(共37张PPT)
单元五
名词
知识精讲
考点一 名词的数
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
①一般情况下,在词尾直接加s。
Eg: book——books cap——caps
②以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词,在词尾加es
Eg: glass——glasses box——boxes
watch——watches brush——brushes
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,把y改为i, 再加es
Eg: story——stories country——countries
-4-
④以o结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加s.但中学英语中有些名词要加es(一般有生命的物体加es),他们是黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。
Eg:radio——radios photo——photos
Negro——Negroes hero——heroes
potato——potatoes tomato——tomatoes
-5-
⑤以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加s,但有些以f或fe结尾的名词需把f或fe去掉,加ves,它们是:为了自己的牛犊活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半。
Eg: roof——roofs belief——beliefs
self——selves calf——calves
life——lives thief——thieves
wife——wives knife——knives
leaf——leaves shelf——shelves
wolf——wolves half——halves
-6-
⑥复合名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。
son-in-law——sons-in-law
storyteller——storytellers
(2)不规则变化
①常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish, fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes, fruits。
②自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children man男人→men foot脚,英尺→feet tooth牙→teeth medium传播媒介→media mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena
-8-
③用复数名词作定语:如:sports meeting(运动会),students reading room(学生阅览室),talks table(谈判桌),the foreign languages department(外语系)。
④用单数名词作定语:(名词作定语一般用单数)如:a steel bridge(一座钢桥),paper money(纸币),a coffee cup(一个咖啡杯),an evening paper(一份晚报,city life(城市生活),country music(乡村音乐), office work(办公室工作)street light(路灯)。
-9-
2.不可数名词
(1)不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:fun, advice, weather, progress, information, bread, butter, baggage, clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, juice, luggage, luck, music, milk, meat, production, permission, rice, soup, wealth, health, English, America 等。
Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.
财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。
-10-
(2)有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。例如:work“工作”(不可数),“作品;著作”(可数);glass“玻璃” (不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数); experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。
-11-
3、 名词前的修饰语
(1)只能修饰可数名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,a large number of,scores of,dozens of,a great/good many等。
(2)只能修饰不可数名词的有(a)little,much,a bit of,a great deal of,a large amount of等。
(3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有some,any,half,most,all,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of,masses of等。其中:a large quantity of/quantities of'+可数名词复数/不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由quantity 的单复数形式而定。
-12-
▲【特别提醒】
1、外国计量单位VS中国计量单位
美元,英镑,法郎等都有复数形式,如a dollar, two dollars。
中国传统计量单位大多无复数形式,如yuan(元), jiao(角), jin(斤)
-13-
2、不同国籍人的单复数
中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
日本人the Japan a Japanese two Japanese
俄国人the Russian a Russian two Russians
希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen
德国人the German a German two Germans
瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
-14-
★专题二、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。
1.-’s所有格
①多用来表示有生命的东西。
Many students’ eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.
很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。
②用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。
-15-
2.of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。
From the top of the hill, you can get a bird’s view of the city.
从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
-16-
3.双重所有格
指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即 “of+名词所有格”。
a play of Shakespeare’s
莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a friend of my wife’s
我妻子的一个朋友
1.动词变名词的后缀
2.形容词变名词的后缀
典例剖析
1.—Zhen He was a Ming dynasty ______ that we Chinese people are proud of.
—I agree with you. He even succeeded ______ sailing to the east coast of Africa.
tourist; to B. philosopher; in
C. inventor; to D. explorer; in
答案:D
解析:考查名词词义辨析和介词。句意:—郑和是我们中国人引以为傲的明朝探险家。—我同意你的看法。他甚至成功地航行到了非洲东海岸。A. tourist; to游客,到;B. philosopher; in哲学家,在……中;C. inventor; to发明家,到;D. explorer; in探险家,在……中。结合语意以及常识,郑和航行到了非洲东海岸,他是一位探险家,所以第一空应用名词explorer,succeed in doing sth.为固定搭配,表示“成功做某事”,所以第二空应用介词in。故选D项。
2. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide________ for the homeless families.
A. occupation B. accommodation
C. region D. platform
答案:B
解析:考查名词词义辨析。句意:地震后,当地政府做的第一件事就是为无家可归的家庭提供住宿。A. occupation职业;B. accommodation住宿;C. region地区;D. platform平台。结合后文“for the homeless families”可知是为无家可归的家庭提供住宿。故选B。
