中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第一讲 动词分类
一．助动词
1. 行为动词
行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语。例如：
I live in Beijing with my mother.
It has a round face.
行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语，可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。
（1）及物动词
后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如：
Give me some water，please.
If you have any questions，you can put up your hands.
（2）不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语，例如：
Jack runs faster than Mike.
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.
He got an“A”this time because he went over his lessons carefully.
行为动词按其动作状态又分成延续性和非延续性
（1）延续性动词：动作是可持续的，如live, stay, study, work, teach等，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
（2）非延续性动词：动作是瞬间的，动作一发生马上结束，如lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, go, come等，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has been here for five days. （这里不能用has arrived here）
The film has been on for ten minutes. （这里不能用has begun）
2. 连系动词
本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语，说明主语的状态、性质、身份等。，连系动词可具体分为三类：
（1）be 动词：
He is nice.
He was a teacher two years ago.
（2）“感官类”的词，如look(看起来)，feel(觉得，摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)等，例如：
She looked tired.
I feel ill.
Cotton feels soft.
The story sounds interesting.
The flowers smell sweet.
The mixture tasted horrible.
（3）表示“变化、保持”类的意思的词，如become，get，grow，turn，go, keep, remain, stay
She became a college student.
He feels sick.His face turns white.
The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.
He grew old.
He stayed single.
We should keep fit.
3.助动词
这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态，表示句子的否定和疑问，助动词主要有be动词， do, have, will。
He does not speak English well.
（句中的does是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与not一起构成否定形式。）
A dog is running after a cat.
(句中的is是助动词，和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。)
Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast
（句中的did是助动词，既表示一般过去时，又和动词have一起构成疑问。）
I have learnt 3000 words by this term.
（句中的have是助动词，和learnt一起构成完成时。）
I will be an actor in 5 years.
（句中的will是助动词，和be一起构成将来时。）
4.情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can，may，must need，dare，could，might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如：
I can dance.
He can’t walk because he is a baby.
Must I go now No，you needn’t.
May I come in
△ 注意：1. 既可以作行为动词，又可以作系动词
注意区别以下一些动词的用法，它们既可以作为行为动词，又可以作为连系动词。
1.look看；看起来
He is looking at the picture. 行为动词
It looks beautiful. 连系动词
2.fell摸；感觉
I felt someone touch my arm. 行为动词
Are you feeling better today than before 连系动词
3.smell嗅；闻起来
My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it. 行为动词
Great!The flowers smell nice. 连系动词
4. turn转动，翻动，使变得；变
The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)行为动词
When spring comes，the trees turn green and the flowers come out.(春天来了，树叶变绿了，花儿开了。)
上述句子中的动词如look、feel、smell等，既可以作连系动词，又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢 有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。例如：
The trees turn/are green when spring comes.
The earth turns around the sun.
这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词，意为“转动”。无法以is替换。
2. be动词既可以作系动词， 又可以作助动词
例：He is a teacher.
He is teaching English now.
第一个is意为是，是连系动词。第二个is没意思，和teach构成进行时，是助动词。
3. do既可以作行为动词， 又可以作助动词
例：He always does his homework after school.
He always doesn’t do his homework.
第一个does意为做，是行为动词，第二个does没有意思，和后面的do构成否定句，是助动词。
4. will既可以作助动词，又可以作情态动词
例：I will be a successful business woman in the future.
I will help you with your English.
第一个will和be构成将来时，第二个will表示愿意。
动词的基本形态
(一). 动词的基本形式变化规则
形式 构成 例词
动词原形 不带to的动词不定式形式，也就是词典中一般给出的形式 be, have, do, learn
第三人称单数形式 一般情况下只在动词后加s work—works, write—writes; stay-stays, play-plays
以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies study—studies
注：不规则变化 have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does等。
-ing形式 一般情况下在动词后加ing study—studying, work—working
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing write—writing, move—moving
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing get—getting, begin—beginning
少数以ie结尾的名词，要将ie改为y，再加ing lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying
注：（A）以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以， 如travel—traveling（美） /travelling（英）。（B）特例：picnic—picnicking
过去式和过去分词（规则变化） 一般情况直接加ed ask—asked, work—worked
以不发音的e结尾，只加d love—loved, dance—danced
以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied try—tried, study—studied
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed stop—stopped, permit—permitted
注：（A）以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlled；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveled（美）/traveled（英）。（B）特例：picnic—picnicked。
(二).动词几种形式的用法：
动词原形
动词原形主要用在一般现在时态当中、情态动词之后、祈使句、动词否定句助动词之后。
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
I must go now, or I will be late.
Please open the door.
We don’t go to school on weekends.
动词的三单形式
一般现在时中，当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词需要用三单形式
He likes playing computer games very much.
This cat often sleeps in the daytime.
动词不定式：动词不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语
To give is better than to receive.
I find it necessary to take exercise every day.
Do you like to play football
Ma Lily asked her father to buy her a new bike.
I need something to eat.
He went to see a football match.
