(共100张PPT)
必修
UNIT 1 Nature in the balance
开始
01
02
03
课前——语基自主落实
课堂——能力融会发展
课下——主题素养训练
一、背单词—多多益善
(一)易记词汇“一遍过”
1．soil n． 土壤；国土，领土，土地
2．mass n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群
adj. 大批的，广泛的
3．thus adv. 因此，从而；这样
4．belt n. 地带，地区；腰带；传送带
5．medal n. 奖章，勋章
6．track vt.& vi. 跟踪，追踪
n. 足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；路线
7．chief n. 首领，最高领导人
adj. 主要的；首席的
8．overseas adj. 海外的，国外的
adv. 在海外，向国外
9．region n. 地区，区域；行政区
10．living adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的
n. 生计，谋生；生活方式
11．insect n. 昆虫
12．impact n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vi.& vt. 有影响；冲击
13．damage vt.& n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
14．climate n. 气候；倾向，风气
15．global adj. 全球的；全面的
16．drought n. 旱灾，久旱
17．image n. 形象；图像；意象
18．habitat n. 生活环境，栖息地
19．nowhere adv. 无处，哪里都不
20．protest vi. 反对，抗议
vt. 反对；坚持声称，申辩
n. 抗议，反对
21．profit n. 利润，收益；好处
vi.&vt. 获益，得到好处
22．various adj. 各种不同的，各种各样的
23．process n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt. 加工，处理
24．policy n. 政策，方针；原则
25．branch n. 部门；分部；树枝；支流；分支
26．recycle vt. 回收利用，再利用
27．former adj. 昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的
28．official n. 官员，要员
adj. 公务的；正式的，官方的
29．further adj. 更多的，更进一步的
adv. 较远，更远；进一步
vt. 促进，增进
(二)挑战词汇“三遍熟”
1．ecosystem n． 生态系统
2．continent n. 大陆，陆地，洲
3．biodiversity n. 生物多样性
4．million num. 一百万；许多，大量
5．variety n. 不同种类；变化；多样性
6．wildlife n. 野生动植物，野生生物
7．beneath prep. 在……下面；配不上
8．towering adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的
9．species n．(pl.species) 种，物种
10．microorganism n. 微生物
11．nutrient n. 营养素，营养物
12．oxygen n. 氧，氧气
13．greenhouse n. 温室，暖房
14．brochure n. 小册子
15．resident n. 居民，住户
16．committee n. 委员会
17．strategy n. 策略，行动计划；策划
18．poverty n. 贫穷，贫困；贫乏
(三)变形词汇“寻规记”
1．harm n．& vt.伤害，损害→_________ adj.有害的；导致损害的→ __________adj.无害的
2．long adj.长的；长时间的→_______ n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
3．survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→________ n．幸存，生存→_________ n．幸存者
4．disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→______________ n．消失；失踪
harmful
harmless
length
survival
survivor
disappearance
5．agriculture n．农业，农学→___________ adj.农业的
6．extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的→_________ n．灭绝，绝种
7．apply v．应用；涉及；申请→____________ n．应用，运用；申请→_________ n．申请人；求职者
8．organize vt.组织→____________ n．组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理
9．absolute adj.绝对的，完全的→__________ adv.绝对地，完全地；极其
10．entire adj.整个的，完全的，全部的→________ adv.完全地，全部地，完整地
agricultural
extinction
application
applicant
organization
absolutely
entirely
11．defend vt.保护；保卫→________ n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
12．economy n．经济；节约→_________ adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的→__________ adj.节约的；经济的
13．poison vt.污染；毒死，毒害 n．毒物，毒药→_________ adj.有毒的
14．chemistry n．化学→_______ n．化学家→________ n．化学制品 adj.化学的；化学作用的→__________ adv.(在)化学(性质)上；用化学方法
15．consequent adj.随之发生的；作为结果的→___________ n．结果，后果；重要性→____________ adv.因此；所以
defence
economic
economical
poisonous
chemist
chemical
chemically
consequence
consequently
(四)联想词汇“一线牵”
1．－ious结尾形容词荟萃
①various 各种不同的，各种各样的
②cautious 谨慎的
③serious 严肃的
④ambitious 有雄心的
⑤curious 好奇的
2．“n.＋－ful”同类齐聚
①harm→harmful 有害的
②power→powerful 有力的
③pain→painful 疼痛的
④peace→peaceful 和平的
3．特殊名词单复同形
①species (动植物的)种
②series 系列
③means 方法
④remains 剩余物
二、背词块—丰富表达
1．________ 大量的；大片的
2．_____________ 充满；到处都是
3．____________________________ 在……中起着重要的作用
4．_________ 在长度上
5．__________ 给……带来/造成危害
6．_________ 砍倒
7．___________ 各种各样的；大量的
a sea of
(be) alive with
play a significant part/role in ...
in length
do harm to
cut down
a variety of
8．_______ 以……为食
9．_______ 相应地，转而
10．___________ 使分解(为)，使变化(成)
11．_______________ 给……带来起色，注入活力
12．_______ 由于，因为
13．__________ 是……的栖息地/家园
14．________ 逐渐增加，扩大
feed on
in turn
break down
breathe life into
due to
be home to
build up
15．____________ 想出，想到
16．_______ (公开)要求；需要
17．______________ 突然记起(或想到)
18．_________ 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
19．_________________ 反对某事
20．___________ 使发生(或存在)
come up with
call for
spring to mind
get rid of
protest against sth.
give rise to
?联想串记
1．“大量的”的表达一览
①a sea of ②an ocean of
③an army of ④a host of
2．“动词＋名词＋介词”式的短语
①play a significant part/role in ... 在……中起着重要的作用
②get hold of 把握，抓住
③keep pace with 跟上，保持同步
④make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗
3．“动词＋on”式的短语
①feed on 以……为食
②carry on 继续；从事
③count on 指望；依靠
④hang on 坚持；握住不放
三、背好句好段—增分写作
(一)背好句—有“话”好好说
1．倍数＋the size of＋比较对象
教材原句 With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.
亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
推荐佳句 (新教材北师大版选择性必修1佳句)They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.
他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度是正常灭亡速度的1 000倍。
2.“介词＋which”引导的定语从句
教材原句 The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length ... 亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6 400 千米……
推荐佳句 Courage is the ladder on which all the other virtues mount.
勇气是其他美德攀登的梯子。
3.be＋形容词＋enough to do sth.
教材原句 This tall and ancient brazil nut tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies are big enough to lie down on.
这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的坚果我们可以食用；这些睡莲(叶片)大到可以躺在上面。
推荐佳句 (新教材人教版必修2佳句)To our left, snow－covered mountains disappear into clouds that seem almost close enough to touch. 在我们的左方，白雪皑皑的群山消失在似乎触手可及的云层中。
4.现在分词位于句首的倒装句
教材原句 Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith, a local resident ...
今晚来到我们演播室的有本地居民詹姆斯·史密斯……
推荐佳句 Sitting behind the table is an old scientist who will give us a talk on English literature.
坐在桌子后面的是一位老科学家，他要给我们做一个关于英国文学的报告。
(二)背好段—有“情”慢慢聊
情感表达之“愤怒”
My inner anger was like a growing monster, uncontrollably driving me to the edge of madness. Before I realized it, I was sobbing in my sister's room, with bullets of words firing through my mouth, expressing my long－buried dissatisfaction towards her absence from my snow shoveling experiences. The house seemed to be holding its breath when I stopped my accusation, still weeping.
[点评] 本段中使用了“like a growing monster”与“with bullets of words firing through my mouth”两处比喻的修辞手法和“uncontrollably driving me to the edge of madness”夸张的修辞手法，形象地刻画了作者内心极大的愤怒。常用的描写人物愤怒的词汇有：anger, annoy, irritate, furious, with anger, be angry with sb.等。
四、语基课前自查——摸底训练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There are seven __________ (大陆) and four oceans in the world.
2．On hot evenings, the young couple liked lying on the grass _________ (在……下面) the stars.
3．Tom is a fantastic musician.I'm ___________ (绝对地) certain that his next concert will be a success.
4．Kunming, a city in Yunnan Province, enjoys a mild _______ (气候)．
5．This region is the home of many _______ (物种) of wild flower.
continents
beneath
absolutely
climate
species
6．The universities have expanded, ______ (因此) allowing many more people the chance of higher education.
7．This beautiful old building has been restored to its ______ (昔日的) glory.
8．When he got there, the variety of the ________ (野生动植物) there surprised him.
thus
former
wildlife
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The polluted water from the factory is, of course, ________ (harm) to the environment.
2．They are working hard measuring the ______ (long) of the river found recently in the forest.
3．I attached a photo to my __________ (apply) form and sent it to the company.
4．Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to _________ (extinct)，with only a few elderly speakers left.
harmful
length
application
extinction
5．The entire village was destroyed.It now looks _______ (entire) different from the previous one.
6．People's voting habits are influenced by political, social, and __________ (economy) factors.
7．The _________ (survive) of the rare animal in this bad environment is a wonder.
8．These students are often observed to take part in _______ (vary) sports events in the stadium.
9．When going to the market, people are called on to use the __________ (recycle) bags.
entirely
economic
survival
various
recycled
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．Tell your child that if he gets a burn, he should immediately ______ help.
2．When food waste _____________ in a landfill, it produces greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming.
3．The government argues that the new policy is a good way of _________________ the tourism.
a sea of， break down， in danger of， cut down， be alive with， build up， due to， call for， breathe life into， come up with
call for
breaks down
breathing life into
4．The aim of those activities is to help students ________ confidence to speak English in public.
5．With the invention of the new kind of robot, many factory workers may be ___________ losing their jobs.
6．Keep your eye on these jokers, or you never know what they will ____________.
build up
in danger of
come up with
7．After the teacher announced the field trip, the classroom _____________ excitement.
8．Mistakes _______ carelessness may have serious consequences.
9．To see from the top of the tower, the foot of the mountain is _______ trees.
10．_________ the article so as to make it fit the space available on the paper.
was alive with
due to
a sea of
Cut down
Ⅳ.多维表达
1．(完成句子)_______________________, many students gave me loud applause at the end of my speech.(while)
虽然我感到很紧张，但在演讲结束时，许多学生给了我热烈的掌声。
2．(完成句子)You are probably _____________________________________. (enough)
你恢复得不错，大概可以做些轻微的运动了。
3．(完成句子)______________________________, we held a heated discussion on how to celebrate it.(as)
随着教师节的临近，我们就如何庆祝教师节进行了热烈的讨论。
While I felt very nervous
well enough to take a little light exercise
As Teachers' Day is drawing near
4．(一句多译)违反交通规则和乱扔垃圾的现象很普遍，这给我们的生活和环境造成了严重的损害。
→Breaking traffic rules and littering are not uncommon, ___________________________________________________.(分词作状语，harm)
→Breaking traffic rules and littering are not uncommon, ______________________________________________.(定语从句，harmful)
causing/doing serious harm to our life and the environment
which is very harmful to our life and the environment
5．(句式升级)A thickly wooded valley is below us on our right, where a big fire destroyed thousands of trees.
