北师大版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 3 Celebrations基础知识学案（无答案）

高一必修一
Unit 3
Unit 3—Section A
1.character n.(书、剧本、电影等中的)人物，角色；(某人的)个性，性格；(某物的)特征，特点；文字，字母，符号
①a major/minor character 主要/次要人物；
②have a strong/weak character 个性强/不强；
③in character 符合...的个性； ④out of character 不符合...的个性；
⑤Chinese character 汉字； ⑥the character of... ...的特点。
练习：
写出下列句中character的含义
1.Mr. Brown loves to learn Chinese characters.
2.The book gives a fascinating insight into Mrs. Blair’s character.
3.At the last moment, Tom decided to put in a new character to make the story seem more likely.
4.The whole character of the campus has changed.
单句语法填空
5.We are good friends and we are much alike character.
6.Herr behavior last night was completely out character.
2.as well as 除...之外，也，还
as well as用于连接两个并列成分；
as well as与动词连用时，其后可用动名词形式，尤其是as well as位于句首时，此时相当于in addition to；
as well意为“也，还，又”，用于肯定句句末，其前不用逗号。
A as well as B，强调A，A作主语时，谓语动词的数与A保持一致；
not only A but also B，强调B，B作主语时，谓语动词的数与B保持一致。
练习：
1.The teacher as well as some teenagers (visit) the factory now.
2.Dr. Smith, as well as his wife and daughters, (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.
3.The basketball coach, as well as his team, (interview) shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
4.As well as (play) the piano, the actress can sing well.
5.Not only he but also his brothers (work) like mad at the moment.
3.完全倒装(here，there等副词谓语句首时引起完全倒装)
下列情况要用完全倒装结构：
①句首是here，there，now，then等副词，谓语动词使be，go，come等，且主语是名词时；
例：Now comes your turn to make a self-introduction.
②当表示方位的副词如up，down，in，out，off，away等谓语句首，谓语动词是表示运动的不及物动词如come，go，run，rush，fly等，且主语是名词时。
例：Out rushed the children as soon as the bell rang.
③当表示地点的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词是不及物动词如lie，stand，sit，exist或系动词be，且主语是名词时。
例：On the table stand two glasses and an empty bottle.
④当表语位于句首时。
例：Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
【注意】：
①完全倒装结构要注意主谓一致，谓语动词的单复数取决于置后的主语；
②当主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装。
练习：
1.Then (come) the moment we had been looking forward to.
用完全倒装句翻译下列句子
2.远处矗立着一座建筑。
3.现在轮到你接受面试了。
4.村外有片稻田。
5.树叶落下了。
6.屋前有棵大树。
7.出席会议的有来自世界各地的科学家。
4.approach v.走近，靠近，处理；n.靠近，接近，方式，方法，通路
①be easy to approach 容易接近，容易到达；②at the approach of 在...来临时；
③with the approach of... 随着...的来临；
④an approach to (doing) sth. 做某事的方法（to是介词）；
⑤adopt/take an approach 采用一种方法。
练习：
1.The expert is a person (容易接近).
2. (快到...的时候) the interview, he became rather than nervous and upset.
3.John, a popular teacher, (有一种独特的方法) making his literature classes lively.
4.The best approach building up your body is to do exercise every day.
5.Soldiers were guarding the approaches the palace city.
6.Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to (work) things out.
5.turn to 求助于，转向，翻到(书的某页) (to是介词)
turn to sb. for help/advice 向某人求助/寻求建议
【拓展】：①turn up 调高，出现，被找到； ②turn down 调低，拒绝；
③turn in 上交，交还； ④turn into (使)变成； ⑤turn over 翻转，移交；
⑥turn out 结果是，证明是；⑦turn around 转身； ⑧turn on/off打开/关掉。
练习：
1.When I am in trouble, I always (向我的朋友们求助).
2.With no one to turn in such a frightening situation, the girl felt helpless.
3.When the sports hero turned at our party, he was welcomed with open arms.
4.The road conditions there turned to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
5.Tom had to turn the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
6.chat n.&v.闲谈，聊天
①have a chat with sb. about sth.=chat with sb. about sth. 跟某人聊关于某事；
②chat sb. up 与某人搭讪。
练习：
1.I had a chat my parents last night about whether we would plant some trees in the yard.
2.He chatted with his partner the topic of the speech.
3.He (和他的英语老师聊关于...) how to enlarge his vocabulary
7.focus v.(把...)集中(于)；调节(...的)焦距；n.焦点，重点。
①focus (one’s attention/mind) on... 把(某人的注意力)集中于...；
②focus one’s eyes on... 注视...； ③come into focus 成为焦点；
④bring sth. into focus 使某事成为焦点；
⑤in focus/out of focus (照片、相机等)焦点对准/没有对准。
练习：
1.Nowadays the professional sculptor used his creativity and
(专注于) sculpture.
