高三一轮语法复习（1）构建“问题解决式”教学模式

构建“问题解决式”教学模式
------英语学科教学问题组
高中英语总复习
基础语法部分
班级：______________
姓名：______________
目录
词性特征与充当成分
名词冠词代词
形容词副词
句子成分和句子结构
主谓一致
时态与语态
情态动词与虚拟语气
名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句
非谓语动词
特殊句式
情景交际
关于学好语法必须掌握的相关概念：（建议自学）
词性的英文缩写
在英语学习中，词性的掌握是非常的重要的。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )如果我们在记单词的时候只是把它们的拼写记下来而没有把它相应的词性记下来的话，我们就不能正确的使用它们，那么无论是写作还是口语表达中就都会犯错误，所以背单词的同时也要把他们的词性记准记牢。
缩写字母 原词 代表词性
n. noun 名词
v. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) verb 动词
vt. transitive verb 及物动词
vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词
modal v modal verb 情态动词
aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词
adj. adjective 形容词
adv. adverb 副词
num. numeral 数词
interj. interjection 感叹词
pron. pronoun 代词
prep. preposition 介词
art. article 冠词
conj conjunction 连词
及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened.
(open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)
He opened the door.
(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词)
注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
有些动词既可作及物动词又可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作不及物动词，词义相同。如：
The meeting began at six. < vi.>
We began the meeting at six. < vt.>
有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，但词义不同。如：
The man walked away.(walk不及物，意为“走”)
He walked the dog every day.( walk及物动词，“遛”)
She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”)
The clothes washes well.(wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)
英语中一些词及物与不及物的划分可能 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )与汉语不同。
He listens to the music every day.(listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)
指出下列句中划线动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物填vt.，不及物填vi.
Most birds can fly.（ ）
The children are flying kites in the park. ( )
It happened yesterday.（ ）
My watch stopped.（ ）
The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )
She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）
Shall I begin at once （ ）
She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）
When did they leave Beijing （ ）
They left last week. （ ）
实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。
实义动词
指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：
He lives quite ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ar. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词)
I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）
I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）
助动词
助动词的“助”，是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。
帮助构成时态的：
The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词)
He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词)
I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）
帮助构成否定句和疑问句的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：
Does he like English (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
帮助构成被动语态的
Trees are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词)
The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词)
帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)
帮助构成倒装句的
So did h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.
(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词)
帮助构成强调意义的
He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词)
因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。
一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。
He did his homework ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at seven o’clock.(did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词)
Did he do his homework yesterday (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
He has had breakfa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)
指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词：
Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming
He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.
Where does( ) he live ( )
He does ( ) some washing after work.
He has ( ) had ( )supper already.
The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.
I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.
He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.
情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：
He can swim acr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oss the river.(can的词义为“能够”)
You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)
I might leave tomorrow. （might的词义为“或许”）
谓语和非谓语
在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。
先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因：
Get up early is good for our health.
早起有利于我们的身体健康。
I want go home now.我现在想回家。
My favorite sport is play football.
我最喜爱的运动时踢足球。
There is a bird sings in the tree.
有一直鸟正在树上唱歌。
The boy sits over there likes singing.
坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。
The house was built last year has been sold out.
去年建的那座房子已经出售了。
The girls are singing over there are my classmates.
在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。
My parents wanted him work hard.
我父母亲想让他努力学习。
I remember saw him that day.
我记得那天看见过他。
I saw him walked into the building.
我看到他跑进那座建筑物。
主动关系和被动关系
先看下面两个题：
____ wonderful, this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kind of food enjoyed a good sale .
A. Tasted B. Being tasted
C. Tasting D. Having tasted
The food ____ delicious sells well.
A. smells B. smelled
C. smelling D. is smelling
一些同学分别选A和B。他们说，食物是被尝起来、被闻起来，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。
这种说法是错误的。
非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是指“主动语态”和“被动语态”。
主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boy －cry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。
被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )态。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系
在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 逻辑上food和taste、smell是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。答案为：C, C.
逻辑上的主谓关系
在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语和宾 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：
He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。
“me”是宾语，“me to len ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d him some money”意为“我借给他一些钱”， 从意思上看，像一句话，“我”是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说：“逻辑上的主谓关系”，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。“to lend him some money”是宾语补足语。
判断下列句中划线不是是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)
I want him to come at once. ( )
He lent me some money. ( )
He made the boy cry again. ( )
The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )
Don’t leave the door open at night. ( )
复合结构
在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“复合宾语”，“动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复合结构”。
实际上，这几个“复合”，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：
He invited us to com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e to the party.
(us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)
It’s important fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r us to learn English well.
(it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do something是动词不定式的复合结构。)
It’s very kind of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合结构。与for somebody to do something的区别参看，you和to help me构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。）
Tom’s coming late m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ade our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们老师生气。coming是动名词，Tom’s coming late是动名词的复合结构。Tom是coming late的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)
没有人称和数的变化
先看下列三组句中have, do和be的变化形式
I have a book
He has a book.