→______________________ a thickly wooded valley, where a big fire destroyed thousands of trees.(升级为倒装句)
Below us on our right is
中档保分词汇—自查自纠无盲点
1．harm n．& vt.伤害，损害
(单句语法填空/一句多译)
①The local government closed down some factories which had done a lot of harm ___ the environment.
②As we all know, a bad eating habit is ________ (harm) to one's health.
③As far as I'm concerned, there is no harm ___ making an apology to him first.
④众所周知，吃太多垃圾食品对你的健康有害。
→It is known to us that eating too much junk food ______________________. (harm n．)
→It is known to us that eating too much junk food ______________________. (harmful)
to
harmful
in
does harm to your health
is harmful to your health
系统归纳 (1)do/cause harm to sb./sth. 对某人/物有害
do/cause sb. harm 对某人有害
there is no harm in doing sth. 做某事没有害处
(2)harmful adj. 有害的
be harmful to 对……有害
(3)harmless adj. 无害的
微点提醒 be harmful to和do harm to中to为介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
2.profit n．利润，收益；好处 vi.& vt.获益，得到好处；对……有用(或有益)
(单句语法填空/同义替换/完成句子)
①I profit more ________ one consultation with you than from ten years of reading.
②Exercise is _________ (profit) for people of all ages.
③His purpose was to make ___ profit by improving the company's performance.
④Young people benefit from various kinds of outdoor activities. __________
⑤When you fail in something, ___________________ as learning experience.
当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习经验从中汲取益处。
from/by
profitable
a
profit from
profit from the failure
系统归纳 (1)make a profit/profits 获利
profit from/by ... 从……中获利
(2)non－profit adj. 非营利的
profitable adj. 赢利的；有益的
3.break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)；(机器)出故障；(身体)垮掉；(谈判)失败；消除；拆除
(写出下列句中加黑部分的含义)
①Talks with business leaders broke down last night. _____
②The car broke down halfway to the camp. ______
③Her health broke down under the pressure of work. _____
④His father failed to break down the door. _____
⑤These rules tell us how a sentence is broken down into phrases. _____
失败
出故障
垮掉
拆除
分解
系统归纳 break in 强行进入；打断(谈话)，插嘴
break into 闯入，破门而入
break out 爆发，突然发生
break through 突破；克服，战胜
break up 分裂；打碎；结束；解体；分手；放假
微点提醒 break in和break into都有“强行进入”之意，但是break in为不及物动词短语，后面不接宾语；break into为及物动词短语，后接宾语。
4.due to由于，因为
(单句语法填空/同义替换/完成句子)
①It is said that the spaceship is due ________ (arrive) three days later.
②Failure is due ____ the neglect of the fine place, the success of the small.
③Because of my English teacher's help, my English scores are always on the top of my class. _______
to arrive
to
Due to
④She ______________________________________ later this year.
她预计今年晚些时候就要完成学业并毕业了。
⑤(2021·全国乙卷)_________________________________________, we can take advantage of various online programs for further study.
由于互联网的快速发展，我们可以利用各种在线课程进行进一步的学习。
is due to complete her studies and graduate
Due to the rapid development of the Internet
系统归纳 due adj. 应得的；应付的；预定的
be due to sb. 应付给某人
be due to do sth. 预定/预期做某事
微点提醒 (1)be due to sb.中to为介词；be due to do sth.中to为不定式符号。
(2)表示“因为；由于”的介词短语还有：because of, on account of, as a result of, owing to, thanks to等。
5.build up逐渐增加，扩大；增强……的体质；建立；开发；积累
(写出下列句中加黑部分的含义/完成句子)
①For all these years, I have been working for others.I hope I'll build up my own business some day. _____
②Outdoor activities are really helpful in building up my body and enriching my school life. _______________
③If you don't express your feelings, sadness and anger can build up. ________
建立
增强……的体质
逐渐增加
④Fortunately, the boy knew what to do to _____________________.
幸运的是，这个男孩知道该做什么来增强自信。
⑤I must get rid of this large table — it ______________________.
我必须把这张大桌子搬走——它占了太多空间。
build up his confidence
takes up too much room
系统归纳 pick up 捡起；(无意中)学会；接收；搭载
take up 拿起；开始从事；占据(时间或空间)
make up 虚构；弥补；组成
6.call for (公开)要求；需要
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①Protecting the environment calls ____ everyone's efforts.
②Their travel plan was called ____ because of the bad weather.
③I called ___ his house twice, but he happened to be out each time.
④A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, ___________________________________ for a greener earth.
地球日前一周，在我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们加入到这个“绿色地球”的活动中来。
for
off
at
calling on/upon us to join in the activity
系统归纳 call for sb.to do sth. 要求某人做某事
call on/upon sb.to do sth. 请求/要求某人做某事
call at 拜访(某个地点)；(火车等)停靠
call on sb. 拜访某人
call off 取消；停止
7.get/be rid of摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world ___ hunger.
②After ten years of hard work, she eventually rid ______ (she) of debt.
③You must _____________________ this bad habit.
你一定要摆脱这种不好的习惯。
of
herself
rid yourself of/get rid of
系统归纳 rid ...of ... 去除；清除；消除
rid oneself of ... 摆脱；从……中解脱
微点提醒 get rid of＝rid＝quit＝give up摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
教材基础语法—再认再现基础牢
1．简单句中的省略
(补全下列句中的省略成分)
①(_____) Come in, please.
②(______________) Something to drink
③Tom enjoys dancing, but Peter hates (________)．
④Don't touch anything unless the teacher tells you to (______)．
⑤—Are you feeling better now
— (___________) Better (_____)．
You
Would you like
dancing
touch
I'm feeling
now
2．并列句中的省略
(补全下列句中的省略成分)
①Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't (________________________________)．
②Lin's father was not at home, but his mother was (________)．
③She was poor but (________) honest.
come to school to see me the next day
at home
she was
3．复合句中的省略
(补全下列句中的省略成分/句型转换)
①(_____) Pity you couldn't come.
②The book (__________) I borrowed yesterday was hers.
③When (_______) crossing the road, you'd better look at both sides.
④If I were you, I would give it up.
→__________, I would give it up.
It's a
which/that
you are
Were I you
[谨记规则]
(1)简单句中的省略：
祈使句中常省略主语；感叹句中常省略主语和谓语；一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。
(2)并列句中的省略：两个并列分句中，后一分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
(3)复合句中的省略：
①关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略；
②宾语从句中常省略that，但多个宾语从句并列时，通常只省略第一个that；
③当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it，且从句的谓语动词是be动词的某种形式时，这时可省略从句的主语和be动词。
(4)其他省略：
①不定式符号to的省略；
②虚拟条件从句中有should, were或had时，可以省略if，但要将should, were或had提至句首；
③一些特殊结构中的省略。
复杂多变词汇—条分缕析逐点清
1．survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于难
常见考法 (1)survive sth. 幸免于；从……中挺过来/活下来
survive on 依靠……生存下来
A survive B (by ...) A比B活得长(……)
(2)survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
survival n. [U]幸存；[C]残存物
升维考法 survive 表示“活下来，继续存在”时是不及物动词；表示“幸存，幸免于难”时，是及物动词，后面不要加多余的介词in, from等。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/同义替换)
①Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe, surviving entirely ___ discarded (丢弃) food.
②She remained energetic and survived her husband ___ 10 years.
③_________ (survive) of the accident were rushed to the nearest hospital in no time.
④If he couldn't find his way out of the forest, there would be little chance of _______ (survive)．
⑤Some strange customs have existed from earlier times. ________
on
by
Survivors
survival
survived
?细练升维考法(完成句子)
⑥She was the only one to _____________________.
她是这次飞机失事的唯一幸存者。
⑦The activity offers us a good chance to have a good knowledge of an old custom which ______________________________.
这个活动为我们提供了一个很好的机会，了解一个留存到21世纪的古老习俗。
survive the plane crash
has survived into the 21st century
2．impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
常见考法 (1)have an impact on/upon sb./sth. 对某人/某物有影响
(2)impact on/upon 对……有影响/作用
升维考法 以下几个“影响”差别不大，写作时可灵活运用：
①affect为及物动词，可指坏的影响；
②effect为名词，常构成短语have an effect on, effect前可加形容词修饰；
③influence为名词时，常构成短语have an influence on, influence前可加形容词修饰；为及物动词时，其后直接接宾语，侧重指潜移默化的影响；
④impact为名词时，常构成短语have/make an impact on, impact前可加形容词修饰；为及物动词时，其后直接接宾语；为不及物动词时，构成短语impact on/upon，表示“对……有影响/作用”。
续表
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①They say they expect the meeting to have __ great impact on the future of the country.
②Her father's death impacted greatly ________ her childhood years.
③Human activities ________________________ climate change.(impact n．)
人类活动对气候变化有很大影响。
a
on/upon
have a huge impact on/upon
?细练升维考法(同义替换/完成句子)
④During the winter vacation, we couldn't return to school due to the impact of the epidemic. _____________
⑤There is little doubt that man has _______________________ __________________________the Earth's climate.
毫无疑问，人类已经影响了地球的气候。
effect/influence
impacted on/upon/had an impact/influence/effect on
3．defence n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
常见考法 (1)in defence of 保卫……；为……辩护
(2)defend v. 防御，保护
defend ... from/against ... 保护……免遭……；保卫……；抵御……
升维考法 ①in defence意为“保卫，防御”，其后不跟宾语；
②in defence of意为“保卫……；为……辩护”，后跟宾语。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/一句多译)
①What points can be raised in _______ (defend) of this argument
②The wall was built to defend the road ____________ being washed away by the sea.
③有些人认为应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。
→Some think that students should be trained ___________ some attacks.(defence)
→Some think that students should be trained to _______________________
some attacks.(defend)
defence
from/against
in defence of
defend themselves against
?细练升维考法(选词填空：in defence of, in defence)
④The soldiers were brave __________ and gained victory at last.
⑤Is there any man unwilling to fight ____________ his country
in defence
in defence of
4．consequence n．结果，后果；重要性
常见考法 (1)as a consequence/in consequence 因此，结果(在句中作状语)
as a consequence of/in consequence of 由于，因为
answer for the consequence 对后果负责
(2)consequent adj. 随之发生的，作为结果的
consequently adv. 因此，所以
升维考法 (1)表示“因此，结果”时，可使用短语：as a consequence, in consequence, as a result，相当于副词consequently。
(2)表示“由于，因为”时，可使用短语：as a consequence of, in consequence of, as a result of。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①____________ (consequent), I have every right to believe that my dream university is waving its hand at me.
②The warming of the Earth and the ___________ (consequence) climatic changes affect us all.
③If you go on doing this, we won't answer ____ the consequence.
Consequently
consequent
for
?细练升维考法(同义替换)
④Because of bad health, he was unable to attend school regularly.
