2024届高考英语大单元复习：单元十 定语从句课件(共69张PPT)

(共69张PPT)
单元十
定语从句
知识精讲
一、定语从句的定义
1. 定语从句：在复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语、句子进行修饰、限定的从句
2. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词
二、定语从句的分类
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
意义上 从句与主句关系紧凑，从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，缺少从句会影响句意的完整 从句与主句的关系相对松散，从句对先行词或主句起补充说明作用，去掉不影响句意的完整
功能上 修饰先行词，先行词只能是名词或代词 修饰先行词或整个句子，先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子
结构上 主句与从句之间不用逗号 关系词作从句的宾语可省略 可用that 引导 主句与从句之间多用逗号隔开
关系词作从句的宾语不可省略
不能用that引导
二、定语从句的分类
限制性定语从句：
He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)
他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。
非限制性定语从句：
He has two sons, who work in the same company.
(He has only two sons.)
他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类
三、定语从句的关系词
关系代词 先行词 作用 备注
who 人 主语、宾语 关系代词whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。
whom 人 宾语
whose 人、物 定语
that 人、物 主语、宾语
which 物、句子 主语、宾语
as 人、物、句子 主语、宾语、表语 as作宾语时一般不省略
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类
三、定语从句的关系词
关系副词 先行词 作用 备注
when 时间 时间状语 相当于“介词+which”
where 地点 地点状语 相当于“介词+which”
why 原因 原因状语 相当于“for+which”
（1）who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略
例：Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.
幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。
（2）whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略
例：Do you know the boy (whom) we met at the gate
你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗？
三、定语从句的关系词
（3）whose既可以指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示“……人的；……物的”
先行词是人时，whose + n.相当于the + n. + of whom或of whom + the + n.
先行词是物时，whose + n.相当于the + n. + of which或of which + the + n.
三、定语从句的关系词
（3）whose既可以指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示“……人的；……物的”
例：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。
三、定语从句的关系词
（4）that 指人相当于who 或whom；指物相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略
例：She is the writer (that) I want to see very much.
她就是那位我非常想见的作家。
Among the many dangers (that) sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.
在海员们必须要面对的许多危险中，最严重的可能就是雾。
三、定语从句的关系词
（5）which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略
例：The exact year (which) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2019.
安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2019年。
三、定语从句的关系词
（6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语
① 引导限制性定语从句，通常要与as, the same, so, such搭配，即构成such. . . as, the same. . . as, as/ so. . . as这样的固定搭配，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语
例：It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out. (as作work out的宾语)
这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。
三、定语从句的关系词
（6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语
注意：
so/ such...that结构中，that引导结果状语从句，只起连接作用，不充当从句的任何成分
例：It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out. (work out 已经有宾语，that只起连接作用)
三、定语从句的关系词
（6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语
② as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句中常用的谓语动词为see, say, hear, expect, know, report等，常译为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。
例：The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如所报道的，吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。
三、定语从句的关系词
（7）when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词通常为time, day, morning, night, week, month, year等表示时间的名词，常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。
例：As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.
作为家中最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。
三、定语从句的关系词
（8）where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等表示地点的名词或point (地步), case (情况), situation (情形), position (位置), stage (阶段), activity (活动)等表示抽象地点的名词，可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。
三、定语从句的关系词
例：The house where/ in which he lives is near the river.
他住的房子在河边。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where/ in which they can gain experience for growth.
学生应该参与社区活动，在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。
三、定语从句的关系词
（9）why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，可用for which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。
例：Tell me the reason why/ for which you came late.
告诉我你来晚了的原因。
三、定语从句的关系词
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（1）当先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some等时
例：Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（2）当先行词前面有the only, the very（恰恰，正好）, any, every, no, all, few, little, much, the right, the last等词修饰时
例：This is the very bus that I'm waiting for.
这就是我正在等的公共汽车。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（3）当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时
例：This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（4）当先行词是序数词或先行词的前面有序数词修饰时
例：He was the second person that told me the secret.
他是第二个告诉我那个秘密的人。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（5）当先行词既有人又有物时
例：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about
你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗？
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（6）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时
例：Which is the bike that you lost
哪辆是你丢的自行车？
四、关系代词which和that的区别
1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况
（7）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另外一个用that。
例： This is the book that you bought which you have lost.
这就是你买的并且丢了的那本书。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况
（1）在非限制性定语从句中
例：The sports meeting was put off，which astonished me.
运动会被推迟了，这使我很吃惊。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况
（2）当动词短语中的介词提前时
注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。
例：This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子（之一）。
This is the pen (which/ that) I'm looking for.
这是我正寻找的那支钢笔。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况
（3）先行词后面有插入语时
例：Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English.
