人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册 Unit5 Launching Your Career长难句语法课课件(共41张PPT)

(共41张PPT)
Sentences types
Simple Sentence 简单句
Compound Sentence 并列句
Complex Sentence 复合句
Compound Complex 并列复合句
简单句是只有一个主语 (或并列主语) 和一个谓语 (或并列谓语) 构成的句子。例如：
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
(并列主语，只有一个谓语)
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the magazines. (并列谓语，只有一个主语)
语法精析
一、简单句
一、简单句成分分析
【观察下面五种句型，归纳句型结构】
She likes music._______________________
The girl is pretty_______________________
Everybody laughs._____________________
He gave me a gift._____________________
We keep the table clean.________________
主+谓+宾
主+系+表
主+谓
主+谓+间宾+直宾
主+谓+宾+宾补
Long Sentences 长句
Grammar
句子类型：
复合句（complex sentence）
由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子；
并列句（compound sentence）
由并列连词或其他并列手段连接两个或两个以上的简单句而成的句子；
并列复合句（compound-complex sentence）
并列句中的两个分句含有从句的复杂句子。
简单句+并列连词+简单句
If you want to hold a koala, you have to go to certain licensed zoos where animal experts make sure that the koalas selected for each session are in a good state for human contact and that they are handled for only a limited time and on a limited frequency of occasions.
如果想抱抱考拉，你得去那些有执照的动物园。那里的动物专家会确保挑选出来的考拉状态良好、适合与人接触，游客爱抚考拉的时长和频率也有限制。
该句的主干是一个主谓状结构（you have to go to zoos），if引导的是条件状语从句，where后面直到句尾是个很长的定语从句，修饰zoos。这个定语之所以长，是因为其中含有两个由that引导的宾语从句。
But by any criteria this work is worth it to us as well, because it shows that we are global citizens interested in world stability, and that we feel responsible for others and are ready to build a community with a shared future for mankind.
但以任何标准来看，这项工作对我们都是值得的；因为它表明，我们是关注世界稳定的全球公民，我们对他人负有责任，我们为建立人类命运共同体做好了准备。
这个长句，第一层从because分开，前面的主句为“主系表”结构，because后面直到句尾是一个“主谓宾”结构的原因状语从句，用来说明“这项工作很有意义”的理由。第二层，原因状语从句内部包含两个由that引导的宾语从句，作show的宾语。第三层，两个that引导的宾语从句是并列关系，也都是“主系表”结构。
定义：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite.
One of the clock’s hands is short; the other two are long.
二、并列句
分类
并列
转折
选择
因果
对比
祈使句＋and/or ＋简单句
1) 表并列关系，引导词有：and，not only...but also，neither...nor，both...and，not...but…
Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.
Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough.
2) 表转折关系：but，yet，whereas，nevertheless (但是；然而)
John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday.
Jane said that she was ill, yet/but/whereas I saw her in the street just now.
注意主谓一致
注意否定词置于句首，构成倒装
3. 表选择关系：or，otherwise，or else，either...or
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train.
Either you come to my place or I go to yours.
4. 表因果关系：for，so
We had better stay at home, for it was raining.
He didn’t work hard, so he failed in the examination.
5. 表对比关系：while
I do every single bit of housework while my husband Tom just washes dishes now and then.
6. 祈使句＋and/or ＋简单句，祈使句表示一个条件，and引导的简单句表示一个承接的结果，or引导的简单句表示一个相反的结果，简单句多用一般将来时态。
Read this story, and you will enjoy your life now more.
Take the flowers into a warm room, or they will die quickly.
①She’s not only a great dramatic actress ____________ she’s also very funny.
②He has plenty of money ____________ he can spend it freely.
③Leave it with me ____________ I will see what I can do with it.
④Don’t drive so fast ____________ you’ll have an accident.
⑤The shops were closed ____________ I didn’t get any milk.
在空白处填入适当的并列连词
but
and
and
or
so
定义及结构
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。主句与从句之间用关联词连接起来。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
三、复合句
2. 主从复合句的分类
根据从句对主句的修饰、限定和补充作用，主从复合句主要分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1) 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，因此可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
That the match will be cancelled is now certain. (主语从句)
How it all happened is a mystery to me. (主语从句)
I know (that) you’ll succeed. (宾语从句)
I wonder if you could stay for another day. (宾语从句)
The question is whether they have singed a contract.
