Module 6 The Internet and Telecommunications›语法学案

Module 6
The Internet and Telecommunications
Grammar
一、Grammar I：Compound words（合成词）
1. Noun compounds （名词合成词）
1). noun + noun
basket + ball = bask ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )etball, house + work = housework, news + paper = newspaper,
bed + clothes= bedclo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )thes, wood + cutter= woodcutter, battle+ field= battlefield,
school +leaver= school-leaver
2). adj. + noun
black + board =blackb ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oard, English + man = Englishman, loud + speaker = loudspeaker
free + way= freeway, short + wave = shortwave, main + land= mainland
3).adv./ prep. + noun
hard + seat= ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hard-seat, after + noon = afternoon, over + coat = overcoat, in + land = inland
4). noun + v-ing
sight + seeing=sigh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tseeing, horse +racing= horse racing, tape +recording= tape recording
5). v. + adv.
get + together = get-together
3) v-ing +n
waiting-room, swi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mming pool, washing machine, dining room, writing desk, sleepingpills
4) v.+n.
pick-pocket, speakbox
8)其他
go-between, touc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h-me-not(风仙花), forget-me-not, good-for-nothing(无用的人,废物)
2. Adjective compounds (合成形容词)
1). noun. + adj.
world + famous= world-famous, radio+active=radioactive ,
self-satisfied(自满的), duty-free(免税的)
2). adj. + adj.
reddish + brown = reddish-brown
3). n. / adj. + v-ing
easy + going = easy-going , fun + loving= fun-loving ,
English-speaking, peace-loving, heart-breaking (使心碎的)
4) adv+v-ing
hard-working, well-meaning(善意的, 好心的), far-reaching(深远的,广大的)
5). n. / adj. + ed
man+ made. = man-made, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) sun+ burnt= sun burnt, wide+ spread = widespread,
ill +formed = ill formed, warm-hearted, ready-made(现成的, 做好的)
6). noun /adj. + noun + ed
kind + heart + ed = kind-hearted, blue + eye + ed = blue-eyed,
cold + blood + ed = cold-blooded, glass + topped = glass-topped
simple + minded = simple-minded, right + handed = right-handed
7) adv.+v-ed
well-known, wide-spread
8). adv. (pronoun. / numeral) + noun
every + day = ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )everyday, under + ground = underground, second + hand =secondhand
3. adv. / preposition compounds (合成副词)
adv. / preposition + noun
in + side = ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inside, down + stairs = downstairs, down +hill = downhill
4. verb compounds (合成动词)
adv. + verb
under + line = unde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rline, over + come = overcome, over + look = overlook
The use of compounds in the sentence（合成词在句子中的用法）
1.Used as attributive
They helped us to map out a long-term plan.
Open-air exercises will do you good.
What they need is a down-to-earth spirit.
2.Used as predictive
She is lively and outgoing.
Are you airsick
3.Used as subject and object
Sightseeing took up the whole morning.
We walked till we reached the cross-roads.
4. Used as adverbial
She greeted them warm-heartedly.
You can’t just do as you please, willy-nilly.
Attention（注意）: some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )times we can’t translate these compounds words directly ,for example “loudspeaker” doesn’t mean“大声说话的人”，but “扬声器”。
Exercises:
I .Translate the following Chinese into English
1.It is a ___ （双轮）pulled by a man.
2.Is the snake ____ （热血的）or _____（冷血的）
3.He became a ____（有名的） scientist.
4.He is a very famous ____（制片人）.
II . Multiple choices
1.Here is a ____ table that needs to be repaired.
A. three-leg B. three-legs
C. three-legged D. three-legging
2.Every morning s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he would go to the city square to do some ____ exercise.
A. body-shaping B. body shape
C. body-shaped D. body-shape
3.Well, this is a ____ matter that needs to be dealt with immediately.
A. last minute B. last-minute
C. lasting-minute D. last- minutes
4.She left him standing there____ and sad.
A. heart- breaking B. breaking-heart
C. heart-placed D. heart-broken
5.The _____ boy wrote a novel.
