中考英语复习 阅读理解解题指导 课件 (共23张PPT)

(共23张PPT)
中考复习-阅读理解解题指导
阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务，也是中考必考题型。
中考阅读理解题主要考查考生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求考生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A，B.C，D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。
文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟40—50个词。
阅读理解的选材特点
1．中考题的阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读总量在1，000单词左右。
2．题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等。
3．体裁多种多样，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等。
阅读理解的考查要点
考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力
此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题、标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：
(1)Which is the best title of the passage
(2)Which of the following is this passage about
(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that______.
(4) The passage tells us that_____.
(5) This passage mainly talks about______.
2．考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：
(1)Which of the following is right
(2)Which of the following is not mentioned
(3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage
(4) Choose the right order of this passage.
(5)From this passage we know______.
3．考查根据上下文猜测生词或指代词含义的能力
此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是：
(1) The word "..." in the passage probably means
(2)The underlined word "It" in the passage refers____.
(3)In this story the underlined word“..." means
(4)Here "it”means_____.
4．考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的
理解，对文章各段、各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力
此类题目主要考查的是语句之间、短语之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Many visitors come to the writer's city to
(2)Some shops can be built in Dongfeng Square so that they may
(3)Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because
(4) Why did the writer get off the train two stopa before Vienna station
5．考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力
此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生在理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：
(1)We can guess the writer of the letter may be a_______.
(2)We can infer from the text that_____.
(3) From the letters we've learned that it's very___to know something about American social customs.
(4) From the story we can guess_____.
(5)What would happen if...
6．考查推断作者意图和态度的能力
(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station
(2)The writer writes this text to____.
(3) The writer believes that ____.
(4)The writer suggests that____.
三、阅读理解的应试技巧
1．如何获取段落的主旨和大意
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫作主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：
表述的意思比较概括，相对其他语句来看，这种概括性更为明显。
句子结构较简洁（多数不采用长、难句的形式）。
段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。
在一篇短文或一个段落中，主题句的情况一般有三种；
（1）主题句在段首或篇首。
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。在英语中，一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述、后分述的叙事方法。
（2）主题句在段末或篇末。
用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。
（3）无主题句
有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心。
2．如何确定细节和事实
在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目，这类题目相对容易一些。
要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一是要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二是要排除干扰项。
（1）找出信息点。凡属针对特定细节的考题.其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，仅是句式、用词和表达方式可能不同。
（2）排除干扰项。干扰项往往是把主体思想与细节混杂，或是从表述上把正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真伪混杂。
3．如何进行推断
所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。
中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很广，其类型主要有以下几种：
（1）事实推断。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。
进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
（2）指代推断。确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。
要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式与被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象的第一个辅助标志。
（3）逻辑推断。这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。
（4）对作者的意图和态度的推断。这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，例如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞扬、同情，冷漠，还是厌恶。
作者的思想倾向和感彩没有直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推断的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
例：阅读下面的短文，并根据短文内容判断正
误，正确的用（T），错误的用（F）。
The Chang＇e 5 robotic probe（探测器）has be- come China's first spaceship to bring the country's national flag to the Moon.
The scene of the Five-Starred Red Flag against the dark aky on the grey lunar surface was taken by a camera on the Chang'e 5 robotic probe's lander and then sent to the ground control.In Chang'e 3 and 4 tasks,the national flag was painted on the space- ship.Therefore,the fng carried by Chang'e 5 is the first Chinese national flag that has been planted on the Moon.
The system to raise the flag was designed and produced by engineers at China Space Sanjinng Group in Hubei Province. It has three parts.
Because of the strong radiation（辐射）and the terrible temperatures on the Moon,we couldn't use traditional fabrics（面料），If we place an ordinary fag on the Moon,its colors wvill quickly become lighter.Designers spent more than one year choosing and testing ideal materials,and finally picked anew kind of material that can resist the very difficult con- ditions on the Moon.
1.The Chang'e 5 brought the flag outside the space. 2.The scene of the national flag was taken by a smartphone.
3.The fling raising system includes three parts.
4.If we place an ordinary fag on the Moon,its colors will quickly become dark.
5.The last paragraph shows us how the designers chose and tested the flag's materials.
