中考英语专题复习：阅读表达信息处理之转换和概括(共39张PPT)

(共39张PPT)
信息转换信息概括
信息概括
常见设题方式
1) 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式
The main idea of the passage is …
The passage is mainly about …
What is the passage mainly about
2) 标题类主旨大意题
What is the best title for the text
The best title for the passage might be …
① 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
② 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
③ 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
④ 无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
主旨大意题干扰项特点
主旨大意题技巧小结
1) 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。
2) 找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。
读首段/句抓大意
读尾段/句抓大意
3.) 无明显主题句时寻找高频词
任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
主题句通常在段首
新闻报道、说明文、议论文等主题句通常在开头 主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义 点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨
而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有 for example\ that is \first\ second \ finally \once \another
time \for one thing 等词。
课堂探究1： A
JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students —18 boys and 2 girls — had a
thousand reasons to be proud of themselves. They had just climbed their
way to the top run out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth
National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tuesday
evening.
The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students
under the age of 14.
"Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can
figure them out. It is just unbelievable!" said a teacher from Guangdong
province.
Named after China's most famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the
contest started in 1986, one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it
has been recognized by the State Education Commission (国家教委)
as the country's biggest and best contest of its kind.
This news story is mainly about ______
A. when the contest started
B. how the contest got its name
C. the 20 pupils who have won gold medals in the contest
D. the 5th National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup
Mathematics Contest
D
B
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments
show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the
most serious and terrible disease (illness), cancer, cigarette
smoking also can cause other health problems. For example,
it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have
shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether
you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking
is harmful. Is it worth it
What is the main idea of the text
A. Cigarette smoking can cause cancer
B. Smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness)
C. Smoking also can cause other health problems
D. Smoking is harmful.
D
课堂探究2 A
Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways. Some fat
people have a large stomach and no waist line—which makes them look
round, rather like apples. Others are fatter below the waist, which
makes them appear pear-shaped.
There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under the skin) and internal
fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the
relationship between health and fatness, have found that the 'pears' have
less internal fat, but the 'apples' have more internal fat than external fat.
This seems to be what causes the health problems.
The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But
unfortunately it seems that dieting (节食) simply makes an apple-
shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a
smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the
internal rather than external fat.
The text is mainly about ______.
A. fatness and health
B. ways to lose weigh
C. people's figures
D. distribution of fat
A
B
Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thing——finally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better…
…Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide
The author intends to .
A. stress the advantages of TV to people’s lives
B. persuade women to become more independent
C. encourage people to improve their reading skills
D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google
A
从段落中寻找高频率词
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，
当文章中没有明确的主题句时，就会发现一个反
复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词
B
Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道) You won’t be for long. Miami’s Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and cycle, too.
In Shantzis’ Hi-Rise Recycling system, a chute leads to a pip-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated. The system, which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use, enables ,glass, plastics, paper, metal, and other rubbish to go into separate boxes.
The system is controlled from a board foxed next to the chute door. The board has a button for each class of recycling materials . At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors’ chute doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full. And a particular piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables.
The purpose in writing this text is _________.
A. to encourage people to recycle their rubbish.
B. to introduce a recycling system for high rises
C. to describe the use of computer technology in recycling
D. to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rise
B
①.考查文章的中心思想
The passage is mainly about __.
From the passage we can learn/conclude that_________.
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？
找主题句的四个小窍门：
1） 段落中出现表转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually，while，on the contrary，in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
2） 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。
3） 作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
表示总结或结论的话常有therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等。
1. Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television. Nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each other‘s minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle（奇迹）it is.
This passage is mainly about_________.
A. the development of body language
B. the special role humans play in nature
C. the power to convey information to others
D. the difference between humans and animals in language use
2. We often don’t remember things as well when we’re trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people’s names---even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.
What is the main idea of the passage
A. Multitasking has become a way of life.
B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.
C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved.
D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.
②.考查文章标题的选择
Which of the following is the best title
The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_________.