2.She tried to (把她的注意力集中于) her work.
3.In this scene, the camera (对准) the actor’s face.
4.The children’s faces are badly (模糊不清) in the photograph.
8.assume & assuming & assumption
(1)assume v.假定，假设，认为
①assume sb./sth. (+to be)+n./adj. 意为...是...；
②It’s generally assumed that... 人们普遍认为...。
(2)assuming conj.假如，假设...为真。
assuming that... 假定...，常作独立成分。
(3)assumption n.假定，假设
①make an assumption 作出假设，认为； ②on the assumption that... 假定...。
【拓展】英语中常见的独立成分：
①supposing/providing... 假如/如果...； ②considering... 考虑到...；
③judging from... 根据...判断； ④given... 考虑到...，鉴于...。
练习：
1.The professor said scientists once that the theory was based on a wrong .(assume)
2.I have always assumed him (be) a doctor, but in fact he is a lawyer.
3. (assume) that you are chosen to be a volunteer at the Olympic Games, what will you do
4.We all made the (assume) that the company would close due to his wrong decision.
5. (人们普遍认为) stress is caused by too much work.
9.respect & respected & respectable & respectful
(1)respect v.尊敬，敬重；n.尊敬，敬重，敬意，问候，方面。
①respect sb. for sth. 因某事尊重某人；②respect sb. as 尊敬某人为...；
③show respect for 对...表示尊敬； ④have respect for sb. 尊敬某人；
⑤win/earn/gain one’s respect 赢得某人的尊敬；
⑥out of respect 出于尊重； ⑦lose one’s respect 失去某人的尊敬；
⑧in some respects 在某些方面；
⑨give/send one’s respects to sb. 代...问候某人；
⑩in respect of = with respect to关于，就...而言.
(2)respected adj.受尊敬的； (3)respectable adj.体面的，值得尊敬的；
(4)respectful adj.恭敬的。
练习：
1.Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be equally
(respect).
2.Give my (respect) to your wife.
3. (为了表示我们的尊敬), we usually have to take our gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.
4.Children should (对...表示尊重) their parents and teachers.
5.In a way, I think we both won--I won the game but you
(赢得了我的尊重).
10.ignore & ignorant & ignorance
(1)ignore v.忽视，不理，(故意对知道的事)置之不理；
①ignore one’s advice 不理会某人的意见；
②ignore the fact that... 忽略...的事实(that引导同位语从句)；
(2)ignorant adj.无知的，不了解的
be ignorant about/of sth.对...无知/不了解
(3)ignorance n.无知，愚昧
①be in ignorance of sth. 不知道...，对...不了解；
②out of ignorance 出于无知。
练习：
1.We are in complete (ignore) of your schedule.
2.It’s stupid of him to be (ignore) of his parents’ warning.
3. (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
4.To say you were (ignore) of the requirements is an excuse.
5.We will never (忽略你的意见), whether they are positive or negative.
11.动名词（短语）作主语
单个动名词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。一般来说，动名词（短语）作主语表示一种抽象的或泛指的动作。
可用it作形式主语，而将动名词（短语）后置，常用句式：
①It is no use/no good doing sth. 做某事没有用。
②It is a waste of time doing sth. 做某事浪费时间。
③It is no fun doing sth. 做某事没有乐趣。
【注意】：doing与to do都可以作主语，doing表示比较抽象的行为或者强调做某件事持续的状态；而to do表示具体的某一次的行为。
练习：
1.It’s no use (cry) over spilt milk.
2.It’s no good (complain) to your boss about so munch work.
3.Listening to loud music at rock concerts (have) caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
4. (躺在海滩上) makes a person relaxed.
5. (大声读英语) in the morning will do you a lot of good.
6. (看太长时间的电视) is bad for your eyes.
12.professional & profession
(1)professional adj.职业的，专业的；n.专业人员
①seek professional advice/help 寻求专业意见/帮助；
②professional qualifications/skills 专业资格/技能；
③health professionals 保健专业人员。
(2)professor n.[C]职业，行业
①the medical/legal/teaching profession 医疗/法律/教学专业；
②enter/go into/join a profession 加入一个行业；
③by profession 在职业方面。
练习：
1.I’d like to have a chat with the (profession) lawyer about some confusing behavior.
2.Mike was a policeman profession.
3.--Are you willing to train your son to be (一名职业运动员)
--Frankly speaking, I hope he can do whatever suits his interest.
13.①advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事；
②advise doing sth. 建议做某事；
③advise作“建议”讲时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
【拓展】：
①allow/permit sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事；
allow/permit doing sth.允许做某事；
②forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事；forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事。
练习：
1.The doctor advised my father not (smoke) any more, but he didn’t listen.