3. Police have arrested a ________ in a series of killing in the city.
A. suspect B. conflict C. virus
答案:A
解析:考查名词词义辨析。句意:警方在该市的一系列谋杀案中逮捕了嫌疑犯。A. suspect嫌疑犯;B. conflict矛盾;C. virus病毒。根据"a series of killing in the city",可知此处是指抓到了一个嫌疑犯。故选A。
4. The advisers helped you talked through your problems but they don’t offer you any direct ____.
evolution B. solutions
C. resolution D. dissolution
答案:B
解析:A. evolution进化; B. solution解决方法; C. resolution决心; D. dissolution破裂。 根据句意"学校的顾问帮助你讨论你的问题,但是他们不给你直接的解决办法。"空处意思应该是“解决方法"。B项正确。故选: B。
5. You can find many _____about famous film stars on the Internet.
news B. pictures
C. tickets D. information
答案:B
解析:考查可数名词与不可数名词。句意:你可以在互联网上找到许多有关著名电影明星的图片。news新闻,消息,是不可数名词;pictures图片,是可数名词;tickets票,券,是可数名词;information信息,是不可数名词。根据句意和many可知,此处应用名词复数pictures。故选B。
6. I need some _____and _____.
vegetable; two packets of salts
B. vegetables; two packets of salts
C. vegetables; two packets of salt
D. vegetable; two packets of salts
答案:C
解析:考查名词的数。句意:我需要一些蔬菜和两袋盐。vegetable 蔬菜,可数名词;two packets of salt 两袋盐,salt是不可数名词,没有复数形式。故选C。
7. Do you have two _____of_____
pair; shoes B. pairs; shoes
C. pair; shoe D. pairs; shoe
答案:B
解析:考查名词复数。句意:你有两双鞋吗?shoes鞋,复数形式,一双鞋是 a pair of shoes;两双鞋是 two pairs of shoes, pair 和shoe 都要用复数形式。故选B。
8.—Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?
—No it's about _____.
A.7 minutes walk B.7 minute walk
C.7 minutes' walk D.7 minute's walk
答案:C
解析:考查名词所有格。句意:—打扰一下,超市离这很远吗?—不,大约7分钟的路。本题是用时间来表示路程,要用名词所有格,7 minutes' walk为正确的表达格式。故选C。
9. The post card is sent by ________.
a friend of my father
B. a friend of my father's
C. my father friend
D. my father friend's
答案:B
解析:a friend of my father's=a friend of my father's friends 后者有两个friend显得重复, 就用my friend's就可以了。名词所有格形式(my friend's)既可相当于形容词性物主代词,也可以相当于名词性物主代词如: This is Lily's(同her) book=This book is Lily's(同hers).
10. The village is far away from her indeed. It's ______ walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour's
C. a four-hours D. a four hours'
答案:D
解析:该题考查名词所有格的用法.'s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西(人或物)的名词之后,有时还用于某些无生命的命词之后,如表示时间的名词之后.一般是在名词词尾加's,如果该名词已有词尾-s或-es,则是在名词后加“'”.答案为D.例如:an hour's ride乘车一小时的路程;two hours' meeting两小时的会议; thirty minutes' walk三十分钟的路程;ten years' hard work十年的辛苦劳动.
11. In March 2001, the Taliban blew up two colossal Bamiyan Buddha statues, the 6th-century________, carved into sandstone cliffs because they were un-Islamic.
A. remained ruins B. remaining ruins
C. remained relics D. remaining relics
答案:D
解析:考查名词短语,句意:2001年3月,塔利班炸毁了两座巨大的巴米扬佛像因为它们不符合伊斯兰教义,它们是6世纪的遗留的遗迹,被隆刻在砂岩峭壁上,remaining“剩余的;剩下的”是形容词,remained是remain的过去式,remain是不及物动词,无被动式,ruin“废墟”;relic“遗迹”符合句意,是可数名词,根据句意,用复数,综上,remaining relics表示“遗留的遗迹”,故选D。
12. Seeing the happy ______ of children playing in the park, I'm full of joy and confidence in the future of our travel agency.
A. sight B. view C. scenery D. scene
答案:D
解析:考查名词词义辨析。句意:看到孩子们在公园里玩耍的快乐场景,我对我们旅行社的未来充满了喜悦和信心。A. sight景象;B. view看法;C. scenery风景;D. scene场景。根据句意分析,children playing in the park表“孩子们在公园里玩耍”,是一个动态情况,用scene符合语意。故选D项。
13. I am sure David will be able to find the library. He has a pretty good ________ of direction.
idea B. feeling
C. experience D. sense
答案:D
解析:sense 的用法。根据上文由be able to find the library可知,David“有非常好的方向感”。sense有an understanding about sth;an ability to judge sth之义.可以说sense of direction humor,译为“方向感,幽默感”
14. Learning about the news that he would resign, I sprang to my feet in ______.
effect B. amazement
C. impact D. suffering
答案:B
解析:考查名词词义辨析。句意:得知他将辞职的消息,我惊讶地跳了起来。A. effect影响;效果; B. amazement惊奇;惊愕; C. impact影响; D. suffering苦难;折磨。根据句意,此处指"我惊讶地跳了起来"。in amazement是固定短语,意为"惊讶地"。故选B.
15. The police chief stood trial(审判) in New York on Tuesday, charged with ________ of power.
abuse B. absence
C. agenda D. advantage
答案:A
解析:A. abuse滥用; B. absence缺席; C. agenda议事日程; D. advantage优势, 优点。根据句意"周二,警察局长在纽约受审,被指控滥用职权。"空处意思应该是"
滥用" , abuse of power表示"滥用职权" , A项正确。故选:A。