后的心理变化显得层次分明，这就更加增大了悲剧的深度。2·1·c·n·j·ywww.21-cn-jy.com
以上四部剧作被称做莎士比亚的“四大悲 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )剧”。在这些剧作中，莎士比亚看到了正在兴起的资本主义社会关系的内在矛盾，抨击资本主义利益原则的邪恶性质，展现出阶级压迫给广大劳动人民带来的痛苦。但他把社会斗争归结于抽象的善恶好坏的道德问题，仅仅看到思想的力量，个人的作用，而忽视了人民大众，因此在冷酷的、充满罪恶的社会面前，单枪匹马的个人主义英雄往往被碰得头破血流，悲观、茫然、幻灭， 陷入不可解脱的内心矛盾与悲剧结局。 在悲剧终场时，没有一个主人公能逃脱死亡的命运，以至后人把莎剧结束的第五幕称之为“死床”。但玉石俱焚的可怕结局，又表明了剧作家对人类世界的希望：杰出之士死了，为个人利益使尽花招的野心家也难逃死亡的命运，但正义却赢得了道义上的胜利， 正义和美德百世流芳， 邪恶却为人唾弃，遗臭万年，重整河山仍期待着后来的英雄。其尖锐的批判锋芒，对人性的深刻揭示，对时代精神与社会生活的高度概括，使莎士比亚的悲剧至今仍具有震撼人心的力量，成为戏剧史上的丰碑。
在这一时期里莎士比 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )亚还根据普鲁塔克的《希腊罗马名人传》撰写了《尤利乌斯·凯撒》（1601）《雅典的泰门》（1605）、《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》（1607）、《科利奥兰纳斯》（1607）一系列悲剧。 《雅典的泰门》写雅典的贵族泰门慷慨好客， 乐善好施，挥金如土，家中日日宾客如云。虽然他帮助许多人摆脱困境，但他分不清谄媚者与朋友，大部分钱还在花在恶棍与寄生虫身上。一朝他黄金散尽，债主盈门，派人向元老、贵族以及那些曾经受过他恩惠之人请求援助时，那些曾百般躬迎的小人却如躲避瘟疫一样唯恐不及，弄得他叫天天不应，叫地地不灵。泰门悲愤地离开了人群，独自隐居在城外的洞穴里，一天，他正挖树根充饥，无意中发现了一大堆金子，饱经世态炎凉，看透人间虚伪的泰门不由愤怒地诅咒道： 金子！黄黄的、发光的、宝贵的金子……这东西只这么一点点，就足够颠倒黑白，丑的变成美的，错的变成对的，卑贱的变成尊贵，老人变成少年，懦夫变成勇士，……这黄色的奴才，可以使异教联盟，国家分裂，祝福罪人；麻疯病人被当作情朗；有了他在元老会议上，强盗可以封官获爵，受人们的跪拜、颂扬；有了他，黄皮鸡脸的寡妇与能重做新娘。 对资本主义金钱原则的揭露真是入木三分！马克思在《资本主义》中曾引用这段话来说明货币的本质。剧中的雅典后来遭到围攻， 贵族与元老们又来找寻曾经是骁勇善战的泰门， 给他金钱、权力、地位，但泰门的心已冷了，最后他变成一个厌世者，怀着对伪善的人类的痛恨离开了这个世界。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】21世纪教育网版权所有
3． 传奇剧时期 （1609—1613）
晚期的莎 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )士比亚创作呈现出脱离现实，转向梦幻世界的倾向，以幻想来解决与现实之间的矛盾，风格也为之一变，充满童话式的想象，富于明快的节奏。其作品有《辛白林》（1609）、《冬天的故事》（1610）、《暴风雨》（1611）等。这些剧本的情节大同小异，都是主人公先遭到灾难与不幸，后来得于偶然契机转危为安，甚至因祸得福。虽然对黑暗现实有所揭露，但宽恕和谅解的精神贯穿全剧， 主张用爱心医治旧日的创伤， 强调忏悔、改过能产生新的希望。剧本的人物和背景极富传奇性，人物动机近似荒诞，突出运用了大量巧合与偶然事件。
这一时期的重要作品是《暴风雨》。米兰公爵普洛斯比罗被弟弟安东尼奥篡夺了爵位，只身携带襁褓中的独生女米兰达逃至一荒岛，他依靠魔法成了岛的主人。 后来， 他制造了一场暴风雨，把经过附近的那不勒斯国王和王子费迪南及陪同的安东尼奥等人的船只弄到荒岛，又以法术促成了王子与米兰达的婚姻，结局是普洛斯比罗恢复了爵位，宽恕了敌人，返回家园。玄妙的幻想、瑰丽的描写、生动的形象、诗意的背景使此剧成为莎士比亚晚期戏剧艺术的代表。
莎士比亚的剧作是西方戏剧艺术史上难以企及的高峰。在他的戏剧中，展开了如此广阔的生活画面：上至王公贵族，下至生活在社会底层的贫民百姓，社会各个阶层的人物都在剧中婆娑起舞，而每个人又有各自的爱憎、伤悲与欢乐，每个人都具有鲜明的个性特征。同是阴险狡诈、极端自私，麦克白与伊阿古不同，同是勇于为理想、正义献身，奥赛罗与哈姆雷特各异。不同的人物生活在各自的典型环境中。
莎士比亚是无与伦比的戏剧结构大师，他的剧本固然有悲、喜剧之分，但在创作实际中又打破了悲、喜剧的界限，不受严格的传统体裁划分的限制，从而展现出更丰富饱满的人性和人物的精神世界。他善于描写几条相互平行交错的线索，来促进生动复杂的情节发展。写作技巧上则表现出一种奇妙的戏剧紧迫感，逐渐加快的情节发展的节奏，往往有一种气呵成的神来之笔，令观众惊叹不已。
莎士比亚剧作的语言，完全是诗化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )的语言，柔婉如同淙淙流水，激荡如惊涛拍岸，令人回味无穷。据后人统计，莎士比亚所用的词汇在一万五千个之上，并善于用比喻、隐喻、双关语，许多莎士比亚戏剧中的语言已经成了英文中的成语、典故，极大地丰富了英语词藻。语言形式则既以无韵诗为主，又杂有古体诗、民谣体、俚谚与轻快滑稽的散文体对话，可谓多种多样、丰富生动，成为构成莎士比亚戏剧艺术大厦的基本材料。
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品资料·第 10 页 （共 10 页） 版权所有@21世纪教育网登陆21世纪教育 助您教考全无忧
Module 7 Great books
Unit 1 We’re still influenced by Confucius’s ideas.
[教学目标]
1. 知识目标：能正确理解并使用下列单词及短语
I 能正确使用下列单词和短语
discuss, thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nker, wise, review, influence, sense, make sense, by the way, suppose, well-known
II 交际用语
1. What’s up
2. Well, maybe…
3. I suppose…
4. Why don’t you…
2. 技能目标：掌握一般现在时的被动语态的用法。
3. 通过对话学习，对孔子、莎士比亚、马克吐温这三位伟大的人物有基本的认识，在交流中鼓励不同层次的学生敢于发表自己的观点。
[教学重难点]
一般现在时的被动语态的用法
[教学过程]
Step 1 Lead-in
标题导入:
“Recently I’ve read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a great book called Romeo and Juliet。 I’m deeply moved by it. Have you ever read some great books ” 随即将 “Great books”呈现在黑板上，鼓励学生说出他们读过的名著。这里用学生们熟悉的话题导入新课，能够激发学生学习的兴趣，活跃课堂气氛，更重要的是通过老师的表述，如运用重读、稍慢的语速等方式强调被动语态的句子，让学生们在真实的语境中感知被动语态。
Step 2 Listening
听activity1，展示三幅图片，问 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“Who are they Do you know something about them Try to use the words in the table to help you.”,学生们两人一组描述图片，之后，听磁带看学生们的匹配是否与所听到的一致。
1. Ask the students to Look at the pictures.
2. Say who they are and why they are famous.
3. Play the recording and ask the students to listen carefully.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
4. Now listen and check your answers.
5. Ask the students to check their answer with a partner.
6. Call back the answers from the whole class and check the answers.
Step 3 Listening carefully
1. Ask the students to read through answer the sentences.
1) Confucius is well-known in _______________.
2) Shakespeare wrote ______________________.