2.I wouldn’t advise (drive) the car--there’s nowhere to park.
3.The teacher advised that the boy
(应该勇敢地接受挑战).
4.The teacher (建议多做练习) to improve his English.
14.suit & suitable & unsuitable
(1)suit v.适合；n.套装，西装
①suit sth. to sth. 使某物适合另一物；
②suit one’s needs/tastes适合某人的需要/口味；
(2)suitable adj.适合的，合适的
①be suitable for sb./sth. 适合某人/某物； ②be suitable to do sth.适合做某事。
(3)unsuitable adj.不合适的。
【辨析】：suit，fit与match
①suit指合乎需要、口味、条件、地位等，也指衣服的款式、颜色等合适；
②fit指大小、形状合适，衣服合身；
③match强调两者搭配协调。
练习：
1.Car companies should design more types of cars to
(适合公众需要).
2.She had the ability to suit her performances the audience.
3.This diet is (suit) for anyone who wants to lose weight fast.
4.I am afraid I am not suitable (do) such kind of work.
选词填空：suit，match，fit
5.I want to take this jacket because it me well and
my trousers, though the style doesn’t me.
15.talent & talented
(1)talent n.天赋，才能，天才，人才
①have (a) talent for...在...方面有天赋；②a person of many talents 多才多艺的人；
③show (a) talent for... 展现出...方面的天赋；
(2)talented adj.有才能的，有才干的
【拓展】：gift 与gifted
(1)gift n.天赋，天才，才能
have a gift for... 有...天赋
(2)gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
①be gifted in... 在...方面有天赋； ②be gifted with... 具有(令人愉快的东西)。
练习：
英译汉
1.a talent show 2.a great talent
3.a man of many talents
单句语法填空
4.It’s a special joy to have so many bright, smart and (talent) young people here.
5.John has a talent playing soccer. He is well suited to be a professional player.
6. (gift) with a beautiful voice, she also sang soos in her school’s chorus.
Unit 3—Section B
1.regularly & regular
(1)regularly adv.经常，定期地
(2)regular adj.经常的，定期的，有规律的
【辨析】regular，normal，ordinary
①regular意为“定期的，有规律的”，指已有模式是有规律的或定期的；
②normal意为“正常的，标准的”，指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规；
③ordinary意为“普通的，平常的”，强调一般性和普遍想，含不突出的意味。
练习：
1.We used to write to each other (regular), but I haven’t heard from him since last year.
选词填空：regular，normal，ordinary
2.The old man shops here on a basis.
3.It’s to feel tired after such a long trip.
4.I strongly believe that most people would agree with me.
2.responsible & responsibility
(1)responsible adj.(对事故、错误、罪行等)负有责任的，应承担责任的，(对某人、某事)负责的
①Sb. is responsible for... 某人对...负有责任/负责；
②Sth. is responsible for... 某事是...的原因；
③be responsible for... 对...负有责任/负责，是...的原因。
(2)responsibility n.责任，义务，职责
①a sense of responsibility 责任感；
②have responsibility for (doing) sth. 有(做)某事的责任；
③take responsibility for (doing) sth. 承担(做)某事的责任；
④It’s one’s responsibility to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任。
练习：
1.Mike id responsible the exchange study programme.
2.They have responsibility ensuring that the rules are enforced.
3.The minister took full (responsible) for the disaster and resigned.
4.The city council (对...负责) keeping the streets clean.
5.The poor health (是...的原因) his quitting the job.
6.She has (很强的责任感) towards her students.
3.memory n.[C]记忆，回忆；n.[C，U]记忆力，记性
①have a good/bad memory (for sth.) (对某事)记忆力好/差；
②from memory 凭记忆；
③in memory of 为了纪念。
练习：
1.She has an excellent memory names, which helps her quite a lot in her work.
2.The library was built in memory the scientist who had made significant contributions to society.
4.even though=even if虽然，尽管
【辨析】even if/even though与as if/as though
①even if/even though，意为“虽然，即使”，引导让步状语从句；
②as if/as though，意为“似乎，好像”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句，从句常用虚拟语气表示所述情况与事实不符。
练习：
1.We’ll support you (即使你不成功).
2.I won’t give up, (即使我失败) a hundred times.
选词填空：even though，as though
3.It looked the storm had an awful lot of force.
4.Allow children the space to voice their opinions, they are different from your own.
5.can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地做某事 (=can hardly wait to do sth.)
【拓展】：
①can’t help doing sth. 忍不住做某事；②can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事；
③can’t help but do sth. 不得不做某事。
练习：
1.Laura could hardly wait (see) the twins again.
2.Hearing the news, she couldn’t help (laugh).