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达，短小明了, 函盖性强, 做这类题目时, 要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要先找出主题句，反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。
比如某一文章的中心句子为：
Coffee is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world.
话题：Coffee
概念：is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world
标题：Coffee Around the World
The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added - a communications blackout caused by solar storms.
After a period of calm within the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.
Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending five Olympic broadcast from London.
"The Sun's activity has a strong influence on the Earth. The Olympics could be in the middle of the next solar maximum which could affect the functions of communications satellites," said Professor Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxford shire.
Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A. Solar Storms: An Invisible Killer
B. Solar Storms: Earth Environment in Danger
C. Solar Storms: Threatening the Human Race
D. Solar Storms: Human Activities to Be Troubled
In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animals. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
Which of the following is the best title of this passage
A．A Wheelchair Experience. B．Weakness and Kindness.
C．Weakness and Strength. D．A Driving Experience.
阅读表达中的信息转换
常见题型设置：回答问题、指代、翻译、猜词意、表格填空、短文填空等
短文填空的信息转换
转换什么？
If your robot stops working, remember to check its battery.
Having a robot Don’t (1)________ to check its battery if it doesn’t work.
forget
反义词转换
转换词形
form of the word
转换词性
part of speech
If you require strength in either body or mind, red may be of some help to you.
Strong colour Red may be ________ to you when you need strength.
helpful
n.
adj.
The situation will be worse if people don't act to protect the environment.
The situation will be worse _________ people act to protect the environment.
unless
转换词形
form of the word
转换词性
part of speech
They happen during “Hurricane Season,” which is from June 1st until November 30th in the Atlantic Ocean.
Hurricane Season usually 1______ for about 6 months in the Atlantic Ocean．
asts
转换句式
sentence structure
转换释义
explanation
转换词形
form of the word
转换词性
part of speech
转换句式
sentence structure
转换释义
explanation
常见的同义词组
1.)help sb →give sb a hand/ do sb a favour
2.)Both…and →Not only…but also/ As well as
3.) keep healthy → keep fit
4.)decide to do → make up one’s mind to do/ be determined to do
5.) fail to do sth → Not manage to do sth. , not be able to do sth.
常见的同义词
1.) good → wonderful, fantastic, excellent, perfect…
2.) some → a couple of, a great number of/ a large amount of…
3.) sometimes →from time to time/ now and again/now and then
常见的同义句型有
1） It seems that 从句→Somebody seems（to be）+adj/n
2） It’s kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do…
3） What does…mean →What do you mean by… 或What’s the meaning of…
4） There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with…
5） not…until…与when/after/before引导的时间状语从句的转换
6） What’s wrong with… →What’s the matter with…
7） How is… →What’s…like…
8） How do you like… →What do you think of
9） It’s time that…→It’s time for sb. to do…
10) It’s said that…→People say that…
11) Can I help you →What can I do for you
1.It's reported that haze is harmful to people's health.
Problem It's reported that haze does________ to people's health.
2.He worked so hard that he succeeded in the development of hybrid rice.
In 1973 It was____________________of him to succeed in the development of new rice.
3.There is no way to stop a hurricane or make it change
direction．
Characteristics It's ______________ to stop a hurricane.
4.When cameras are not welcome in some public places,
don't turn yours on.
Rules Don't use your cameras when they are_______________.
harm
hard-working
impossible
unwelcome
It’s true that studying abroad can help students develop themselves.
It is helpful to the future______________ of Chinese students.
development
1、Their foreign language skills will be improved and it may be easier to find jobs.
It helps to__________ foreign language skills.
It enables Chinese students to find jobs _______
3、The good news is that there are many simple things you can do to help protect animals.
Title: Ways of ______ animals
more easily
improve
protecting
Once you have a group, agree on how often you want
to meet-----usually club members meet monthly. Pick a date
and stick with it. That way, members can plan for it. Send out
emails a week before the meeting to remind them of the
meeting time. Set meeting time length. An hour is a good start.
Two hours usually does the trick.
