2023年中考英语复习 第2部分 第1章 名　词 课件(共49张PPT)

(共49张PPT)
第二部分 语法精讲精练
第一章 名　词
知识框架
考情分析
考点梳理
技巧点拨
中考集训
语篇训练
考点 题型
语法选择 短文填空
可数名词及其单复数 2021(第36题 birds) 2020(第71题 idea)
2021(第73题 letters)
2022(第66题 yes)
不可数名词 / 2020(第70题 money)
2022(第71题 water)
名词所有格 2022(第33题 teacher's) /
分析： 广东中考近三年较注重名词考查， 尤其是可数名词及其单复数和不可数名词。
考点一　可数名词及其单复数 ★★★
可数名词大多数都有单数和复数两种形式。
1. 可数名词单复数的规则变化
变化 发音 例子
大多数名词， 直接加-s 结尾是清辅音的读[s] 结尾是浊辅音或元音的读[z] desk→desks桌子 cat→cats猫
style→styles款式 friend→friends朋友
变化 发音 例子
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词， 加-es; 以ch结尾的名词， ch读音为[k]时， 加-s 一般读[Iz] ch读音为[k]时， s读[s] bus→buses公共汽车 box→boxes盒子
match→matches比赛 dish→dishes碟子
stomach→stomachs胃
辅音字母＋y结尾的名词， 将y改为i, 再加-es 读[z] baby→babies婴儿 family→families家庭
元音字母＋y结尾的名词， 加-s 读[z] boy→boys男孩　day→days日子
key→keys钥匙 toy→toys玩具
变化 发音 例子
以o结尾的名词，表示有生命的物体， 通常加-es; 表示无生命的物体， 通常加-s 读[z] potato→potatoes土豆 hero→heroes英雄
photo→photos照片 piano→pianos钢琴
radio→radios收音机 zoo→zoos动物园
tomato→tomatoes西红柿
以f或fe结尾的名词， 将f或fe改为ves 尾音[f]改读[vz] leaf→leaves树叶　wolf→wolves狼
knife→knives刀 life→lives生活
但有例外： scarf→scarves/scarfs围巾
(　 　)1. I'd like to make a salad with some ____ and ____ as it's so hot today.
A. banana; tomato
B. bananas; tomato
C. bananas; tomatoes
C
2. 可数名词单复数的不规则变化
分类 例子
以-man结尾的名词的复数形式 man→men男人　 woman→women 女人
policeman→policemen警察　 postman→postmen邮递员
human→humans 人类　 German→Germans德国人
walkman→walkmans随身听
注意： 除man, woman的复数是将a改e外， 其他以man结尾的可数名词变复数， 要把man去掉， 看剩下部分是否为一个与整个单词有联系的词
①如 “police(警察)跟policeman” “post(邮件)跟postman” 意思都有关联， 则其复数是将a改为e
②如hu跟human无关， Ger跟German无关， walk(走路)跟walkman无关， 则其复数在词尾加-s
分类 例子
部分含有oo的名词， 将oo改为ee foot→feet脚　tooth→teeth牙齿 goose→geese鹅
在后面加en或ren变复数的名词 ox→oxen公牛　child→children孩子
单复数同形的名词 Chinese中国人　Japanese日本人　fish鱼　sheep绵羊　deer鹿 (中国人、 日本人爱吃鱼、 羊、 鹿)
其他 mouse→mice老鼠
(　 　)2. We should brush our ____every day if we don't want to have a toothache.
