2023年中考英语复习名词的使用课件(共30张PPT)

(共30张PPT)
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM
名词的使用
Nouns make up the basic elements of the English language. Together with verbs, nouns
form the basic components of nearly all sentence structures. Nouns have traditionally
been known as persons, places, or things; but they can be other things as well. The
following examples show the noun types and how they are typically used in sentences.
名词构成英语的基本要素。与动词、名词连用
构成几乎所有句子结构的基本成分。名词传统上被认为是人、地点或事物;但它们也可以是其他东西。下面的例子展示了名词的类型以及它们在句子中的典型用法。
名词的分类
Persons：人
John F. Kennedy was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Melville received advice from Hawthorne while writing his novel.
Places：地方
Chicago is one of my favorite cities to visit.
Argentina is a country of wondrous beauty.
Louisiana ranks as one of the top states to visit in the country.
名词的分类
Things：东西
A car is necessary to get around town.
Football is a great sport.
Baseball has been very good to me.
Activities：活动
Horseback riding is popular the world over. (Riding is considered a gerund [see gerunds,
p. 120]. Horseback riding is the noun in this sentence.)
He took writing to a new level.
Jeff enjoys flying airplanes.
名词的分类
Collections：集合名词
Congress is now in session.
A committee was appointed to resolve the differences.
We participated in a team exercise.
Concepts：概念
Liberty is the basis of all freedoms.
Equality was at the forefront of our discussions.
Freedom is not free.
名词的分类
Conditions：条件
Democracy is the basis of our government.
Monarchy is the rule of a country by a king or queen.
Socialism focuses on social ownership, not private ownership, of industry.
Events：事件
The Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865.
The birthday party went very well.
Everyone went to the concert and had a good time.
名词的分类
Groups
The VFW had their meeting on Tuesday night.
The American Medical Association released a statement to the news media.
I attended a conference of the American Library Association.
Qualities：品质
Even at age fifty-six, he could be childlike in his enthusiasm.
名词的分类
注意：
冠词是一种独特的形容词。在实际应用中，英语中只有三个冠词:the, a和an。如果没有这些冠词，对日常事物的引用将是困难的。
冠词的介绍放到后面的章节讲解
名词的种类
Proper nouns name specific persons or concepts. There are instances when nouns are used in a nonspecific way, when not referring to formal or proper nouns. Collective nouns refer to groups of collected nouns. These collective groupings demonstrate that nouns can be both singular or plural depending on use. The goal is to develop a better understanding of nouns and how they are used in sentences.
专有名词表示特定的人或概念。当名词不指代正式名词或专有名词时，也有以非特定方式使用的情况。集合名词是指一组集合的名词。这些集体分组表明，根据使用情况，名词既可以是单数也可以是复数。目标是更好地理解名词以及它们在句子中的用法。
名词的种类
Proper Nouns：专有名词
Nouns that name a specific person, place, thing, particular event, or group are called proper nouns and are always capitalized. If the noun is nonspecific, that is, the noun refers to a general idea and not a specific person, place, or thing, it is usually not a proper noun, so it is not capitalized.
命名特定的人、地点、事物、特定事件或群体的名词被称为专有名词，并且总是大写。如果名词是非具体的，也就是说，这个名词指的是一个一般的想法，而不是一个具体的人、地点或事物，它通常不是一个专有名词，所以它不大写。
名词的种类
例如：
Specific Nonspecific
Linda Pearson A woman
World War II A war
French class A class
The Great Depression An era
The American Bar Association The association
The Alan Parsons Project The band
名词的种类
Collective Nouns：集合名词
Nouns that refer to a specific group of persons or things are called collective nouns; see the list that follows.
例如：
group club team committee congress
jury swarm herd flock legislature
class school couple city congregation
名词的种类
Collective nouns are usually singular, except when referring to the individual members of a group.
集合名词通常做单数使用，除非特使里面的成员
Singular: The committee agrees with the recommendation. (In this sentence, the reference is to the committee as a whole, not the committee’s individual members.)
Individual members: The committee members agree with the recommendation. (In this sentence, we are referring to all the individual members of the group, not the committee as a whole.)
名词的种类
Also, some collective nouns are considered both singular and plural, depending on their use in a sentence.
For instance:
Singular: The jury is deliberating.
Individual members: The jury took their seats.
名词的种类
Count versus Noncount Nouns可数与不可数名词
Count nouns are nouns that represent individual countable items and cannot be seen as a mass or group.