They have a book
I enjoy watching TV.
You enjoy watching TV.
We enjoy watching TV.
He is sleeping.
I am sleeping.
They are sleeping.
“人称的变化”，是指：谓语动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has
“数”是指“单数和复数” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，“数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用为are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用为is, do和have要用为does和has.
情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：
He/I/We can swim.
一 词性及充当句子成分
名词: 表示人和事物名称的词。如：trai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n, class, year, Tom, water, environment, sugar
分为可数名词和不可数名词.
⑴ 做主语 The boy comes fr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om America. The book is very interesting.
⑵ 作宾语(作动词和介词的宾语)
He made a speech. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) The boy needs a pen. He is studying English in the classroom.
⑶ 作表语 His father is a teacher.
⑷ 做定语 a woman teacher/ a stone bridge
为了需要,动词可以转化为名词，即动名词。
Playing basketball is very interesting. I like watching TV.
2.代词: 用来指代名词,形容词,数词的词.（有人也把它归为名词之列）
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, it, us, you, them
2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性 mine, yours, his, her, its, ours, yours, theirs
3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
4 反身代词 myself，yoursel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
5 相互代词 each other, one another
6 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
7 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
8 不定代词 one/some/any, ea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all/both, neither/either
3.动词: 表示动作或状态的词.
实意动词: play, work, listen
及物动词 (后面直接加宾语) 和不及物动词( 后面不能直接加宾语, 需加上相应的介词
才可加宾语。)
study English/visit our school/do homework
go to school/look at the blackboard/work in the factory
We raised the flag.（其中raise是及物动词）The flag is rising.（其中rise是不及物动词）
联系动词:
①表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )
②表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow
③表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay
其特点是：联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语为形容词.
She looks beautiful. The leaves turn red.
③ 情态动词: can, must, may
④ 助动词: （与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：
be(am, is, are)；do(does, did); have(has); will, would, shall
He doesn’t like playing football. I have bought a book.
动词用来做谓语
① We come ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). ②Tom is a boy. ③When I called on her, she was playing the piano.
4.形容词: 起修饰限定作用的词,用来表示人和事物的特征. (标志为….的)
long, heavy, friendly, happy, different, my, your
⑴作定语 The little boy needs a blue pen. This is my book.
⑵作表语 The book ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is very interesting. The people are friendly.
5. 副词: 用来修饰动词,形容词,其它副词,以及全句的词(标志为…地)。表示动作发生的
时间,地点,程度,方式等。yesterday, last year, t here, very, carefully, slowly
副词用来做状语
I bought a book yesterday. They are standing there.
He slowly opened the door. He is very short.
有些副词置于句首可修饰全句。如：obviously，naturally，surprisingly等
Fortunately，he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA.
6.介词: 介词一般用于名词和代词前，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词
或代词称为介词的宾语，构成介宾短语。介词是虚词，不能单独做句子成分。
in: in the classroom /in the picture
on: on the wall/ on the floor
at: at home / at school
to: go to school/ write to sb
for: buy sth for sb/ work for
常和不及物动词构成固定搭配 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ): look at/ look after/ take care of/ pay attention to
7.连词: 用来连接词与词,句子与句子。如：and， or，but，so，because
二 名词冠词与代词
名词
一) 名词的种类：名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是指某个或某些个人、地方、机构等专有名词。如Beijing，Tom，China等等，
普通名词是指一类人或东西或是一个 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )抽象的名称。如：book，pen apple等。普通名词又可以进一步分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词等四类。
二) 名词的数: 名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词包括单数名词、复数名词和集体名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词。这类名词的使用原则是：
1. 单数可数名词从不单独使用，如其前不加冠词或 one’s，就必须改名词单数为复数形式。
2. 复数名词或不可数名词表泛指意义时，其前不得添加任何冠词。
3. many，several，(a) few 之后，或 one of the/one’s 之后绝不能接可数名词的单数形式。名词复数的构成有以下规则：
1.一般在词尾直接加s，如book-books..
2.以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，通常在词尾加es，如bus-buses，box-boxes，brush-brushes，watch-watches
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，把y变为i，再加es，如baby-babies
(例外：部分专有名词直接加s，Mary-Marys)
4.以f，fe结尾的名词，把f，fe变为v，再加es，如knife-knives
(例外：roof-roofs，scarf-scarfs/scarves)
5.以o结尾的名词有生命的加es，无生命的加s，如tomato-tomatoes，photo-photos
(例外：kangaroo-kangaroos，lingo--lingoes)
6.名词复数的不规则变化: man- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )men，woman-women，child-children，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，mouse-mice
7.单复数形式相同的名词: sheep绵羊；deer鹿
8.表示“某国人”的名词遵循以下原则:
中日不变，如Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese
英法变，如Englishman-Englishmen，Frenchman-Frenchmen
其他s加后面，如American-Americans，German-Germans
9.只有复数形式的名词: trousers(裤子)，glasses(眼镜)，thanks(感谢)，clothes(衣服)
10.复合名词的变法: an appl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e tree-some apple trees,a girl student-some girl students
(例外:a woman ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )teacher-some women teachers，a man teacher-some men teachers)
不可数名词包括专有名词、学科名词、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )物质名词和抽象名词
1.专有名词：单个单词形式的专有名词无复数，不与冠词连用；由普通名词构成的专有名词前用定冠词。
例如： China has a longer history than the United States.