A. 14-years-old B.14-years-olds
C. 14-year-old D.14-yeared-old
Keys:I.1. two-whe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eled 2. warm-blooded; cold-blooded 3. well-known 4. film-maker )
II.1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C )
二、Grammar：The use of the Articles ( 冠词的用法 )
定冠词the的用法
1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
The book on the desk is mine.
She is the girl who won the prize.
2. 指上文已出现过或者说话者刚才谈及的人或事物
An old man lived in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a small house near a forest. One day the old man left the house and went into the forest to gather wood.
3. 表示世界上独一无二的事物
The sun is bigger than the moon.
4. 用于单数可数名词或形容词前,表示一类人或事物的整体.
Take care of the wounded and the dying.(救死扶伤)
5. 可以和某些集合名词连用,表示整个民族、阶级、阶层等
The English have a wonderful sense of humor.
The Chinese people are the greatest in the world.
6. 船只, 旅馆, 剧院, 建筑 以及某些著作, 乐曲,报刊等的名词前常加定冠词
The People's Daily is read through out the whole nation.
7. 用于讲,河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等专有名称前
the Yellow Rive ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r, the English channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Indian Ocean, the Philippines
8.用于姓的复数前, 指全家或全家一些人
the Zhangs, the Smiths, the Whites.
9. 由普通名词构成的专有名词(某些国名,政治组织, 机构,学校,建筑,报刊杂志等)很多要加定冠词.
1) 某些国名及政治组织名称
the United States, the United Nations, the House of Commons
2) 某些学校、机构及建筑等名称：
the British Museum, the Midland Bank
3) 某些报刊杂志的名称
the New Times, the Washington Post, the Daily News
零冠词的用法：
1.一些专有名词前如国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:
England, Mary, China
2.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词
Women live longer than men in most countries.
They are teachers.
3. 抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
Life is short, art is long. 生命短暂,而艺术长存.
4. 物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。
You can’t mix oil with water.你不要把油和水混合.
5. 在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday.　
我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
Leaves turn yellow in Autumn.
6. 在称呼,身份,职业,或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee.
Now he is manager of a bank.
7. 在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词
What would you like for breakfast, sir
8. 当by 与火车,轮船,飞机等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train
9. 有些抽象化的个体名词前一般不用冠 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词；如：
school, college, prison, sea, market, hospital,bed, table, class, town, church, court, work, university 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
He has been in prison for five years.
10. 在daybreak, dawn, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )noon, midnight, night,sunset, sunrise这类事件名词前都不加冠词.
He used to wake up at daybreak everyday.
11. 下面这类名词前通常不加冠词:
大多数街名, 广场名(Tim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es Square), 车站,机场,公园,桥梁名(London Bridge),大学名(Yale University),节日名(National Day, New Year’s Day),多数杂志名 (Time, Reader’s Digest),
12. 很多情况下,是否要加冠词,常常是一个习惯用法问题,特别是在一些固定的词组中,有时是说不出的道理
in town in the city 在城里
catch cold have a cold 感冒了
at a distance 在一定距离外 in the distance 在远处
Exercises:
1.Nobody knows who ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )invented ____ computer, which is _____ most useful invention in ____ history.
A. /, a; the B. a; the ; / C. the ; a; / D.
2.After watching ____ TV, she played ______ violin for an hour.
A. /; / B. the ; the C. the; / D. /; the
3.There is ______ dictionary on ______ desk by your side.
A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the
4.Paper money was i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n _______ use to China when Marco polo visited the country in ______ thirteenth Century.(NMET99)
A. the ; / B. the ; the C. /; the D. /; /
5.Most animals have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )little connection with ______ animals of _______different kinds unless they kill them for food. (NMET2000)
A. the; a B. /; a C. the ; the D. /; the
6.The sign reads “In c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ase of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button.” (NMET 2003)
A. / ; a B. / ; the C. the ; the D. a ; a
7.Jumping out of _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )____ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _____ exciting experience. (NMET 2002)
A. / ; the B. / ; an C. an ; an D. the ; the
8．-- Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith
--- Sorry, wrong ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) number. There isn’t ___- Mr. Smith here. ( NMET 2006)
A. / B. a C. the D. one
( keys: CDAC BBCB )