3.When Jim was told that he could go on a journey to China with his father, he
(迫不及待地收拾行李).
6.aim & aimless & aimlessly
(1)aim v.力求达到，瞄准，针对；n.[C]目标，目的；n.[U]瞄准。
①aim to do sth./ aim at doing sth. 力争做某事；②aim for sth. 努力争取某物；
③be aimed at doing sth.旨在做某事； ④be aimed at sb.针对某人；
⑤aim (sth.) at... (把某物)瞄准...；
⑥with the aim of... 以...为目的（=for the purpose of...）；
⑦achieve one’s aim 达到某人的目标； ⑧take aim at... 瞄准...。
(2)aimless adj.无目标的； (3)aimlessly adv.毫无目标地。
练习：
1.We should aim a bigger share (份额) of the market.
2.They’re aiming training everybody by the end of the year.
3.She went to London the aim of finding a job.
4.Should advertising of food and drinks which (针对) children be banned
5.She started the organization (旨在帮助) the local people.
7.observe & observation
(1)observe v.庆祝，过(节日、生日等)，观察，注意到，遵守。
①observe sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事（强调动作正在进行）；
②observe sb. do. sth. 注意到某人做了某事（强调动作发生的全过程）。
③observe sb. do. sth.变为被动语态时，不定式前面要加to：sb. be observed to do. sth.。
(2)observation n.观察
练习：
1.An airplane was observed (appear) on the screen of radar last week.
2.The policeman observed him (drive) at the speed of 90 miles per hour.
写出下列句中observe的含义
3.Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still observe the traditional customs.
4.It is a tradition for the people here to observe the Spring Festival.
5.The scientist devoted most of his lifetime to observing the behavior of the chimps.
6.The thief was observed to open the window and run away.
8.range n.一系列；v.在(一定的范围内)变化
①a wide/whole/full range of... 各种各样的...，广泛的...；
②in/within range of... 在...的范围捏；
③out of/beyond range of... 超出...的范围；
④range between A and B = range from A to B 在A 到B之间变化。
练习：
1.Our senior high school offers (各种各样的) after-school activities.
2.It is difficult to find a house (在我们的价格范围内).
3.The team contained ten players whose ages
(在10到16岁之间).
9.apologise/apologize & apology
(1)apologise/apologize v道歉
apologise to sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而向某人道歉；
(2)apology n.道歉，认错
accept/demand an apology 接受/要求道歉
【拓展】“因(做)某事而向某人道歉”的其他用法：
①say sorry to sb. for (doing) sth.； ②make an apology to sb. for (doing) sth.；
③offer sb. an apology for (doing) sth.
练习：
1.The manager apologised Judy for not arranging for someone to meet her at the airport.
2.They do not have the courage to apologise their deeds.
3.You should apologise him what you said.
4.He made an apology to the teacher for (come) late.
5.I think you should
(因你的无礼而向他道歉).
10.stress & stressed & stressful
(1)stress n.重音，重读，压力，紧张，强调；v.强调，用重音读。
①suffer from/deal with stress 承受/应对压力；②put/lay/place stress on... 强调...；
③under stress=under pressure 在压力下。
(2)stressed adj.(人)焦虑的，紧张的；
(3)stressful adj.(事物)充满压力的，紧张的。
练习：
1.She has been a lot of stress since her son’s injury.
2.When we get (stress), we tend to breathe more quickly.
3.I didn’t know it was a (stress) job when I took the position.
4.During his speech, he laid particular stress the freedom if the press.
11.impact n.作用，影响冲击力；v.(对...)产生影响。
①have/make an impact on/upon... 对...有/产生影响；
②impact on/upon... 对...产生影响。
【拓展】：
①affect/influence sb./sth. 影响某人/某事；
②have an effect/influence on/upon 对...有影响。
练习：
1.A study shows drinking coffee before exercise has a negative impact
the heart.
2.We are having a heated debate about the impact computers
children.
3.To tell the truth, smoking (对健康有不好的影响).
12.strength & strengthen
(1)strength n.[U]强烈程度，力量，力气；n.[C]优势，长处
①have the strength to do sth. 有做某事的力气；
②build up one’s strength 增加体力； ③with all one’s strength 用尽全力；
④strengths and weaknesses 优势与劣势。
【比较】：
①strength 体力，力气； ②power 权力，能力，动力；
③force 武力，暴力； ④energy 能量，活力，精力。
练习：
1.To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their (strength) and weaknesses.
选词填空：strength，power，force，energy
2.Believe it or not, can never destroy right (正义).
3.People should have more over the delicious that affect their lives.
4.Finally, the man lifted the big box with all his .
5.She is always full of .