3) Mark Twain’s stories are set __________________ of the US.
2. Play the recording and ask the students to listen carefully.
3. Listen and complete the sentences.
4. Ask the students to check their answer with a partner.
5. Call back the answers from the whole class and check the answers.
6. Now listen and check.
Step 4 Listen and read
（一）学生自主学习，理解activity 3的意思，找出不懂的地方。
（二）小组内合作解决不懂的地方，再有疑难，小组间共同解决，教师适时点拨。
1. Show some pictures, and ask the students to talk about them.
2. Ask the students to read the conversation silently.
3. Play the recordi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng and ask the students to listen and read the conversation.
4. Read the conversation.
5. Act it out.
6. Match the people with the descriptions.
（1） Ask the students to read the conversation again.
（2）Read the information in Activity 3.
1) Confucius 2) Shakespeare 3)Mark Twain
a) He was a very wise man.
b) He is not as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )well-known as the other two people, but his works are still popular.
c) His plays are read by millions of people.
d) He was more a teacher and thinker than a writer.
e) People are still influenced by his ideas.
3. Now match the people with the descriptions.
4. Ask the students to check their answer with a partner.
5. Call back the answer from the whole class and check the answer.
Keys: 1.a), d), e) 2. c) 3. b)
Step 5 Finish the activity 4.
1. Ask the students to the words in the box in Activity 4.
accept discuss influence review sense thinker wise
2. Ask the students to read through the passage in Activity 4.
Mr Jackson an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d Betty are (1)____________ great writers. Betty explains that in her Internet group, each person reads a favourite book and then write a(n) (2)____________of it. Mr Jackson (3)____________ that Confucius and Shakespeare are great because their works are still read by people today, but he thinks Confucius was more a teacher and (4)____________ than a writer. He says that Confucius was a very (5)____________ man. Mr Jackson thinks that we are still (6)____________ by Confucius’s ideas and that Shakespeare’s plays still make (7)____________ to people today.
3. Complete the p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )assage with the correct form of the words in the box.
4. Check with a partner.
5. Call back the answers from the whole class.
Keys: 1. discussing 2. review 3. accepted 4. thinker 5. wise
6. influenced 7. sense
Step 6 Everyday English
让学生们说说这些句子在文中的意思。
What’s up
Well, maybe…
I suppose…
Why don’t you…
Step 7 Pronunciation
1）跟读录音朗读文章，模仿语音语调
2）读熟文章
3）画出重读的句子
1. Play the recording once without stopping.
2. Play the recording again and ask the whole class to repeat.【版权所有：21教育】
1) We’re still influenced by Confucius’s ideas.
2) Shakespeare’s plays also make a lot of sense to us today.
3) He was impo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rtant, but I suppose he isn’t as well-known as Confucius or Shakespeare.
3. Ask the students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to listen and underline the words the speaker stresses.
4. Now listen again and repeat.
Step 8 Group work and speaking
1. Work in groups. Do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you agree with the following opinions Give your reasons.
1) Teahouse is one of the greatest plays in China.
2) Everyone should learn some Tang poems.
3) We should only read books by great writers.
I accept…
I agree / don’t agree with…
I suppose…
I think…
2. Now report the ideas of your group to the whole class.
Most of us think…We think we learn…
3. Work in groups.
Step 9 Language points
1. What’s up
What’s up 是一种非正式的用法，意思是“怎么了/出什么事了？”例如：
What’s up You look very worried 怎么了？你看上去很焦虑。
2. But I thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nk I’d describe Confucius more as a teacher and thinker than a writer.
这里的Confucius指孔子，为“孔夫子” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的英语译名，是长期以来约定俗成的译法。more…than…在本句中表示“与其说是…不如说是…”。例如：
Success is more hard work than good luck. 成功来自努力，而非好运。
3. … and Shakespeare’s plays also make a lot of sense to us today. …
make sense的意思是“合情理；明智；有意义”。例如：
No wonder how I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) tried to read it, the sentence still did not make any sense to me. 不管我们怎么努力地读，我还是不懂这个句子的意思。
Why did she do such ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a thing It does not seem to make sense. 她为什么做这样的事？似乎没有道理。
4. I want to joi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n an Internet group to discuss great books by great writers.
discuss v.讨论；谈论
discuss的过去分词是discussed, 现在分词是discussing,
discuss sth. (with sb.)和某人谈论某事
e.g. We will discuss the plans with them at the meeting.
我们将和他们在会议上讨论这个计划。
5. We’re still influenced by Confucius’s ideas.
influence v.影响；作用于
influence用作动词时，后面直接跟宾语，常可用于influence sb. to do sth.结构。
e.g. What influenced you to take the job
什么影响你接受这份工作？
6. By the way, what do you think of Mark Twain, …
by the way用于转入新的话题，意为“顺便说；附带说”。
e.g. By the way, has everybody arrived
顺便问一句，大家都到了吗？
7. He was imp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ortant, but I suppose he isn’t as well-known as Confucius or Shakespeare.
suppose v.猜想；推测；相信；认为
后面可以带动词不定式的复合结构或从句，也常用于be supposed to结构。
e.g. I suppose him to be on duty.
我想他在值班。
We are not supposed to smoke here.
我们不应该在这儿吸烟。
well-known adj.众所周知的；著名的
be well-known as意为“作为……而著名”， 相当于be famous as 。
e.g. Norman Bethune was well-known as a great doctor.
白求恩作为一个伟大的医生而著名。
拓展：
be well-known for意为“因为……而著名”，相当于be famous for。除v-ing形式外，for后还可跟名词。
e.g. Yuan Longping is well-known for hybrid rice.
袁隆平因杂交水稻而著名。
8. 小组自我补充
9. 学生自主完成这些重点与难点。
自主完成后，小组合作，交流学习成果，共同释疑。
让学生朗读以上重点知识。
Step 10 中考链接
A. 单项选择：
1. Experts ________ to make suggestions to help him develop.
A. will invite B. are invited C. have invited
2. Han Han’s books are popular. They ________ by many teenagers.
A. are reading B. are read C. were read
3. —At present, one of the best ways to study is working in groups.
—More chances _______ to students to learn from each other.
A. offer B. are offered C. have offered
4.—Don’t you see the sign “No Parking!” on the right
—Sorry, I didn’t. But now I know parking______ here.
A. wasn’t allowed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. isn’t allowed C. won’t allow D. doesn’t allow
Keys: 1. B 2.B 3. B 4. B
B. 完成句子：
1. 我试图让每首歌都体现出它自己的意义。
I try to make each song ____________for itself. ( http: / / dict. / search q=pay%20for&keyfrom=hao360" \l "#" \o "点击发音 )
2. 顺便问一下，你认为这个队的水平如何？
_____________, what do you think about this Team
3. 今天很多人仍然看孔子的作品。
Confucius’ works ______________ by many people today.
4. 学校鼓励学生大声地讲英语。
All the students ______________ speak English loudly.
5. 我们受到孔子思想的影响。
We _____________ by Confucius’s thoughts.
Keys: 1. make ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sense 2. By the way 3. are still read 4. are encouraged to 5. are influenced
Step 11 Homework
Remember the words of Unit 1 and prepare the text of Unit 2.
Unit 2 It is still read and loved.
一、教学目标
1. 语言知识目标：
理解adventure, get into ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) trouble, run away, escape, cave, dead, for a time, neighbour, funeral, surprised, alive, southern, state, pay for, action, everyday, dialogue在文中的意思，并能正确地翻译。
2. Keys structure: Sentence structure.
2. 语言技能目标：
说：能谈论自己喜爱的名著及喜欢的理由。
读：通过阅读a book r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eview of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer让学生掌握并运用略、精读的技巧，即略读找大意，精读搜索相关信息。
3. 情感态度目标：
通过了解名著及著名作家，激发学生阅读名著及了解著名作家的兴趣。
二、教学过程
Step 1 Revision
Look at the pictures and say who they are and why they are famous.
Confucius
Confucius was a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) great teacher and thinker in ancient China. He lived over 2000 years ago and he is well-known in many countries.
Shakespeare
William Shakespear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e was English and wrote plays and poems. Although he died about 400 years, his plays are still seen, and his poems are still read by many people.
Mark Twain
Mark Twain was an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) American writer. His stories are set in the south of the US over 100 years ago, and readers still enjoy them very much.
