2023年中考英语专题 第一章 名词课件(共56张PPT)

(共56张PPT)
第一部分 名师语法专题
第一章 名词
01
中考动态
02
名师点拨
03
强化训练
中考动态
课标要求（2022年版） 广东省卷近5年中考统计情况
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
可数名词及其单、复数 √ √ √ √
不可数名词 √ √ √
名词所有格 √
名词辨析 √ √ √ √ √
名师点拨
基础自测 限时小练·自查自纠
(限时:10 min 正确率:_______/25题)
一、写出下列名词的复数形式
1. map________ 2.chair_________ 3. boss__________
4.watch________ 5.wife_________ 6. leaf_________
7.country_________ 8. toy_________ 9. tomato_________
10.child_________ 11. Englishman___________
12.American_________ 13. mouse_________
14.sheep_________ 15. tooth_________
maps
chairs
bosses
watches
wives
leaves
countries
toys
tomatoes
children
Englishmen
Americans
mice
sheep
teeth
二、翻译下列词块
two pieces of advice/two suggestions
1.两条建议________________________________
2.三袋大米_______________ 3.五个女医生________________
4.两间会议室_____________________
5.你哥哥的书___________________ 6.教师节_____________
7.公园的大门_____________________
8.吉姆和汤姆共同的房间_____________________
9.今天的报纸_____________________
10.问题的答案________________________
three bags of rice
five women doctors
two meeting rooms
your brother's book(s)
Teachers' Day
the gate of the park
Jim and Tom's room
today's newspaper
the answer to the question
名词用来指各种人或事物具体的名称，也可以指抽象的概念，可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语等。
考点精讲 重点难点·分享突破
考点1
名词的分类
抽象名词是不可数名词， 但在以下两种情况中可作可数名词：
（1）表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将抽象名词具体化，可以作可数名词。如：
surprise吃惊；惊奇→a surprise一个令人吃惊的人/一件令人吃惊的事
success成功→a success一个成功的人/一件成功的事
beauty美→a beauty一位美人/一件美好的东西
pleasure愉快；乐趣→a pleasure一件乐事
（2）在一些词组中可以作可数名词。如：have a rest（休息）， catch a cold（感冒）， have a good time（玩得开心）， live a happy life（过幸福的生活）等。
一、规则的名词复数形式
考点2
名词的数
以 -f或 -fe结尾的名词单数变复数的口诀：
小偷无妻生活难， 自捡树叶来做饭 （thief—thieves小偷， wife—wives妻子， life—lives生活， leaf—leaves树叶）
忽见一狼藏架后， 拿刀把它劈两半 （wolf—wolves狼， shelf—shelves书架， knife—knives刀， half—halves一半）
二、不规则的名词复数形式
（1）有些名词通常以复数形式出现，如：trousers, clothes, congratulations, chopsticks, glasses, noodles。
（2）集体名词people（人）， police（警察）总是用作复数， 因此不能说a people, a police, 但可以说a person（一个人）， a policeman（一个男警察）。
（3）集体名词看作整体时， 谓语动词用单数；若看作整体的各个成员时， 谓语动词用复数。如：
Sally's family is a big one in the small town.
萨莉家是那个小镇上的一个大家族。
My family have a good time in Tibet.