2 .学科名词和物质名词表泛指时，不用冠词。
例如： My brother likes physics while I like chemistry.
3. 抽象名词：表泛指意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )义的抽象名词或用在介词之后的抽象名词，不可数，不与冠词连用。抽象名词表具体意义或被某一（些）形容词修饰，与不定冠词连用。
Failure is the mother of success.
三) 名词所有格的表达
1. 在有生命的名词后加’s
表示在店铺或在某人家里的名词后加’s
2. 在表示国家、地域、天体、时间、距离、机关团体等无生命名词后也可加’s
This is Mary and Lucy`s classroom. China`s industry is developing fast.
Is Tom`s mother in the tailor`s or the butcher`s or at Mr. Smith`s
3. 无生命的名词后接 of ＋名词
有生命的名词在其中心词有较长定语时，用 of ＋名词
The cover of Mr. Smith`s book is dirty.
Have you heard of the story of William Tell and his son
4. 所有物名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词时，用双重所有格 of one’s ＋名词
中心名词前有指示代词表赞赏或厌恶等感彩时，用双重所有格 of one’s ＋名词
A friend of my father`s likes this picture of David`s, too.
四) 特别注意高考热点——部分名词的双重性
1.抽象名词单独使用或表泛指意义或用在某一固定介宾结构中，是不可数名词；
2.抽象名词具体化，词义的变化， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是可数名词。
例如：life，time，knowledge，sight，pleasure，repair，paper，glass，hair，food，fruit，character，experience，trouble，difficulty，work，help，population，iron 等。
请注意以下各组例句：
1) Life is hard.
We’re living a happy life under the leadership of the Party.
2) Time is money.
We had a wonderful time in the party.
3) Knowledge is power.
A knowledge of English is a must in the 21st century.
4) Mirrors are made of glass.
Glasses are made of glass.
5) India is a country with a population of about one billion.
England is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) developed country, but its population is very small.
二．冠词：
【速记口诀1】
　　名词是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )秃子，常要戴帽子，
　　可数名词单，须用a或an，
　　辅音前用a， an在元音前，
　　若为特指时，则须用定冠，
　　复数不可数，泛指the不见，
　　碰到代词时，冠词均不现。
【妙语诠释】
　　冠词是高考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )必考的语法知识之一，也是高考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用;②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the;③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。
【速记口诀2】 定冠词的用法。
特指双熟悉，上文已提及；
世上独无二，序数最高级；
某些专有名，习语及乐器。
【妙语诠释】
①特指某些人或物
②谈话双方都 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )熟悉的人或事
③上文已经提到的人或事
④世界上独一无二的事物前
⑤序数词回形容词最高级前
⑥某些专有名词前
⑦一些习惯短语（如：in the day等）中和乐器前（如：play the violin / piano）。
【速记口诀3】不用冠词的情况：
下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前；
专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭；
复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；
颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
【妙语诠释】
①名词前已有作定语用的this、that、s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome、any、my等限定词。
②专有名词和不可数名词前。
③表示学科的（如：maths，Chinese，physics）名词前。
④球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。
⑤复数名词表示泛指（一类人或事）时。
⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前。
⑦表示颜色（如：It's red / yellow.）、语种（如：speak English/Japanese）和国家的非全称名词（如：We live in China. They come from America.）。
⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。
⑨某些习惯短语中（如：in bed、go to school等）。
高考真题回放： 以下空白记录要点：
1. 【2013湖北】Carbon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dioxide, which makes a ______ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer.
A. difference B. comparison C. connection D. barrier
2.【2013湖北】An ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered ______ a long lost antique Greek vase.
A. at random B. by chance C. in turn D. on occasion
3.【2013江苏】Wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a for the better.
A. share B. chance C. turn D. lead
4.【2013江西】Whenever ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ______.
A. curiosity B. satisfaction C. envy D. patience
5.【2013辽宁】The accid ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent caused some______ to my car, but it’s nothing serious.
A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage
6.【2013天津】While she was in Paris, she developed a for fine art.
A. way B. relation C. taste D. habit
7.【2013浙江】As the wor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld’s population continues to grow, the ______ of food becomes more and more of a concern.
A. worth B. supply C. package D. list
8.【2013福建】The famou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s musician, as well as his students, _______ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
A. were invited B. was invited
C. have been invited D. has been invited
9.【2013湖南】The universi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ty estimates that living expenses for international students ____ around $8,450 a year, which _____ a burden for some of them.
A. are；is B. are；are C. is；are D. is；is
10.【2013江苏】Gene ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others essential to their development .