Step 2 Scanning(略读) 小组讨论，最后得出答案。
1. Read the first paragraph of the passage in Activity 2 quickly.21·世纪*教育网
2. Try to answer the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )questions. Use the words and expression in the box to help you.
adventure hero nineteenth century treasure
1) What kind of story is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 21cnjy.com
2) When and where is the story set
3. Read the passage and check your answers to Activity 1.
Keys: 1.It tells ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some exciting stories about a boy who has many adventures.
2. The story is set ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, the US, in the nineteenth century.
Step 3 Extensive reading（精读）.
1. Play the recording and listen to the tape carefully.
2. Ask the students to read through the passage.
3. Ask the students to read the passage by themselves.
4. Read the text together.
Complete the table.
1. Read the passage again.
2. Complete the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )table with the information about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Your favourite book
Writer 1.
Place where the story is set 2.
Main characters 3.
Stories the book tells 4.
Theme 5.
Features 6.
3. Check with a partner.
4. Call back the answers from the whole class.
Keys:
1. Mark Twain
2. St Petersburg, Missouri, America
3. Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn, Joe, Aunt Polly, Injun Joe, Becky 21教育网
4. The adventures of a boy and his friends
5. It tells how yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ung people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
6. It is writ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ten in everyday English and the dialogues sound especially real.
Complete the passage.
1. Ask the students to the words in the box in Activity 4.
dialogue everyday neighbour state
2. Ask the students to read through the passage in Activity 4.
Set in the (1)____________ of Missouri, the US, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a lively story full of fun. Tom and his friend Huck have many adventures. My favourite part is when their family and (2)____________ go to church because they think Tom and Huck are dead! The book is also full of wonderful (3)____________. The conversations are written in the (4)____________ English of nineteenth century Missouri, and sound especially real. It is a truly great book!
3. Complete the pas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sage with the correct form of the words in the box.
4. Check with a partner.
5. Call back the answers from the whole class.
Keys: 1. state 2. neighbours 3. dialogues 4. everyday
Step 4 Learning to learn.
Noticing words and ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pressions that are similar or repeated will help you understand the theme of a passage. For example, the expressions many adventures, run away and treasure box in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer show us that the story will he an exciting adventure.
Step 5 Writing
1. Work in pairs. Ask ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and answer. Would you like to read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Why / Why not
2. Complete the You ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r favourite book column in the table in Activity 3.
3. Write a p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )assage about your favourite book. Use the passage in Activity 2 and the information in Activity 6 to help you.
My favourite book i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone by J.K. Rowling. It is a story about a boy…
4. Work in pairs. Talk about your favourite book.
Step 6 Language points
1. It tells how y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oung people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
pay for的意思是“为…付出代价；受惩罚”。例如：
e.g. We all pay for our mistakes in one way or another.
我们都会为自己的错误付出这样或那样的代价。
These people must be made to pay for their crimes.
必须让这些人为他们自己的罪行付出代价。
2. …and it is thought to be one of the greatest American stories. …
is thought t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o be… 的意思是“人们认为…”，相当于People think…类似的结构还有：… is said to be…“据说…”；…is believed to be…“人们相信…”。例如：
At 115, Mrs. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Jackson is believed to be the oldest person in the country.
115岁高龄的杰克逊夫人被认为是该国最长寿的人。
He is said to be the richest man in the world.
据说他是世界上最富有的人。
3. He does not like pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ople telling him what to do, so he always gets into trouble.
get into trouble遇上麻烦
e.g. Who will I call if I get into trouble
一旦陷入麻烦，我可以向谁寻求帮助？
4. He and his best ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )friend, Huck Finn, run away to an island in the middle of the
Mississippi River.
run away 逃走；逃跑
e.g. If I run away, it will run after me.
如果我逃走了，它将追上我。
5. …Tom escapes from a cave with another friend, Becky.
escape v.逃离；逃脱
e.g. Three prisoners have escaped.
三名犯人逃走了。
escape from意为“从……里逃跑”。
e.g. Cindy succeeded in escaping from the burning building. 21*cnjy*com
辛迪成功地从燃烧着的建筑物里逃了出来。
6. They hide and watch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for a time when they see their family and neighbours…
for a time一小段时间；一度；一时
e.g. I worked at a high-school library for a time.
我在一个中学图书馆工作了一段时间。
7. Everyone is surprised to see them at first,…
surprised adj.惊奇的；惊讶的
常用于短语be surprised at ...及be surprised to do sth.等，主语是人。
e.g. We are surprised at his sad story.
我们对他的悲惨故事感到惊讶。
Everyone was surprised to see the wonderful movie.21世纪教育网版权所有
每个人看到这个精彩的电影都很惊讶。
8. …but very pleased to find that they are alive.
alive adj. 活着的，在句中主要作表语，也可作宾语补足语或定语，作定语时，alive只能位于被修饰的名词之后。
e.g. The elephant was still breathing, so we knew it was still alive.
大象还在呼吸，因此我们知道它仍然是活着的。
I caught a bird alive in the tree.
我在树上抓了一只活着的小鸟。
9. It is written in everyday English, …
everyday adj.日常的；普通的,在句中作定语。
every day 每天，天天，在句中作状语。
e.g. The Inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rnet has become part of our everyday life.
互联网已成为我们日常生活的一部分。
That’s tru ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e. I read news on the Internet every day.
这是真的，我每天看互联网的新闻
Step 7 中考链接
单项选择
1. A lot of trees________ around here every year, and we can enjoy fresher air now.
A. were planted B. are planted C. will planted D. are planting
2. —What languages _______ in that country
—German and English.
A. are speaking B. are spoken C. speak D. is spoken
3.—Excuse me, sir, smoking in the gas station.
—Oh, I'm really sorry.
A. doesn't allow B. isn't allowed C. aren't allowed
Keys: 1. B 2.B 3. B
完成句子
1.如果你遇到麻烦，我一定站出来帮助你走出困境。
If you ______________I’ll step out and help you out.www.21-cn-jy.com
2. 警察来时小偷已经跑了。
The thief had _____________when the policemen came. www-2-1-cnjy-com
3. 他在西班牙住过一段时期。
He lived_____________ in Spain.
4. 当然，遗失了自行车我愿意赔偿。
Of course, I'm quite willing to ______________the lost bike.
5. 司机不允许酒后驾驶。
Drivers _________________ after drinking.
6. 马克吐温被认为是一位最伟大的作家之一。
Mark Twain __________________ one of the greatest writers.
Keys: 1. get into tro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uble 2. run away 3. for a time 4. pay for 5.aren’t allowed to drive 6. is thought to be
Step 8 Homework
Remember the words of Unit 2 and prepare the text of Unit 3.
Unit 3 Language in use
【教学目标】
本模块围绕英雄这一话题，开展听、说、读、写活动。语法重点是操练被动语态。语言技能和语言知识主要都是围绕名著这一中心话题展开。语言知识目标
让学生能够使用在本模块所学的单词和短语。
1. 语言技能目标
通过状语从句的学习，学会总结和归纳。
2. 情感态度目标
能虚心向他人学习，学会合作和分享。
【教学过程】
Step 1 Revision
Show some pictures to review the text of Unit 1 and Unit 2 21·cn·jy·com
Step 2 Language practice
1. Read through the e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xample sentences in the box with the whole class.
1) Their works are still read by many people today.
2) We’re still influenced by Confucius’s ideas.
3) It is still read and loved by people all over the world.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
2. Ask the students to repeat the sentences in the box.
Step 3 Work in pairs.
Compare the sentences ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) below with the sentences in the grammar box above.
1. Many people still read their works today.
2. Confucius’s ideas still influence us.
3. People all over the world still read and love it.2-1-c-n-j-y
Step 4 Grammar
被动语态(1)
如果想要表达“孩子们喜爱这本书”，“我们每天使用电脑”，我们会说：
Children love this book.
We use computers every day.
如果想要说“这本书为孩子们所喜爱”，“电脑天天都要使用到”，则可以这样表达：
This book is loved by children.
Computers are used (by us) every day.
