【知识点专区】2015年高中英语 阅读理解政治经济文化类阅读 专项练习（含解析）

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一、阅读理解
Science Fiction
The science fiction type of entertainment is considered by most to be fathered by Jules Verne (A Journey to the Center of the Earth and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea) and H. G. Wells (The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds). Sci-Fi, as it is commonly shortened, is a fictional story in which science and technology have a significant influence on the characters and plot. Many such works are guesswork about what the future holds and how scientific findings and technological advances will shape humankind.
Writing in the late 1800s, Jules Verne was remarkably successful in his 10 guesses about future technologies of air conditioning, automobiles, the Internet, television, and underwater, air, and space travel. Unbelievably, of all places from which to choose, Jules Verne guessed Tampa, Florida, USA as the launching site of the first project to the Moon, which was only 200 kilometers away from the actual 1969 location at Cape Canaveral, Florida.
One of the best-known science fiction books is Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. Published in 1949, it was not meant as a prediction, but as a warning: Orwell was describing what he saw as the outcome of the ideas, trends, and emerging technologies of his time. Many invented terms from this novel have become common in everyday use, such as “big brother” and “doublethink”. Even the author’s name has been made into an adjective—Orwellian—and has become a warning descriptor for situations where privacy is lost and the individual becomes sacrifice under a totalitarian(极权主义) government. Nineteen Eighty-Four was translated into sixty-five languages within five years of its publication, setting a record that still stands.
What helps bring science fiction into being is usually a new discovery or innovation. The author creates an analysis of the potential influence and consequences and then wraps it in a pleasant story. For example, the beginning of space exploration was followed a few years later by the Star Trek television program and movie series. Advances in genetics(遗传学) cause fantasies of the end of disease, horrors of eugenics(优生学), and thrillers where creatures disappearing long ago are brought back to life. The science fiction author’s self-determined role is that of field glasses for humanity—searching the world of future possibilities upon the road which we are traveling.
1． What can science fiction offer to people?
A. A forecast of how a new discovery could influence mankind.
B. A thoughtful look at the present drawbacks of technology.
C. An analysis of why a new technology could be used to harm human.
D. A thoughtful look at the past and what brought us to this point in history.
2．Which of the following best summarizes the description of Nineteen Eighty-Four?
A. A prediction of future technologies.
B. A warning of cruel and unfair ruling.
C. The consequence of scientific findings.
D. An imaginary perfect world of freedom.
3．From the passage we can learn that _____.
A. Nineteen Eighty-Four adopted some popular terms
B. H.G. Wells predicted the Internet in the late 1800s
C. Cape Canaveral was mentioned in Jules Verne’s fiction
D. Star Trek movie series were based on space exploration
4．According to the author, what is the role of science fiction in society?
A. A moral compass.
B. A reference of technology.
C. A record of science development.
D. A consideration of possibilities.
The National Gallery
Description:
The National Gallery is the British national art museum built on the north side of Trafalgar Square in London. It houses a diverse collection of more than 2,300 examples of European art ranging from 13th-century religious paintings to more modern ones by Renoir and Van Gogh. The older collections of the gallery are reached through the main entrance while the more modern works in the East Wing are most easily reached from Trafalgar Square by a ground floor entrance
Layout:
The modern Sainsbury Wing on the western side of the building houses 13th- to 15th-century paintings, and artists include Duccio, Uccello, Van Eyck, Lippi, Mantegna, Botticelli and Memling.
The main West Wing houses 16th-century paintings, and artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Cranach, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bruegel, Bronzino, Titan and Veronese.
The North Wing houses 17th-century paintings, and artists include Caravaggio, Rubens, Poussin, Van Dyck, Velazquez, Claude and Vermeer.
The East Wing houses 18th- to early 20th-century paintings, and artists include Canaletto, Goya, Turner, Constable, Renoir and Van Gogh.
Opening Hours:
The Gallery is open every day from 10am to 6pm (Fridays 10am to 9pm) and is free, but charges apply to some special exhibitions.
Getting There:
Nearest underground stations: Charing Cross (2-minute walk), Leicester Square (3-minute walk), Embankment (7-minute walk), and Piccadilly Circus (8-minute walk).