A. is B. are C. was D. were
11.【2013福建】The “C ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hinese Dream” is ______ dream to improve people’s well-being and ______ dream of harmony, peace and development.
A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the
12.【2013江西】Ani ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mals are obviously ______ lower form of life than _______ man.
A. a ; / B. the ; the C. a ; the D. / ; /
13．【2013山东】It was ______ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ____ night sky.
A. 不填；a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; 不填
14.【2013陕西】Marco Polo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is said to have sailed on Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in I thirteenth century.
A. the; a B. a; / C. /; the D. the; the
15.【2013新课标II卷】Four an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.
A. a; a B. the; the C.不填；the D. a;不填
16.【2013新课标I卷】I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ndia attained independence in 1947, after long struggle.
A.不填;a B. the; a C. an;不填 D. an; the
17.【2013浙江】People deve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lop ______ preference for a particular style of learning at ______ early age and these preferences affect learning.
A. a; an B. a; 不填 C. 不填; the D. the; an
18．【2013重庆】Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e parents were shocked by news that their son needed operation on his knee.
A. a;/ B. the; / C. the; an D. a; an
19.【2013福建】Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e “Chinese Dream” is ______ dream to improve people’s well-being and ______ dream of harmony, peace and development.
A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the
20.【2013江西】Animals ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are obviously ______ lower form of life than _______ man.
A. a ; / B. the ; the C. a ; the D. / ; /
21.（2014安徽卷）29．— Why ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) not buy a second-hand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one
— That's a good .
A. saying B. question C. suggestion D. account
（2014福建卷）26. —Co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uld you tell me the____ of making such tasty cakes
— Well, I just fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )llow the directions in the cookbook. A. feature B. plan C. cost D. trick
23.（2014湖北卷）21 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). Her ______ for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
A. motivation B. qualification C. talent D. technique
24.（2014湖北卷）22. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )When Richard said, “You are much more agreeable and prettier now,” Joan’s face turned red at the unexpected ______.
A. command B. comparison C. compliment D. contribution
25.（2014江苏卷）27. Sh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful in last year's election.
A. symbol B. portrait C. identity D. statue
26.（2014天津卷）3.Wind ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is now the world’s fastest growing ________ of power.
source B. sense C. result D. root
27.（2014浙江卷 ）6. W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like.
A. attempts B. requests C. doubts D. promises
28.（2014江西卷）22. Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ey chose Tom to be ___captain of the team because they knew he was __smart leader.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
29.（2014陕西卷）19. _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______ village where I was born has grown into ________ town.
A. The; a B. A; the C. The; the D. A; a
30.（2014天津卷） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8. Life the like ________ ocean; Only ________strong-willed can reach the other shore.
A. an; the B. the; a C. the ;/ D. / ; a
31.（2014浙江卷 ） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )2. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into______night.
A. a; the B. the; 不填 C. a; a D. 不填；the
（2014重庆卷 ）6.I ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n’t tell you ____ way to the Wilsons' because we don’t have_____ Wilson here in the village.
A.the； a B.a; / C. a; the D.the ; /
代词
一、代词
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, it, us, you, them
2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性 mine, yours, his, her, its, ours, yours, theirs
3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
4 反身代词 myself，yourself, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
5 相互代词 each other, one another
6 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
7 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
8 不定代词 one/some/any, each ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all/both, neither/either
二、要点归纳
1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he / she / those / anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用
who, 指物时用that。
e.g. Those who know the answer can go on with the other exercises.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Anything that benefits the people will be accepted.
2、all ( both, eve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry, each)…… not = not all ( both, every, each) 构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none, neither, no one ( nothing)
e.g. Not all the students could understand his explanation.
Each child can not go to school in the mountain village.
3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法somebody /anybody /nobody else’s ;
who else’s = whose else
4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it（指物） 、he（指人） 、they（指人、物）
e.g. Everyone knows how to do it, doesn’t he/ don’t they
5.反身代词：by oneself: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )亲自、独自、自动地； of oneself: 自动地； be oneself: 身体好 help oneself (to…): 自助、自己拿……； in itself: 本质上、就其本身而言。
e.g. The man is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )too old to live by himself. / The door closed of itself.
I’m not q ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uite myself today. / The question in itself is not very difficult.
6. 用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。
e.g. ---- Who is knocking at the door ---- Me, Tom.
Me to play Pingpong with him
7. The rest、The remainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。
e.g. I have read hal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f of the book. The rest is to be finished in a week.
Several people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )were saved, but the remainder were still inside the burning house.
区别以下几组词：
none, nothing, no one(nobody)
none：（指三个以上之中）没有任何（人、物），常用来否定回答以How many/ How much…
引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。
e.g. ---- How many sheep did you see on the hill ---- None.
---- Please give ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) me some ink. ---- Sorry, there is none (no ink) left.
None of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )students could answer the question, which made the teacher disappointed
nothing：（视为单数）没什么，无事
e.g. After the fire, nothing was left on the hills.