As a consequence of/In consequence of/As a result of
⑤Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, in consequence, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments. ____________________
as a consequence/result
5．come up with想出，想到
常见考法 come up 走近；上来；被提出
come about 发生；造成
come across 偶然遇到；发现
come out 开花；结果；出版
when it comes to 当谈到；涉及
升维考法 come up with意为“想出，想到”，其主语通常为人，后跟想出的内容；come up意为“提出”，为不及物动词短语，其主语通常为物，即所提出的内容。两者都不能用于被动语态。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①Can you tell me how the accident came ______
②She came ______ him on her way to school.
③Inspired by what the teacher said, Anne _______________________ for her new project.
在老师的话语的启发下，安妮为她的新项目想出了一个新主意。
④______________________, I'm not good at it.
说到运动，我并不擅长。
about
across
came up with a new idea
When it comes to sports
?细练升维考法(对比填空：come up with, come up)
⑤The subject _________ during a pre－dinner drink with our guests.
⑥What my friends say got me thinking and I ____________ a plan.
came up
came up with
经典增分句式—学通用活表达美
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
(1)在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词一般用whom(先行词指人)或which
(先行词指物)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句中，介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不能省略；但若介词后置，则可用that代替which，用who代替whom，也可省略关系代词。
(3)介词的确定要遵循三点原则：
①根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定；
②根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定；
③根据定语从句的意义来确定。
(4)某些在从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when, where, why互换。
续表
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(单句语法填空)
①The colourless gas, ________ which we can't live, is called oxygen.
②This is the teacher from ______ we've learnt a lot.
③He has visited the school for several times, in ______ he has many friends.
without
whom
which
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
④他住在一座大房子里，房前有一棵高大的树。
He lived in a big house, ________________________________.
⑤他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户，其中大部分已至少一年未擦过。
He gave the boy $10 for washing ten windows, _______________________
______________________________.
⑥我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
I still remember the day ________________________________.
in front of which stood a big tall tree
most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year
on which/when I first came to school
2．倍数表达法
倍数表达法的三个基本句型和四个特殊句型：
(1)三个基本句型：
①倍数＋as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as；
②倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than；
③倍数＋the＋度量名词(size, length, height, depth, weight, width ...)＋of
(2)四个特殊句型：
①倍数＋as many/much＋名词＋as；
②倍数＋more＋名词＋than；
③倍数＋that/those of；
④倍数＋what从句
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(单句语法填空)
①There is four times as much water in this pot ___ in that one.
②There are five times more books in our library ______ in yours.
③In this workshop, the output of July was 4.5 times that ___ January.
④The length of the road is four times _____ it was three years ago.
as
than
of
what
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
⑤正在新建的体育馆将是原来的三倍大。
→The new stadium being built will be ___________________ the previous one.(size)
→The new stadium being built will be ___________________ the previous one.(as)
→The new stadium being built will be ____________________ the previous one.(比较级＋than)
three times the size of
three times as big as
three times bigger than
2022·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape－recognition abilities to a human two－year－old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial－and－error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two－year－old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
[真题再做]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。澳大拉西亚的戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉具有大约2岁孩童水平的形状识别能力。
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions.
B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around.
D．By removing the lid.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“... the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.”和第二段中“In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job ...”可知，戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉能拿到盒子里的坚果是因为它们使用了工具。
答案：B
2．Which task can human one－year－olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door.
B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole.
D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ...”可知，人类幼儿在一岁时能做到将一个圆形物体放进圆孔中。C项为原文的同义改写。
答案：C
3．What does the follow－up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，研究人员下一步将尝试并设法弄明白凤头鹦鹉究竟是只能依靠视觉线索还是也可以利用触觉来选择形状。
答案：D
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal－Readers
D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape－Sorters
解析：标题归纳题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段中的“Goffin's cockatoos ... have been shown to have similar shape－recognition abilities to a human two－year－old.”可推知，本文主要介绍了凤头鹦鹉能识别形状这一研究发现。D项“凤头鹦鹉：熟练的形状分类者”最适合作本文的标题。
答案：D
[素养发掘]
一、由典题悟通法
标题归纳题的思维建模(第4题)
二、由语篇积词汇
1．因境辨义(写出下列黑体词在文中的意思)
①(一词多义)Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. _____
②(一词多义)In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. _____
③(熟词生义)The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. ___________________
饲养
交给
具有(或呈)……形状的
2．词块积累(写出下列词块的汉语意思)
①be native to ___________
②skilful at tool use _____________
③let out ___________
④in most cases _______________
原产自……
熟练使用工具
放出；泄露
在大多数情况下
三、寻结构破长句
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
抓标志：插入语_________________________；从属连词_______
判类型：主句＋分割结构＋宾语从句
试翻译：根据研究人员的说法，下一步是试图弄清楚凤头鹦鹉___________________________________________________。
according to the researchers
whether
是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状
四、赏佳句助写作
1．(赏结构之美)Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.
赏析：该句中作者两次使用状语从句的省略，客观严谨地说明了戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉能够使用工具的研究范围——仅限于笼养的情况下。
[对点练——单句语法填空/完成句子]
①While ________ (read), I got the sense that it must have been really tough for my dad to settle down in a new country at an early age.
②I always think of the crab whenever ____________________. (省略句)
每当遇到困难时，我总是想起那只螃蟹。
reading
faced with difficulties
2．(赏逻辑之美)The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
赏析：该句使用next和并列连词or以及副词also，说明了研究人员下一步的研究方向和目的，逻辑清晰、具体明确。
“课时作业”
(单击进入电子文档)
谢
谢
观
看(共97张PPT)
必修
UNIT 2 Natural disasters
开始
01
02
03
课前——语基自主落实
课堂——能力融会发展
课下——主题素养训练
一、背单词—多多益善
(一)易记词汇“一遍过”
1．crash n． 碰撞声，破裂声；碰撞；崩溃
vi.& vt. 碰撞，撞击；崩溃
2．exit vt.& vi. 出去，离去，退场；退出
n. 出口，通道；离开
3．roll n. 名单；卷；一管；翻滚
vi.& vt. 翻滚，滚动；翻身；卷起
4．hug vt. 拥抱，搂抱；抱紧
5．odd adj. 奇怪的，怪异的；偶尔的；不成对的
6．occur vi. 发生，出现；存在于
7．shock n. 震惊，惊愕；剧烈震动
vt. 使震惊
8．staff n. 全体职工；管理人员
vt. 在……工作，任职于
9．slide n. 幻灯片；降低；滑行；山崩
vi.& vt. 滑行；逐渐陷入
10．fund n. 资金；基金
11．flood n. 洪水，水灾；大量
vi.& vt. 淹没，泛滥；大量涌入；充满
12．bar n. 酒吧；小馆子；吧台；条，块；栏杆；障碍
vt. 封；阻挡；阻止
13．dawn n. 黎明，破晓；开端，萌芽
vi. 开始；开始清楚
14．signal vi.& vt. 发信号，示意；标志
n. 信号，暗号；标志；信号灯
15．relief n. 宽慰，轻松；减轻，消除；救济
16．supply n. 补给，补给品；供应；供应量，储备
vt. 供应，供给，提供
17．unearth vt. 使出土，挖掘，发掘；发现，找到
18．beyond adv. 在(或向)较远处；在另一边
prep. 在(或向)更远处；超出；晚于；
无法；超出……之外
19．pattern n. 图案，花样；模式；范例；模型
20．column n. 柱，圆柱；柱状物；栏；专栏；队，列
21．rescue n．& vt. 救援，营救，抢救
22．locate vt. 找出……的准确位置；
把……安置在(或建造于)
(二)挑战词汇“三遍熟”
1．disaster n. 灾难，灾害；彻底失败
2．procedure n. 程序，步骤，手续
3．destructive adj. 引起破坏(或毁灭)的，破坏(毁灭)性的
4．conference n. 会议，研讨会；讨论，商谈
5．charity n. 慈善机构(或组织)；慈善，施舍
6．downstairs adv. 在楼下，往楼下
n. 楼下
7．document n. 文件，公文；(计算机中的)文档
8．otherwise adv. 否则，不然；除此以外
9．curious adj. 好奇的；奇特的
10．destination n. 目的地，终点
11．cloud－capped adj. 高耸入云的，耸入云霄的
(三)变形词汇“寻规记”
1．injure vt.伤害，使受伤；损害→________ adj.受伤的；受损害的→______ n．伤害；损害；受伤处
2．react vi.反应；作出反应→________ n．反应，回应；抗拒；化学反应
3．order n．顺序；规则→_______ adj.有秩序的，有条理的，整齐的
4．confirm vt.证实，确认；使确信；批准→____________ n．确认；证实
5．inform vt.了解，熟悉；通知→___________ n．信息
injured
injury
reaction
orderly
confirmation
information
6．scare vt.& vi.惊吓，害怕 n．恐慌；惊吓→______ adj.恐惧的；害怕的→_____ adj.恐怖的；可怕的
7．power n．电，电力；权力；政权；控制力；能力；能量；力量→ ________ adj.强大的；有感染力的→_________ adj.无力的；没有能力的
8．donate vt.捐赠，赠送；献(血)→________ n．捐赠；捐献→______ n．捐赠者
9．erupt vi.& vt.(火山)爆发；突然发生→________ n．(火山的)爆发；喷发
10．export n．出口产品，输出的产品；出口，输出 vt.出口，输出→_______ n．进口产品，输入的产品；输入 vt.进口，引进
scared
scary
powerful
powerless
donation
donor
eruption
import
11．ash n．灰→______ adj.覆盖着灰的；灰色的
12．bear v．忍受→________ adj.可忍受的；能应付的→___________ adj.难耐的，无法忍受的
13．distant adj.遥远的；冷淡的；疏远的→________ n．遥远，久远；距离；差异；疏远
14．sharp adj.灵敏的；锋利的；急剧的；明显的；尖锐的；强烈的→_______ adv.严厉地；猛烈地；急剧地→_______ vt.削尖；磨快；使尖锐；变锋利→_________ n．磨削的工具
15．retire vi.& vt.退休，退职→__________ n．退休→______ adj.已退休的
ashy
bearable
unbearable
distance
sharply
sharpen
sharpener
retirement
retired
(四)联想词汇“一线牵”
1．程度不一的“伤害”
①injure v． 伤害
②wound v. 伤害
③hurt v. 受伤
④damage v． 损害
⑤harm v. 伤害
⑥impair v. 损害
⑦destroy v. 破坏；损坏
2．不同类型的“发生”
①occur (偶然)发生
②happen (偶然)发生
③take place 发生
④break out (战争等)爆发
⑤come about 发生；产生
二、背词块—丰富表达
1．________ 整个，全部
2．__________ 抓紧，不放开；保存某物
3．_______________ 同时
4．_______ 如果；假使；以防，以防万一
5．_______ 点名
6．_____________ 安然无恙的
7．__________ 一系列
at large
hold on to
at the same time
in case
roll call
safe and sound
a series of
8．________ 被想到，浮现在脑中
9．______________ (在困境中)保持冷静
10．___________________ 提醒某人注意某事
11．____________ 使某人宽慰的是
12．______ 发生；继续
13．____________ 面对；尽管，不顾
14．__________ 用完，耗尽
occur to
keep one's head
warn sb. of/about sth.
to one's relief
go on
in the face of
run out of
15．__________ 与……一起
16．______________ 向四面八方
17．______________ 呈现……的形状
18．_________ 突然开始，爆发
19．_____________ 在远处
20．___________ 到处，各处
along with
in all directions
take the form of
break out
in the distance
far and wide
?联想串记
1．“adj.＋and＋adj.”短语一览
①safe and sound 安然无恙的
②bright and early 一大早
③loud and clear 一清二楚
④sick and tired 十分厌倦、厌恶
⑤nice and warm 温暖而舒适
⑥first and foremost 比什么都重要，首要的
2．同类量词对比记
①a series of films 系列影片
②a bunch of flowers 一束花
③a cluster of roses 一丛玫瑰
④a pack of salt 一包盐
3．无被动语态的短语
①occur to ②belong to
③break out ④break down
⑤consist of ⑥come true
⑦take place
三、背好句好段—增分写作
(一)背好句—有“话”好好说
1．in case引导条件状语从句
教材原句 At the same time, Miss Brown quickly opened the classroom door, in case it became damaged during the shaking and could not open.