我们全家人在西藏都玩得很开心。
（4）部分集体名词既可以作单数（指整体）， 也可以作复数（指成员）， 如： class, couple, team。
（5）有些名词以- s结尾，但实际上是单数或不可数名词，如： physics, news。
三、既可用作可数名词（C）又可用作不可数名词（U）， 但词义不同的词
单词 词义 单词 词义 单词 词义
可数名词 不可数名词 可数名词 不可数名词 可数名词 不可数名词
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 fish 鱼 鱼肉 light 电灯 光
interest 业余爱好 兴趣 exercise 习题 锻炼 change 变化 零钱
chicken 鸡 鸡肉 experience 经历 经验 time 次；倍 时间
orange 橙子 橙汁；橙色 work 作品 工作 room 房间 空间
少数不可数名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义：
单词 不可数名词 复数形式 单词 不可数名词 复数形式 单词 不可数名词 复数形式
time 时间 时代 sand 沙子 沙滩 paper 纸 论文；试卷
hair 头发 毛发 wood 木材 树林 glass 玻璃 眼镜
四、名词的量
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, some, any, no等既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词。对可数名词的数量提问要用how many；对不可数名词的数量提问要用how much。
My name is Bob.My family has breakfast at 7 o‘clock every day.There are two 　1　 in my family, my sister and I．I have
2　， two eggs and an apple.For lunch, I have chicken and salad.And for dinner, I like 　3　 and hamburgers.But my sister Mary doesn't like hamburgers.For breakfast, my sister only eats vegetables.And for dinner, she eats lots of 　4　.
（　　）1.A.children B.childs C.childes
（　　）2.A.a milk B.milks C.a cup of milk
（　　）3.A.potatos B.potatoes C.potato's
（　　）4.A.bread B.breads C.bread's
即学即练 对点巩固·链接中考
A
C
B
A
考点3
名词所有格
’s所有格用于表示无生命的东西的名词时的用法：
（1）用于表示时间的名词后。如：today's newspaper, five weeks' holiday, yesterday's homework, 25 minutes' walk, half an hour's drive。
（2）用于表示国家、城市等地方的名词后。如：the country's plan, the world's population, China's industry。
（3）用于表示距离、价格等的名词后。如：a mile's journey, five dollars' apples。
即学即练 对点巩固·链接中考
My name is Helen.These are Jenny and Tom.They are two good friends of 1 .My birthday is on June 15th. 2 birthday is on May 5th.Tom is Jenny‘s twin brother, so his birthday is also on May 5th.We are all in No.3 Middle School.We are in the same grade but in different classes.I’m in Class 2 and they are in Class 5.We like English very much.My English teacher is Mr.Lee. 3 English teacher is Mr.White.After school, we always meet at 4 and go home together.
（　　）1.A.mine B.my C.me
（　　）2.A.Jenny B.Jennys C.Jenny's
A
C
My name is Helen.These are Jenny and Tom.They are two good friends of 1 .My birthday is on June 15th. 2 birthday is on May 5th.Tom is Jenny‘s twin brother, so his birthday is also on May 5th.We are all in No.3 Middle School.We are in the same grade but in different classes.I’m in Class 2 and they are in Class 5.We like English very much.My English teacher is Mr.Lee. 3 English teacher is Mr.White.After school, we always meet at 4 and go home together.
（　　）3.A.Tom and Jenny B.Tom's and Jenny
C.Tom and Jenny's
（　　）4.A.our school's of the gate B.the gate of our school
C.our school of the gate
C
B
对接中考 方法探究·总结规律
1.名词在语法选择中的考查
语法选择一般考查名词的单复数及其所有格形式，做题时可根据名词前的冠词、数词、量词、句意及句子结构等判断用单数、复数还是所有格形式。若为复数或所有格形式，再根据语法变化规则选出正确选项。
①（2022广东33题）She was her music _____ favorite student.
A.teacher B.teachers C.teacher's
C
解析：空格处修饰“favorite student（最喜欢的学生）”，名词前要用名词所有格，故选C。
②（2021广东36题）People could enjoy the scenery and watch
_______ there.
A.bird B.birds C.bird's D.birds'
B
解析：此句中and后为并列成分，watch为谓语，句子缺少名词作宾语，再由句意可知人们可以在那里观赏风景和鸟类，所看的鸟肯定不止一个，故用名词的复数形式，故选B。
2.名词在完形填空中的考查
名词在完形填空中一般考查词义辨析。一般可采用上下文推断、词汇复现法选出正确答案。
①上下文推断法
（2022广东41题）On the table she lays out some ______ in season, such as carrots and tomatoes.