分析：
本篇讲述了嫦娥5号探测器携带国旗往月球的事实，以及月球上这面特殊国旗的村质。1．F。根据第一句 The Chang＇e 5 robotic probe（探测器）has become China＇s first spaceship
第十一
to bring the country's national fag to the Moon. 娥5号探测器把国旗带到月球上推知答案错。2．F。根据第二句The scene of the Five Starred Red Flag against the dark sky on the gre lunar surface was taken by a camera on the Chang' 5 robotic probe's lander and then sent to the ground control.推知，国旗落户月球的场景是由一架相机拍的。故答案错。
3．T。根据 The system to raise the flag wan designed and produced by engineers at China Space Sanjiang Group in Hubei Province.It has three parts.推知，国旗升起系统有三部分。故答案正确。4．F。根据Ifwe place an ordinary flag on the Moon，its colors will quickly become lighter.可知， 普通面料做的国旗在月球上颜色会变浪。故答案错。
5．T。文章最后一段介绍：由于月球的高辐射和糟糕的温度，普通面料做的国旗在月球上会很快褪色，因此设计者花费一年多的时间选择、测试面料，最终选出适合月球糟糕情况的国旗。因此答案正确。
例2：阅读下面短文，根据短文内容选择最佳答
案。
There are many deserts (沙 漠) on the earth. And the following are some facts you may find inter- esting.
What are deserts like
Deserts can be hot and dry places. Rain may not fall there for months or years. Some deserts are sandy and stony(多石的). Deserts can also be very windy places. The wind can change the shape of the deserts. It moves sand around from place to place.
Temperatures in the desert can vary enormously (非常)，During the daytime, the temperature may reach 40℃ even in the shade(阴凉处). At night deserts can become very cold. In winter there may even be a frost （霜冻) in the early morning.
Living in the desert
The camel is sometimes called "the ship of the desert". It stores food in its hump( 驼峰) and can go for days without water. It has large feet which help it not to fall, into the soft sand. Its long eyelashes (睫 毛) keep out the sand during sandstorms.
An oasis is an area of the desert where water nay be found. The water may be in pools or under the ground. People and animals visit an oasis for wa- ter and food. Plants grow at an oasis. Some farmers are able to grow erops here.
The Arabian Desert
The Arabian Desert liew between the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. In some parts of the desert, it is too hot for people to live. Oil was discovered under parts of the desert and in the Arabian Gulf. This oil has made some countries in the area very rich. Much of the money has been spent building fine cities with lovely parks and lakes, and people live a comfortable life there.
1.Which of the following can best describe deserta
A.Hot and dry. B.Sandy and rainy.
C.Wet and stony. D.Windy andI snowy.
2.The word “vary” in the passage means____.
A.be low B.be high C.be similar D.be different
3. The camel has long eyelashes to _______.
A.stay cool in deserts B.go for days without water
C. help it not to fall into the soft sand D.keep out the sand during sandstorms
4. According to the passage,people and animals visit an oasis for____。
A.frost and crops B.sand and stones
C.water and food D.money and oil
5.What is the best title of the passage
A.What is the weather like in deserts
B.What do you know about deserts
C.How do people live in deserts
D.Where is the Arabian Desert
分析：
本文介绍了沙漠的一些有关事实；沙漠的基本特征，如何在沙漠中生活，阿拉伯沙漠等。
1．A.细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句Deserts can be hot and dry places.可知，沙漠的最 好描述语为“炎热、干燥”，故选A。
2．D.词义猜测题。根据第三段的最后三句 During the daytime，the temperature may reach 40℃ even in the shade.At night deserts can become very cold. In winler there may even be a frost in the early morning.可知，沙漠的白天，夜 晚和冬季气温变化很大，温度不同。
3．D.细节理解题，根据第四段的最后一句tt long eyelashes keep out the sand during sandstorm.可知，骆驼的长睫毛能阻止沙子进入。
4．C.细节理解题。根据第五段的第三句People and animale vinit an oasis for water and opd.可知，人们和动物来到绿洲是为水和食物。
5．B．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一的第二句And the following are some faets you ay find interesting.可知，文章介绍了沙漠的一 有关事实。