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths
B
3. 使用名词单复数应该注意的问题
(1)有些名词通常以复数形式出现， 这些名词作主语时， 谓语动词也要用复数形式。
如： clothes衣服 trousers裤子 socks袜子 pants裤子 glasses眼镜 scissors剪刀 people人们 police 警察
(2)有些名词本身就以s结尾， 但应作为单数名词看待。
如： physics物理学　maths数学　politics政治　news新闻　grass草
(3)由两个名词组成的复合名词， 通常把最后一个名词变复数。
如： a boy student→three boy students　一个男学生→三个男学生
注意： man和woman作定语修饰复数时， 需变为复数形式。
如： a woman teacher→two women teachers　一个女教师→两个女教师
a man scientist→five men scientists　一个男科学家→五个男科学家
(4)表示 “某国人” 的单复数变化： 中日不变， 英法变， 其他-s加后面。
a Chinese(Japanese)→six Chinese(Japanese) 一个中国人(日本人)→六个中国人(日本人)
an Englishman→seven Englishmen 一个英国人→七个英国人
a Frenchman→twelve Frenchmen 一个法国人→十二个法国人
an American→four Americans 一个美国人→四个美国人
a German→five Germans 一个德国人→五个德国人
(　 　)3. Look at the two ____ over there. They are teaching the girls to play the guitar.
A. women teachers
B. woman teacher
C. woman teachers
A　
考点二　不可数名词 ★★★
不可数名词没有复数形式， 也不能直接与具体数字或a, an连用， 但可以和some连用。
1. 不可数名词作主语时， 谓语动词需用单数。
如： Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
(　 　)4. The information from the travel guide ____ so useful that I took it with me all my trip.
A. was B. is C. were
A　
2. 不可数名词可以由some, much, little, a lot of, plenty of 等修饰。
如： They have saved much money for future use. 他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。
(　 　)5. The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me ____.
A. many advice B. some advice C. an advice
B
3. 不可数名词可以与表示单位的量词连用， 如 a piece of, a cup of 等。
如： a piece of chalk一支粉笔　 a piece of paper一张纸　
a drop of water 一滴水 a bag of money 一袋钱　
a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶　 a bowl of rice一碗米饭
注意： 不可数名词不能与不定冠词a, an或数词直接用在一起。表示数量， 要与量词连用。
如： a piece of good news一则好消息　three pieces of good advice三个好建议
(　 　)6. —What else do we need to make cold beef
—____.
A. Two spoons salt
B. Two spoons salts
C. Two spoons of salt
C
4. 可数名词与不可数名词不确定量的表达方法：
(1)few, a few, fewer, many, several, a (large, small) number of＋可数名词复数
(2)little, a little, less, much, a(n) (large, small) amount of, a great deal of＋不可数名词
(3)some, any, more, plenty of, enough, a lot of (lots of)＋(可数/不可数)名词
如： There is plenty of water in the bottle. 瓶子里有大量的水。
A large number of people like playing basketball. 很多人喜欢打篮球。
(　 　)7. The air is very fresh in our city. There is less ____ than before.
A. birds B. pollution C. noise
B
5. 既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词的多义词
词汇 可数 不可数
duck 鸭子 鸭肉
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉
fish 鱼 鱼肉
exercise 体操； 习题 锻炼
food 各种食物 食物 (总称)
fruit 各类水果 水果 (总称)
glass 玻璃杯； 眼镜 玻璃
hair 几根头发 头发
beauty 美人 美丽
词汇 可数 不可数
light 电灯 光
orange 橙子 橙汁
paper 报纸； 论文 纸
room 房间 空间
success 成功的人(事) 成功
wonder 奇观 惊奇
character 人物 性格
word 词； 话 消息
iron 熨斗 铁
6. 有些名词有单数形式和复数形式， 但意思不同
词汇 单数 复数
sand 沙子 沙滩
time 时间 次数； 倍数； 时代
wood 木材 树林
work 工作 著作
(　 　)8. Mr. Smith caught some ____ on the farm so that he could cook some ____ for his guests.
A. chickens; chickens
B. chicken; chicken
C. chickens; chicken
(　 　)9. It's well known that Leonardo da Vinci created lots of amazing ____ of art during his life.