A.fruits B.flowers C.leaves D.vegetables
D
解析：由下文的“carrots and tomatoes”可以得出是蔬菜“vegetables”，故选D。
②词汇复现法
（2022广东43题）Earlier that year, a fire broke out in her house.Molly's __43__ had a hard time.“People in the community came to …” Molly said.
Then the pandemic（疫情） came.Molly and her family had much time to…
A.family B.class C.office D.team
A
解析：由下文的“Molly and her family had much time to…”可以得出是家庭“family”，故选A。
3.名词在短文填空中的考查
短文填空一般考查名词的数或名词在固定搭配中的运用，可根据句子结构及上下文分析，或根据固定搭配来填单词。
①由句子结构及上下文判断
（2021广东73题）Lao Pan's new book includes his forty－seven ________ to his family back in America.The letters show China's development in different periods.
letters
解析：此题可根据下一句中“The letters show…”判断此处说的是把47封“信”写进了新书中，再根据forty－seven可知用名词的复数形式，故填letters。
②由固定搭配判断
（2020广东71题）Then she came up with an _______.
idea
解析：此题由固定搭配come up with an idea“想出一个主意”可知填idea。
③根据常识判断
（2022广东71题）They just put fresh tea leaves into hot ________.
water
解析：根据常识，泡茶需要用热水，故此处填water。
强化训练
注：本部分在语篇中对语法知识进行综合对点训练，同时兼顾其他语法点，中考题型训练见第二、三部分
一、语法选择（2022河北改编）
Kevin is a special swimmer.He took risks to swim in very cold places 　1　 he wanted people to pay attention to environmental problems.
（　　）1.A.unless B.because C.but
B
1．两个分句间为因果关系，且结果在前原因在后，应用because连接。
As a boy, Kevin visited many national 　2　 and he learned the Earth is in poor condition.He felt worried, and he wanted to protect the Earth.In 2009, he 　3　 to swim in water near the North Pole（北极）.He wanted to draw 　4　 attention to the melting glaciers（融化的冰川）.
（　　）2.A.park B.parks' C.parks
（　　）3.A.went B.has gone C.is going
（　　）4.A.people's B.people C.peoples
C
2．空处作visited的宾语，因此应使用名词，又根据修饰词many可知应使用复数形式。
A
A
3．根据时间状语In 2009可知应使用过去式，故选A。
4．draw one's attention吸引某人的注意。
Kevin said that the swim was so painful that it would be his last time swimming in cold water.In 2016, he heard about a lake in the Himalayas.It 　5　 by melting glaciers.He decided to swim in cold water again.It was 　6　 to swim in the lake.The air was so thin that it was hard to breathe.
（　　）5.A.is forming B.is formed C.was formed
（　　）6.A.difficulty B.difficult C.difficultly
C
B
5．根据上下文的时态，可知本句应使用一般过去时，主语it和动词form之间是被动关系，因此应使用一般过去时的被动语态。
6．It's difficult to do sth.做某事很难。
He told people about his 　7　 on TV.He wanted people to know that glaciers in the Himalayas are disappearing because of global（全球的） warming and that there's less water for people in nearby 　8　 like China, India, and Pakistan.
（　　）7.A.experiences B.experience C.experiences'
（　　）8.A.country B.countries C.country's
A
B
From Kevin's story, we learn two lessons.We learn that people can do 　9　 harm to the Earth without realizing it.Also, we learn that if we change the way we think, we can do something
10 our environment.With the new way of thinking in our minds, we can enjoy a bright future.
（　　）9.A.a number of B.a lot of C.a few
（　　）10.A.protect B.protecting C.to protect
B
C
9．harm为不可数名词，而a number of和a few只能修饰不可数名词，故选B。
短文大意：本文介绍了一位特别的游泳者凯文，他希望人们关注环境问题。
It was December 30th. Anna and Alex were helping Mom make banana cakes. They cut up the 　1　， put the eggs and sugar in the flour（面粉）， poured the milk in and mixed them all up.