Unit 3—Section C
1.admire & admiration & admirable
(1)v.钦佩，赞美，羡慕，欣赏，观赏
admire sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而钦佩/羡慕某人；
(2)admiration n.欣赏，钦佩
①have great/deep/a lot of admiration for... 十分钦佩...；
②in/with admiration 钦佩地，赞赏地。
(3)admirable adj.令人钦佩的，极其出色的
an admirable achievement 令人钦佩的成就
练习：
1.I admired him being so confident at his age.
2.I’m full of (admire) for those space heroes.
3.As a matter of fact, what he has done is really (admire).
4.All the children stood there, watching the pianist admiration.
2.judge & judgement
(1)judge v.认为，判断，裁判，评判；n.裁判员，法官。
①judge sb./sth. to be... 认为是某人/某物是...；②as far as I can judge 据我判断；
③a High Court judge 高等法院的法官；
(2)judgement/judgment n.看法，判断力，判决
in one’s judgement 在某人看来
【拓展】：judge by/from...，意为“根据...判断”，作状语时，是独立成分，不受主语的影响和限制，只用现在分词形式。有类似用法的还有：
①generally/exactly/frankly/honestly speaking 一般/确切/坦率/诚实地说；
②considering (that)... 考虑到...，鉴于...；
③providing/provided (that)... 假如...，倘若...。
练习：
1. (根据...判断) his expression, his request must have been turned down.
2. (据我判断), the total cost of the subway adds up to more than three billion yuan.
3.I’d prefer to reserve my (judge) until I find all the evidence.
4. (consider) he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
3.settle & settler & settlement
(1)settle v.和解，结束(争论)，确定，定居，(使)安定
①settle the differences 解决分歧；
②settle for 勉强接受，讲究；
③settle on/upon 决定，选定；
④settle down (使)平静下来，安顿下来，着手认真做(+to)。
(2)settler n.殖民者，移民者；
(3)settlement n.解决，协议。
【辨析】：settle & solve
①settle指解决争端，宾语多为issue，argument，quarrel，difference等；
②solve侧重给出答案，宾语多为problem，mystery，puzzle，difficulty等。
练习：
写出下列句中划线短语的含义
1.That tour guide had come to America and settled in Boston.
2.It took me a few minutes to settle down before I gave a speech.
3.Under the guidance of his father, he is very likely to settle the matter.
单句语法填空
4.I couldn’t afford the house I really wanted, so I had to settle
the second best.
5.Let’s settle down our studies. It’s a waste of time surfing the Internet every day.
6.With a lot of difficult problems (settle), the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
4.detail & detailed
(1)detail n.细节，细微之处，详情；v.详述。
①in detail详细地； ②go into detail(s) 详细叙述，逐一说明；
③have an eye for detail 善于捕捉细节。
(2)detailed adj.详细的。
练习：
1.I won’t (详细叙述) over the phone, but I’ve been having a few health problems recently.
2.We’d better discuss everything detail before we work out the plan.
3.Yesterday’s letter contains a (detail) account of the decisions.
4.Can you produce a report (detail) what we’ve spent on the project so far.
5.contain v.包含，含有，容纳，抑制，克制(感情)
①contain oneself 克制自己；
②contain one’s excitement 抑制激动之情。
【辨析】：contain 与 include
①A contains B (=B is inside A) B在A里面；
②A includes B (=B is part of A) B是A的一部分。
练习：
1.Hearing the news, he (无法克制自己) and burst into laughter.
选词填空：contain，include
2.The rocket a number of scientific instruments, a television camera.
3.Several cities competed to host and 32nd Olympic Games, Tokyo .
4.The information you need is in this report.
5.Our ten-day tour next week a visit to the Science Museum.
6.powerful & powerfully & power & powerless & powerlessly
(1)powerful adj.强有力的，有影响(感染)力的，有势力的，强壮的
(2)powerfully adv.强大地
(3)power n.权力，影响力，能力；vt.驱动
①within one’s power 在某人能力/权力范围之内；
②beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力/权力；
③be in power 掌权，执政（强调状态）；
④come to power 开始掌权/执政（强调动作）。
(4)powerless adj.无权力的；
(5)powerlessly adv.无力地。
练习：
1.Body language is one of the most (power) means of communication.
2.In the future all cars will (power) by electricity, solar energy or wind.
3.The (power) the car is, the more difficult it is to handle (操纵).
4.Not that I don’t want to help you, but that it’s (超出我的能力) to do so.
7.①in the lead 领先；
②take the lead 取得领先地位；③hold/lose the lead 保持/失去领先地位；
④play the lead 演主角； ⑤put...into the lead 使...领先；
⑥take the lead (in doing sth.) 带头(做某事)。
练习：
1.Despite the pain, the athlete was (领先) throughout the entire race.
2.They (带头做实验).