与此同时，布朗女士立刻打开教室门，以防门在震动中损坏打不开。
推荐佳句 (2022·全国甲卷)Stop throwing garbage into oceans in case they are polluted.
停止向海洋扔垃圾，以防海洋被污染。
2.the moment引导时间状语从句
教材原句 The moment the shaking stopped, Miss Brown sensed it was the best time for the class to make their escape.
晃动停止，布朗女士立即意识到这是全班逃生的最好时机。
推荐佳句 (新教材北师大版必修1佳句)Every year, the moment I get on the train, I am surrounded by Shanxi accents — I know that I am heading home to my family. 每年，一坐上火车，我就会被山西方言包围，我意识到我踏上了回家的路。
3.leave＋宾语＋宾语补足语
教材原句 On 20 December, a series of huge waves caused by an undersea earthquake raced across the ocean near Goldshore and left thousands dead.
12月20日，由海底地震引起的一排排巨浪急速冲过金海岸附近的海面，造成数千人死亡。
推荐佳句 ①(2022·浙江1月高考)The China－Ireland Cultural Festival has left the time we spent together enjoyable.
“中国——爱尔兰文化节”让我们度过了愉快的时光。
②(新教材外研版选择性必修2佳句)An hour's sport each day left me tired out and wanting to go to bed early.
每天一小时的运动让我筋疲力尽，想早点上床休息。
4.since引导原因状语从句
教材原句 Don't walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water is enough to knock an adult down, and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away.
不要在流动的洪水中行走或开车，因为只要15厘米的流动水流就足以把一个成年人冲倒，60厘米的水就可以把大多数汽车冲走。
推荐佳句 ①(2022·全国甲卷)Since oceans play a critical role in the world, it's important to raise people's awareness of protecting them.
由于海洋在世界上起着重要的作用，所以提高人们保护海洋的意识很重要。
②(新教材外研版选择性必修3佳句)Every recommendation she gives me is great since she can predict if I will like a particular restaurant.
因为她可以预测我是否会喜欢某一个餐厅，所以她给我的每一个建议都很棒。
续表
5.see＋宾语＋宾语补足语
教材原句 The crowd looked upwards, and saw, with unspeakable fear, a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano.
人群抬头仰望，眼前景象让他们感到莫名恐惧，只见一团庞大的云正从火山口喷薄而出。
推荐佳句 (新教材外研版选择性必修1佳句)During the walk and my stay here in the town, I saw the fish being fed by people.
我住在镇上期间，当我散步的时候，看到人们在喂鱼。
(二)背好段—有“情”慢慢聊
情感表达之“担忧”
The first night, I was nervous. This was the first time that I had not accompanied my mother at night. I was very worried at the thought that my mother stayed at home with a total stranger. I didn't know whether Gifty was careful or not and how Gifty would take care of my mother. I also didn't know how my mother would feel. With deep worry, I tossed and turned until very late. The moment I got up the next morning, I called Gifty and decided to visit my mother immediately.
[点评] 本段中使用了“nervous, worried, deep worry, tossed and turned until very late”等词汇表达了作者为母亲的安全十分担忧的心情。常用的描写人物担忧的词汇有：worry, anxious, uneasy, frown, panic, upset, get into panic, with butterflies in one's stomach等。
四、语基课前自查——摸底训练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．You'd better make a mark where you bury the wine, _________ (否则) you may lose it.
2．The flood last month in the south was a real ________ (灾难), leaving 19 people dead and 78 missing.
3．In that area making a complaint is quite a simple __________ (程序)．
4．At last, after twenty hours on the boat, they arrived at their __________ (目的地)．
otherwise
disaster
procedure
destination
5．We _______ (进口) raw materials and energy and ______ (出口) mainly industrial products.
6．The graduate student looked through hundreds of pages of material to _______ (找到) a single fact.
7．There was something ____ (奇怪的) about him but I couldn't put my finger on it.
8．Many lifestyle _______ (方式) actually speed up the weakening of the human body.
import
export
unearth
odd
patterns
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．They climbed to the top of the tower, from where they could see what was happening in the _________ (distant)．
2．Rules alone don't secure an _______ (order) society.It is the people who obey the rules that matter.
3．The kitchen knife had become dull, so my mum asked me to ________ (sharp) it.
4．I admired my father, and his work filled me with awe and ________ (curious)．
distance
orderly
sharpen
curiosity
5．They signalled to me _______ (join) them in playing games.
6．The earthquake which has big ___________ (destroy) power is one of the common natural disasters.
7．_______ (locate) where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
8．You are sincerely invited to a celebration for Mr Michael Brown on his __________ (retire)．
to join
destructive
Located
retirement
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．_________________, I passed the final exam.
2．That's enough for now — Let's ______ with it tomorrow.
3．Try to ______________ and just tell me what happened.
4．At last he accepted the opinion of the public _______.
at large， hold on to， go on， far and wide， keep your head， to one's great relief， safe and sound， take the form of， in all directions
To my great relief
go on
keep your head
at large
5．The birds flew away _______________ the instant they caught sight of a man coming near.
6．I told him how we had fought to __________ the company.
7．Our next class will ______________ a debate, and students are expected to prepare work in advance.
8．He ranges ___________ in search of inspiration for his paintings.
9．It's a relief for us to hear that you came back ______________.
in all directions
hold on to
take the form of
far and wide
safe and sound
Ⅳ.多维表达
1．(完成句子)We thought that, ________________________, we'd stop by and see them.(since)
我们想，既然到了这个地方，就该顺便去看看他们。
2．(完成句子)___________________ you build up in yourself, ____________ chances of success you have.
树立的自信心越强，成功的把握就越大。
since we were in the area
The more confidence
the greater
3．(一句多译)以防下雨，你最好带把伞。
→You'd better take an umbrella ________________.(in case of)
→You'd better take an umbrella _____________.(in case)
4．(句式升级)We have confirmed to go to climb a mountain, where we can have a picnic.
→________________________ we will go to climb a mountain, where we can have a picnic.(升级为it作形式主语)
in case of the rain
in case it rains
It has been confirmed that
中档保分词汇—自查自纠无盲点
1．confirm vt.证实，确认；使确信；批准
(单句语法填空/同义替换/完成句子)
①The latest evidence confirmed me ___ his honesty.
in
②Would you please call again for _____________ (confirm) one week before your departure
③It is proved that the method has good applied value in teaching. ________
④_______________________ the sports meeting will take place next week.
已经确定运动会将于下周举行。
confirmation
confirmed
It has been confirmed that
系统归纳 (1)confirm sb.in sth. 使某人确信某事
confirm＋that/wh－从句 证实……
It has been confirmed that ... 已经证实……
(2)confirmation n. 证实，确认；证明书
微点提醒 在短语confirm sb.in sth.，中，介词in不能省略。
2.occur vi.发生，出现；存在于
(单句语法填空/句式升级)
①Suddenly a good idea occurred ___ her, but she didn't know how to speak it out.
②It never occurred to him ______ (ask) anyone to help him with English.
③I was going to pay by cash but I suddenly remembered that I had left my purse at home.
→I was going to pay by cash when ___________________________ I had left my purse at home.
to
to ask
it suddenly occurred to me that
系统归纳 sth.occur(s) to sb. 某人突然想起某事
It occurs to sb.that ... 某人突然想起……
It occurs to sb.to do sth. 某人突然想起做某事
微点提醒 occur是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，其后不能直接跟宾语，应先加介词to再接宾语。
3.shock n．震惊，惊愕；剧烈震动 vt.使震惊
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①The staff members were ___ shock when hearing they would take a test on Sunday instead of having a picnic.
②Hearing the news, all present were ________ (shock) and looked at each other, speechlessly.
in
shocked
③When we went to the poorest area of the country to support education, we ___________________________________.
当我们去这个国家最贫穷的地区支教时，我们对在那里所见的景象感到震惊。
④___________________ from what had happened in the afternoon.
他仍在为下午所发生的事感到震惊。
were shocked at what we had seen there
He was still in shock
系统归纳 (1)in shock 震惊，吃惊
(2)shocked adj. 震惊的
be shocked at/by 对……感到震惊
(3)shocking adj. 令人震惊的
微点提醒 ①以－ing结尾的形容词shocking常描述事物本身具有的性质或特征，一般用来修饰事或物，意为“令人震惊的”；
②以－ed结尾的形容词shocked常用来修饰人，表示人的感受或心理状态，意为“感到震惊的”。有时也可修饰look/expression (表情), smile, tears等表示某人情感状况的名词。
4.supply n．补给，补给品；供应；供应量，储备vt.供应，供给，提供
(单句语法填空/同义替换/一句多译)
①Fresh vegetables are ___ short supply in the winter in some areas.
②The explosive mixture in a rocket consists of both a fuel and a supply ___ oxygen.
③We are here to provide the public with a free medical service. ______
in
of
supply
④此外，夏令营还为会员提供了参观博物馆的机会。
→In addition, the camp _____________________________ to visit some museums.
→In addition, the camp _________________________ to visit some museums.
supplies members with a chance
supplies a chance to members
系统归纳 (1)supply sth. to sb.＝supply sb. with sth. 向某人提供某物
(2)be in short supply 短缺，供应不足
a supply of (＋可数名词复数或不可数名词)一批，很多
微点提醒 表示“为某人提供某物”的短语还有：
①provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb.
②offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb.
5.donate vt.捐赠，赠送；献(血)
(单句语法填空/一句多译)
①Many people donated that type of blood _________ (rescue) the injured boy.