Set a fixed time. Send out emails to remind them of the_________meeting beforehand.
monthly
People need to live with happiness. So everyone wants to find happiness. But sometimes looking for happiness can be as hard as looking for lost treasure. Just when you think you nearly reach it, something unexpected happens. This may puzzle you a lot. Here are some tips for helping you find happiness.
Don't put all your eggs in one basket. If you depend on one thing or one person to make you happy, it may be impossible. You need to enlarge your circle of friends and activities.
To be happy, people are suggested to make their circle of friends and activities _______.
larger
Mr. Smith is my teacher. He is also my good friend.
Mr. Smith is not only my teacher but also my good friend.
I saw Peter. He was playing basketball on the playground.
I saw Peter playing basketball on the playground.
He is very young. He can’t carry the box.
He is so young that he can’t carry the box.
He is too young to carry the box.
You can do this before class, and you can also do it after class.
You can do this either before class or after class.
I don’t know where to buy the camera.
I don’t know where I can buy the camera
1、I hope to visit London this summer.
I hope I can visit London this summer.
2、Do you know how to get the kite down from the tree
Do you know how you can get the kite down from the tree
3、He ran away to avoid punishment．
He ran away so that he would be punished．
4、 He has to work hard to maintain his big family．
He has to work hard so that he can maintain his big family．
5、 The boy is rewarded for his bravery．
The boy is brave，so he is rewarded．
Don't play basketball here, or you may break the windows.
If you play basketball here，you may break the windows.
1、 If we go on planting trees，the hill will turn green in two year’s time
. Go on planting trees for two more years and the hill will be covered with green trees.
2、 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.
Unless it rains tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.
3、 Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.
4、 Fish can’t live if there is no water.
Fish can’t live without water.
I went to bed after I finished my homework.
I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.
1、Let’s go out for a walk.
What / How about going out for a walk
Why not/ don’t you go out for a walk
Shall we go out for a walk
2、That watch doesn’t work
There is something wrong with the watch.
Something is wrong with the watch.
That watch is out of order.
3、It took David half an hour to do his homework last night.
David spent half an hour on his homework last night.
David spent half an hour (in) doing his homework last night.
The population of the world continues to rise at the present rate
More _______being born
with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught.
Modern methods make the situation ________ .
babies
worse
___________for choosing home ●You needn't get well dressed.
●It's usually very quiet at homes.
●All you need is just some water or food
Then, you need a good place. Libraries, parks and restaurants--- all the public places make good meeting places. For many clubs, meeting at home works best because you don’t have to get dressed up, and homes are quiet. If members bring a plate of food or a bottle, it can help start conversation.
Reasons
阅读表达中的信息概括
常见题干设置：雷同阅读理解中的文章标题选择，但需自己写出
A 33-year-old spacewoman, Wang Yaping is China’s first teacher in space. Wang Yaping taught Chinese primary and middle school students on Earth physics problems in the zero-gravity environment (失重环境). She prepared for the lecture for a long time. She was a pilot in the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (空 军) with experience of 1,600 h ours of flying. The world’s first teacher in space was Christa McAuliffe, a 37-year-old middle school teacher from the United States, but the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated (崩裂) after 73 seconds into flight on Jan.28, 1986. McAuliffe and other six members were killed. “Wang’s lecture was a pleasant surprise.” said Zhang Xiaoguang, an astronaut in the three members of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft. “________________________(她无论做什么都很优秀). Sometimes we’d like to give her a helping hand, but she just would not take the hand in help.” Said Nie Haisheng. Like many young Chinese people, Wang likes photography, music and basketball. She said:“We are all students in facing the universe . We are looking forward to joining our young friends to learn and explore the mystical and beautiful universe.”
任务四 请给短文拟一个恰当的英文标题。（2分）5.__________________________________________________________________
idea/ thought / *opinion
1. 话/标题
2. 原 因
4. 方 法
6. 优 劣
8. 结 论
5. 观 点
9.结果/影响
3. 目 的
7. 建 议
*topic / *title
cause / reason
way / method
(dis) advantage
*conclusion
influence/result/ *effect
purpose
advice / suggestion
常用的概括词