8.obviously & obvious
(1)obviously adv.明显地，显而易见地
(2)obvious adj.明显的，显然的
①be obvious to sb. 对某人来说是显而易见的；
②It is obvious that... 很明显...。
练习：
1. (obvious), this is going to take some time.
2.You (obvious) didn’t read the instructions on the pocket carefully.
3. (很明显) they are having fun on the seaside.
9.despite prep.尽管，虽然
despite与in spite of一样，是(短语)介词，后可接名词、代词和动名词作宾语，在句中作让步状语；而though，although，even if，even though则是连词，引导让步状语从句。
①despite+v-ing； ②despite+what从句。
练习：
1.It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth.
2.Despite (apply) for hundreds of jobs, he hasn’t found one.
3.She was good at physics (尽管事实是) she found it boring.
10.have+宾语+宾补
①have sb./sth. doing sth.使/让某人/某物持续地做某事（现在分词表示主动和正在进行）；容忍某人/某物做某事（多用于否定句中）;
②have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事(=get sb. to do sth.=make sb. do sth.)；
③have sth. done (=get sth. done) 让某事被做，遭受某事。
【注意】：have sth. to do意为“有某事要做”，have是实义动词“有”，to do作后置定语。
练习：
1.The police accused (指控) the driver of having the car (run) too fast.
2.I won’t have anyone (say) such negative things about our school.
3.When his mother had him (do) his homework, he decided to have the light (burn) all night to pretend to be working hard.
4.Peter had his computer (fix) because he didn’t know much about computers.
5.I have a lot of reading (complete) before the end of his term.
6.Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car
(wash).
11.positive & positively
(1)positive adj.积极的，好的，乐观的，肯定的；
①be positive about... 对...积极乐观； ②be positive that... 对...有把握。
(2)positively adv.积极地。
练习：
1.You’ve got to be more positive our work.
2.It’s hoped that the industry will respond (positive) to this new
project.
12.①leave...behind 把...抛在后面，忘记带走，留下，落后；
leave sb. behind=sb. be left behind
②leave out 省去，遗漏，忽视，冷落；
③leave...alone 不打扰(某人)，不碰(某物)；
④leave...aside 不予考虑，搁置一边。
练习：
1.The teacher stressed again that the students should not leave
any important details while retelling the story.
2.He set off for London, leaving the children with their mother.
3.Today, we will begin where we stopped yesterday so that no point will
(leave) out.
4.Leave me . I have been absorbed in writing an article all the afternoon and haven’t finished it yet.
5.We left in a hurry and I must have (忘了拿钥匙).
13.if条件句中的虚拟语气
if引导非真实性条件句时，谓语动词有以下三种形式：
虚拟情况 If条件句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
与现在事实相反 过去式(特例：be用were) would/could/might/should+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would/could/might/should+had+过去分词
与将来事实相反 (1)过去式(be用were)； (2)should+动词原形； (3)were to+动词原形。 would/could/might/should+动词原形
练习：
1.If Newton (live) today, he would be surprised by what has been discovered in science and technology.
2.If the weather (be) better, we could have had a picnic. But it
rained all day.
3.If he (follow) my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job.
4.If we (take) the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
Unit 3——单元语法：复习动词时态
一、一般现在时
（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。常与表示现在时间或频率的时间状语连用，如always，usually，often，constantly，every day，once a week，sometimes，at times，from time to time，occasionally，seldom，never，now，at present，nowadays，today等；
（2）表示客观真理或用于格言中；
（3）表示主语现在的特征或状态；
（4）按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。这种安排往往不可更改或不能随意变动。动词(短语)一般表示“开始，结束，到达，离开，起飞，开幕，举行，停止”等意义。例如begin，start，end，arrive，leave，take off，open，hold，close，stop等。
【注意】：“一般现在时表示将来”，其实是指一种“习惯性动作、规定性动作”在说话时尚未发生。
【拓展】：
1.在下列情况下用一般现在时代替一般将来时，
①在时间状语从句中；
例：His daughter won’t go to bed until she finishes her homework.
他女儿做完家庭作业才会上床睡觉。
②在条件状语从句中；
例：I’ll stay with you so long as there is a room free.
只要有空闲的房间,我就和你一起住。
【注意】will 作情态动词表示“愿意”时，if 引导的从句仍保留will：
例：If he won’t listen to me, I can’t help him.
如果他不愿听我的，我就不能帮助他。
③如果主句强调的是事实或结果，不但在时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时，主句也可用一般现在时代替将来时。
例：When the waste water from factories is cleaned and reused, a lot of money is saved. 当工厂的废水净化和再利用时，就省了许多钱。
④主句是将来时，让步状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
例：I will be happy as well whether I win or lose.