这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高你的英语水平。
四、关系代词which和that的区别
2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况
（4）先行词本身就是that时
例：What's that which flashed through the sky just now
刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？
五、关系代词as和which的区别
as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，有时两者可以互换。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况
（1）当定语从句置于主句前时
例：As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working.
正如你所看到的，中国人民是勤劳的。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况
（2）关系词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，从句谓语通常为：be known, be said, be reported, be announced, be mentioned等。
例：She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，这在预料之中。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况
（3）在下列习惯用语中
as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand (it), as (it) appears, as is often the case, as anybody can see, as we have expected
五、关系代词as和which的区别
1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况
（3）在下列习惯用语中
例：Jack has won first prize, as it often happens.
像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。
She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay.
她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以显现出来。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况
（1）关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时
例：I don't think that he will come to see me, which makes me sad.
我认为他不会来看我了，这使我伤心。
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况
（2）当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时
例：He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected).
他来这里很晚，这是意料之外的。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况
（3）当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时
例：He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand.
他假装不认识我，我真不明白。
五、关系代词as和which的区别
2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况
（4）非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时用which；反之用as
例：Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
简告诉我她赢了比赛，这是谎话。（was不可省略）
As (was) planned, we met at the airport.
按照计划，我们在机场相见了。（was可省略）
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词常用which或whom。“介词＋which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
1. 常见结构：
（1）介词＋关系代词
例：Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
＝Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.
曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。
I still remember the day on which we had a big party.
我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
注意：
介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。
固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。
例：He is the man that/ whom your mother took care of last month.
他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
1. 常见结构：
（2）名词/ 代词/ 数词＋介词＋关系代词
例：Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.
＝Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels.
上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
1. 常见结构：
（3）形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词
例：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
2. 介词的选择
（1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词
例：Is this the car for which you paid a high price
这就是你花高价买的小汽车吗？(pay…for sth.)
This is the man to whom I referred.
我指的就是这个人。(refer to sb.)
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
2. 介词的选择
（2）根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词
例：He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.
他带来了老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
2. 介词的选择
（3）根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词
例：Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time
你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？(on the day)
I can't remember the age at which he won the prize.
我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age)
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
2. 介词的选择
（4）根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词
例：This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我的弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
注意：
1. 关系代词which或whom不能省略。
例：He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户，这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
注意：
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，“介词＋which/ whom从句”结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面。
例：He has visited No.1 High School for several times, in which he has many friends.（in不能放在定语从句句末）
他已经参观过一中几次了，在那里他有很多朋友。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
注意：
3. “复合介词短语＋which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。
例：He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。
六、“介词＋关系代词” 的用法
注意：
4.“介词＋which/ whom”引导的定语从句可与“介词＋which/ whom＋不定式”结构及其他结构相互转换。
例：The poor man has no house in which he can live.
=The poor man has no house (that/ which) he can live in.
= The poor man has no house to live in.
= The poor man has no house in which to live.
那个穷人没房子住。
典例剖析
1. We have entered an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
答案：A
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。此处为定语从句修饰先行词an age(一个时代)，并在从句中作时间状语，应用when引导。故选A。
2. Jenny is a woman __________ can show her best self to others bravely.
A. whose B. whom C. who D. which
答案：C
解析：考查定语从句。句意：珍妮是一个能勇敢地把最好的自己展现给别人的女人。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个定语从句，对先行词a woman进行限定说明，该定语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个关系代词，代替先行词a woman在从句中做主语，所以应该用who。关系代词whose在从句中作定语，关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，关系代词which只能代替物作主语或宾语，所以A项、B项和D项都不对。故选C项。
3. After living in Australia for 55 years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
答案：B
解析：本题主要考查关系副词引导的定语从句。分析句子结构可知，"he grew up as a child"是一个定语从句，修饰先行词 the small town，从句句子主谓宾结构完整，缺地点状语，故应该由关系副词引导，先行词表示地点，所以选择where。故正确答案为B。
4. Today we focus on _____ is called recurrent obesity (复发性肥胖) or yo-yo obesity (溜溜球式肥胖), _____ is the phenomenon _____ we gain weight and then go on a successful diet, but within 12 months we go back to our original weight.
A. what; which; in which B. which; which; where
C. all; that; that D. whatever; as; which
答案：A
解析：考查名词性从句和定语从句。句意：今天，我们关注一下被称为复发性肥胖或溜溜球式肥胖。这是一种现象，一个人在体重增加后通过节食成功减重，但是在12个月以内又恢复到原有的体重。"_____ is called recurrent obesity or yo-yo obesity"是宾语从句，从句中缺乏主语，what引导宾语从句，从句中作主语、宾语或者表语，故第一空填what；第二空which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代这个主句，"___ we gain weight and then go on a successful diet"是定语从句，先行词是the phenomenon，在从句中作抽象地点状语，引导词用关系副词where或者in which。
5. Tik Tok is an invention ______ can help people share photos, ideas and feelings easily.
A. whose B. what C. which D. it
答案：C
解析：根据句意和句子结构可知，句子为限制性定语从句，先行词为an invention，指物，故用关系代词which引导从句。故选：C。
6. Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, _____ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
答案：C
解析：考查定语从句。句意：旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的，里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。分析句子成分可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词traveler；结合句意，路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议，故需要用介词for表示"给……"，先行词为人，故for后用whom。故选C项。
7. The Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Beijing 2022 ______ theme is "Together for a Shared Future" features a total of 7 sports including 109 events.
