新概念英语第一册:语法总结
1.人称
代词及be动词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
主格 I we you you she he it they
宾格 me us you you her him it them
形容词性物主代词 my our your your her his its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours hers his its theirs
反身代词 myself ourselves yourself yourselves herself himself itself themselves
be动词现在时 am are are are is is is are
be动词过去时 was were were were was was was were
主格:用在句首,作主语 宾格:在动词、介词之后 反身代词:表示某人自己
形容词性的物主代词:不能单独使用,后面必须加名词 名词性物主代词:只能单独使用
2.名词
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
A.不可数名词
分开还是它本身的东西:water, tea, bread, milk, rice 抽象的东西:love, beauty, coldness(冷)
不可数名词有以下特点:1.不能用a, an修饰 2.不能加s 3.和单数be动词或动词单数搭配4.若要数,则数在量词上 e.g. a bar of chocolate
B.可数名词
单数可数名词要用冠词修饰,复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化:
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells book→books
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. box→boxes church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches
规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes,(口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿),剩下一般加s, radio→radios
规则4 以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives half→halves, shelf→shelves, wife→wives
规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies fly→flies
不规则变化的名词复数形式
单数 man woman foot goose tooth
复数 men women feet geese teeth
单数 child sheep deer mouse fish
复数 children sheep deer mice fish
3.冠词:
冠词数量上表示“一个”。冠词一共有三个,分为不定冠词和定冠词。
1、a, an 是不定冠词:可数名词单数前面必须要用不定冠词
a 用在以辅音音素开头的名词前面, an 用于以元音音素(元音发音的单词)开头的名词前面 a pen an apple an umbrella an egg an hour a university
2、the 是定冠词,表示特指,有两种发音:[ ]、[ ],以元音发音开头的单词前面读[ ]。当想使听话者特别注意the后面的名词时,the就读为[ ],意思是“这一个而且只是这一个”或“主要是这一个”。
定冠词的用法:
① 特指名词(即以说话人或听话人已知的人或物为前提)时,用the
There is an apple on the desk. The apple is mine.
Well, there is a girl in front of the classroom. The girl is my sister.
② 在专有特殊名词时,用the
the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Forbidden City(紫禁城),the sun
③ 在国家前不用冠词,特例国家除外
the United States of America
4. 限定词:some, any, many, much
some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句,注意,当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词,在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
e.g. I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.
5.介词
1. 表时间:at + 时间点;on +具体某一天;in + 年/月/季节
at five o’clock ; on Wednesday / May 15th ; in 1996 / January / winter
2. 表地点:in + 大地点 in Paris ; at +小地点 at the hotel
3. 词组搭配需牢记,如 look after ; look for ; look out
6.形容词的比较级和最高级
比较级 规则一 一般加-er high-higher
规则二 以e结尾加-r nice-nicer
规则三 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-er busy-busier,
规则四 两辅夹一元,重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter
规则五 多音节,形容词原级前加 more more beautiful
最高级 规则一 一般加-est e.g. high- the highest
规则二 以e结尾加-st nice- the nicest
规则三 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-est busy- the busiest
规则四 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加--est fat- the fattest
规则五 多音节,形容词原级前加 the most the most beautiful
不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级
多 可数 many more the most
不可数 much
少 可数 few fewer the fewest
不可数 little less the least
好 good / well better the best
坏 bad worse the worst
比较级用法:用于两者间比较,其结构为:A + be + 比较级 + than + B
Sam is taller than Mike.
最高级用法:用于三者或三者以上的比较,其结构为:主 + be +最高级 + 比较的范围
比较的范围:in our class, in my family, of them all, I have ever seen
Sam is the tallest in our class.
同级比较:as …as
a.. 肯定句:A + be + 形容词原级+ as + B This book is as new as that one.
b. 否定句:A + be + not+形容词原级+ as + B This book is not as new as that one.
7. enough…to 和 too…to结构
a.. 主 + be + adj. + enough ( for sb. ) to do 对某人来说足够地……,以至于可以做……
The house is cheap enough for me to buy.
b. 主 + be + too + adj. ( for sb. ) to do 对某人来说太……,以至于不能做……
The house is too expensive for me to buy.
8.情态动词的使用:can, must, may, might, need,
a.情态动词can(能够), must(必须), may(可以)
结构:主语+can/must/may+动词原型
He can make the tea.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Can he make the tea
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
He can not make the tea.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he can. No, he cannot.