这两组句子表达的重点有所不同。第一组 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句子侧重动作的发出者，强调某人做了什么，而第二组句子侧重于动作的承受者，强调某事/某物如何。因此，当我们要突出某个行为的执行者时，应使用主动语态(第一组)来表达，而要强调动作的承受者时，就要使用被动语态(第二组)来表达。
被动语态的各类句式总结如下：
1. 肯定句：主语+be+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)
2. 否定句：主语+be not+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)
3. 一般疑问句：be +主语+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)
4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ be +主语+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)
请看以下例句：
This song is still ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) loved by many young people today. 这首歌现在仍然受到许多年轻人的喜爱。(肯定句)
This camera is not made in Japan. 这部相机不是日本制造的。(否定句)
—Is the film called Snow White 这部电影是叫《白雪公主》吗？(一般疑问句)
—Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.是的。/不是。
—How many people were mentioned in the conversation 对话中提到了几个人？(特殊疑问句)
—Two.两个。
Step 5 Complete the sentences.
1. Ask the students to the words in the box in Activity 1.
give influence punish write
2. Ask the students to read through the sentences in Activity 1.
1) Tom ____________ for fighting.
2) They ____________ Tom for fighting.
3) Confucius still ____________ people around the world.
4) People around the world __________ still __________ by Confucius.
5) A famous writer ___________ the stories in the newspaper.
6) The stories in the newspaper ____________by a famous writer.
7) The teacher _____________ the students a lot of ideas.
8) The students _____________ a lot of ideas by the teacher.【出处：21教育名师】
3. Now comple ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )te the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. You need to use the words more than once.
4. Ask the students to check with a partner.
5. Check the answers:
Keys: 1. is punishe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d 2. punish 3. influences 4. are influenced 5. writes 6. are written 7. gives 8. are given2·1·c·n·j·y
Step 6 Complete the passage.
1. Ask the students to read through the passage in Activity 2.
My favourite funny st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ory in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is when Tom (1)____________ (tell) by his aunt to paint the gate white. The work is a punishment because he missed school one day. Of course, he does not want to do any work. At first, Tom (2)____________ (watch) by his friends and (3)____________ (laugh at), so he feels quite bad. But soon he turns the situation round, and he (4)____________ (help) by his friends instead. Tom says that he enjoys painting the gate white, and his friends want to try. He asks each friend to give him something valuable, and in return they (5)____________ (allow) to do some of Tom’s work!
2.Complete the passag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e with the correct form of the words and expression in brackets.
3. Ask the students to check with a partner.
4. Check the answers:
Keys: 1. is told 2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). is watched 3. is laughed at 4. is helped 5. are allowed
Step 7 Complete the conversation.
1. Ask the students to read through the conversation in Activity 3.
Tom: Why (1)____________ popular books ____________ (work) into films
Jack: Oh, because th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e stories (2)____________ already ____________ (know) by lots of people, so the films will become popular as well.
Tom: But why ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(3)____________ the stories sometimes ___________ (change)in films
Jack: Because f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ilms and books are different. Some people in the book are not included in the film, but others are more important than they are in the book.
Tom: But that doesn’t happen in historical films
Jack: Yes, i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t doesn’t. Sometimes even the facts about history (4)___________(change)
Tom: But why (5)____________ facts ____________ (rewrite)
Jack: Because films do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) not always try to teach history, but to tell a good story!
2. Complete the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )conversation with the correct form of the words in brackets.
3. Ask the students to check with a partner.
4. Check the answers:
Keys: 1. are worked ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. are known 3. are changed 4. are changed 5. are rewritten
Complete the conversation.
1. Ask the students to the words in the box in Activity 4.
accept dialogue discuss influence sense society wise writers
2. Ask the students to read through the conversation in Activity 4.
Host: Welcome to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Two Talk. Today we will (1)____________ the question: Are writers still important With me for today’s (2)____________ are James Southern and Penny West. James, what do you think
James: I think pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ople who write for a job are not as important as they used to be. There are many (3)____________ now, but they write on the Internet, for free.
Host: Is that a problem
James: Yes, I think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) so. Although it’s good that everyone can be a writer and write what they like on the Internet, they also bring so much wrong information. So it isn’t (4)____________ to get all your information from the Internet.
Host: What do you think, Penny
Penny: I’d (5)____________ what James says. There is a lot of rubbish on the Internet, and it might have too much (6)____________ on some people. Wrong information is bad for (7)____________. People need to think about what they read, and decide whether it makes (8)____________ or not. It’s a pity that not enough people do that!
3. Complete the conversation with the words in the box.
4. Ask the students to check with a partner.
5. Check the answers:
Keys: 1. discus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s 2. dialogue 3. writers 4. wise 5. accept 6. sense 7. society 8. influence
Complete the conversation.
1. Ask the students to the expressions in the box in Activity 5.
all over the w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orld be not afraid of get into trouble grow up in the middle of join in look for run away
2. Ask the students to read through the conversation in Activity 5.
Tony: Hi, Daming. What’s up
Daming: Oh, hi, Tony. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I’m (1)_______________ this great book—it’s Alex Rider’s adventure stories. You should read one of them!
Tony: Oh, what are the stories about
Daming: Well, they’re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) all fantastic stories, full of exciting situations of course. You see, Alex Rider is a hero. He (2)_______________ in London, but now he travels (3)_______________ and helps the police—they (4)_______________ dangerous, bad people and catch them.
Tony: Oh, it sounds ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )great. I love adventure stories. But doesn’t he (5)____________
Daming: Well, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of course, that’s what the stories are about. He gets lost in strange places, and he (6)_______________ from danger all the time.
Tony: And don’t tell me, he (7)_______________ anything!
Daming: Of course not—well … maybe snakes! But he is pretty clever!
Tony: Of course he is…
Daming: Look ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )! We’re going to talk about Alex Rider at the after-school book club. Why don’t you come and (8)_______________
Tony: Great! I’d love to!
3. Complete ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the conversation with the correct form of the expressions in the box.
4. Ask the students to check with a partner.
5. Check the answers:
Keys: 1. in the middl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e of 2. grows up 3. all over the world 4. look for 5. get into trouble 6. runs away 7. isn’t afraid of 8. join in
Step 8 Listening practice.
1. Ask the students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o look through the words and picture in Activity 6.
2. Play the tape.
3. Listen and check (√)the books that Daming likes..21教育名师原创作品
4. Ask the students to check with a partner.
5. Check the answers:
Step 9 Work in pairs.
Work in pairs. Talk about the best stories to read.
A: What stories should I read
B: I think…
A: Do you think I should read The Arabian Nights
B: Yes, I do. I think… / No, I don’t. I think…
Step 10 Around the world: Plato and The Republic.
1. Ask the stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts to look at the picture and discuss what they can see.
2. Read through the information with the whole class.
Plato and The Republic
Plato lived in ancien ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t Greece. He was a great thinker and writer, and his ideas helped start Western philosophy. He wrote down his ideas in the form of many famous dialogues and letters. The Republic is his most famous book. In it, Plato discusses politics and what makes a good city and a good man. The modern world is still influenced by his writings about life, education, government, art, maths and science.
3. Talk something about “Plato and The Republic”.
4. Read the passage and fill in the blanks.
Plato was a great (1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))t_________ and writer, and his (2)i_________ helped start Western philosophy. He (3)l_________ in ancient Greece. He (4)w_________ down his ideas in the form of many famous (5)d_________ and letters. The Republic is his most (6)f_________ book. In it, Plato (7)d_________ politics and what makes a good city and a good (8)m_________. The modern world is still (9)i_________ by his writings about life, education, government, art, maths and (10)s_________.
5. Ask the students to check with a partner.
6. Check the answers:
Keys: 1. thinker 2. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ideas 3. lived 4. wrote 5. dialogues 6. famous 7. discusses 8. man 9. influenced( 10. science21*cnjy*com
7. Read the passage together.
Step 11 Module task: Organising a class talk
A. Work in groups. Prepare a talk.
1. Read the statement: We are more influenced by films than books.
2. Think of some film ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s or books you have seen or read. How did they influence you
3. Decide on yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur point of view. Do you agree or disagree with the statement
4. Make notes about why you agree or disagree with the statement.
B. Plan your talk.
1. Plan what you want to say.
2. Make notes about your ideas.
C. Present your talk to the class. Use your notes to help you.
Step 12 Exercises
中考链接——书面表达：
4月23日是“世界读书日”(th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e World Book and Copyright Day)，你将代表学校参加全市举办的英文演讲比赛，请你就以下要点写一篇演讲稿。
【写作要点】
① 每年4月23日人们举办各种活动，鼓励更多的人热爱读书；
② 许多名著至今仍然流行，例如，孔子的论著(Confucius’ works) 现在仍被很多人阅读；
③ 我把大部分空闲时间花在阅读名著上，他们对我的思想产生很大影响；
④ 我常跟家人和朋友分享读书的乐趣；
⑤ 我最喜爱读的书是……，因为……
【写作要求】
1、词数90左右;
2、短文的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数;
3、文中需包括所有写作要点,但不要逐字翻译,可适当加入过渡语句,使短文通顺、连贯;
4、文中不能出现考生真实姓名和学校名称。
Good morning, everyone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )! Today is the World Book and Copyright Day. It started in 1995.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I wish you will enjoy reading as much as I do. Thank you!