可数名词是代表单个可数项的名词，不能被看作是一个整体或群体。
Count nouns have both singular and plural forms; their plural is usually formed by adding –s or –es to the end of the singular form. A few examples of count nouns include:
an atom, two atoms; a book, two books; a watch; two watches; and a child, two children.
名词的种类
Noncount nouns represent abstract concepts, a collection, a group, or a mass and do not have an individual state of being. Many only have a singular form. Some of these nouns include:
不可数名词代表抽象概念、集合、群体或集体，没有单独的存在状态。许多单词只有单数形式。这些名词包括:
advice furniture fun grammar happiness junk
mail news traffic engineering
名词的种类
Note that these nouns do not form plurals. Instead, articles, prepositions, and other modifiers are used to indicate an amount.
不可数名词表示数量：
For instance:
I need a single piece of advice.
I would like some advice.
I would like all the advice you have.
名词的种类
Noncount nouns take the singular demonstrative pronouns this and that; they never take the plural pronouns these and those.
不可数名词用this/that修饰，不可以使用those/these
Incorrect: Thank you for those advice.
Correct: Thank you for that advice.
名词的种类
Some words are both count and noncount, depending on their usage and the particular defini_x0002_tion of the word you are using. Following are a few examples.
Noncount: Last night I ate fish. (It is incorrect to say “fishes” in this context.)
Count: There are seven species of fishes in this lake. (When speaking of specific species,
fish takes the plural fishes, making it a count noun.)
Noncount: The windows have twelve panes of glass. (When referring to the material glass, no plural is used.)
名词的种类
Count: I washed all the glasses after the party. (When referring to something you drink
out of, glass can take the plural form glasses.)
Noncount: Tracy has the experience needed for the job. (When referring to the abstract
concept of experience, it does not take a plural.)
Count: Tracy has had many great experiences as a camp counselor. (When referring to specific incidents, experience can take the plural form experiences.)
名词的种类
Plural Nouns：名词的复数变化
The usual construction of plural nouns from singular nouns is to add –s or –es to the end of a word.
Singular Plural
bird birds
dog dogs
cat cats
glass glasses
house houses
kindness kindnesses (add –es to words that end in –s.)
名词的种类
How do you know when to add –s or –es If a noun ends in any ending but an –s or –ss, add –es to the end of that word to form the plural. Also, If a word ends in ch, sh, x, or z, add –es to the end of the noun:
Singular Plural
lunch lunches (add -es)
countess countesses (add -es)
lens lenses (add -es)
fish fishes (add -es)
fox foxes (add -es)
buzz buzzes (add -es)
名词的种类
If a word ends in –y, change the y to i and then add –es to create the plural, as shown below.
Singular Plural
baby babies
sky skies
library libraries
名词的种类
Please note the irregular plural nouns, shown in the following table.
Singular irregular nouns Plural irregular nouns
child children
foot feet
goose geese
man men
moose moose
mouse mice
ox oxen
woman women
名词的种类
连字符的名词可以通过在名词后面加-s而变成复数形式。在下面的例子中，law也是一个名词。如果一个词最有可能被重复使用，它就采用复数形式;因此，不是说有一个母亲，有许多法律，但母亲却很多。
Singular irregular nouns Plural irregular nouns
mother-in-law mothers-in-law
father-in-law fathers-in-law
sister-in-law sisters-in-law
brother-in-law brothers-in-law
名词的种类
Showing Possession with Nouns：名词表示所属：
Showing possession with nouns demonstrates ownership of an object or idea. Possession can also demonstrate a close relationship between two ideas or concepts. Simply add ’s to a noun for possession.
John’s car, Susan’s cat, Caroline’s pencil
名词的种类
Unusual Constructions
If a possessive noun sounds awkward, it might be necessary to change the word order or reword the phrase for better effect. In such an instance, an of construction can be used for clarity.
如果一个所有格名词听起来很尴尬，可能有必要改变词序或改写短语以获得更好的效果。在这种情况下，可以使用of结构。
名词的种类
例如：
Awkward Better
The page’s top The top of the page
Keats’s poems The poems of Keats
Emma’s characters The characters of Austen’s Emma
Example Problems
In the following sentences, give the possessive case of the noun in parentheses.
1. __________ (Charles) boat was in the water at the dock.
Answer: Charles’s boat was in the water at the dock.
2. We found ________ (Mike) bookbag in the gym.
Answer: We found Mike’s bookbag in the gym. Just add the –’s to the person’s name.
3. My next-door ________ (neighbor) dog escaped from the house.
Answer: My next-door neighbor’s dog escaped from the house. Just add the –’s to the
word neighbor.
名词的种类
Thank you!