5．In which century’s collection can you see religious paintings?
A. The 13th. B. The 17th.
C. The 18th. D. The 20th.
6．Where are Leonardo da Vinci’s works shown?
A. In the East Wing. B. In the main West Wing.
C. In the Sainsbury Wing. D. In the North Wing.
7．Which underground station is closest to the National Gallery?
A. Embankment. B. Leicester Square.
C. Piccadilly Circus. D. Charing Cross.
People are being lured (引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without realizing they’re paying for it by giving up large amounts of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.
Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they’re paying for Facebook because people don’t really know what their personal data is worth.
The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules. Early on, you keep everything private. That was the great thing about facebook — you could create your own little private network. Last year, the company changed its privacy rules so that many things — your city, your photo, your friends' names—were set, by default (默认) to be shared with everyone on the Internet.
According to Facebook’s vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don’t share information, they have a “less satisfying experience”.
Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money. Its original business model, which involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the page, totally failed. Who wants to look at ads when they’re online connecting with their friends?
The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April, Senator(议员) Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites. “I think the senator rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them,” Schrage admits.
I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy is only the beginning, which is why I’m considering deactivating(撤销) my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I’m upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don’t know. That’s too high a price to pay.
8．What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph?
A. It is a website that sends messages to targeted users.
B. It makes money by putting on advertisements.
C. It profits by selling its users’ personal data.
D. It provides loads of information to its users.
9．What does the author say about most Facebook users?
A. They are reluctant to give up their personal information.
B. They don’t know their personal data enriches Facebook.
C. They don’t identify themselves when using the website.
D. They care very little about their personal information.
10．Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage?
A. To provide better service to its users.
B. To follow the Federal guidelines.
C. To improve its users’ connectivity.
D. To expand its scope of business.
11．What does Senator Charles Schumer advocate?
A. Setting guidelines for advertising on websites.
B. Banning the sharing of users’ personal information.
C. Formulating(制订) regulations for social-networking sites.
D. Removing ads from all social-networking sites.
12．Why does the author plan to cancel his Facebook account?
A. He is dissatisfied with its current service.
B. He finds many of its users untrustworthy.
C. He doesn’t want his personal data abused.
D. He is upset by its frequent rule changes.
Paper is a cheap and accessible medium that can produce beautiful results. To most people, making a paper plane could be one of the simplest things to do. It’s the simplest and easiest form of paper art. And paper art can be traced back to Japan, where it originated over a thousand years ago. However, there’s a special minority who takes paper art to the next level, magically turning the plain white or colored paper into some of the most amazing artworks. Check out the following artists and their works!
The Danish artist Peter Callesen is famous for his talent in combining the minimalism(极简的) of a white sheet of paper with the complexity of carefully cut and folded paper and uses the two to build out some pleasing works.
The British artist Su Blackwell often goes to secondhand bookstores — to look for materials with which she can carve out delicate sculptures. The models look as if they “grow” naturally from the pages of the books. The artist finds inspiration from the book title or a paragraph or picture inside and then spends months carefully slicing each one into an eye-catching paper model. Her old book sculptures sell for up to￡5,000 each.
By carefully folding simple pieces of paper, German artist Simon Schubert creates amazing masterpieces. He turns paper into architectural masterpieces by folding a simple piece of paper to shape the creases(摺缝), then unfolding it to show the fascinating artwork.
Another master of paper-folding is Jen Stark. Her artwork is often in the form of colorful caves and topographic(地形的) maps. Using her vivid imagination and a special knife, she is a modern day magician who turns humble materials like construction paper and glue into fantastic, complicated sculptures that puzzle the eyes. Her work draws inspiration from nature.
13．According to the passage, paper art ________.
A. is about plane-folding B. is most prosperous in Japan
C. dates back to 1000 B.C. D. is now on a new level
14．The British artist mentioned in the passage ________.
A. combines the minimalism and complexity of paper
B. often gets inspired by secondhand books
C. makes architectural masterpieces with Simon Schubert
D. is a magician who uses simple paper materials
15．According to the passage, Jen Stark _______.
A. is from Germany
B. uses paper to build complicated shapes
C. creates things too puzzling to understand
D. works also as a magician
16．What does the underlined word “humble” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. common and popular B. simple and cheap
C. useless and priceless D. numb and meaningless
17．What can we learn from the artists?
