2023年中考英语复习模块一语法专题探究第十三章 构词法课件(共29张PPT)

(共29张PPT)
模块一 语法专题探究
第十三章 构词法
01
考点1
02
考点2
在广东中考的语篇阅读中，有很多“生词”是可以通过构词法推断其含义的。因此，掌握构词法有助于扩大考生词汇量，使考生在阅读中更加如鱼得水。
新课标规定的构词法主要有四种：合成法、转化法、派生法、缩写和简写。其中，缩写和简写为2022年版课标新增的内容，仅作理解要求。
1.合成法
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法是合成法。合成的词叫作合成词，也叫复合词。如：outside, sunrise, blackboard, newspaper, man made, English speaking, warm hearted, everywhere, without等。
2.转化法
一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，而词形不变，词性转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。
转化方式 例子
动词 名词 stop v.停止 n.车站； look v.看 n.看 have a look; watch v.观看 n.手表； hand n.手 v.上交； show n.展示 v.表演； water n.水 v.给……浇水
形容词 动词 open adj.开着的 v.打开； clean adj.清洁的 v.打扫； clear adj.清楚的 v.清理
3.派生法
派生法是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。
(1)前缀
前缀 含义 例子
un- ， dis -， in-, im- ，ir- ， mis- ， non- 表示否定意义 unhappy, disagree, incorrect, impolite, irregular, misunderstand, non smoker
re - 再；又 rethink, retell, recycle
self - 自己；本身 self confident, self control
under - 在……下面 underline, underground
over - 太多；过分 overwork, oversize
(2)后缀
类别 后缀及含义 例子
名词 后缀 -er, -or, -ess(女性) “人” farmer, teacher, visitor, actor, actress, hostess
- ese, -ian “某国/大陆的人” Chinese, Japanese, Asian, Russian
- ist 从事某种职业的“人” scientist, tourist, artist, pianist
- ment “行为或状态” government, movement, achievement
类别 后缀及含义 例子
名词 后缀 -ness “性质；状态” illness, sadness, carelessness
- tion “动作；过程；结果” invention, invitation, translation
-ance/ -ence “行为；性质；状态” importance, appearance, absence
类别 后缀及含义 例子
名词 后缀 -th “性质；情况” depth, warmth, truth
-dom “处于……状态；性质” freedom, wisdom
-age “状态；行为；身份及其结果” shortage, marriage
类别 后缀及含义 例子
形容词 后缀 -ful “充满……的” careful, hopeful, successful, peaceful, beautiful
-less “没有的” careless, hopeless, homeless, helpless
-able “能……的” changeable, comfortable, forgettable, suitable
-y “有……特性的” sunny, windy, snowy, healthy, funny, cloudy
类别 后缀及含义 例子
形容词 后缀 -al “与……有关的” traditional, international, natural
-ing“令人……的”， -ed“感到……的” relaxing, relaxed, interesting, interested
-ive “具有……性质的” active, creative, collective
-ish “带有……特征” foolish, childish
副词后缀 -ly “方式；程度” freely, truly, angrily, sadly, strongly, busily
4.缩写和简写
缩写和简写主要采取“截头”、“去尾”、“截头又去尾”或“首字母缩写”的方法。
截头 telephone→phone, bicycle→cycle
去尾 laboratory→lab, mathematics→math
截头又去尾 refrigerator→fridge
首字母缩写 UN(United Nations)联合国　
CPC(Communist Party of China)中国共产党
PRC(People's Republic of China) 中华人民共和国
PLA(People's Liberation Army)中国人民解放军
WHO(World Health Organization)世界卫生组织　
近两年广东中考语法选择均考查了同词根，考生们可利用构词法推测词性和词义，从而选出正确答案。
1
构词法在语法选择中的应用
(2022·广东·语法选择节选)Wang Yiyi passed the test __35__ and became a student of that school.
（ ）35.A.success　　　B.successful　　　C.successfully
C
此题所给的三个选项为名词success及其不同词性的同根词，只要判断出所填词的词性即可选出正确答案。分析句子结构可知，空格处修饰动词短语passed the test，应用副词，故选C。
考点1专练
(2022雅安改编)Happiness is always around you, if you put your heart into it.While you are studying at home, your parents always take good __1__ of you.When you do something wrong, people around you will __2__ you to correct it.When you help others, you will have a strong feeling of happiness too.
（ ）1.A.care　　　　　B.careful　　　　C.careless
（ ）2.A.helpful　　　　B.help　　　　　C.helpless
A
B
Happiness is not bought with money.It is a feeling in your heart.When you are poor, you can also say you are __3__.As the saying goes, “Life is a revolving(旋转的) door.” When it closes, it also opens.If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and __4__ person.