②An old man donated most of his money ___ the school damaged by the earthquake and he was highly respected for his ________ (donate)．
③The _______ refused to tell his name after _________ a large sum of money.(donate)
to rescue
to
donation
donor
donating
④我们的女儿乔治亚捐赠了一大袋玩具给一个小女孩，这个小女孩的母亲因病无法支付她的假期费用。
→Our daughter Georgia __________________________ a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.(donate)
→Our daughter Georgia ____________________________________ a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.(donation)
donated a large bag of toys to
made a donation of a large bag of toys to
系统归纳 (1)donate ... to ... 将……捐赠给……
(2)donation n. 捐赠物，捐赠，赠送
make a donation (of sth.to ...) (向……)捐赠(某物)
(3)donor n. 捐献者；捐赠者
6.locate vt.找出……的准确位置；把……安置在(或建造于)
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①________ (locate) in the northwest of China, Xi'an is seen as one of the birthplaces of the Chinese civilization.
②The three theaters __________ (locate) in the centre of the town.
③If used carelessly, ________ (locate) may give away your privacy.
Located
are located
location
④They tried many means to _____________________.
他们尝试了许多方法来定位敌人的营地。
⑤Our school __________________ with hills surrounding it.
我们学校位于湖边，周围有小山环绕。
locate the enemy's camp
is located on the lake
系统归纳 (1)located adj. 位于，坐落在
be located in/on/at/to ... 位于……，坐落在……
(2)location n. 地方，地点，位置
微点提醒 短语be located in/on/at/to ...作非谓语时，常用located in/on/at/to ...的形式。
教材基础语法—再认再现基础牢
1．动词不定式作定语
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①There is a lot of homework _____ (do) tonight because of the coming exam.
②My parents encouraged me in my ambition _________ (become) a statesman.
③He is considered to be the first artist of his day ______ (try) this new style.
to do
to become
to try
④We can not leave.We still _____________________________.
我们不能离开。我们还有一些问题要解决。
⑤The fact was that China was ____________________________.
事实上，中国是第一个发明纸的国家。
have some problems to work out
the first country to invent paper
2．动词不定式作结果状语
(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①He left his home, never ___________ (hear) from again.
②She won't be such a careless person as _________ (forget) to lock the door.
③We hurried to the classroom, only ________ (tell) that the meeting had been put off because of the bad weather.
④The hall is large enough _______ (hold) 3,000 people.
⑤The case was so heavy that a child couldn't carry it.
→The case was ____________________ by a child.
to be heard
to forget
to be told
to hold
too heavy to be carried
[谨记规则]
1．动词不定式作定语
(1)动词不定式通常表示未发生的动作，或发生在主句的谓语动词之后的动作；动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)当被修饰的中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级及no, all, any, the next, the only, the last等限定时，常用动词不定式作定语。
(3)动词不定式常用来修饰抽象名词，如attempt, aim, plan, ability, chance, ambition, way, purpose等。
2．动词不定式作结果状语时，常用于以下结构：
(1)在“only to ...”或“never to ...”结构中，常表示没有预料到的结果；
(2)在“so＋形容词＋as to ...”和“such＋名词＋as to ...”结构中，意为“如此……以至于……”；
(3)在“... enough to ...”结构中，表示“如此……以至于……”；
(4)在“too ...to ... ”结构中，表示“太……而不能……”。
复杂多变词汇—条分缕析逐点清
1．injure vt.伤害，使受伤；损害；损坏(名誉)；伤害(感情)
常见考法 (1)injury n． 伤害，伤口
do sb./oneself an injury＝do an injury to sb./oneself
使某人/自己受伤害
(2)injured adj. 受伤的
get injured 受伤
the injured 伤员
升维考法 ①hurt为普通用语，既可指肉体上的伤害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰)，也可指精神上、感情上的伤害(被very much/rather/deeply修饰)，多指伤痛。
②injure比hurt正式，主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等，强调功能的损失。
③wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤，是出血的、严重的伤，尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤或战场上受伤，也可指人们精神上的创伤。
④harm指给人的精神、身体带来损害或引起不安、不便等。
续表
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/句式升级)
①There's no denying that the attack has done a severe ______ (injure) to his reputation.
②One of the volunteers of the rescue team got ________ (injure) when helping others.
③It is reported that the ________ (injure) have been transferred to local hospitals for treatment.
④Because she was injured badly, she cannot go climbing with us as planned.
→____________, she cannot go climbing with us as planned.(用分词作状语升级)
injury
injured
injured
Injured badly
?细练升维考法(选词填空：hurt, injure, harm, wound)
⑤Flying glass __________ her in the face and neck.
⑥He is good at making humorous remarks without ________ others.
⑦He claimed that working too hard was ________ his health.
⑧While the Internet can bring people closer together, it can also _______ friendships.
wounded
hurting
injuring
harm
2．inform vt.了解，熟悉；通知
常见考法 (1)inform sb.of sth. 告知某人某事
inform sb.that ... 通知某人……
inform sb.＋疑问词＋to do 告知某人……
keep sb.informed (of sth.) 使某人随时了解(某事)
(2)information n. 信息，消息，情报
升维考法 动词短语inform sb.of sth.意为“告知某人某事”，介词of后跟名词、代词或动名词，但其后跟“疑问词＋to do”或that引导的宾语从句时，常省略of。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/词汇升级)
①I would be very grateful if you could inform me ___ your decisions at your earliest convenience.
②(2021·全国乙卷)Online learning via the Internet always keeps us ________ (inform) of the development of the latest technology in the world.
③They often get some useful ___________ (inform) from the Internet.
④We already know who's got the job but we haven't been told officially. ________
of
informed
information
informed
?细练升维考法(完成句子)
⑤I ______________________________ this evening, but he hasn't turned up.
我已经通知他今晚的会议，但是他还没来到。
⑥__________________ our school Ping－pong Team is looking for new members among us students.
有人告诉我我们学校的乒乓球队正在我们学生中间招募新成员。
have informed him of the meeting
I was informed that
3．run out of用完，耗尽
常见考法 run out 用完，耗尽
run across 偶然遇见
run after 追赶，追逐
run into 撞上；偶然遇见
run away from ... 远离……；避开……
升维考法 ①run out of意为“用完，耗尽”，为及物动词短语，后面要接宾语，用于主动语态时，主语只能是人；
②run out意为“用完；用光”，为不及物动词短语，主语常常是“物”；
③give out意为“用尽；筋疲力尽”，为不及物动词短语；
④use up意为“用完；消耗尽”，为及物动词短语；主语通常是人。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①We ran __________ some old friends in the village yesterday.
②Two policemen are running _____ the robber.
③I nearly ran ____ a bus when it stopped suddenly in front of me.
④It's very dangerous for a teenager to run away _____ home alone.
⑤Because food supplies are being run out of, the situation there is getting from bad to worse.
→With food supplies ____________, the situation there is getting from bad to worse.
across/into
after
into
from
running out
?细练升维考法
(选词填空： run out of, run out, give out, use up)
According to the rule of the competition, we have to ⑥______ all the items before the time ⑦________.However, it is a long and tiring process.As a result，that day, long before I ⑧_________ the time given by the judge, my strength had ⑨_________.What a disappointment!
use up
runs out
ran out of
given out
4．break out突然开始，爆发
常见考法 break down 出故障，坏掉；失败；垮掉
break up 解散；粉碎；结束
break away from 逃脱；背叛，脱离
break off 断开；停顿，中断；突然终止
break in 强行进入；打断
break through 突破；克服
break into 强行进入；突然开始(笑、唱等)
升维考法 ①break out意为“(战争、打斗等不愉快事件)突然开始，爆发”，不用于被动语态。
②happen意为“发生，出现”，常带有偶然的意味，此时用物作主语，不用于被动语态；还可意为“碰巧，恰好”，此时常用人作主语。
③take place意为“发生，进行”，常用来指按计划发生的事，不用于被动语态。
续表
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空)
①A quarrel broke ____ between them because he told lies to her.
②If George keeps on working so hard, he'll break ______ sooner or later.
③A neighbour asked for the music to be turned down and the party broke ___.
④They broke away _____ the national labor union and set up their own local organisation.
⑤Don't break ___ when we are talking.Wait your turn.
out
down
up
from
in
?细练升维考法
(选词填空：break out, happen, take place)
⑥Do you know when the Second World War _________
⑦Great changes have ___________ in our hometown during the past ten years.
⑧A big earthquake _________ in the south of China last month.
broke out
taken place
happened
经典增分句式—学通用活表达美
1．the moment引导时间状语从句
(1)“一……就……”的表达形式：
①immediately/directly/instantly＋从句
②the moment/minute/instant＋从句
③upon/on＋n./doing ...
④no sooner ... than .../hardly ...when ...
⑤as soon as＋从句
(2)在no sooner ... than .../hardly ... when ...句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；如果no sooner或hardly位于句首，主句需用部分倒装。
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(一句多译/句式升级)
①他一到车站，就发现火车已经开走了。
→_______________________, he found that the train had left.(on doing)
→He found that the train had left _________________________________. (the moment)
②We had hardly left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we had left our map in the room.
→_________________________________ the next morning when we realized we had left our map in the room.(升级为倒装句)
On arriving at the station
the moment he arrived at the station
the moment he arrived at the station
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
③他一到办公室就意识到他把手机忘在家里了。(on/upon＋n.)
_____________________________, he realized that he had left his cell phone at home.
④太阳一出来我们就起床了。(immediately/directly/instantly＋从句)
We got up __________________________________________.
⑤他一退休就迫不及待地想在乡下过平静的生活。(the moment/minute/instant＋从句)
__________________________________, he couldn't wait to live a peaceful life in the country.
Upon/On his arrival at the office
immediately/directly/instantly the sun appeared
The moment/minute/instant he retired
2．leave＋宾语＋宾语补足语
(1)leave用作使役动词，后常跟复合结构，有以下构成方式：
①leave＋宾语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语
②leave＋宾语＋现在分词/过去分词
③leave＋宾语＋不定式
④leave＋宾语＋where引导的地点状语从句/as引导的方式状语从句
(2)在leave的复合结构中，宾补为现在分词时，通常表示主动、进行的动作；宾补为过去分词时，通常表示被动、完成的动作；宾补为不定式时，通常表示将要发生的动作。
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(完成句子)
①You'd better _______________________ so that we can finish the task as soon as possible.
你最好让自己精力充沛，这样我们才能尽快完成任务。
②I can't _____________________________________________.
我不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。
③Hearing the bad news, he hurried home, ____________________________
_________.
听到这个坏消息，他急忙回家了，书还摊开在桌面上。
leave yourself energetic
leave such an important matter undone/unfinished
leaving the book lying open on the table
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
④他咕哝了些什么，然后留下食物丝毫未动就进了起居室。
He murmured something, and ______________________, then, went into the sitting－room.
⑤使我失望的是她让我一个人完成这项工作。
What disappoints me is that she _________________________ by myself.
⑥把东西放在能够再次找到它们的地方，你们应该把这一点作为一条行为准则。
You should make it a rule to ______________________________________.
left the food untouched
leaves me to finish the work
leave things where you can find them again
2019·浙江6月高考·阅读理解C篇
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor (因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources (资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt (融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
[真题再做]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国加利福尼亚州的森林中大树急剧减少的现象，并分析了其原因。
1．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The seriousness of big－tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
解析：段落大意题。根据第二段中“The number of trees ...declined by 50 percent ... more than 55 percent ...75 percent”提到的数字可知，该段主要描述了加利福尼亚州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性。
答案：A
2．Which of the following is well－intentioned but may be bad for big trees
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句可知，声势浩大的野外火灾控制措施虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树竞争资源，从而导致大树数量减少。
答案：D
3．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre
A．Inadequate snowmelt.
