译林版（2020）必修第三册Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world Extended reading 随堂检测（含答案）

Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world Extended reading, Project, Assessment & Further study
一、汉译英
1.I had weighed the benefits of the plan against the risks ________(有关联的) before I carried it out.
2.In traditional Chinese culture, ________(婚姻) decisions were made by parents for their children.
3.He was the first to challenge the ________(权威), which made him a hero.
4.He could not, after all, stop all the ________(罪恶） in the world.
5.High levels of lead(铅） could damage the ________(智力的） development of children.
二、填空题
6.They fought a long battle against prejudice and __________(ignorant).
7.Picking up her Lifetime Achievement Award, proud Irene __________(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
8.__________(absorb) in doing his experiment, he forgot to pick up his wife from the station.
9.We need to examine all the costs ______(involve) in the project first.
10.The crew are of different ________(nation) and have no common language.
三、阅读理解
I remember doing the household chores to help my mother when I was nine. I hated changing the vacuum cleaner (真空吸尘器) bag and picking up things the machine did not suck up. Twenty years later, in 1978 , with this lifelong dislike of the way the machine worked, I decided to make a bagless one.
Easier said than done, of course. I didn't realise that I would spend the next five years perfecting my design, a process that resulted in 5,127 different prototypes (样机). By the time I made my 15th prototype, my third child was born. By 2,627, my wife and I were really counting our pennies. By 3,727, my wife was giving art lessons for some extra cash, and we were getting further and further into debt. These were tough times, but each failure brought me closer to solving the problem.
In the early 1980s, I started trying to get licencing agreements for my technology. The reality was very different, however. The major vacuum makers had built a business model based on the profits from bags and filters (过滤器) . No one would licence my idea, not because it was a bad one, but because it was bad for business. But soon after, the companies that I had talked with started making machines like mine. I had to fight legal battles on both sides of the Atlantic to protect the patents on my vacuum cleaner.
I was still in financial difficulties until 1993, when my bank manager personally persuaded Lloyds Bank to lend me $1 million. Then my machine was able to go into production. Within two years, the Dyson vacuum cleaner became a bestseller in Britain.
Today, I still embrace the risk and the potential for failure as part of the process. Nothing beats the excitement of invention.
1.What drove the author to make a bagless vacuum cleaner
A.His willingness to help his mother. B.His curiosity about machines.
C.His trouble in doing family chores. D.His discontent with existing cleaners.
2.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A.The help from the author's wife. B.The financial problems of the family.
C.The tough process of the new invention. D.The procedure in making a bagless cleaner.
3.Why did the companies refuse to licence the author's technology
A.They thought they might suffer loss. B.They considered it not good enough.
C.They faced legal problems themselves. D.They had begun making such machines.
4.What lesson may we learn from the author's experience
A.Think twice before acting. B.Failure is the mother of success.
C.Actions speak louder than words. D.A good beginning makes a good ending.
四、写作
假定你是李华,你所在学校的英语协会拟举办一场英语演讲比赛,请给外教 Mr. Smith 写一封邮件,邀请他担任比赛的评委。信的内容要点如下:
1.比赛于下周六上午在学校大礼堂举行,九点开始;
2.参赛选手共15人;
3.期待其担任评委。
参考词汇:礼堂auditorium 比赛者contestant
注意:1.词数80左右;
2.可以适当増加细节,以使行文连贯。
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答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：involved
2.答案：marriage
3.答案：authority
4.答案：evil
5.答案：intellectual
二、
6.答案：ignorance
解析：句意为:他们同偏见与无知进行了长期的斗争。句中and表示并列,连接的是名词prejudice和设空处,故此处应使用名词形式 ignorance。
7.答案：declared
解析：句意为:举着她的“终身成就奖”,自豪的艾琳声称她目前还没有计划离开她从事了36年的事业。分析句子结构可知,设空处应使用动词形式作谓语,且根据had可知,时态为一般过去时。
8.答案：Absorbed
解析：句意为:由于专注于做实验,他忘了去车站接他的妻子。固定短语 be absorbed in意为“专注于”。分析句子结构可知,设空处应使用非谓语动词形式,且 absorb与其逻辑主语he之间为被动关系,故用过去分词形式作原因状语。
9.答案：involved
解析：考查过去分词。句意:我们首先需要审查与这一项目有关的所有费用。be involved in为固定搭配,意为“涉及,与……有关”,此处作后置定语,故填involved。
10.答案：nationalities
解析：考查名词及其单复数。句意:船员来自不同的国家,语言不通。形容词修饰名词,根据形容词different可知,空处用名词形式;此处表示不同的“国籍”,不止一个,应用名词的复数形式。
三、
答案：1-4.DCAB
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段末尾句内容“I hated changing the vacuum cleaner (真空吸尘器) bag and picking up things the machine did not suck up. Twenty years later, in 1978, with this lifelong dislike of the way the machine worked, I decided to make a bagless one.”我讨厌换真空吸尘器的袋子，讨厌把吸尘器吸不进去的东西捡起来。二十年后，也就是1978年，我对这台机器的工作方式一直很反感，于是决定做一台无袋的。可知，对于真空吸尘器的反感导致了作者研制一种无袋吸尘器。故选D项。
2.主旨大意题。通读文章第二段内容，可知其段落结构为总分总结构，首句内容“Easier said than done, of course.”和末尾句内容“These were tough times, but each failure brought me closer to solving the problem.”点明本段主旨要义，即作者发明无袋吸尘器过程中遇到的一些困难。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“The major vacuum makers had built a business model based on the profits from bags and filters. No one would license my idea, not because it was a bad one, but because it was bad for business”可知，没人会认可作者的想法是因为真空吸尘器的包装袋和过滤器能够给商家带来盈利，而作者发明的无袋吸尘器会使商家失去原有的能够带来盈利的部分，因此商家担心其不能带来盈利反而可能会导致损失。故选A项。
4.推理判断题。作者在文章末尾点明主旨，揭示道理：Today, I still embrace risk and the potential for failure as part of the process. Nothing beats the excitement of invention.可知，作者的“无袋吸尘器”发明经历使他明白了风险和失败在发明过程中是可能存在的。故选B项。
四、
答案：Dear Smith,
I'm Li Hua. On behalf of our school English Association, I am writing to invite you to serve as a judge for the approaching English Speech Contest.
The contest will take place at 9:00 on next Saturday morning in the school auditorium, during which 15 well-prepared contestants will deliver their speeches. ①Both teachers and students attach great importance to this activity, which will be beneficial to students' spoken English. ②Your presence as a judge would be honourable to us.
We hope you will accept the invitation if convenient. Your favourable reply will be appreciated.
Yours,
Li Hua
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