批注：it作形式主语或形式宾语代替to do的结构老师可以给与归纳梳理； 在英语中有些单词后只能跟不定式结构，如：agree，begin，decide，hope，learn，like，seem，start, try, want, wish等。有些可跟不定式做定语也可跟动名词做定语，如：like,love,begin,start,hate. 有些可跟不定式也可跟动名词但意义不同，如：want, need,remember,gorget,go on,try,mean等。
动词ing形式
A. 做谓语与be 动词构成进行时， 此时是现在分词。
He is watching TV now.
I was doing my homework when you called me last night. 昨晚你给我打电话时我正在做作业。
动词的过去式（用在一般过去时态结构中）
They went to Beijing last night.
He didn’t take part in the sports meeting.
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第一讲动词分类 配套习题
单项选择
1.The tour guide ________ autumn is the best season to visit Jiuzhaigou.
A. talked B. told C. said D. spoke
2. --- Our team ________ the match. We've got the first place!
--- Well done! Congratulations!
A. hit B. beat C. won D. watched
3. --- Would you please ________ the TV a little Little Tom is sleeping.
--- Sorry. I will.
A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on D. turn off
4. With the help of the computer, news can ________ every corner of the world quickly.
A. get B. arrive C. reach D. return
5. Those foreign visitors ________ our city the day before yesterday.
A. arrived B. reached C. reached to D. got in
6. If you want to know the meaning of that word, you'd better ________ in the dictionary.
A. look it up B. look up it C. look it for D. look for it
7. The cloth ________ very soft and comfortable.
A. smells B. tastes C. feels D. sounds
8. --- Do you know Tom
--- Sure, we have ________ in the same village for many years.
A. left B. lived C. come D. gone
9. I used to quarrel a lot with my parents, but now we ________ just fine together.
A. get along B. get up C. get away D. get off
10. Thanks for your invitation, but I am so sorry I can't go. I need to ________ my baby at home.
A. take away B. take off C. take care of D. take out of
答案：1-5CCACB 6-10BCBAC
二．适当形式填空(单句适当形式)
1. I spent half an hour (finish) the work yesterday.
2. He will go to the park if it (not rain) tomorrow.
3. The baby stopped (cry) when he found his mother.
4. You should (answer) the teacher's question seriously(认真地).
5. In Switzerland, it's very important (be) on time.
6. The film (make) me sad last night.
7. Did you have fun (play) near the sea
8. Yesterday I forgot (lock) the windows and it rained all night.
9.May____swim.(can)
10.C____ you lend(借) me your pen
答案：1.finishing 2.doesn’t rain 3.crying 4.answer 5.to be
6.made 7.playing 8.to lock 9.can 10.Can
三．完形填空
Everyone wants to be beautiful (美丽的), and I do, too. Do you want to know 1 I do to keep beautiful every day Let me 2 you. After getting up in the morning, I wash 3 face. And I also 4 it before ( 在 …… 以 前 ) I go to bed in the evening. In this way, I can make my skin (皮肤) clean. I think washing the 5 is important.
I like watching TV in the evening and the 6 The Voice of China is my favorite. But I never watch TV for a 7 time. I usually go to bed before 10 o’clock. A good sleep can 8 me to keep beautiful. I like 9 best and I eat an apple every morning. For lunch, I eat vegetables like carrots. For dinner, I have some fruit salad. Eating fruit and vegetables is good 10 the skin.
( )1. A. what B. why C. how D. when
( )2. A. call B. meet C. tell D. know
( )3. A. her B. his C. your D. my
( )4. A. see B. draw C. clean D. finish
( )5. A. bed B. face C. teeth D. clothes
( )6. A. show B. trip C. festival D. party
( )7. A. short B. long C. free D. busy
( )8. A. teach B. ask C. help D. need
( )9. A. pears B. bananas C. strawberries D. apples
( )10. A. of B. for C. with D. at
答案：1-5ACDCB 6-10ABCDB
四：阅读理解
I have three best friends. They all like collecting (收集).
Max is interested in collecting model planes. And about fifty model planes are in his living room. In his free time, Max likes going to toy stores and buying model planes there.His mom is not happy for that. She thinks Max should use the money on the right things.
Simon likes collecting storybooks.Storybooks are everywhere in his room--- in the bookcase, on the sofa and under the chair.There's hardly any space for people to sit on.Every time there is a book sale in his school,Simon must be there.
As his grandpa' s favorite grandson, Charlie follows (跟随) his grandpa and becomes a collector of stamps (邮票). He’ll have a stamp show (展览) in our school next week. He thinks collecting stamps is very interesting. Some stamps show great works on art. Some stamps show history. Some stamps show geography. That's really fun. But as a student, he knows he shouldn’t spend much time on it.
As for me, I like collecting newspapers. When you get into my room, you can see newspapers everywhere. I like to read them and extract (摘录) some sentences from them. I spend too much time reading them, so my parents think this hobby is not good for my study.
( )1.In his free time,Max loves to go to the .
A.store B.library C.cinema D.zoo
( )2.Charlie’s grandpa likes______,too.
A.watching the show B.reading books C.collecting newspapers D.collecting stamps
( )3. It takes the writer (作者) lots of time to .
A. play sports B. do the homework C.read newspapers D. tidy the room
( )4. From the passage we know that .
A.Charlie and Simon are good friends
B. Charlie' s grandpa likes great works of art
C.Max has about fifty model planes
D.the writer' s mother thinks collecting newspapers is fun
答案：1-4ADCC
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