B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate.
D．Dampness of the air.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，McIntyre认为水资源短缺的主要原因是逐渐上升的气温。
答案：C
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
解析：标题归纳题。阅读全文可知，文章主要介绍了美国加利福尼亚州森林中大树数量急剧减少的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。
答案：A
[素养发掘]
一、由典题悟通法
段落大意题的思维建模(第1题)
二、由语篇积词汇
1．因境辨义(写出下列黑体词在文中的意思)
①(一词多义)In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent ... __________
②(熟词生义)Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. __________
③(一词多义)．..McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. ______
(数量)减少
主要；首席
记录
2．词块积累(写出下列词块的汉语意思)
①decline by ____________
②contribute to ___________
③be crowded with _____
④compete with ____________
⑤protect ... from ... ________________
下降了……
导致；促使
挤满
与……竞争
保护……免受……
⑥figure out _____________
⑦in comparison with ___________
⑧take into account _______
⑨drive up ______
⑩be available to _____________
计算出；查明
与……比较
考虑到
抬升
可供……利用
三、寻结构破长句
1．The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt.
抓标志：关系代词_____; 连接词_____
判类型：主句＋定语从句(含有一个宾语从句以及现在分词短语作状语)
试翻译：研究人员通过一个计算机模型计算出树木的水分压力，_________________________________________________________，并考虑了降雨、空气温度、土壤湿度和融雪时间等因素。
that
how
该模型计算出树木获得的水分，与它们所需的水分之间进行比较
2．Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
抓标志：插入语______________; 关系代词_______;并列连词____;关系代词______
判类型：分隔结构＋主句＋定语从句＋并列连词＋定语从句
试翻译：麦金太尔说，自20世纪30年代以来，造成该州水资源紧张的最大因素是气温上升，________________________________，以及融雪提前，_________________________。
McIntyre said
which
and
which
这导致树木流失更多的水分到空气中
这减少了旱季树木的水供应
四、赏佳句助写作
1．(赏用词之美)Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources.
赏析：本句中使用aggressive这个褒贬倾向兼具的词隐晦地表达了作者对野火控制措施的不认可；使用crowded，compete等词形象描述了加州森林长满了小树的情景以及小树与大树争夺资源的关系。
[对点练——单句语法填空]
①All the fantastic memory ________ (crowd) in and she couldn't help crying.
②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle (微妙) ___________ (compete)．
③What's worse, if exposed to violent games, players tend to be ______________ (aggressive) than usual.
crowded
competition
more aggressive
2．(赏意境之美)No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.
赏析：此句运用from ...to ...to ...以及双重否定(No area was spared or unaffected)表达强调的写作手法把“美国加州的森林中大树急剧减少”这一令人担忧的具体情形描述的情景交融。
“课时作业”
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谢
观
看(共110张PPT)
必修
UNIT 3 The world online
开始
01
02
03
课前——语基自主落实
课堂——能力融会发展
课下——主题素养训练
一、背单词—多多益善
(一)易记词汇“一遍过”
1．comic n． 连环漫画；喜剧演员
adj. 滑稽的；喜剧的
2．click n. 点击，单击；咔哒声
vi.& vt. 使发出咔哒声；点击，单击
3．goods n. 商品，货品；私人财产
4．site n. 网站，站点；地点；现场
5．cash n. 现金；金钱，资金
6．surf vt.& vi. (互联网上)冲浪，浏览；进行冲浪运动
7．file n. 文件；文件夹；档案
8．quit vt.& vi. 停止，戒掉；离开
9．scary adj. 恐怖的，吓人的
10．button n. 按键；纽扣
11．recipe n. 食谱；方法，秘诀
12．affair n. 公共事务，政治事务；事件，事情
13．remove vt. 删除；移走；开除
14．upload vt. 上载，上传
15．download vt. 下载
16．mobile adj. 可移动的，非固定的；行动方便的；流动的
n. 手机
17．device n. 设备，仪器；手段，技巧
18．somehow adv. 不知怎么地，以某种方式(或方法)
(二)挑战词汇“三遍熟”
1．frontier n. 国界，边界；尖端，边缘
2．military adj. 军事的，军队的
3．majority n. 大部分，大多数；多数票
4．commerce n. 商务，商业，贸易
5．arrangement n. 安排；布置；约定；排列
6．comment n. 议论，评论；批评，指责
vi.& vt. 表达意见
7．guideline n. 准则，指导方针；参考
8．request vt. 要求，请求
n. 要求，请求；要求的事
9．percentage n. 百分率，百分比；提成
10．journal n. 日记；报纸，杂志
11．wide－ranging adj. 覆盖面广的，内容广泛的
(三)变形词汇“寻规记”
1．obvious adj.显然的，明显的→_________ adv.显然，明显地
2．access n．机会，权利；入径，通道 vt.到达，进入，使用→_________ adj.可达到的，可接近的，可进入的，可使用的，可见到的→___________ n．可接近性，可访问性
3．deliver vt.递送，传送；发表，宣布；交出→________ n．递送；发表，宣布
4．establish vt.建立(关系或联系)；设立；确立；使得到认可；查实，确定→_____________ n．建立；设立；确立
obviously
accessible
accessibility
delivery
establishment
5．instant adj.立即的，立刻的；方便的 n．瞬间，片刻；某一时刻→________ adv.立刻，立即，马上
6．aware adj.知道，意识到；察觉到，发觉；有……意识的→__________ n．知道；认识；意识；兴趣→_________ adj.未觉察到的，未意识到的
7．belong vi.应在(某处)；能适应→__________ n．动产；财物
8．technique n．技术，工艺，技巧→________ adj.技术的，技能的；专门技术的；专业的→___________ n．技术；科技
instantly
awareness
unaware
belongings
technical
technology
9．entertain vt.使快乐；招待，款待→_____________ n．娱乐活动；招待，娱乐→___________ adj.有趣的，使人愉快的
10．addict n．对……入迷的人；瘾君子→_________ n．瘾，沉溺，癖好→________ adj.沉溺于……的→________ adj.上瘾的
11．reveal vt.展示，显示；揭示，透露→__________ n．展现，显示
12．appreciate vt.欣赏，赏识；感谢→___________ adj.感激的→ ____________n．感激，欣赏
entertainment
entertaining
addiction
addicted
addictive
revelation
appreciative
appreciation
(四)联想词汇“一线牵”
1．“网络”家族一览
①network n． 网络
②password n. 密码
③software n. 软件
④database n. 数据库；资料库
2．“－ment”名词集锦
①arrangement 安排；布置
②disappointment 失望
③enjoyment 乐趣
④amazement 吃惊
⑤development 发展
3．“－ity”后缀相聚
①majority 大多数
②minority 少数
③identity 身份；同一性
④gravity 重力，地心引力
⑤equality 平等；相等
二、背词块—丰富表达
1．_______ 创建，建立
2．_________ 属于，归……所有
3．______________ 全神贯注看着某物
4．__________ 飞驰而过
5．____________________ 撞倒某人，使某人双脚离地
6．_________ 全神贯注，沉浸于
7．___________ 减少，削减
set up
belong to
be glued to sth.
shoot past
knock sb. off one's feet
be lost in
cut back on
8．________ 突然大受欢迎，迅速流行
9．_________________ 与……取得联系
10．_____ 在于……；位于……
11．________ 调出；提出
12．________________ 掌握(信息)，了如指掌
13．_______ 求助于，求教于
14．____________________ 安排
take off
get in touch with ...
lie in
bring up
at one's fingertips
turn to
make an arrangement
15．____________ 最重要的是，尤其是
16．_________ 不再，再也不
17．____________ 阻挡，阻碍
18．________________ 在一定程度上
19．___________ 伸手拿……
20．_______ 占据(时间、空间)
above all else
no longer
get in the way
to a certain extent
reach for ...
take up
?联想串记
1．“be＋p.p.＋in”短语一览
①be lost in ②be occupied in
③be absorbed in ④be engaged in
⑤be disappointed in ⑥be buried in
2．“make＋a/an＋n.”短语积累
①make an arrangement 安排
②make a break 放松一下
③make a decision 做出决定
④make a difference 有影响，有关系
⑤make an appointment 预约
三、背好句好段—增分写作
(一)背好句—有“话”好好说
1．have sth.done“让/使某人做某事”
教材原句 You can have food delivered to you using food delivery apps and sites.
通过外卖程序和网站，你可以让人送餐上门。
推荐佳句 (新教材外研版必修2佳句)It was not only for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat, but for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together.
不仅可以吃到平时难以吃到的美食，而且全家人能有机会团聚在一起。
2.“only＋状语”引起的倒装
教材原句 Only in this way can the Internet be a place of discovery, wonder and inspiration for everyone.
唯有如此，互联网才能成为每个人的发现之地、奇妙之所、灵感之源。
推荐佳句 (2022·全国乙卷)Only by trying multiple ways when learning English can we find the way which suits us most.
只有在学习英语时尝试多种方法，我们才能找到最适合自己的方法。
3.the same as ...
教材原句 Remember that relationships you establish in the digital world are just the same as those you have in real life.
记住你在虚拟世界建立的关系和你在真实世界建立的关系都是一样的。
推荐佳句 (新教材北师大版选择性必修3佳句)Up until the 1980s, people in many countries regularly followed in their parents' footsteps by working in the family business or joining the same profession as them.
一直到20世纪80年代，在很多国家人们往往子承父业，参与家族生意，或选择与父母从事同一职业。
4.what if“要是……怎么办”
教材原句 Sounds super, but what if I don't like the recommended haircuts
听起来很棒，但如果我不喜欢推荐的发型怎么办？
推荐佳句 ①(2022·全国甲卷)What if all the oceans in the world are polluted one day
如果有一天世界上所有的海洋都被污染了怎么办？
②(新教材北师大版选择性必修3佳句)What if your job disappears after working for 10 years in the field
假如自己辛辛苦苦工作了十年的岗位消失了怎么办？
5.as if引导的从句
教材原句 I felt lost and anxious, as if I had missed something of value.
我感到迷惘、紧张，仿佛我丢失了什么宝贵的东西。
推荐佳句 (新教材北师大版必修2佳句)I felt sick, as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream.
我觉得恶心，好像在梦中从山顶上掉下来似的。
(二)背好段—有“情”慢慢聊
情感表达之“害怕”
Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. It got such a fright that it rushed at a high speed. I, frightened too, grabbed the rein tightly. Minutes later, the horse was off the track and I found that there was no sign of my dad. In the middle of nowhere, I felt a wave of fear wrap around me. Worse still, the rain came pouring down and I was wet through. After seemingly long hours, there came a loud cry of my dad. As a quick response, I shouted in a loud voice, “Dad, I'm here！” Tracing my voice, Dad finally found me and we got reunited.