Keys:
Good morning, everyone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )! Today is the World Book and Copyright Day. It started in 1995.
In order to encourage ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )more people to read more books, all kinds of activities are held on April 23rd. Till now many famous books are popular, such as Confucius’ works by Confucius are still read by many people. I spend most of my free time reading famous books which affect me greatly. I often share my happiness of reading books with my family and friends. Of all the books, I like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain best. It tells how young people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
I wish you will enjoy reading as much as I do. Thank you!
Step 13 Homework
写一篇文章，介绍你最喜欢读的书，说明你喜欢读这本书的原因。
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孔子简介
中国古代思想家、教育家、儒家创始人。春 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )秋时期鲁国人。名丘，字仲尼。先世为宋国贵族，三岁丧父，家道中落。自幼喜好祭祀礼仪，长大善于射箭御车。孔子学无常师，相传曾问礼于老子，学乐于苌弘，学琴于师襄。三十岁时，孔子已博学多才，成为当地较有名气的学者，并在鲁国收徒授业，开创私人办学之先河。三十五岁时，因鲁国内乱而奔齐，受到齐景公赞赏，欲起用孔子，因齐相晏婴从中阻挠作罢。不久返鲁，继续钻研学问，培养弟子。五十一岁时，任鲁国中都宰，由于为政有方，五十二岁时被提升为鲁国司空、大司寇。同年，受季孙斯委托，摄行相事，随鲁定公与齐侯相会于夹谷，使定公免遭劫持，迫使齐国归还侵占的鲁国三城。五十四岁时，为消除家臣叛乱的据点、削弱卿大夫实力，孔子提出“堕三都”主张，但受到孟孙氏家臣抵制而半途而废。后鲁国君臣沉迷于齐馈的女乐，令孔子大失所望，遂弃官离鲁，带领弟子周游列国。孔子曾到卫、陈、曹、宋、郑、蔡、楚等国，历经十四年，提出了很多政治见解，终未得到重用。公元前484年（鲁哀公十一年），孔子返鲁，集中精力从事教育及文献整理工作，相传其弟子超过3000人，并曾修《诗》、《书》，定《礼》 、《乐》，序《周易》，作《春秋》。公元前479年（鲁哀公十六年），七十三岁的孔子在失意中逝世。他说：“夫明王不兴，而天下其孰能宗予，予殆将死也。”一腔报国热血空付东流。但是，礼崩乐坏终促成万世师表！殁后，其言行及思想终为后世所认同推崇，最终成为中华民族精神的重要根源。孔子被后世中国人尊称为至圣（圣人之中的圣人）。孔教也成为中国人所谓的三教之一，另两者即为佛教与道教。21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
孔子的思想以“仁”为核心，并提倡圣 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )人君子之道。他重视个人的行为。在所有伟大的先贤当中，孔子是最具有关注公众精神的人物。他为社会的混乱情形而忧心忡忡，为了实现理想中的世界，力图说服每个人都要培养自己高尚的人格。孔子提倡每个人都要尽可能地约束自己的行为，以使自己在生活中的每一个行为都符合礼法。孔子为中国人树立了理想的做人标准：彬彬有礼，大公无私，严于律己，这就是他所说的“君子”。21教育网21教育网
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品资料·第 1 页 （共 1 页） 版权所有@21世纪教育网(共38张PPT)
Recently I’ve read a great book called
Romeo and Juliet. I’m deeply moved by it. Have you ever read some great books Who are your great writers
Confucius was a great teacher and thinker in ancient China. He lived over 2000 years ago and he is well-known in many countries.
Confucius
Work in pairs. Look at the pictures. Say who the people are and why they are famous.
William Shakespeare was English and wrote plays and poems. Although he died about 400 years, his plays are still seen, and his poems are still read by many people.
Shakespeare
Mark Twain was an American writer. His works are studied in schools. His stories are set in the south of the US over 100 years ago, and readers still enjoy them very much.
Mark Twain
Now listen and check your answers.
1. Confucius is well-known in
________________.
2. Shakespeare wrote ________________.
3. Mark Twain’s stories are set
___________ of the US.
Listen again and complete the sentences.
many countries
plays and poems
in the south
v.影响；作用于
adj.有判断力的；明智的
Confucius
2. Shakespeare
3.Mark Twain
Now match the people with the descriptions.
a) He was a very wise man.
b) He is not as well-known as the
other two people, but his
works are still popular.
c) His plays are read by millions
of people.
d) He was more a teacher and
thinker than a writer.
e) People are still influenced by
his ideas.
Complete the passage with the correct form of the words in the box.
accept discuss influence review (n. 评论)
sense (n. 道理；意义；合理) thinker (n. 思想家) wise
Mr Jackson and Betty are (1)___________ great writers.
discussing
Betty explains that in her Internet group, each person reads a favourite book and then writes a(n) (2)________ of it. Mr Jackson (3)_________ that Confucius and Shakespeare are great because their works are still read by people today, but he thinks Confucius was more a teacher and (4)________ than a writer.
review
accepts
thinker
He says that Confucius was a very (5)_______ man. Mr Jackson thinks that we are still (6)__________ by Confucius’s ideas and that Shakespeare’s plays still make (7)______ to people today.
wise
influenced
sense
What’s up 怎么了？是一种非正式的用法。
Well, maybe… 嗯，也许…….
I suppose…我想……
Why don’t you… 你为什么不……？
1. We’re still influenced by Confucius’s
ideas.
2. Shakespeare’s plays also make a lot of sense to us today.
3. He was important, but I suppose he isn’t as well-known as Confucius or Shakespeare.
Listen and underline the words the speaker stresses.
Now listen again and repeat.
We’re still influenced by Confucius’s
ideas.
2. Shakespeare’s plays also make a lot of sense to us today.
3. He was important, but I suppose he isn’t as well-known as Confucius or Shakespeare.
1. Teahouse is one of the greatest
plays in China.
2. Everyone should learn some Tang poems.
3. We should only read books by great writers.
Work in groups. Do you agree with the following opinions Give your reasons.
I accept…
I agree / don’t agree with…
I suppose…
I think…
Most of us think…We think we learn…
Now report the ideas of your group to the whole class.
1. What’s up
What’s up 是一种非正式的用法，意
思是“怎么了/出什么事了？”
e.g. What’s up You look very
worried.
怎么了？你看上去很焦虑。
2. But I think I’d describe Confucius
more as a teacher and thinker than a
writer.
这里的Confucius指孔子，为“孔夫子”
的英语译名，是长期以来约定俗成的
译法。more…than…在本句中表示“与
其说是……不如说是……”。
e.g. Success is more hard work than
good luck.
成功来自努力，而非好运。
3. … and Shakespeare’s plays also make a
lot of sense to us today. …
sense n. 道理；意义；合理
make sense的意思是“易理解；合情
理；有意义”。
e.g. No wonder how I tried to read it, the
sentence still did not make any sense
to me.
不管我们怎么努力地读，我还是不懂
这个句子的意思。
Why did she do such a thing It does
not seem to make sense.
她为什么做这样的事？似乎没有道
理。
4. I want to join an Internet group to
discuss great books by great writers.
discuss v. 讨论；谈论
discuss的过去分词是discussed, 现在分
词是discussing
discuss sth. (with sb.)和某人谈论某事
e.g. We will discuss the plans with them
at the meeting.