无论赢了还是输了，我同样都会感到高兴。
⑤主句是将来时，其中的定语从句或宾语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
例：You’ll be glad to eat what I cook , won’t you
你会高兴地吃我煮的东西，是吗
⑥当be表示客观时间注定发生的情况时，用一般现在时表将来；
例：My son’s birthday is in two months’ time. 我儿子的生日在两个月后。
⑦在here和there引导的倒装句中，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。
例：There goes the bell. 铃响了。
⑧在make sure，take care，be careful等后的that从中通常只用一般现在时表示将来意义。
例：Make sure you come back soon.
你要保证快点儿回来。
2.在下列情况下，可以用一般现在时代替一般过去时。
①在现代英语中，主句若是said，heard，asked，told等转述动词，其宾语从句使用现在时态的情况已比较普遍尤其是从句内容表达一种与现在有关的常态时。
例：He said he is a university student now.
他说他现在是一名大学生。
②在叙述过去的故事或发生的事情时，用现在时代替一般过去时，称为“历史现在时”或“戏剧现在时”。运用这种时态，可以给人以身临其境的感觉，增强感染力。
例：The story happens in the hot summer of 1930.
这个故事发生在 1930年炎热的夏天。
二、现在进行时
（1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。
即此时此刻正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the moment，at present等时间状语及look，listen等标志词连用；
（2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
这种用法表示目前一段时间内在做某一件事，但说话时必正在做。常与表示最近一段时间的状语连用，如these days，this week等；
（3）某些“终止性动词”(如finish，die，open，close，start，join，meet等)和“位移动词(短语)”(如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，start，return，take，take off等)，可以用现在进行时表示将来发生的动作。这时，句中一般有表示将来的时间状语；
（4）表示根据计划或安排将要发生的动作。
这类结构主语往往是人，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
【注意】：
①在时间和条件状语从句中，现在进行时并不表示现在正在进行的动作，而是将来或其他时候正在进行的动作。
②现在进行时可与always，constantly，all the time，forever，continually等词连用，用来表示反复发生的动作表达特定的感彩。常常带有赞叹、惊讶、厌恶、不满等情绪。
③现在进行时的否定式，有时表示说话人断然拒绝、禁止别人做某事的态度和决心。
④系动词be一般不用进行时。但若表示短暂的行为或表示“故意如此”时,也可用进行时。
⑤系动词get，turn，grow，become，go，come，fall，run的进行时表示一种渐进的过程。
⑥有此动词(短语)表示静态意义，如“拥有、观点、认知好恶”等概念，不用进行时；如果能够表示动态意义，可以用进行时。这类动词(短语)有： have， own，possess，contain， belong to，consist of，love，like，dislike，hate，prefer，know，understand，see，remember，doubt，realize，think，believe，consider，want，hope，wish等。
三、现在完成时
（1）表示过去开始的动作或存在的状态，一直延续到现在。
（2）表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，或者在说话时刚刚结束的动作，对现在仍有影响。
（3）用于描述过去的经历。
用于描述人生中的某个经历，经常与never，ever，only，once，twice，before等时间状语连用。
在This/It is the first time that... 结构中that从句要用现在完成时。这种用法也属于描述过去的经历。
（4）在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来完成时。
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用现在完成时表示将来已完成的动作。
【辨析】：
1.现在完成时与一般过去时的用法区别
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系，如对现在产生的结果或影响，它着眼于现在，不跟具体的过去时间状语连用；一般过去时则只表示过去的动作或状态，与现在没有联系可以跟具体的过去时间状语连用因此，凡是有明确的过去时间状语时，只能用一般过去时。对比如下：
Tom ate an apple.
Tom has eaten an apple.
以上两句都表示“汤姆吃了一个苹果”。但前者仅说明过去的一个动作，而后者则强调这一动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，说明他现在不饿、不渴或已经知道苹果的滋味等。
2.现在完成时与since连用的问题
since从句谓语动词如果是终止性动词，表示“自从做某事以来...”；since从句谓语动词如果是延续性动词，表示“自从不做某事以来...”。比较如下：
I haven’t been in touch with him since he came here.
自他来到这里，我就没有和他联系过。(说话时他仍在这里)
I haven’t been in touch with him since he lived here.