[点评] 本段中使用了词块“got such a fright, rushed at a high speed, grab ... tightly, wrap around, shouted in a loud voice”生动地表达了马和作者的害怕的心理，同时又通过“off the track, no sign of my dad, pouring down, wet through, After seemingly long hours, a quick response”等表达渲染了作者的心慌与害怕。常用的描写人物害怕的词汇有：afraid, scared, frighten, terror, terrify, in/with fear/terror等。
四、语基课前自查——摸底训练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I have already _________ (上传) this movie to the Internet.
2．The novel vividly described the life of young people in the _______ (边界) region.
3．My cousin is a chess ______ (对……入迷的人) and has a large collection of chess books.
4．Students are _________ (要求) to get to school on time every day.
uploaded
frontier
addict
requested
5．After registering online, participants must ________ (下载) the “Let's Roam” app to their phones to donate.
6．The professor warned the students that on no account should they use _______ (可移动的) phones in his class.
7．When you turn off a ______ (设备), it doesn't stop using power.
8．As a museum, we have a ______________ (广泛的) interest in many forms of scientific culture.
download
mobile
device
wide－ranging
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The hall had no spare seats left last night. _________ (obvious), the performance achieved great success.
2．The Internet is the biggest source of information in the world, and it's _________ (access) through a computer.
3．The ________ (major) of students, accounting for 78 percent, are in favour of this idea.
4．He shook me by the hand and we opened a conversation ________ (instant)．
Obviously
accessible
majority
instantly
5．Thanks to the waiter's excellent ______________ (arrange), I'm feeling so good.
6．Sport has become an important form of _______________ (entertain), attracting both men and women.
7．People who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of _________ (belong)．
8．The table took up too much space, so the man decided to have it ________ (remove)．
arrangement(s)
entertainment
belonging
removed
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．The old lady was ___________________ by a car when turning a corner of the street.
2．I've __________ this show all day and didn't even hear the phone ring when you called.
3．Linda's father was very happy when he saw her career started to ________.
above all else， take off， knock sb.off one's feet， be lost in， to a certain extent， at one's fingertips， get in touch with， set up
knocked off her feet
been lost in
take off
4．Because the Internet is so easy to access these days, we have every resource _______________.
5．Children need many things, but ____________ they need love.
6．The factory ______ the year before is of great significance to the village's development.
7．_________________, the smartphone has become a necessity in the age of information.
8．I _______________ him instantly after I received the parcel.
at our fingertips
above all else
set up
To a certain extent
got in touch with
Ⅳ.多维表达
1．(完成句子)I believe he can arrive on time, but _____________________？(what if)
我相信他能按时到达，但是要是火车晚点了怎么办？
2．(完成句子)We expect to maintain the production of cars _________________________.(the same as)
我们预计汽车产量将保持在去年的水平。
3．(完成句子)Looking at the picture, I felt __________________________ from another space: happy and carefree.(as if)
看着这幅画，我感觉好像从另一个空间看到了我的童年：快乐且无忧无虑。
what if the train is late
at the same level as last year
as if I had seen my childhood
4．(完成句子)I intended to take up a part－time job, through which I can __________________________.(have sth.done)
我打算找一份兼职，这样我可以开阔自己的眼界。
5．(一句多译)即使在今天，无论住在哪里，不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
→Even today, ______________________________________________________, they can all still communicate in writing.
→Even today, ___________________________________________________, they can all still communicate in writing.
have my horizons broadened
no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak
wherever Chinese people live or whatever dialect they speak
6．(句式升级)The wastes can be processed and disposed properly only in this way, which, in turn, will improve our environment.
→___________________________________________________________, which, in turn, will improve our environment.(升级为部分倒装句)
7．(句式升级)All people including students and teachers are requested to be present at the party on time.
→_________________ all people including students and teachers _________________ at the party on time.(升级为it作形式主语)
Only in this way can the wastes be processed and disposed properly
It is requested that
(should) be present
中档保分词汇—自查自纠无盲点
1．obviously adv.显然，明显地
(单句语法填空/同义替换)
①___________ (obvious), a good learning habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.
②___ is obvious that we benefit a lot from the rapid development of the Internet.
③What is obvious ____ everyone is that children have great curiosity to unknown things.
④Natural disasters have clearly contributed to the continent's economic crisis. _________
Obviously
It
to
obviously
系统归纳 obvious adj. 显然的，明显的
It's obvious that ... 很显然……
be obvious to sb. 对某人是显而易见的
微点提醒 It's obvious that ...的同义句型是：It's evident that ...。
2.access n．机会，权利；入径，通道 vt.到达，进入，使用
(单句语法填空/同义句转换)
①Before the Hope Project was carried out in this poor area, children had no access ___ education.
②Our own generation has access to _______ (get) more nutritious food and more convenient transport than those in the past.
③I think that the information should be _________ (access) to all.
④Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible to children.
→Medicine should not be kept _________________________________________.
to
getting
accessible
where children have/get/gain/obtain access to it
系统归纳 (1)access to ... 接近……的机会；进入……的权利
(2)have/get/gain/obtain access to ... 可以接近/会见/进入……
(3)accessible adj. 可达到的，可接近的，可进入的
be accessible to 可进入……；可使用……；易接近……
微点提醒 (1)access用作名词时意思较多，但均为不可数名词，既不能用复数，也不可加不定冠词。
(2)表示“对……的使用/了解/接近/进入等”时，其后习惯上接介词to。
3.comment n．议论，评论；批评，指责vi.& vt.表达意见
(单句语法填空/同义替换/完成句子)
①People often comment ________ how different the twins are.
②Do you have any remarks to make about the cause of the disaster？
_________
③I'd appreciate it if you can ___________________________________ my work.
如果你能对我的工作提出有帮助的意见，我将不胜感激。
on/upon
comments
make helpful comments about/on/upon
系统归纳 (1)make comments about/on/upon 对……做出评价
no comment 无可奉告
offer comments 给出评论
(2)comment on/upon 评价……
4.addict n．对……入迷的人；瘾君子 vt.使沉迷；使上瘾
(单句语法填空/句型转换/完成句子)
①As far as I'm concerned, it's not wise for us to be addicted to ________ (play) with smartphones.
②_________ (addict) to playing the violin, he didn't find a thief walk into his house.
playing
Addicted
③Her son addicted himself to playing games, which had a bad effect on his study.
→Her son _______________ playing games, which had a bad effect on his study.
④My friend __________________________________.Could you give me some advice on what to do with it
我的一个朋友上网成瘾，你能给我一些应对此问题的建议吗？
was addicted to
is/becomes/gets addicted to the Internet
系统归纳 (1)addict oneself to sth. 使自己沉迷于某物
(2)addicted adj. 沉溺于……的
be/become/get addicted to (doing) sth. 对……痴迷；沉溺于……
微点提醒 addict oneself to及be/become/get addicted to中的to都是介词，后跟动词时，应用－ing形式。
5.appreciate vt.欣赏，赏识；感谢
(单句语法填空/翻译句子)
①I'd appreciate ___________ (give) the chance to work in your company two years ago.
②I would greatly appreciate ___ if you would send me the application forms as soon as possible.
being given
it
③Our class made a special video to express our ____________ (appreciate) to our school before graduation.
④如果你能给我一些关于如何解决这些问题的建议，我将不胜感激。
I would appreciate it if you can give me some advice on how to solve these problems.
appreciation
系统归纳 (1)appreciate one's doing sth. 感激某人做某事
I would appreciate it if ... 如果……我将不胜感激
(2)appreciation n. 感激；欣赏
微点提醒 当appreciate, hate, dislike, love, like, depend on等后接宾语从句时，一般先加it，再接宾语从句。
6.bring up使显示在计算机屏幕上，调出；提出；教育；抚养；呕吐
(写出下列句中bring up的含义/完成句子)
①My parents brought me up to respect others. _____
②The topic attracted a lot of interest as soon as it was brought up in the meeting. _____
③He was drunk and brought up what he had eaten at midnight. _____
④Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt. _____
教育
提出
呕吐
抚养
⑤Click the right button to ___________________.
单击鼠标的右键，调出一份新菜单。
⑥The government has taken measures to ________________________ of daily goods to keep the market stable.
为了保持市场稳定，政府已采取措施降低日用品的高价格。
⑦What ______________________ of the business
是什么原因造成了经营失败？
bring up a new menu
bring down the high prices
brought about the failure
系统归纳 bring out 公布；出版
bring forward 提出；提议；提前
bring about 引起，导致
bring back 归还；带回；使记起；恢复
bring down 使倒下；降低
bring in 吸引；引进；赚得
7.set up创建，建立
(介、副词填空/同义替换)
①The moment he arrived home, he set ____ to read the book.
②They have set ____ on a journey round the world.
③You had better set _____ what your teacher said.
④For all these years I have been working for others.I'm hoping I'll set ___ my own business some day.
⑤The school has established a successful relationship with the local community. _____
out
off
down
up
set up
系统归纳 set out (＋to do sth.) 开始做/着手进行；打算；陈述
set about (＋doing sth.) 着手(做某事)
set aside 储存；留出；把……放在一边
set down 写下，记下
set off 出发；引爆；引起
教材基础语法—再认再现基础牢
1．动词－ing形式作定语
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①There was a terrible noise _________ (follow) the sudden burst of light.
②He said he had never seen such an _______ (excite) match before.
③The bridge _________ (build) now will be the longest one in the world.
④There are countless articles _______________________________________ ________________.
向我们讲述互联网如何让我们的生活变得更加方便的文章数不胜数。
following
exciting
being built
telling us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient
2．动词－ing形式作状语
(单句语法填空)
①The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _______ (add) that he had enjoyed his stay here.
②_______ (see) from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
③______________ (work) for over 30 years, Mr Wang retired last month.
adding
Seeing
Having worked
3．动词－ing形式作宾语补足语
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①When an earthquake happens, people can feel the earth _______ (move)．
②The comedian can always have people ________ (laugh) all the time in his performance.
③Soon they could see the steam ________________________.
很快，他们就看到湿漉漉的衣服上冒出了蒸汽。
④The missing boys were last seen ____________________.
失踪的男孩最后一次被看见是在河边玩耍。
moving
laughing
rising from the wet clothes
playing near the river
[谨记规则]
(1)现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作；动名词作定语则说明被修饰词的性质和特征。
(2)动词－ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，构成主动关系，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况。
(3)动词－ing形式作宾补时常放在宾语后，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示正在进行、主动的动作。
复杂多变词汇—条分缕析逐点清
1．instant adj.立即的，立刻的；方便的 n．瞬间，片刻；某一时刻
常见考法
升维考法 (1)the instant意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as，也可以用作连词，引导时间状语从句，类似的还有the moment, the minute等。
(2)on/upon＋arrive, reach, hear, see等动词相应的名词形式或动词－ing形式也表示“一……就……”。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①With the pace of modern life speeding up, ______ (instantly) food is more and more popular.
②I recognized her _____ instant I saw her.