（ ）3.A.happy　　　　 B.happiness　　　 C.happily
（ ）4.A.lucky　　　　　 B.unlucky　　　 C.luckily
A
A
在广东中考的配对阅读中，会出现左右栏同根词复现的情况。考生们在解答此题时，可利用构词法找到语段之间的联系。
2
构词法在阅读理解C篇中的应用
（ ）64.Sam is a newcomer to a high school.He feels a little nervous in the classroom with a lot of strangers around him. G.Fish live in water.A person who is in a strange or uncomfortable environment may feel like a fish out of water.
(2021·广东·阅读理解C节选)
G
此题中最后一句话提到“with a lot of strangers around him”，与G选项“in a strange… environment”相对应，stranger和strange属于同根词，且语段表述相近，故选G。
(2022肇庆二模)配对阅读。左栏是五个人遇到的不同情况和需求，右栏是七种创意商品的简介，请为每个人选择合适的商品。
考点2专练
（ ）1.Ben goes running with his dog every day.He wants something for it so that it won't get wet through on rainy days. （ ）2.Lisa is going on vacation for two weeks and she is now worried that her plants will die without proper watering. （ ）3.Amy is tired of folding clothes for the whole family after drying them every night.It takes her too much time. （ ）4.Sam wants an umbrella as a gift for his daughter who loves the pink color.He hopes this umbrella won't make his car wet when it rains hard. （ ）5.Sue's father goes for a walk every day, but gets tired after a while.Doctors advised him to sit down and rest more often while walking. A.This folding board can be used to fold shirts, trousers, sweaters and shorts in three easy steps.It is convenient to use and can save you a lot of time every day.
B.The advantage of an inside out umbrella is that you can close it from the inside out without dripping(湿淋淋的) water on yourself or the floor after a heavy rainstorm.Now you can buy the black ones at a lower price on our website.
C.Why should your little friend have to stand the rain while you get to stay nice and dry Treat your dog to this nice pet umbrella.Whenever it rains, it will never have to do that dog shaking water everywhere thing.
D.Sometimes older adults need to take a short rest when they're walking.This helpful walking stick folds down into a small seat to give tired legs a break almost anywhere.It can hold up to 250 pounds.
E.If you're a runner, you'll know the feeling of wanting to bring money with you on a run, but not wanting to carry around your wallet.This product solves that problem with a water bottle and a wallet all in one.
F.You'll never again have to worry about bringing a wet umbrella inside of your car or your house.The wet part of this umbrella can be kept on the inside when closed up.It comes in four colors: pink, sky blue, dark blue, and black.
G.You can send your dog to a care center while you're away, but it can be hard to find someone to water your plants.This product will water them for you all by itself.Just stick it into the soil, and it'll take care of the rest.
C
G
A
F
D
（ ）1.Ben goes running with his dog every day.He wants something for it so that it won't get wet through on rainy days.
（ ）2.Lisa is going on vacation for two weeks and she is now worried that her plants will die without proper watering.
（ ）3.Amy is tired of folding clothes for the whole family after drying them every night.It takes her too much time.
（ ）4.Sam wants an umbrella as a gift for his daughter who loves the pink color.He hopes this umbrella won't make his car wet when it rains hard.
（ ）5.Sue's father goes for a walk every day, but gets tired after a while.Doctors advised him to sit down and rest more often while walking.
C
G
A
F
D
A.This folding board can be used to fold shirts, trousers, sweaters and shorts in three easy steps.It is convenient to use and can save you a lot of time every day.
B.The advantage of an inside out umbrella is that you can close it from the inside out without dripping(湿淋淋的) water on yourself or the floor after a heavy rainstorm.Now you can buy the black ones at a lower price on our website.
C.Why should your little friend have to stand the rain while you get to stay nice and dry Treat your dog to this nice pet umbrella.Whenever it rains, it will never have to do that dog shaking water everywhere thing.
D.Sometimes older adults need to take a short rest when they're walking.This helpful walking stick folds down into a small seat to give tired legs a break almost anywhere.It can hold up to 250 pounds.
E.If you're a runner, you'll know the feeling of wanting to bring money with you on a run, but not wanting to carry around your wallet.This product solves that problem with a water bottle and a wallet all in one.
F.You'll never again have to worry about bringing a wet umbrella inside of your car or your house.The wet part of this umbrella can be kept on the inside when closed up.It comes in four colors: pink, sky blue, dark blue, and black.
G.You can send your dog to a care center while you're away, but it can be hard to find someone to water your plants.This product will water them for you all by itself.Just stick it into the soil, and it'll take care of the rest.
谢谢大家！