★特殊疑问句:
What can you do
注意:情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化,不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。
b.Must/have to的区别
must 表示必须,是主观上觉得应该做,have to是不得不,是由于客观条件逼迫的必要做
must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里,而have to do可以用在任何时态
c.must, may, might表示猜测:
1.must do 表示对现在事实的肯定猜测
2.must have done表示对过去事实的肯定猜测
3.must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的肯定猜测
4.may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测,解释为可能;might的可能性更小。
5.can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
d.need 用法:
1.表示“需要”时为实意动词,后面可以加名词,也可以加不定式:
I need a pen. Do you need any beer No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.
2.Need doing=need to be done,表示被动
The flowers need watering.
3.Need在否定时做情态动词使用
You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.
Must I clean the desk right now No, you needn’t.
9. 祈使句:
祈使句(第二人称)
祈使句表示请求,命令,建议,邀请等,谓语动词一律用原型,句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹好或者句号,用降调。
★肯定句 动词原型
例, Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful.
祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号隔开,放在句首或者句尾
Come in, Amy. Sit down here, Tom.
★否定:Don't+动词原型
Don't come here.
Don’t sit down.
let sb. do
Let me pass. Let us have a rest. Let’s have a rest.
(反意疑问):
Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we
Let us go out for a drink, will you
10. so 和 neither 引导的简略回答
当有人说了一句肯定或否定意义的话,其肯定或否定的内容也适用于你或其他人,则可用这种句式作简略回答
构成:肯定: So + be / 助动词/ 情态动词 + 主 = ……,too.
I like English. So does she.= She likes English, too.
否定: Neither + be / 助动词/ 情态动词 + 主 = …not…,either.
They aren’t students. Neither is she.=She isn’t a student,either.
11.问句:
一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,否定疑问句
一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语 Are you a teacher Do you want to have a cup of tea
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What is your name
选择疑问句: or Do you want beef or lamb
反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分, 否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
You don’t need that pen, do you
否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词 Aren’t you lucky Don’t you want have a rest
12.感叹句:
What +名词+主语+谓语! How + 形容词+主语+谓语!
What a beautiful girl she is! How beautiful the girl is!
13.直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:时态,人称,时间地点及指示词
a.时态变化:
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to/will——was/were going to/would
can----------------could
may---------------might
b.时间地点及指示词的变化:
here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that…
c.人称变化:根据句意改变人称。
14.从句:
宾语从句,定语从句(限定性),表语从句,状语从句(if引导的真实条件句)
a.宾语从句:1.主 + 动词 +that …2.由whether 或if引导,后接陈述语序
3.由特殊疑问词引导,用陈述语序,即主语在前,动词在后。
b.定语从句:用来充当定语修饰句中的某一名词的句子 。
构成:n. + that/ who/ whom/ which + 句子
★若关系代词在句中充当宾语则关系代词可被省略
c.表语从句:That’s why I am late.
d.状语从句(if引导的真实条件句):主将从现,主情从现
What will you do if you win a lot of money
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
I can go abroad if I am rich.
15.被动语态:be+动词过去分词 (be随时态变化而变化)
常见缩写:
is=’s I am=I’m are=’re is not=isn’t/ iznt/ are not=aren’t /a:nt/ do not=don’t does not=doesn’t was=’s did not=didn’t can not=can’t have=’ve has=’s have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t will=’ll
will not=won’t shall not=shan’t
不定代词及不定副词:
Some any no every
thing something anything nothing everything
one someone anyone anything everyone
where somewhere anywhere anywhere everywhere
body somebody anybody nobody everybody
★不定代词后谓语动词用单数。Nobody is at home.
副词:副词可以修饰形容词,动词,副词或整个句子。
形容词变副词
规则1 直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully,
规则2 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,把y变i, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily
规则3 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同,不需要做任何变化 fast, hard, late
规则4 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远:neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,
动词的第三人称单数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look--looks
规则2 以o,s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch--catches
规则3 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly--flies
动词现在分词
规则一 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing
规则二 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
规则三 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop--stopping
动词过去式
规则动词变化
规则一 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play--played
规则二 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive--arrived
规则三 以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
规则四 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ed stop-stopped,
过去式的读音
在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched
在/t/,/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated
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