A. works B. works' C. work
C　
A
考点三　名词所有格 ★★
在英语中， 表示有生命的名词， 可以加-'s表示所属关系， 这种形式叫作名词的所有格。
1. 有生命的名词所有格
(1)单数名词的所有格加-'s。
如： Mother's Day 母亲节　the little girl's doll小女孩的洋娃娃
(2)以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加-'。
如： Teachers' Day教师节(教师们的节日)　the students' books学生们的书
(3)不以s结尾的复数名词所有格加-'s。
如： children's books儿童读物(儿童们的书)　 Women's Day妇女节
(妇女们的节日)
(4)表示某人家、 店铺等处所， 所有格后的名词可以省略。
如： at Jones' (office) 在琼斯的办公室　at the barber's (shop) 在理发师的店
at John's (home) 在约翰的家　at the doctor's (office) 在医生的诊所
(5)表示两人共有时， 只在最后一个名词后加-'s。
如： Lily and Lucy's father 莉莉和露西的爸爸
(6)表示两人各自所有时， 则两个名词都要用所有格形式， 而且后面所修饰的名词要用复数形式。
如： Lucy's and Lily's rooms are very tidy. 露西的房间和莉莉的房间都很整洁。
(　 　)10. Remembering all this gave me the answer to my ______
question. 【2022 佛山二模】
A. daughter B. daughters C. daughter's
(　 　)11. —A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he
—He is _____brother.
Lucy's and Lily's
B. Lucy and Lily's
C. Lucy's and Lily
C
B
2. 无生命的名词所有格
(1)无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示。
如： the leg of the table桌脚　the cover of the book书的封面
(2)表示国家、 时间、 距离、 重量和价值等的名词的所有格在词尾加-'s或-'。
如： China's future 中国的未来　today's newspaper 今天的报纸
an hour's walk/ride一个小时的路程/车程　two weeks' holiday 两周的假期
(　 　)12. If I leave my house at 9 o'clock and drive to the airport, I'll arrive at about 11. So it's about two ____ drive from my house to the airport.
A. hours' B. hour's C. hours
A
3. 双重所有格
双重所有格就是将of结构与-'s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用。
如： a friend of Tom's mother's 汤姆的妈妈的一个朋友 a friend of mine我的一个朋友
4. 个别名词用to来表示所有格
如： the key to the door门的钥匙　the way to the office去办公室的路
the answer to the question问题的答案　the entrance to the park公园的入口
(　 　)13. It's a song of my favorite ____. I like this song.
A. singer B. singers C. singer's
C
1. 名词与语法选择
(1)判断名词与后文的关系。 若该名词所在空格后面有名词， 则可推断其作定语， 需用所有格形式。
She was her music 33 favorite student. 【2022 广东】
( )33. A. teacher B. teachers C. teacher's
解析： 根据空格后的 “favorite student” 可知teacher在此处作定语， 故用其所有格形式， 故选C。
C
(2)判断名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。 若是可数名词， 则需判断其是用单数形式还是复数形式。
People could enjoy the scenery(风景) and watch 36 there. 【2021 广东】
( )36. A. bird B. birds
C. bird's 　 D. birds'
解析： 空格后面为副词 “there”， 故该名词在此不作定语， 不需要用所有格形式。 根据选项， 可判断该名词为可数名词。 再观察空格前面的内容， 并没有出现任何表示单个概念的限定词， 故可推断该名词用复数形式birds, 故选B。
B
2. 名词与短文填空
(1)首先通过分析句子结构， 确定词性， 名词可作主语、 宾语、 表语、 同位语、 定语。 然后通过上下文， 推断词义。 最后考虑其是否可数。 若为可数名词， 还需考虑其单复数形式。
Lao Pan's new book includes his forty-seven (73)______ to his family back in America. The letters show China's development in different periods. 【2021 广东】
解析： 分析句子结构可知， 此空作include的宾语。 根据下文 “The letters show China's development in different periods.” 可推测， 上文说的是 “信件”。 由空前 “forty-seven” 可知， 此处应用名词的复数形式， 故答案为letters。
letters
(2)除了根据上下文语境推测词义， 还可根据固定搭配和日常生活知识来确定答案。
At that time, people made tea in a simple way. They just put fresh tea leaves into hot (71)______. 【2022 广东】
解析： 根据常识可知， 泡茶是需要把茶叶放进热水里的， 故答案为water。
water
One morning Jane saw some elder kids selling lemon juice by the street. They wanted to raise (70)_______to help their friends. 【2020 广东】
解析： 上文提到一些年长的孩子在售卖柠檬果汁， 下文提到帮助他们的朋友， 空格前还有提示词 “raise”， 此时可以想到固定短语 “raise money(筹集资金)”， 表示他们想通过卖柠檬果汁来筹钱帮助他们的朋友， 故答案为money。
money
(　 　)1. This year, the family went camping on____Day, June 1st.