Nothing did he say and he went home silently.
no one= nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who… 的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。
e.g. ---- Who broke the window ---- No one. It broke of itself.
二、it / they， one / ones， the one / the ones ，that / those
it / they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；
e.g. He bought ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a pen. It cost him 50 yuan. / He has two brothers. They are both workers.
one / ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指; 还可以泛指人。
e.g. ---- Do you have a camera ---- No, but my father has one.
A chair made of iron is usually heavier than one made of wood.
One can not be too careful when crossing the road.
the one / the ones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。
e.g. ---- I’m loo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )king for a pen. ---- How do you like the one in the box
---- Who are th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e boys ---- You mean the ones playing basketball
that / those： “t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数= the one或不可数名词，以避免重复；“those” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数= the ones，以避免重复。
e.g. The price of a pen is often higher than that of a pencil.
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.
The students i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n Class Two are more hard-working than those(the ones) in Class One.
三、代词one, it, that 用法集萃
英语句式中,为了避免重复,使得语言简练, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我们常常使用一些代词,如one, it, that等来替代前面所提到的人或事物.它是近几年高考的测试重点之一。下面将这些代词的用法分析如下:
　one作代词的用法
1.one替代由可数名词所表示的一类人或事物中的任何一个, 即泛指中的强调.这时,替代词one前面不可加任何限定词.
e.g. 1)I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one.
2)A color TV set made in Japan costs more than one made in China.
2.one用来替代特指的同一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )类人或事物的可数名词时,其前面必须加上限定词(如a, the, this, that等)、物主代词或形容词加以修饰.
e.g. 1)If you don't like this blue coat, you can buy a black one.
2)I don't want the book on the shelf, I want this one on the desk.
3.one在定语从句中作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )先行词替代特指的同一类人或事物时,其前面必须用定冠词the限定,但不可用that替换.如果先行词为"one of...",其关系代词在定语从句中作主语,从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式.\
e.g. 1)This farm is the one that we visited last summer.
2)This is one of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) highest buildings that have been built in our city recently.
4.one的复数形式为ones,作替代 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词时,只可替代同一类人或事物的复数名词,其前面必须有限定词,如the, some, all等修饰.但不能用数词或many修饰.
e.g. 1)Mr. Zhang ga ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve the textbooks to the pupils except the ones who had already taken them. 2)I don't want to buy these small pears; I want some large ones.
3)She wants to buy some new clothes and throw away all her old ones.
5.one在句中不可替代不可数名词.在句中如果出现了同一个不可数名词时,则需要重复前一个名词,或者省略那个名词.
e.g. 1)I prefer black coffee to white (coffee)
2)Folk music is the music that I like most.(不可用the one替代the music)
it作替代词的用法：
1.it用来替代前面提到的同一事物时,被替代的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词.
e.g. 1)We are st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udying in a school with trees all around it.(it替代可数名词school)
2)-Have you s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )till kept your old furniture -No, I have sold it.(it替代不可数名词furniture)
2.it可以替代英语句式中的不定式、动名词(短语)或从句,在句中作形式主语或形式宾语.
e.g. 1)It is a gr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eat surprise to meet you here.(It替代不定式短语to meet you here)
2)I think it i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s no good parents doing anything for their children.(it替代动名词的复合结构parents doing anything for短语)
3)We found it impos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sible that they could complete the task in two hours.
3.it可以替代前面的某一名词或整个句子的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )内容.这时,可用that替换,也可以改为非限制性定语从句.有时it可以前置替代,用以代替后面整个句子的内容.这时,不可用that替换.
e.g. 1)He sa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )id he had never met her, and it is not true.(it替代前面整个句子He said...)
2)I hate it when peopl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e talk with their mouths full.(it代替后面整个句子when people talk ...)
that作替代词的用法
1.that用来替代前面提到的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词.代替可数名词可以用the one替换.但其前面不可用任何限定词修饰.
e.g. 1)The populatio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n of China is larger than that of Japan.(that代替不可数名词population,不可用the one替换)
2)The headteache ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r in your class is younger and more active than that in theirs.(that代替可数名词headteacher,可用the one替换)
2.that在并列分句中,可以替代前面某一个名词或整个句子内容,这时,可用it替换,也可改为非限制性定语从句.
e.g. 1)She he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ard a terrible noise, and that brought her heart into her mouth.(that替代前面的noise)
2)They said they h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad discussed the problem, and that (=it) was impossible.(that替代前面整个并列分句They said...)
3.that在定语从句中,可作关系代词,代替某个先行词(人或物)
e.g. 1)The lad ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y that came to our class is from Australia.(that指代先行词lady)
4.that的复数形式为those,只可替代可数名词复数,在句中相当于the ones.
e.g. The nights there ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in summer are shorter than those in winter.(those替代nights,可用the ones替换)
四、 some / any, everybody / anybody
习惯上，some和every ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )body用于肯定句，any和 anybody用于疑问、否定句。但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为“大家、每个人”。
e.g. Is everybody pleased with the show
试比较：Do you have any water (对water持怀疑态度)
---- Do you like some more water ---- No, thanks. (对water持肯定态度)
any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。
e.g. ---- When shall we meet again ---- Any time you like.