我们将和他们在会议上讨论这个计
划。
5. We’re still influenced by Confucius’s
ideas.
influence v. 影响；作用于
influence用作动词时，后面直接跟宾
语，常可用于influence sb. to do sth.结
构。
e.g. What influenced you to take the
job
什么影响你接受这份工作？
6. By the way, what do you think of Mark
Twain, …
by the way 用于转入新的话题，意为
“顺便说；附带说”。
e.g. By the way, has everybody arrived
顺便问一句，大家都到了吗？
7. He was important, but I suppose he
isn’t as well-known as Confucius or
Shakespeare.
suppose v. 猜想；推测；相信；认为
后面可以带动词不定式的复合结构或
从句，也常用于be supposed to结构。
e.g. I suppose him to be on duty.
我想他在值班。
We are not supposed to smoke here.
我们不应该在这儿吸烟。
well-known adj. 众所周知的；著名的
be well-known as意为“作为……而著名”， 相当于be famous as 。
e.g. Norman Bethune was well-known as a
great doctor.
白求恩作为一个伟大的医生而著名。
【拓展】
be well-known for意为“因为……而著
名”，相当于be famous for。除v-ing形
式外，for后还可跟名词。
e.g. Yuan Longping is well-known for
hybrid rice.
袁隆平因杂交水稻而著名。
一、 单项选择
1. Experts ________ to make
suggestions to help him develop.
A. will invite
B. are invited
C. have invited
2. Han Han’s books are popular. They
________ by many teenagers.
A. are reading
B. are read
C. were read
3. —At present, one of the best ways
to study is working in groups.
—More chances _______ to
students to learn from each other.
A. offer
B. are offered
C. have offered
4.—Don’t you see the sign “No
Parking!” on the right
—Sorry, I didn’t. But now I know
parking ______ here.
A. wasn’t allowed B. isn’t allowed
C. won’t allow D. doesn’t allow
二、 完成句子
1. 我试图让每首歌都体现出它自己的意义。
I try to make each song
____________for itself.
2. 顺便问一下，你认为这个队的水平如
何？
___________, what do you think about
this Team
make sense
By the way
3. 今天很多人仍然看孔子的作品。
Confucius’ works ________________
by many people today.
4. 学校鼓励学生大声地讲英语。
All the students _________________
speak English loudly.
5. 我们受到孔子思想的影响。
We ______________ by Confucius’s
thoughts.
are still read
are encouraged to
are influenced
Remember the words of Unit 1 and prepare the text of Unit 2.(共44张PPT)
Look at the pictures and say who they are and why they are famous.
Confucius
Confucius was a great teacher and thinker in ancient China. He lived over 2000 years ago and he is well-known in many countries.
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was English and wrote plays and poems. Although he died about 400 years, his plays are still seen, and his poems are still read by many people.
Mark Twain
Mark Twain was an American writer. His stories are set in the south of the US over 100 years ago, and readers still enjoy them very much.
Read the first paragraph of the passage in Activity 2 quickly and try to answer the questions. Use the words and expression in the box to help you.
adventure [n.冒险(经历)] hero
nineteenth century treasure
1. What kind of story is The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer
It is an adventure story.
2. When and where is the story set
The story is set in the town of St Petersburg, Missouri, in the US, in the nineteenth century.
adventure [n.冒险(经历)] hero
nineteenth century treasure
Read the passage and check your answers to Activity 1.
One of my favourite great books is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain. The story is set in the town of St Petersburg, Missouri, in the US, in the nineteenth century.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a great book. It is more than an adventure story. Mark Twain wrote it in 1876.
It describes people’s lives in the southern (adj. 南方的) states of America at that time.
state n. 州；邦
It tells how young people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
n. 举止；行为；情节
Complete the table with the information about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Writer
Place where the story is set
Mark Twain
St Petersburg in the US
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Main characters
Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn, Injun Joe, Becky
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Stories the book tells
The adventures of Tom: He and Huck Finn run away to an island in the Mississippi River. Tom has more trouble because a bad man named Injun Joe is looking for him. Later, Tom escapes from a cave with another friend, Becky. He also finds Injun Joe’s treasure box and takes it away.
n. 洞穴
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Theme
It tells how young people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Features
It is written in everyday English, and the dialogues sound especially real.
Your favourite book
Writer
Place where the story is set
Main characters
Stories the book tells
Theme
Features
Complete the Your favourite book column in the table.
Noticing words and expressions that are similar or repeated will help you understand the theme of a passage. For example, the expressions many adventures, run away and treasure box in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer show us that the story will be an exciting adventure.
Complete the passage with the correct form of the words in the box.
dialogue (n. 对话) everyday (adj. 日常的；普通的) neighbour (n. 邻居) state
Set in the (1)______ of Missouri, in the US, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a lively story full of fun. Tom and his friend Huck have many adventures.
state
My favourite part is when their family and (2)____________ go to church because they think Tom and Huck are dead (adj. 死的；去世的)! The book is also full of wonderful (3)__________. The conversations are written in the (4)____________ English of nineteenth- century Missouri, and sound especially real. It is a truly great book!
neighbours
dialogues
everyday
Work in pairs. Ask and answer. Would you like to read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Why / Why not
Example:
A: Would you like to read The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer
B: I’d like to read…
A: Why
B: Because…
My favourite book is Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone by J.K. Rowling. It is a story about a boy…
Write a passage about your favourite book. Use the passage in Activity 2 and the information in Activity 6 to help you.
Work in pairs. Talk about your favourite book.
For example:
Who wrote your favourite book
Where is the story set
Who are the main characters
1. It tells how young people grow, how
people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
pay for的意思是“为……付出代价”
e.g. We all pay for our mistakes in one
way or another.
我们都会为自己的错误付出这样
或那样的代价。
2. …and it is thought to be one of the
greatest American stories.
is thought to be… 的意思是“人们认
为……”，相当于People think…类似的
结构还有：… is said to be…“据
说……”；…is believed to be…“人们相
信……”。
e.g. At 115, Mrs Jackson is believed to
be the oldest person in the country.
115岁高龄的杰克逊夫人被认为是
该国最长寿的人。
He is said to be the richest man in
the world.
据说他是世界上最富有的人。
3. He does not like people telling him what
to do, so he always gets into trouble.
get into trouble遇上麻烦
e.g. Who will I call if I get into trouble
一旦陷入麻烦，我可以向谁寻求帮
助？
4. He and his best friend, Huck Finn, run
away to an island in the middle of the
Mississippi River.
run away 逃走；逃跑
e.g. If I run away, it will run after me.
如果我逃走了，它将追上我。
5. …Tom escapes from a cave with another
friend, Becky.
escape v. 逃离；逃脱
escape from意为“从……里逃跑”。
e.g. Cindy succeeded in escaping from
the burning building.
辛迪成功地从燃烧着的建筑物里逃
了出来。
6. They hide and watch for a time when
they see their family and neighbours…
for a time一小段时间；一度；一时
e.g. I worked at a high-school library
for a time.
我在一个中学图书馆工作了一段
时间。
7. Everyone is surprised to see them at
first,…
surprised adj.惊奇的；惊讶的
常用于短语be surprised at ...及be
surprised to do sth.等，主语是人。
e.g. We are surprised at his sad story.
我们对他的悲惨故事感到惊讶。
Everyone was surprised to see the
wonderful movie. 每个人看到这个
精彩的电影都很惊讶。
8. …but very pleased to find that they are
alive.
alive adj. 活着的，在句中主要作表语，
也可作宾语补足语或定语，作定语时，
alive只能位于被修饰的名词之后。
e.g. The elephant was still breathing, so
we knew it was still alive.
大象还在呼吸，因此我们知道它仍
然是活着的。
I caught a bird alive in the tree.
我在树上抓了一只活着的小鸟。
9. It is written in everyday English, …
everyday adj. 日常的；普通的，在句中
作定语。
every day 每天，天天，在句中作状
语。
e.g. The Internet has become part of our
everyday life. 互联网已成为我们日常生活的一部
分。
That’s true. I read news on the Internet every day. 这是真的，我每天看互联网的新闻。
一、 单项选择。
1. A lot of trees ________ around here
every year, and we can enjoy fresher air now.
A. were planted B. are planted
C. will planted D. are planting
2. —What languages _______ in that
country
—German and English.
A. are speaking B. are spoken
C. speak D. is spoken
3. —Excuse me, sir, smoking ____ in
the gas station.
—Oh, I’m really sorry.
A. doesn’t allow B. isn’t allowed
C. aren’t allowed
二、 完成句子。
1. 如果你遇到麻烦，我一定站出来帮
助你走出困境。
If you ______________ I’ll step out
and help you out.