A. Every dog has its day.
B. All that glitters are not gold.
C. One can't make brick without straw.
D. The greatness may come from ordinariness.
参考答案
1．A
2．B
3．D
4．D
【解析】
1．A，主旨题，本文讲述了过去的几部科幻小说对现在的预测和影响，在介绍中都提到了。在第一段最后概括论述的。
2．B，细节题 根据Even the author’s name has been made into an adjective—Orwellian—and has become a warning descriptor for situations where privacy is lost 可知。
3．D，细节题，根据最后一段中For example, the beginning of space exploration was followed a few years later by the Star Trek television program and movie series. 可知。
4．D，文章最后一句表明了作者对科幻小说作用的看法。
5．A
6．B
7．D
【解析】
试题分析: 作者介绍了英国伦敦国家美术馆。分四大板块进行介绍：整体描述、布局、开放时间以及可以到达美术馆的地铁站。
5．A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的It houses a diverse collectiong of more than 2,300 examples of European art ranging from 13th-century religious paintings to more modern ones by Renoir and Van Gogh.（它藏有从13世纪宗教美术作品到雷诺瓦和梵高的现代作品2300多份的各种各样的藏品），我们可以断定宗教美术作品是13世纪的，故选A。
6．B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的The main West Wing houses 16th-century paintings, and artists include Leonardo da Vinci（主要的西翼藏有16世纪的美术作品以及包括Leonardo da Vinci等在内的艺术家的作品）可知B正确。
7．D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的Nearest underground stations: Charing Cross(2-minute walk), Leiseter Square(3-minute walk), Embankmen(7-minute walk),and Piccadilly Circus(8-minute walk)所给的时间长度，可以断定Charing Cross是最近的，故选D。
考点：文化类教育。
8．C
9．B
10．A
11．C
12．C
【解析】
试题分析：文章的主题围绕当下很受欢迎的社交网站Facebook，揭露其将用户资料出售给广告商。而大多数用户并未意识到这一点，因为他们并没有意识到个人资料的重要性。作者的态度和立场非常鲜明，并表示考虑注销自己的账户。
8．细节理解题。根据Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.通过卖用户的信息来挣钱，故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages. Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening.网站的用户并不知道自己的信息泄露了。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据the company is simply making changes to improve its service可知, Facebook做一些改变是想提高服务，故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites.可知，Senator Charles Schumer呼吁对社交网站建立指导。故选C。
12．细节理解题。根据I’m upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don’t know. That’s too high a price to pay. 可知作者不希望个人隐私被泄漏。故选C。
考点：日常生活类阅读。

13．D
14．B
15．B
16．B
17．D
【解析】
试题分析：折纸艺术历史悠久。但是，现代的一些艺术家把折纸艺术上升到了一个新的高度。本文就介绍了一些着方面的艺术家和他们的作品。
13．细节理解题。根据However, there’s a special minority who takes paper art to the next level, …可知，折纸艺术已经达到了一个新高度。所以选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段可知，这位英国的艺术家经常去二手书市场从书名或者里面的一段话或一幅图得到灵感。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据“Her artwork is often in the form of colorful caves and topographic(地形的) maps.”可知，Jen Stark用纸造出多彩的洞穴和复杂的地形图。 所以选B。
16．词义猜测题。根据本单词所在的句子的意思是：她把工作用纸和胶水变成了奇异的、复杂的雕刻艺术品令人不能相信自己的眼睛。A. common and popular常见的、普通的；B. simple and cheap简单的和便宜的；C. useless and priceless用过的和无价的；D. numb and meaningless看似毫无感觉的和毫无意义的。这里是指纸本身毫无意义，所以选B。
17．推理判断题。A. Every dog has its day. 每个人都会走运的;B. All that glitters are not gold.闪光的不都是金子；C. One can't make brick without straw. 巧妇难为无米之炊；D. The greatness may come from ordinariness.伟大也许来自平凡。根据文章大意可知，看似简单平凡的一文不名的纸张，在艺术家的手里变成了让人心动的艺术品。所以选D。
考点：科普类阅读。