（　　）1.A.bananas B.apples C.oranges D.strawberries
二、完形填空
A
1．考查名词。根据上一句她们做香蕉蛋糕可知，应该是把香蕉切碎。故选A。
When they were almost done, Anna asked, “Mom, why are we making so many cakes？” “I want to take some to Mrs.Brown across the street，” said Mom. “Her 　2　 died of a serious illness a few days ago. She only has her dog Wangwang in the house.”
（　　）2.A.parent B.child C.husband D.relative
C
2．考查名词。根据最后一段“as if her husband was still with her”可知她的丈夫刚去世。故选C。
Mom put the cakes in the oven（烤箱） and the children helped 　3　 the mess. The cakes were finally done. They all waited 　4　 until the cakes cooled down. Then they put some on a 　5　 and headed to the opposite house.
（　　）3.A.cut down B.give away C.hand out D.clean up
（　　）4.A.strongly B.bravely C.quickly D.patiently
（　　）5.A.plastic B.plane C.place D.plate
D
3．考查动词词组。把蛋糕放进烤箱之后应该是收拾做蛋糕的东西，clean up打扫符合句意。
D
D
5．考查名词。蛋糕应该是放在盘子里，故选D。
When Mrs.Brown opened the door, Anna said, “Mrs.Brown, we have brought you some banana 　6　.” “Thank you. They smell delicious，” Mrs.Brown said. “Wangwang and I are feeling a little lonely these days. It's kind of you to come.”
（　　）6.A.cakes B.bread C.milk D.cookies
A
“Would you like to 　7　 us tomorrow for New Year's dinner？” asked Mom. “Take Wangwang, too.” “Well, I'm not sure，” said Mrs.Brown. “Please say yes，” said Alex. “Come to our house, and it will be great 　8　，” said Anna.
（　　）7.A.invite B.join C.ask D.call
（　　）8.A.fan B.interest C.fun D.honor
B
C
Anna was 　9　. They never had such a pleasant dinner. Mrs.Brown thanked them for inviting Wangwang and her, saying she felt happy as if her husband was still with her. 10 was doubled when shared.
（　　）9.A.wrong B.right C.quiet D.strict
（　　）10.A.Kindness B.Happiness C.Illness D.Sadness
B
B
短文大意：本文介绍了Anna和Alex一家给邻居送香蕉蛋糕的故事。
Hello, everyone! I'd like to tell you something about a famous scientist 1._____________ Qian Xuesen.He was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province on December 11, 1911.After graduating from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1934, he got a 2.__________ to study in the USA.After he graduated, he became a teacher as 3.__________ as a researcher who studied rockets and missile theories（导弹理论）.
三、短文填空（2022营口改编）
named/called
chance
well
3．as well as也。
When he was 44, he returned 4._____ his motherland and the country‘s space research was almost a blank（空白）.In 1956, he set up the first research institute（研究所） of rockets and missiles in China.He made 5.________ important contributions to the missile and space programs that he was known as “The Father of China's Missiles”.The Chinese people take 6._________ in him.
to
such
pride
4．return to返回到。
6．take pride in以……为骄傲。
He passed away on October 31, 2009 at the 7._______ of 98, but all the Chinese will remember him forever.His devotion（忠诚） to China was expressed in his saying, “My career is in China, 8._______ success is in China and my destination（终点） is in China！” When someone said he could make a lot more 9._______ if he stayed in the United States, he laughed and said, “My family name is Qian, but I don't like qian.” His spirit really encourages us to love our country and devote（致力） ourselves to science.He sets a good 10.__________ to us.
age
my
money
7．at the age of在……岁的时候。
example
10．set a good example to sb.为某人树立好榜样。
短文大意：本文主要介绍了“中国导弹之父”钱学森的生平。
谢谢大家！