Anybody here knows how to treat a stranger.
五、who / whoever , ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )what / whatever , which / whichever, whom / whomever
who /what /wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ich/ whom是疑问词，引起的句具有疑问色彩；whoever /whatever/ whichever/whomever 是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。
e.g. Who will teach us English is still unknown.
Whoever did i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t will be punished. / Whoever did it, he will be punished.
What woul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d you do if you had that sum of money / Whatever you do, do it well.
六、other / others; the other / the others ; another
other：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any, some, no 等连用。
e.g. He is no other ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) but Tom. / These are all we have, we have no other(s).
others：常与some连用，表示：一些……其它的……。
e.g. Some people like fishing, some like boating, others skating.
the other: 与one连用，构成词组：one…the other：指两者中“一个……另一个……”
the others: 指在一定范围中的“其余的”。
e.g. In our clas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s some students are good at maths, some are good at Chinese, the others are good at physics.
another: 是形容词，“另一个、再一个”，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。
e.g. We stayed in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )New York for another three weeks. / Please have another apple.
当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。
e.g. After eating an apple, I had another (one).
七、all ; both ; each ; every ; either
all：指三者或三者以上的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”解释时，不可数，动词用单数。
both：指“两者都”，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。
each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。
e.g. There are trees on each side / both sides of the river.
Each of us has a chance to go to university.
We each have a dictionary.
every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。
either：指“两者中一个”或“两者中无论哪一个”，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。
e.g. If you keep still, you can sit on either end of the boat.
I don’t like either of them. Do you have any other blouse
高考真题回放： 以下空白记录要点：
1.【2013江西】_______ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.
A. Anybody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Somebody
2.【2013辽宁】To her joy, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Della earned first the trust of her students and then _____ of her colleagues.
A. that B. one C. ones D. those
3.【2013山东】I’ve lived i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n New York and Chicago, but don’t like ____ of them very much.
A. either B. any C. each D. another
4.【2013陕西】Although ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost___of her enthusiasm for life.
A. some B. neither C. none D. all
5.【2013四川】Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than______ on the small ones.
A. one B. this C. that D. it
6.【2013天津】At our fa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ctory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine.
A. them B. these C. those D. ones
7.【2013新课标II卷】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )It's an either-or situation - we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do .
A. others B. either C. another D. both
8.【2013浙江】Ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lf of ______ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.
A. these B. some C. ones D. those
9.【2013重庆】Re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is
A. another B. the other C. one another D. one
10.【2013安徽】This projec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t requires close teamwork. ____will be achieved unless we work well together.
A. Nothing B. Anything C. Something D. Everything
11.(2011安徽)Surprisi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ngly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made _____almost an overcoat for her.
A. them B. her C. itself D. herself
12. (2011北京)The employ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase_____.
A. them B. those C.it D. that
13.(2010四川) O ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n my desk is a photo that my father took of ______when I was a baby.
A. him B. his C. me D. mine
14.(2012福建)—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost
--$4000, or ____like that.
A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing
15.(2012江苏)Sophia waited for a reply, but _____came.
A. either B. another C. neither D. none
16.(2012江西)My ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) brother would like to buy a good watch but _____was available from that shop.
A. nothing B. none C.no one D. neither
17.(2012课标全国)Larry ask ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but _____ of them wants to, because they have work to do.
A. either B. any C. neither D. none
18.(2012重庆)—John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday
-- ______. I’ll be off to London then.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D, None
19.(2011辽宁)— Would you like tea or coffee
-- _____, thank you. I’ve just had some water.
A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither
20. If you are buying ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) today’s paper from the stand, could you get ____ for me
A. one B. such C. this D. That
21 （2014安徽卷）24．You ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n ask anyone for help. here is willing to lend you a hand.
A. One B. No one C. Everyone D. Someone
22（2014大纲卷）28. I thin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k Mrs. Stark could be ______ between 50 and 60 years of age.
A. anywhere B. anybody C. anyhow D. anything
23（2014福建卷）21. In ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in , knives and forks.
A. another B. others C. both D. all
24（2014江苏卷）34. Goo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d families are much to all their members, but to none.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
25（2014江西卷）32. ---When shall I call , in the morning or afternoon
----___. I’ll be in all day .
A. Any B. None C. Neither D. Either
26（2014山东卷）4. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Susan made______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
A. that B. this C. it D. her
27（2014陕西卷）21. I’d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )appreciate ______ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
A. it B. you C. one D. this
28（2014四川卷）1. She'd l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ived in London and Manchester, but she liked ______ and moved to Cambridge.