(表语从句)
That’s why I object to the plan. (表语从句)
There is a rumour (流言、谣言) that he has married a widow. (同位语从句)
The idea that money means everything is unsound. (同位语)
引导名词性从句的从属连词可分为三类：
连接词：that，whether，if(不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whose，which，whichever
连接副词：when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever
John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
What I want to know is why the detective is accused.
我想知道的是那个侦探为什么被指控。
2. 定语从句
定语从句多由关系词 (关系代词或关系副词) 引出。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
(when在从句中作状语，可替换成介词in＋which)
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
(as引导非限制性定语从句，可位于主句前面)
3. 状语从句
用作状语的从句很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、目的、结果、比较、让步等。
I didn’t manage to do it until you had explained how.
(时间状语从句)
Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
(原因状语从句)
You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all. (目的状语从句)
He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school.
(结果状语从句)
As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll turn our dreams into realities.
(条件状语从句)
Although it’s raining, they are still working in the fields.
(让步状语从句)
四、并列复合句
如果并列句中的两个分句又含有从句的话，那就成为更加复杂的并列复合句。例如：
I admire Tim, but he doesn’t admire me, although I try hard to impress him.
我钦佩蒂姆，但他并不钦佩我，尽管我努力想给他留下深刻印象。
前1、2分句是并列关系，而第1、2分句与第3分句之间又是主从复合关系。
Even if you fail, at least you try, and you are a better person for it.
即使你失败了，至少你努力了，而且你是做这个事情的理想人选。
前1、2分句是主从复合关系，而第1、2分句与第3分句之间又是并列关系。
①It is still unknown ____________ team will win the match.
②The road is covered with snow.I can’t understand _________ they insist on going by motorbike.
③After three days’ waiting，there was a little doubt in the mother’s mind ________ the police could find her lost child.
④The fact ____________ he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
在空白处填入适当的引导词
which
why
whether
that
The English sentence
adj.
介词短语
adv.
n.
从句
定从
同位语
非谓语
并列结构
状从
名从
长难句首先要断开，进行简化，留下主干成分
（主谓；主谓宾；主系表；主谓双宾；主谓宾宾补)；
去掉枝叶成分（各种插入语，从句，定状补同）
高考长难句分析口诀
长难句，看仔细。
一划二括三会意。
主谓宾，先注意。（一划）找标点；找连接词
(介短非谓和从句)。（二括）
抓主题，去修饰。（三会意）
逻辑关系要注意。
【译文】如果想抱抱考拉，你得去那些有执照的动物园。那里的动物专家会确保挑选出来的考拉状态良好、适合与人接触，游客爱抚考拉的时长和频率也有限制。
① If you want to hold a koala, you have to go to certain licensed zoos where animal experts make sure (that) the koalas selected for each session are in a good state for human contact and that they are handled for only a limited time and on a limited frequency of occasions.
【分析】该句的主干是一个主谓状结构（you have to go to zoos），if引导的是________从句，where后面直到句尾是个很长的________从句，修饰________。第一个that引导________从句，第二个that引导________从句。
【典例一】　翻译句子
条件状语
定语
zoos
宾语
宾语
【译文】但以任何标准看，这项工作对我们也是值得的；因为它表明，我们是关注世界稳定的全球公民，我们对他人负有责任，我们为建立人类命运共同体做好了准备。
②But by any criteria this work is worth it to us as well, because it shows that we are global citizens interested in world stability, and that we feel responsible for others and are ready to build a community with a shared future for mankind.