【2022 重庆A卷改编】
A. Child B. Child's C. Children's
(　 　)2. The mangroves(红树林) are home to many____such as birds, butterflies, snakes and so on.
【2022 陕西A卷改编】
A. animal B. animal's C. animals
C
C
(　 　)3. Sun, who has been learning to cook from her father since she was eight, can now cook more than fifty____. 【2022 宜宾改编】
A. dish B. dishes C. dish's
(　 　)4. When he was a child, he was a boy who showed little____in reading. 【2022 连云港改编】
A. interests' B. interests C. interest
(　 　)5. ____father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world. 【2022 绥化】
A. Tony and Peter's B. Tony's and Peter C. Tony's and Peter's
B
C
A
一、 语法选择
John was a manager in a factory. He enjoyed running for exercise around the park when he was free.
Last Sunday afternoon, John had an unusual 1 . After running, John decided to go home and have a rest. Just then, he noticed an old woman standing by the road. She looked around worriedly. John went over and asked what he could do for her. After a short talk, John came to know that she forgot her 2 home and got lost. Besides, she was very tired and hungry. John called the old woman's son and then took her to the restaurant of a 3 . It is just five 4 walk.
(　 　)1. A. experiences B. experience's C. experience
(　 　)2. A. way B. ways C. way's
(　 　)3. A. friend B. friends C. friend's
(　 　)4. A. minute B. minutes C. minutes'
C
A
C
C
In the restaurant, John ordered some fish and 5 for the old woman. While eating, she carelessly sprinkled(撒) lots of 6 on the table and on her coat. Other customers felt disgusted(恶心) when seeing this. But John didn't care about this. He stood up and cleaned the table in silence.
(　　)5. A. a orange B. a glass of orange C. two glass of oranges
(　 )6. A. fish B. fishes C. fishs
B
A
It took the old woman some 7 to finish eating the food. After that, John paid the meal and they were ready to leave when the old woman's son arrived. He held John's both 8 . Later, he said, “ 9 a lot! My mother was treated well.” “You're welcome. She makes me remember my mom who died years ago. I did what a son should do，” said John. All the 10 customers around praised John. They were touched by his kindness.
(　 　)7. A. time B. times C. time's
(　 　)8. A. hand B. hands C. a hand
(　 　)9. A. Thank B. Thanks C. Thank's
(　 　)10. A. man and woman
B. man and woman's
C. men and women
A
B
B
C
二、 短文填空
There was a woman who inherited(继承) a clothing store after her sister passed away. The woman already had a job of her own on weekdays, but she decided to run the store on 1 . The first day she opened, an old woman came in and looked at 2 here and there. However, she didn't buy anything. When the woman asked why, the old woman said, “Well, I like these things, but I don't have enough 3 to buy them.”
weekends
things
money
“I already have a job. I can afford to give some 4 away，” the woman thought to herself. So she let the old woman have them for free.
Word soon spread about the “free clothing store”. People started coming in. They told the woman that they couldn't afford the clothes. She would simply give them clothes. However, one day, she went in to open the store and found that there 5 nothing left inside.
clothes
was
The 6 story taught us a lesson. It's a good thing to help others when they are poor or 7 need. However, we must also be
8 . Not everyone is nice—9 people will cheat others whenever they can.So we have to think over 10 really needs help. Be wise and avoid being cheated!
woman's
in
careful
some
who