A. both B. neither C. none D. either
29（2014浙江卷 ）3. An ave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rage of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year, making ______ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. A. each B. it C. this D. one
30（2014重庆卷 ）1.A smile costs ______ ,but gives much.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
三 形容词和副词
形容词是修饰名词，表示名词属性的词，常放在它所修饰的名词之前。若修饰复合不定代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )则放在其后。副词用以修饰动词、形容词和其他副词，还可修饰全句。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。考点如下：
形容词排列顺序：
限定描绘大长高， 形状年龄和新老； 颜色国籍跟材料， 作用类别往后靠
1. 表示倍数的句型：
(1)A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
(2)A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
(3)A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height 等)＋of＋B
(4)A is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B
Eg :The output of this year is 3 times that of 2008.
2．“as＋形容词＋(a/an)＋名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )＋as”表示同级比较，注意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。Eg: It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.
人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。
3．as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”与“not as/so＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”表示同级比较
The work is not as/so difficult as you imagine.
4．“the＋比较级＋of the two ＋名词”表示“两者中较……的那个”。
The taller of the two boys is my brother.
5．a＋形容词比较级＋n.……
After two years’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )research，we have a far better understanding of the disease.
6．比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑问句)，a lot，a little，a great deal，by far，a bit 等。
A car runs a great deal faster than a bike.
7．最高级
(1)最高级的修饰语常见的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有：序数词，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not really，not quite，nothing like。
The bridge bein ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.
(2)否定词＋比较级＝最高级。
—Are you satisfied with what he said at the meeting
—No. It couldn’t have been worse.
8．形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，并不表达动作的方式。
(2008 北京卷)Af ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ter the long journey，the three of them went back home，hungry and tired.
9．有些副词置于句首可修饰全句。如：obviously，naturally，surprisingly等
Fortunately，he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA.
10．can not/never 与enough 或too连用表示：无论怎样都不过分；越…越好。
—I was riding alone in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the street and all of a sudden a car cut in and knocked me down.
—You can never be too careful in the street.
11. 考查表“可能性”的三个形容词possible，probable，likely在搭配上的区别：
①It is possible/probable/likely that 从句
②It is possible for sb.to do sth.
③Sb./Sth.is likely to do sth.
高考真题回放： 以下空白记录要点：
1．【2013江西】There ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are a small number of people involved, possibly ____twenty.
A. as few as B. as little as C. as many as D. as much as
2．【2013辽宁】 This is by far ______ movie that I have ever seen.
A. an inspiring B. a much inspiring
C. the most inspiring D. the more inspiring
3．【2013新课标II卷】It ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y not be a great suggestion. But before ___ is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A. a good one B. a better one C. the best one D. a best one
4.【2013安徽】It’s s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aid that the power plant is now large as what it was.
A. twice as B. as twice C. twice much D. much twice
5. (2011全国II)Mr S ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tevenson is great to work for ---I really couldn’t ask for a ____ boss.
A. better B. good C. best D. still better
6.(2011陕西) The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will
be __the present one.
A as three times big as B three times as big as
C as big as three times D as big three times as
7. 【2013福建】A societ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y cannot be successful if it throws tradition away, but it cannot be successful ______ if we do something to stop progress.
A. either B. neither C. too D. also
8. 【2013湖北】Don’t d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )efend him any more. It’s obvious that he ______ destroyed the fence of the garden even without apology.
A. accidentally B. carelessly C. deliberately D. clumsily
9. 【2013江西】What ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a terrible experience ! _____, you’re safe now ------ that’s the main thing.
A. Anyway B. Besides C. Otherwise D. Therefore
10. 【 2013浙江】M ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ary worked here as a ____ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company.
A. pessimistic B. temporary C. previous D. cautious
11. 【2013浙江】If we leave right away, ______, we’ll arrive on time.
A. hopefully B. curiously C. occasionally D. gradually
12. (2009 四川卷)My uncle’s house in the downtown area is much smaller
than ours，but it is twice _____expensive.
A．as　　 B．so C．too　　 D．very
13. (2010 苏州一模)—Do yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u think that the 11th Chinese National Games were a success
—Yes，________！It couldn’ t be ________.
A．relatively；better　　　 B．approximately；worse
C．absolutely；better　　　 D．fortunately；worse
14. (2010 4月济南模拟) Of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the two cameras，I would prefer ________one，which is very easy for me to carry.
A．a smaller　　　 B．the smallest C．a small　 D．the smaller
15 . (2010 杭州检测二)Whe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n it was his turn to deliver his speech，________，he walked towards the microphone.
A．nervously and embarrassingly B．nervous and embarrassedly
C．nervously and embarrassing D．nervous and embarrassed
16. (2010 陕西卷)Studies show that people are more________ to suffer
from back prob ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lems if they always sit before computer screens for long
hours.
A．likely　 B．possible C．probable　 D．sure
17.(2011 青岛市 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第一次模拟)Thinking that her daughter was doing homework，the mother left the room, ________.
A．quickly and gentle　　　 B．quick and gentle
C．quickly and gently　　　 D．quick and gently
18. (2010 合肥第三次检测)—Jack is really a brave guy.
—So he is. And we can’t admire his courage________.
A．too much　 B．a lot C. very much　D .a little
19. (2010 海淀区第二学期期中练习)—Our women athletes achieved
great success in the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games.