【分析】这是长句，第一层从because分开，前面的主句为“__________”结构，because后面直到句尾是一个“__________”结构的_________从句，用来说明“这项工作很有意义”的理由。第二层，原因状语从句内部包含两个由that引导的_____从句。第三层，两个that引导的宾语从句是______关系，也都是“_______”结构。
【典例一】　翻译句子
主系表
主谓宾
原因状语
宾语
并列
主系表
【典例二】　People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory象牙 would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.【分析】that 引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage和hurt，根据逻辑意义可知，encourage和hurt 的主语是weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。【句意】　
【
】
人们 担心【削弱(21年以来被禁止象牙交易的)禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少】。
【典例三】Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting记录 the fortunes财产 of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.【分析】句子主干为Economists analysed findings; from the University of Sussex 作Economists的后置定语；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的后置定语；a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 的同位语；charting ...作project后置定语who引导定语从句,修饰先行词teenagers。
【句意】
（ ）
（ ）
[ ]
来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了数千名在20世纪90年代中期在美国上中学的一组青少年的财产情况。
【典例四】Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self-growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.【分析】本句为复合句，句中Whether引导主语从句，as 引导原因状语从句，how well 引导的从句作介词of 的宾语。
【句意】
你与教授相处是否融洽对你的自身发展有很大影响，因为这是衡量你是否尊重权威和服从要求的标准。
【典例五】
The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.【分析】本句的主干The fact does not mean that ...emotions，其中，第一个that 引导是同位语从句。第二个that为宾从，其中as do members of another 是状语从句，助动词do 位于主语members of another 前形成倒装，主语后省略了express their emotions。【句意】
　 （一种文化背景下的人不像另一种文化背景下的人一样直率地表达他们的情感），这一事实并不意味着他们没有这些情感。
(2014年全国卷I 阅读D篇)
In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations, including UNESCO and National Geographic, have for many years been recording dying languages and the culture which they reflect.
Many scholars are making efforts to ______
A. promote global languages.
B. rescue the disappearing languages.
C. search for languages communities.
D. set up languages research organizations.
B
【句意】为了防止语言流失，包括联合国教科文组织和国家地理在内的许多组织的学者多年来一直在记录濒临灭绝的语言和它们所反映的文化
（2020年全国II卷B篇）The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial空间的 skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
研究人员分析了53对儿童-父母在家中日常活动的视频记录，并发现在26 - 46个月大的时候玩拼图的孩子比在54个月大的时候有更好的空间技能。
（2020年全国I卷C篇）
According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour, /which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking,/ although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
根据大多数的计算结果，以每小时6英里的速度行走的竞走者，每小时会消耗800卡路里，消耗的热量大约是步行者的两倍，但是比跑步者要少，跑步者每小时大概可以消耗1000卡路里，甚至更多。
①It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals，corporations，and other social organizations.
[分析]　本句为复合句。其中，one指代前面的_______________，后面为 从句，修饰先行词_________，且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。
句意：________________________________________________
________________________________________________
训练检测
accomplishment
one
这是一个惊人的成就，一个没有来自个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨的支持我们就不可能取得的成就。
定语
②What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past.
[分析]　此句中What 引导的是________从句，作句子的 。此外，I had experienced in the past为____________从句，修饰先行词 。
句意：_______________________________________________
主语
定语
我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。
训练检测
主语
anything
③If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily.
[分析]　本句为主从复合句。If引导的是____________从句，因表示对与过去事实相反的假设，所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导的____________从句。
句意：_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
条件状语
宾语
如果三年前有人告诉我我会用大部分的周末时间来野营，我会狂笑不已。
训练检测
Advice on Making a Career Plan
A The plan will require you to focus on __________ you want to do and __________ to achieve it.
B A career plan makes you think about your future, including ___________ careers interest you most and __________ skills and trainings you will need to succeed.
Complete the sentences using what, which, that, who, and how. Then put the sentences into the correct order to make a complete passage.
what
how
what
what/which
C Of course, the CV should be tailored to match the careers in your plan, ____________ will leave you well prepared to make the most of all opportunities _____________ become available to you.
D Finally, for useful information on ____________ to decide on careers and ____________ to put in your CV, find some websites ____________ specialise in career advice or go to someone ___________ can help.
which
which/that
how
what
that/which
who
E Along with your career plan, you should also think about a CV, ____________ is essential for showing your potential employers your skills and experiences.
F These two things are ____________ you should start thinking about right now, as they will safeguard your future, ____________ is important to everyone.
which
what
which
Correct order:
A ____ B____ C____ D____ E ____ F ____
2
1
4
5
3
6
Write a paragraph about a person you admire. Try to use compound sentences, complex sentences or compound-complex sentences where necessary.