A. that B. whose C. which D. where
答案：B
解析：考查定语从句。先行词是The Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Beijing 2022, ______ theme is "Together for a Shared Future" features a total of 7 sports including 109 events是定语从句，作定语，故用whose。故选：B。
8. People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines, ________ have been read hundreds of times previously.
all of them B. each of which
C. all of which D. each of them
答案：C
解析：考查非限制性定语从句关系词，主谓一致。句意：人们不舒服地坐在塑料椅子上翻阅着旧杂志，这些杂志以前已经被读过几百次了。A. all of them 它们全都；B. each of which它们中每一个；C. all of which 它们全部都；D. each of them它们中每一个。该空需要使用关系代词which代替先行词magazines引导非限制性定语从句；根据空后have可知，主语应为复数意义，应使用all。故选C项。
9. In the curling(冰壶) final, Britain tied 4-4 in the 10th end to force an extra end, ________ Sweden scored one single point to ________ their victory.
which; ensure B. while; greet
C. when; secure D. where; seal
答案：D
解析：考查定语从句和动词辨析。句意：在冰壶决赛中，英国队在第10局以4-4战平，迫使加时赛结束，瑞典队得1分，即将锁定胜局。A. which哪一个；ensure确保；B. while当……时；greet映入眼帘；C. when什么时候；secure取得，保卫；D. where在哪里；seal确定，使成定局。根据句子结构可知，第一空考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是an extra end，故用where作引导词，在从句中作地点状语。根据句意，其后应填动词原形seal，表示"确定，使成定局"，故选D。
10. Daylight saving time begins at 2: 00 a. m. local time on the second Sunday in March, ________clocks spring forward an hour, typically ________observers to lose an hour of sleep.
which, caused B. when, causing
C. which, causing D. when, caused
答案：B
解析：考查定语从句和非谓语动词。句意：夏令时从当地时间3月第二个星期天凌晨2点开始，这时时钟会向前拨一小时，通常会导致遵守者少睡一小时。分析句子结构可知，"clocks spring forward an hour"是定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词"2:00 a.m. local time on the second Sunday in March"是时间，因此第一空用关系副词when引导定语从句；句中谓语是begins，第二空用非谓语动词，根据句意可知，cause和前面所描述的"clocks spring forward an hour"之间是主谓关系，因此第二空用现在分词causing表主动，故选B。
11. A real friend is someone ______ walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
A. when B. which C. whom D. who
答案：D
解析：考查定语从句。句意：真正的朋友会在整个世界都离你远去的时候，仍然与你并肩。设空处引导定语从句，且在句中作指人的主语，先行词为someone，应用who。故选D。
12. The children, ________ had played the whole day long, were worn out.
all of what B. all of which
C. all of them D. all of whom
答案：D
解析：考查定语从句。该句中的先行词是the children，此处先行词在定语从句中作主语，同时表示"人"，应该用关系代词whom，据此我们这里选D项。
13. The Hymers took part in an experiment called The 1940s House, _____ purpose was to see if a modern-day family would be capable of surviving in the 1940s.
A. when B. where C. which D. whose
答案：D
解析：考查定语从句。句意：海默一家参加了一项名为"40年代的房子"的实验，目的是看看现代家庭是否能在20世纪40年代生存下来。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词experiment，在定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purpose，需用关系代词whose引导。故选D。
14. Contribute to cultivate the level of product as advanced technology could, the green fingers still mean a lot to unsophisticated farmer ________ traditions hold much value.
who B. whom
C. to whom D. for whom
答案：D
解析：考查定语从句。句意：有助于培养先进技术所能达到的产品水平，绿色手指对那些传统很有价值的不谙世事的农民来说仍然意义重大。根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，从句意为"traditions hold much value for them传统对他们来说很有价值"，此处先行词为farmer，指人，故从句中应用whom指代先行词，故定语从句应为for whom traditions hold much value，故选D。
15. ________ might be expected, the answer to the question was very mixed.
A. That B. It C. What D. As
答案：D
解析：考查定语从句。句意：正如预料的那样，这个问题的答案非常复杂。在非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且根据"the answer to the question was very mixed"可知，此处是指正如预料的那样，应用关系代词as表示"正如"，故选D。