—Yes. No one could perform___，I think.
A．well　 B．better C．best　　　 D．the best
20. (2010 湖南十二校第二次联考)—Do you like the place of interest
—On the contrary，it’s the_______ place that I want to visit.
worst　　 B．last C．best　　 D．Latest
21. （2014安徽卷 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）27．My good performance in the job interview left me about my future and about what I can do here.
A. puzzled B. sensitive C. optimistic D. embarrassed
22.（2014安徽卷）33．It's o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and, ,supply more jobs.
A. however B. anywhereC. therefore D. otherwise
23.（2014大纲卷）27. Raymo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd’s parents wanted him to have ______ possible education.
A. good B. better C. best D. the best
24.（2014大纲卷）34. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Henry was away from home for quiet a bit and _____ saw his family.
A. frequently B. seldom C. always D. usually
25.（2014大纲卷）35. --- What did you do last weekend --- Nothing _____.
A. much B. else C. ever D. yet
26（2014福建卷）24. With o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nline shopping increasingly popular, the Internet is seen as a(n) way of reaching target customers.
A. temporary B. complex C. accurate D. efficient
27.（2014湖北卷）27. What ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) was so ______ about Jasmine Westland’s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
A. awful B. essential C. impressive D. obvious
28.（2014湖北卷）28. Ins ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a ______ smile and let him go.
A. cautious B. grateful C. tolerant D. wild
29.（2014湖北卷）29. Hardl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ______, “Don’t be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.
A. dreadfully B. guiltily C. indirectly D. sharply
30.（2014江苏卷）28. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) The idea "happiness," , will not sit still for easy definition.
A. to be rigid B. to be sure C. to be perfect D. to be fair
31.（2014江苏卷）32. I can't meet you on Sunday. I'll be occupied.
A. also B. just C. nevertheless D. otherwise
32.（2014江西卷）23 T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hanks for your directions to the house ; we wouldn’t have found it ___.
A. nowhere B. however C. otherwise D. instead
33.（2014浙江卷 ）4. Joe is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) proud and ______, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.
A. strict B. sympathetic C. stubborn D. sensitive
34.（2014浙江卷 ）13. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others _ .
A. blindly B. unwillingly C. closely D. carefully
四 句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句
一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )merican country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours （代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one （数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )assed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she didn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：
I hope you are very w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ell. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：
Most Saturday ev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
四、选择填空：
( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ wer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
句子分类：简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：D ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o they like skating How old is he Is he six or seven years old Mary can swim, can’t she
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The forei ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gn visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
句式一：主语+系动词+表语：句子简单，侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样；谓语动词需用系动词；表语多为形容词，也可为名词、介词短语、不定式及分词。
All the books are a great help to me .
The railway is under construction.
Her ideal has come true.
注意: 1)系动词分为如下几类：
判断类：be, prove
似乎类：seem, appear, look
感官类：feel, look, sound, smell, taste
变成类：become, come, go ,get, grow, fall, turn
仍然类：remain, continue, stay, keep
2)系动词后面一般不接副词作表语。
The apple tastes well. 错误
The apple taste good. 正确
但是，表时间，地点的副词（over, up, off, out, here 等）可放在系词be后面作表语。
The class meeting is over.
I must be off now.
句式二：主语+不及物动词：短小精悍，表意简练，需用不及物动词或相当于不及物动词的动词短语作谓语。
A red sun is rising from under the horizon.
The gas has given out.
注意：没有被动语态。
句式三:
主语+及物动词+宾语：此句式的共同特点是谓语动词都是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
He studies English well.
Some of the students are always longing for holidays.
注意：该句式的谓语动词要用及物动词。如果是不及物动词，后面一定要跟介词构成及物词组。He is listening to music.
句式四:
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语:谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是间接承受者。
He showed me how to run the machine.
The man told us a funny story.
句式五:
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语：句中动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词虽然是及物动词，但只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整意思，必须增加一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语用来补充、说明宾语的情况。
We caught him stealing a watch.
He made himself understood by raising his voice.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
（三）、并列句
由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句
常用的连词有and, but, or, not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or
1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, not only…but also…..等连接
如: Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.
2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas等连接
如:I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 选择并列句常由并列连词or, otherwise, either…or…,等连接
如:Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for 等连接.
如: It was late, so we went home.
5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,and; 前后意思为相反关系时, 用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.
6. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用
（四）、复合句
主句是主体，从句只是句子的一个成 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )分，换言之，将句子（除谓语外）的各个成分扩展开来就成了从句。包括：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句），副词从句（状语从句），形容词从句（定语从句）
特别强调：主从复合句必须有连接词。英语是形 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和而汉语是意和。如汉语可以说“你来我走”，中间没有连接词。如翻译成英语必须根据意义加上连接词if ，否则句子就错误。If you come , I will go.复合句中的名词性从句，形容词从句和副词从句在接下来的语法中会一一阐述。
（五）高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词的时态联系在一起，以