2. 警察来时小偷已经跑了。
The thief had _____________ when
the policemen came.
get into trouble
run away
3. 他在西班牙住过一段时期。
He lived _____________ in Spain.
4. 当然，遗失了自行车我愿意赔偿。
Of course, I'm quite willing to ______
the lost bike.
5. 司机不允许酒后驾驶。
Drivers ________________________
after drinking.
for a time
pay for
aren’t allowed to drive
6. 马克吐温被认为是一位最伟大的作家之
一。
Mark Twain __________________ one
of the greatest writers.
is thought to be
1. Remember the words of Unit 2 and prepare the text of Unit 3.
2. Write a passage about your favourite book.(共46张PPT)
One of my favourite great books is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain. The story is set in the town of St Petersburg, Missouri, in the US, in the nineteenth century.
Talk something about the pictures.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a great book. It is more than an adventure story. Mark Twain wrote it in 1876.
It describes people’s lives in the southern states of America at that time.
It tells how young people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
1. Their works are still read by many
people today.
2. We’re still influenced by Confucius’s ideas.
3. It is still read and loved by people all over the world.
Compare the sentences below with the sentences in the grammar box above.
1. Many people still read their works
today.
2. Confucius’s ideas still influence us.
3. People all over the world still read and love it.
被动语态(1)
如果想要表达“孩子们喜爱这本书”，“我们每天使用电脑”，我们会说：
Children love this book.
We use computers every day.
如果想要说“这本书为孩子们所喜爱”，“电脑天天都要使用到”，则可以这样表达：
This book is loved by children.
Computers are used (by us) every day.
这两组句子表达的重点有所不同。第一组句子侧重动作的发出者，强调某人做了什么，而第二组句子侧重动作的承受者，强调某事/某物如何。因此，当我们要突出某个行为的执行者时，应使用主动语态(第一组句子)来表达，而要强调动作的承受者时，就要使用被动语态(第二组句子)来表达。
一般现在时被动语态的各类句式总结如下：
1. 肯定句：主语+am / is / are+动词过去分
词(+by+动作执行者)
2. 否定句：主语+ am / is / are not+动词过
去分词(+by+动作执行者)
3. 一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语+动词
过去分词(+by+动作执行者)
e.g. This song is still loved by many
young people today.
这首歌现在仍然受到许多年轻人的
喜爱。(肯定句)
This camera is not made in Japan.
这部相机不是日本制造的。(否定句)
4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ am / is /
are + 主语+动词过去分词
(+by+动作执行者)
—Is the film called Snow White
这部电影是叫《白雪公主》吗？(一般
疑问句)
—Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 是的。/不是。
—How many people were mentioned in
the conversation
对话中提到了几个人？(特殊疑问句)
—Two. 两个。
Now complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. You need to use the words more than once.
give influence read write
1. Millions of people ________Mark
Twain’s stories every year.
Mark Twain’s stories _________ by millions of people every year.
read
are read
2. Confucius still __________ people
around the world.
People around the world ______ still
__________ by Confucius.
3. A famous writer _________ the advice
column in the newspaper every week.
The advice column in the newspaper
__________ by a famous writer every
week.
influences
are
influenced
writes
is written
give influence read write
4. The teacher usually ______ the students
a lot of ideas.
The students _____ usually ______ a lot
of ideas by the teacher.
gives
are given
give influence read write
My favourite funny story in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is when Tom (1)________ (tell) by his aunt to paint the gate white. The work is a punishment because he missed school one day. Of course, he does not want to do any work.
is told
Complete the passage with the correct form of the words and expression in brackets.
At first, Tom (2)__________ (watch) by his friends and (3)___________ (laugh at), so he feels quite bad. But soon he turns the situation round, and he (4)___________ (help) by his friends instead. Tom says that he enjoys painting the gate white, and his friends want to try. He asks each friend to give him something valuable, and in return they (5)___________ (allow) to do some of Tom’s work!
is helped
are allowed
is watched
laughed at
Tom: Why (1)_____ popular books
_______ (make) into films
Jack: Oh, because the stories (2)_____
already ________ (know) by
lots of people, so the films will
become popular as well.
are
made
are
known
Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in brackets.
Tom: But why (3)________ the stories
sometimes ___________ (change)
in films
Jack: Because films and books are
different. Some people in the
book are not included in the film,
but others are more important
than they are in the book.
are
changed
Tom: But that doesn’t happen in
historical films
Jack: Yes, it does. Sometimes even the
facts about history
(4)____________(change).
Tom: But why (5)____ facts __________
(rewrite)
Jack: Because films don’t always try to
teach history, but to tell a good story!
are changed
are rewritten
Complete the conversation with the words in the box.
accept dialogue discuss influence sense society wise writers
Host: Welcome to Two Talk. Today we will
(1)_______ the question: Are writers
still important With me for today’s
(2)________ are James Southern and
Penny West. James, what do you
think
discuss
dialogue
James: I think people who write for a
job are not as important as
they used to be. There are
many (3)_______ now, but they
write on the Internet, for free.
Host: Is that a problem
writers
James: Yes, I think so. Although it’s good
that everyone can be a writer and
write what they like on the
Internet, they also sometimes write
wrong information. So it isn’t
(4)_____ to get all your
information from the Internet.
Host: What do you think, Penny
wise
Penny: I’d (5)______ what James says.
There is a lot of rubbish on the
Internet, and it might have too
much (6)_________ on some people.
Wrong information is bad for
(7)______. People need to think
about what they read, and decide
whether it makes (8)_______ or
not. It’s a pity that not enough
people do that!
sense
society
influence
accept
Complete the conversation with the correct form of the expressions in the box.
all over the world be not afraid of
get into trouble grow up
in the middle of join in
look for run away
Tony: Hi, Daming. What’s up
Daming: Oh, hi, Tony. I’m
(1)_______________ this great
book—it’s Alex Rider’s adventure
stories. You should read one of them!
Tony: Oh, what are the stories about
Daming: Well, they’re all fantastic stories,
full of exciting situations of course.
You see, Alex Rider is a hero.
in the middle of
He (2)________ in London, but
now he travels (3)______________
and helps the police—they
(4)___________ dangerous, bad
people and catch them.
Tony: Oh, it sounds great. I love
adventure stories. But doesn’t he
(5)______________
all over the world
get into trouble
grew up
look for
Daming: Well, of course, that’s what
the stories are about. He gets
lost in strange places, and he
(6)_________ from danger all
the time.
Tony: And don’t tell me, he
(7)______________ anything!
Daming: Of course not—well … maybe
snakes! But he is pretty clever!
runs away
isn’t afraid of
Tony: Of course he is…
Daming: Look! We’re going to talk
about Alex Rider at the after-
school book club. Why don’t
you come and (8)_______
Tony: Great! I’d love to!
join in
Listen and check (√)the books that Daming likes.
√
√
√
A: What stories should I read
B: I think…
A: Do you think I should read The
Arabian Nights
B: Yes, I do. I think… / No, I don’t. I
think…
Talk about the best stories to read.
Plato lived in ancient Greece. He was a great thinker and writer, and his ideas helped start Western philosophy.
Plato and The Republic
He wrote down his ideas in the form of many famous dialogues and letters. The Republic is his most famous book. In it, Plato discusses politics and what makes a good city and a good man. The modern world is still influenced by his writings about life, education, government, art, maths and science.
Read the passage and fill in the blanks.
Plato was a great (1)_______ and writer, and his (2)______ helped start Western philosophy. He (3)______ in ancient Greece. He (4)_______ down his ideas in the form of many famous (5)_________ and letters. The Republic is his most (6)_______ book.
thinker
ideas
lived
wrote
dialogues
famous
In it, Plato (7)_________ politics and what makes a good city and a good (8)_____. The modern world is still (9)_________ by his writings about life, education, government, art, maths and (10)_______.
discusses
man
influenced
science
1. Read the statement: We are more
influenced by films than books.
2. Think of some films or books you have seen or read. How did they influence you
3. Decide on your point of view. Do you agree or disagree with the statement
Prepare a talk.
4. Make notes about why you agree or
disagree with the statement.
Plan your talk.
1. Plan what you want to say.
2. Make notes about your ideas.
Present your talk to the class. Use your notes to help you.