自从他不在这里居住，我就没有和他联系过。(说话时他已不在这里)
3.现在完成时与延续性动词和非延续性动词
①延续性动词用于现在完成时，可以跟表示一段时间的状语连用；
例：The visitors have stayed here for five days. 来访者在这儿住了五天了。
②非延续性动词用于现在完成时，不可以跟表示一般时间的状语连用；
例：The young man has joined the Party. 这位年轻入党了。
4.在现代英语特别是在美国英语中，常用一般过去时代替现在完成时。
5.have gone to和have been to
例：He has gone to Fuzhou. 他去福州了。(现在还没有回来)
He has been to Fuzhou. 他去过福州。(现在已经回来了)
6.延续性动词的现在完成时，若跟表示一段时间的状语连用，可表示状态延续至今。
【注意】：上面的例句说明：延续性动词跟时间段状语连用是“非终止用法”，也叫延续性用法，说话时该动作或状态尚未结束。不跟时间段状语连用是“终止用法”，也叫非延续性用法，说话时该动作或状态已经结束。
四、一般过去时
（1）表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday，the day before yesterday，just now，last night，last year，at that time，the other day，a few days ago，in the past，before等；
（2）表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常与always，usually，often，sometimes，never，when he was a child等时间状语连用。
（3）在时间和条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。
（4）一般过去时不表示过去的特殊情况。
在口语中，want，hope，wonder，wish，think等动词，可用一般过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度。
五、一般将来时
一般将来时由“shall/will+动词原形”构成，表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow，next week，before long，in the future，“in +一段时间”等时间状语连用其中shall用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。
一般将来时的其他表示法：
①be going to do结构，表示打算、计划、安排要做某事或有迹象表明要发生某事。
【注意】：will和be going to
两者都可以表示“将来意义”。be going to 既可指主观打算，也可指客观迹象表明将要发生；will往往指没有经过计划而临时产生的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意愿。
②be about to do 结构，表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与连词when(=and at this/that time)连接的并列分句连用。
③be to do 结构，表示按照约定即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
【辨析】：两种不同的“be+不定式”结构
“不定式作表语”和表将来的“be +不定式”结构，是两个不同的概念。
例：Her job is to look after the children她的工作是照料孩子。(系表结构)
She is to look after the children.
她将要照料孩子。(表将来，可能是安排的任务)
这两句话只是主语不同，其他部分完全一样，意思却大不相同。
Her job is to look after the children.意为“她的工作是照料孩子”。本句中，is是系动词，to look after the children是不定式短语作表语。主语和表语可以互换而意思保持不变：To look after the children is her job.(照料孩子是她的工作)。
She is o look after the children.意为“她将要照料孩子”，本句中，is是助动词,与不定式to look after一起，考将来。因为不是主系表结构，所以is前后两部分不能倒，不可以说：To look after the children is she.
系表结构的实质是：be是系动词，be前的主语和be后表语是同位概念，不定式是主语的内容和解释，主语往表示“目的、目标、想法、愿望、爱好、工作、责任、方法”之类的名词。
【注意】
某些“终止性动词”和“位移动词”，以及根据计划或安排将要发生的动作，都可以用现在进行时表示将来。这时句中一般有表示将来的时间状语。具体可参考前面的“现在进行时”。
六、语法专项训练
Ⅰ.选词填空
1.The court (assumes，assumed) that this section of town is actually a parking lot.
2.He is a sculpture with unique creativity and he (regard，is regarding) sculpting as his lifelong career.
3.Respecting the old and caring for the young (reflects，reflected) a person’s excellent qualities.
4.He (uses，used) his apartment as his studio, where his main income came from.
5.John (had，has) a talent for playing soccer, so he is well suited to be a professional player.
6.The media made a comment that Tom was an excellent athlete who
(aims，aimed) to win the gold medal.
7.Millions of fans (are，were) looking forward to meeting the soccer start now.
8.This gas is harmless to your skin, whether it (will be，is) visible or invisible.
9.The well-built athlete with tanned skin (is liking，likes) jogging. He has taken part in a series of track and field events.
10.The boy (throws，threw) the soccer onto the track, rolling and approaching toward the crowd.
11.Nowadays the professional sculptor (applies，applied) his creativity and focuses on sculpture.
12.In my opinion, that girl would rather (is，be) healthy and strong than slim.
Ⅱ.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.Jack (go) swimming in the river every day in summer.
2.It (seem) that you are right.
3.Look, the children (play) basketball on the playground.
4.He (listen) to the radio when I came in.
5.It is very wet and cold. I think it (rain).
6.--I need some paper. --I (bring) some for you.
7.I can’t find my pen. Who (take) it away
8.He said that he (come) back in five minutes.
9.I didn’t meet him. He (leave) when I got there.
10.I (lose) my bike, so I have to walk to school.
11.He (sit) down and began to read his newspaper.
12.He is very angry. He (not eat) anything for three days.
13.I (go) with you if I have time.
14.We will go to the cinema if it (be) fine tomorrow.
15.I will tell her the news when I (meet) her next week.
16.When you the car (buy)
17.We (be) good friends since we met at school.
18.What you at five yesterday afternoon (do)
19.The bike is nice. How much it (cost)
20.I don’t know when Mary to see me. But when she , I’ll tell her all about it.(come)