4月23日是“世界读书日”(the World Book and Copyright Day)，你将代表学校参加全市举办的英文演讲比赛，请你就以下要点写一篇演讲稿。
【写作要点】
① 每年4月23日人们举办各种活动，鼓
励更多的人热爱读书；
② 许多名著至今仍然流行，例如，孔子
的论著(Counfucius’ works) 现在仍被
很多人阅读；
③ 我把大部分空闲时间花在阅读名著
上，他们对我的思想产生很大影响；
④ 我常跟家人和朋友分享读书的乐趣；
⑤ 我最喜爱读的书是……，因为……
Good morning, everyone! Today is the World Book and Copyright Day. It started in 1995.
In order to encourage more people to read more books, all kinds of activities are held on April 23rd. Till now many famous books are popular, such as Confucius’ works by Confucius are still read by many people.
I spend most of my free time reading famous books which affect me greatly. I often share my happiness of reading books with my family and friends. Of all the books, I like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain best. It tells how young people grow, how people love each other and how bad people pay for their actions.
I wish you will enjoy reading as much as I do. Thank you!
写一篇文章，介绍你最喜欢读的书，说明你喜欢读这本书的原因。登陆21世纪教育 助您教考全无忧
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Mark Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called "the Great American Novel", and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Mark Twain was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
Mark Twain was ve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry popular, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned praise from critics and peers. Upon his death he was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age", and William Faulkner called Mark Twain "the father of American literature".
Early life:
Mark Twain wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835. He was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood. Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet." www.21-cn-jy.com
When Twain was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. At that time, Missouri was a slave state, and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Twain’s father was an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )attorney and a local judge. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the then second and third largest cities in the state and was the furthermost west United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad was constructed. It delivered the mail to and from the Pony Express. 2-1-c-n-j-y
In March 1847, whe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia. The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider sources of information than he would have at a conventional school. At 22, Twain returned to Missouri.21教育名师原创作品
On a voyage ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to New Orleans down the Mississippi, the steamboat pilot, Horace E. Bixby, inspired Twain to pursue a career as a steamboat pilot. As Twain later observed in Life on the Mississippi, the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige and authority; it was a richly rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month, roughly equivalent to $72,400 a year today. A steamboat pilot needed a vast knowledge of the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots along the river banks. Twain meticulously studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859.21教育网
While traini ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat on which he was working, the Pennsylvania, exploded. Twain had foreseen this death in a detailed dream a month earlier, which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research. Twain was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and served as a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed.21*cnjy*com
Missouri was a sla ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve state, considered by many to be part of the South, and was represented in both the Confederate and Federal governments during the Civil War. Years later, Twain wrote a sketch, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed", which claimed he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers for two weeks before disbanding their company.
Travels:
In 1867 Twain join ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed his brother, Orion, who in 1861 had been appointed secretary to James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled for more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt Lake City along the way. These experiences inspired Roughing It, and provided material for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner. Twain failed as a miner and found work at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise. Here he first used his famous pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "Letter From Carson – re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain".21·cn·jy·com
Twain moved to San F ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rancisco, California in 1864, where he continued working as a journalist. He met other writers, such as Bret Harte, Artemus Ward, and Dan DeQuille. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him.
His first great suc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cess as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published in a New York weekly, The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It was an immediate hit and brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures.
In 1867, a local newsp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law.www-2-1-cnjy-com
Marriage and children:
Charles Langdon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) showed a picture of his sister, Olivia, to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. The two met in 1868, were engaged a year later, and married in February 1870 in Elmira, New York. She came from a "wealthy but liberal family", and through her he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women's rights and social equality", including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialist William Dean Howells, who became a longtime friend.
The couple lived ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper, and worked as an editor and writer. Their son Langdon died of diphtheria at 19 months.【出处：21教育名师】
In 1871, Twain ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873, he arranged the building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). While living there Olivia gave birth to three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874–1962) and Jean (1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904.
During his seventeen y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ears in Hartford (1874–1891), Twain wrote many of his best-known works: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889).
Twain made a second t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )our of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London.
Love of science and technology:
Twain was in the lab o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f Nikola Tesla, early 1894. He was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory.
Twain patented ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )three inventions, including an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use.
His book A Connecticut ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Yankee in King Arthur's Court features a time traveler from contemporary America, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This type of storyline would later become a common feature of the science fiction sub-genre, Alternate history.
In 1909, Thom ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film.
Financial troubles:
Twain made a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )substantial amount of money through his writing, but he squandered much of it in bad investments, mostly in new inventions, particularly the Paige typesetting machine. It was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, but was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $7,518,462 today) on it between 1880 and 1894, but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by the Linotype. He lost not only the bulk of his book profits but also a large portion of the inheritance of his wife.21·世纪*教育网
Twain also lost mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ney through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant but went broke soon after, losing money on the idea that the public would be interested in a biography of Pope Leo XIII. Fewer than two hundred copies were sold.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Twain's writings and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, enabled him to recover financially. In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid.
Twain embarked on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) an around-the-world lecture tour in 1894 to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so. In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House. Twain wrote of Dollis Hill that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world". He returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts.
Later life:
Mark Twain in his ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) gown (scarlet with grey sleeves and facings) for his D.Litt. degree, awarded to him by Oxford University. Twain passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom. On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly.21世纪教育网版权所有
In 1906, Twain ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Twain said four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.
Twain formed a c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lub in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."
Oxford University ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907.
In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:
I came in with Hal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.'
His prediction wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s accurate – Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said:
"Mark Twain gave p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )leasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature."
Twain's funeral w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York. He is buried in his wife's family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or "mark twain") monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara. There is also a smaller headstone.21cnjy.com
Conventional ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly, when we talk about health, it always means not get sick. But, physical health is not enough; health can divided into physical and mental health. Physical health makes us strong, keeps us away from disease and lets us do whatever we can as a normal person. we can swim, listen to music, watch TV or make a journey. But if you got some problem of your body, maybe you got a cold; you may not had the mood to do what you interested in. Mental health makes us happy. Not everyone have a good physical health situation, even some people have disabilities. But we still can control ourselves. If we are in a good mood, we can live a easily life, even it can promote our physical states. We can’t say which is more important, physical health is the basis; mental health decided the fate of our future.2·1·c·n·j·y
If one has so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mething wrong with his physical health, it doesn’t mean that he is not a healthy person. Stephen William Hawking is a world famous scientist. When he was 21 he got a disease which makes him couldn’t move except two fingers. He is a person with physical disability. But he has a good mentality. Because of his good mental health and positive attitude, he becomes a very famous person in science research field. 21*cnjy*com
On the other han ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d, if one owns good physical health but with unhealthy mentality, we may say he is unhealthy person. 【版权所有：21教育】
Overall, physical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) health makes us strong; mental health makes us happy.
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Joanne Rowling
Joanne Rowling ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), OBE (born 31 July 1965) is an English fiction writer who writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling. Rowling is the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 375 million copies worldwide. In February 2004, Forbes magazine estimated her fortune at 576 million (just over US$1 billion), making her the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books. Rowling earned US$75 million in 2005. In 2006, Forbes named her the second richest female entertainer in the world, behind talk show host Oprah Winfrey
Joanne Rowling was born at Yate, northeast of Bristol, South Gloucestershire, England on 31 July 1965. Her sister Dianne (Di) was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old. The family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four where she attended St Michael's Primary School, later moving to Tutshill, near Chepstow, South Wales at the age of nine. She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College. Rowling was good with languages, but did not excel at sports and mathematics. There are numerous Welsh references to places, things and people in Harry Potter, which could be attributed to her time in Chepstow.
In December 1990, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year-long battle with multiple sclerosis. Rowling commented, “I was writing Harry Potter at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about Harry Potter.
After studying French and Classics at the University of Exeter (she had previously applied to Oxford but was turned down), with a year of study in Paris, she moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International. During this period, while she was on a four-hour delayed-train trip between Manchester and London, she had the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry. When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began writing immediately.
Rowling then moved to Porto, Portugal to teach English as a foreign language. While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on 16 October 1992. They had one child, Jessica, who was named after Rowling’s heroine, Jessica Mitford. They divorced in 1993 after a fight in which Jorge threw her out of the house.
In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near Rowling’s sister in Edinburgh, Scotland. Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel. She did much of the work in the Elephant House café whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep. There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, “I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating.”
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