③The baby has been crying all the time, but _____________ (立刻) her mood has changed when she sees her mother.
instant
the
in an instant
?细练升维考法(一句多译)
④一到达剧院，他就发现他把票落在家里了。
→_______________________________________________，he found his ticket was left at home.(instant/moment/minute)
→_________________________________________________，he found his ticket was left at home.(instantly/immediately/directly)
→_____________________________, he found his ticket was left at home.(on/upon)
The instant/moment/minute he arrived at the theatre
Instantly/Immediately/Directly he arrived at the theatre
On/Upon arriving at the theatre
2．aware adj.知道，意识到；察觉到，发觉；有……意识的
常见考法 (1)be/become aware of 对……知道/明白；意识到……
be/become aware that ... 知道……；意识到……
as far as I'm aware 据我所知……
(2)unaware adj. 未察觉的；不知道的
(3)awareness n. 知道；意识
raise one's awareness about/of 提高某人对……的认识
升维考法 (1)as far as I'm aware的同义短语有：as far as I know, to the best of my knowledge等。
(2)修饰aware可用well，much，very much，fully，但不能用very。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/完成句子/句式升级)
①People around the world should be aware ___ the real situation of water shortage.
②We should raise our __________ (aware) of protecting the environment.
③As a member of the society, ______________ being responsible is what it takes to make a better society.
作为社会的一员，我意识到有责任感是建设一个更好的社会所需要的。
④As she was not aware of the danger, she walked into the forest.
→_____________________, she walked into the forest.(形容词短语作状语)
of
awareness
I am aware that
Unaware of the danger
?细练升维考法(一句多译)
⑤据我所知，他是最适合这项工作的人。
→_________________, he is the best man for the job.(aware)
→_______________, he is the best man for the job.(know)
→_________________________, he is the best man for the job.(knowledge)
As far as I'm aware
As far as I know
To the best of my knowledge
3．belong vi.应在(某处)；能适应
常见考法 (1)belong to 属于
(2)belongings n. 所有物
(3)a sense of belonging 归属感
升维考法 (1)belong to中to为介词，后接名词或代词宾格，不接名词性物主代词(如mine, yours, his, hers等)。
(2)belong to不用于被动语态和进行时态，但是它的现在分词形式可以作后置定语。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①First of all, uniforms help the school look smart.The students feel that they belong ____ a particular group.
②Don't forget to take all your __________ (belong) when exiting the plane.
③Struggling for our dreams offers us ___________________.
为梦想奋斗让我们有归属感。
④In my opinion, you'd better put the book ________________________.
在我看来，你最好把书放在它该放的地方。
to
belongings
a sense of belonging
where/ to which it belongs
?细练升维考法(句式升级)
⑤Peking University has a long history and deep cultural deposits, and it belongs to one of the top universities in China.
→Peking University has a long history and deep cultural deposits，__________________________________________.(用非谓语升级)
belonging to one of the top universities in China
4．request vt.要求，请求 n．要求，请求；要求的事
常见考法 (1)request sb.(not) to do sth. 要求/请求某人(不)做某事
request that ... (should) do 要求……做……
It is requested that ... (should) do ... 要求……做……
(2)at sb.'s request＝at the request of sb. 应某人的要求/请求
make a request/requests for ... 要求/请求……
升维考法 request后接宾语从句或用于主语从句时，从句中常用虚拟语气，即从句中谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。该类动词的记忆口诀如下：
续表
?精练常见考法
(1)单句语法填空/同义替换
①Every one of our class is requested ______ (be) in the classroom at 6：30 a．m. tomorrow.
②In response to your request ____ readers' comments, I'm writing to share my personal opinions on English Monthly.
③The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm. ________
to be
for
a request
(2)词汇/句式升级
④We ask everyone to attend the meeting in the afternoon.
→____________________________ the meeting in the afternoon.(用request升级)
⑤We request that all cell phones be turned off for the duration of the performance.
→_________________ all cell phones be turned off for the duration of the performance.(升级为it作形式主语)
Everyone is requested to attend
It is requested that
?细练升维考法(一句多译)
⑥老师要求我们好好为考试做准备。
→Our teacher ___________________________ well prepared for the exam.(request v．)
→Our teacher _______________________________ well prepared for the exam.(request n．)
requested that we (should) be
made a request that we (should) be
5．above all else最重要的是，尤其是
常见考法 after all 毕竟，终究
first of all 首先
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 全部；合计
at all (否定句)一点也不；(疑问句)到底；究竟
升维考法 表递进关系的衔接词除above all (else)之外，具有此类表达效果的词语还有：besides/furthermore (此外；而且), also (也), additionally (另外), apart from/as well as (此外；除……之外), in addition (此外), more importantly (更重要的是), equally important (同样重要的是), last but not least (最后但同样重要的是), worse still/what's worse (更糟糕的是), to make matters worse (使情况更糟糕的是)等。
续表
?精练常见考法
(选词填空：above all else, after all, first of all, all in all)
①_________, every road leads to Rome, but I do believe hard work pays off.
②__________, let me introduce my friend.
③I don't know why you're so concerned.It isn't your problem ________.
④_____________, we must be honest about what we do not know.
All in all
First of all
after all
Above all else
?细练升维考法(用恰当的衔接词完成句子)
⑤As we all expect, it will be not only interesting but also meaningful. ____________________________, the English short film will be shown this Saturday in our school library.
正如我们所期望的，它不仅有趣，而且有意义。此外，这部英文短片将于本周六在学校图书馆放映。
⑥The car broke down when I was driving home from work, and ____________________________________________, it was pouring with rain.
下班回家的路上我的汽车坏了，更糟糕的是，天还下着大雨。
Besides/Furthermore/In addition
worse still/what was worse/to make matters worse
经典增分句式—学通用活表达美
1．have＋宾语＋宾语补足语
(1)have sth.done结构表示“让某人做某事/让某事被(别人)做”，相当于get sth.done；还可表示主语遭遇到某种不幸/蒙受损失。
(2)have sb.do sth.＝ get sb.to do sth.“让某人做某事”。
(3)have sb./sth.doing“使某人/某物持续地做某事”。
(4)can't/won't have sb.doing sth.“不能容忍/允许某人做某事”。
(5)have sth.to do“有某事要做”，此处不定式作后置定语。
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(单句语法填空)
①They were so frightened that they had the light _________ (burn) the whole night.
②Attention, please！I have something important ______ (tell) you.
③I won't have you _______ (talk) to your parents like that.
burning
to tell
talking
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
④我下周要去上海。你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？
I'm going to Shanghai next week.Do you ______________________________
⑤不用为我们担心，我们已经把问题解决了。
Don't worry about us. We ______________________.
have anything to take to your son
have the problem solved
2．“only＋状语”置于句首的倒装句式
(1)only放在句首修饰状语(通常是副词、介词短语或状语从句等)时，句子需用部分倒装，其结构为：only＋状语＋助动词/情态动词/系动词be＋主语＋其他。
(2)“only＋从句”放在句首时，倒装的是主句，从句不倒装；only 放在句首修饰主语时，不用倒装。
?通过句式变换明晰句式结构
①We can spend those days together happily only by understanding and learning from each other.
→Only by understanding and learning from each other ______________ ________________________.
②A student is allowed to enter the room only if a teacher gives permission.
→Only if a teacher gives permission _________________________________.
can we spend those days together happily
is a student allowed to enter the room
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
③直到那时他才意识到他犯了一个严重的错误。
Only then did he realize that he had made a severe mistake.
④只有当他来到这里时才知道发生了什么事。
Only when he came here did he know what had happened.
⑤只有以这种方式，孩子们才能身心健康地成长。
Only in this way can the children grow up physically and mentally healthy.
3．as if引导的从句
(1)as if (＝as though)引导表语从句或方式状语从句。
(2)as if/though后既可跟陈述语气，又可跟虚拟语气。虚拟语气有三种形式：did (现在), had done (过去), would/might/could＋do (将来)。
(3)如果as if从句中的主语和主句的主语相同，且含有be动词的某种形式时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，这样就出现“as if＋名词/不定式/形容词(短语)/介词短语/分词”结构。
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①He stopped driving and went out of his car as if ______ (find) several passers－by and to ask the way.
②From time to time, Jason turned around as if _________ (search) for someone.
③It seems ________________________________________.
噪音似乎是从楼下传来的。
to find
searching
as if/though the noise comes from downstairs
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
④她努力工作，仿佛从不知疲倦(fatigue)似的。
She works hard _________________________.
⑤当地居民说就好像发生了核爆炸一样。
Local residents said it was __________________________________.
⑥女孩匆忙离开房间，好像生气的样子。
The girl left the room hurriedly ____________________.
as if she never knew fatigue
as if there had been a nuclear explosion
as if (she was) angry
2022·全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high－tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on－time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in ___________ costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
maintenance
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher－value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co－pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast－moving trains would be able to react in time.
[真题再做]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。无人机将会在保证铁路的安全性和可靠性的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省大量费用。
1．What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A．The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B．Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C．The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D．Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Drones are already being used to examine high－tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure”可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。它们同样可以被用来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。由此可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压电线，这使得无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能。
答案：A
2．What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Personnel safety.
B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair.
D．Construction of infrastructure.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知，据计算，仅欧洲铁路每年就花费约200亿欧元用于维护，包括派遣维护人员、经常在夜间检查和维修铁路基础设施。由此可知，画线词指的是“检查和维修”。
答案：C
3．What function is expected of the rail drones
A．To provide early warning.
B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews.
D．To accelerate transportation.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones ... react in time.”可知，工程师们现在正在研究一个新概念：未来的铁路无人机。它们将在列车前方的轨道上运行，并被设定为自动运行。配备了先进传感器和人工智能的小型无人机可以像副驾驶员一样引导火车前进。它们有预见未来的能力，可以发出任何问题的信号，这样快速行驶的列车就能及时做出反应。由此可知，人们期待未来的铁路无人机具备提供早期预警的功能。
答案：A
4．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段第一句和下文对无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。故D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来”最适合作本文的标题。
答案：D
[素养发掘]
一、由典题悟通法
词义猜测题的思维建模(第2题)
思维建模 模型应用
第一步：定位 查找对应信息点 根据题干关键信息maintenance和in paragraph 3定位到第三段第一、二句。
第二步：理解 信息点的字面意思 这包括大量节省 成本和更好地保护铁路人员的安全。据计算，仅欧洲铁路每年就花费约200亿欧元用于维护，包括派遣维护人员经常在夜间检查和维修铁路基础设施。
第三步：分析 信息点与被猜测词义的语义关联和逻辑关系 由including可知，画线词maintenance 与inspect and repair表意一致。画线词意思是“检查和维修”。故选C。
二、由语篇积词汇
1．因境辨义(写出下列黑体词在文中的意思)
①(一词多义)Can a small group of drones guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year？ _____________________
②(一词多义)Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board. __________
③(熟词生义)They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. __________
(设备、机器的)操作员
消减 运营
轨道 设置
2．词块积累(写出下列词块的汉语意思)
①at the same time _________
②apply ... to ... _________________
③make sure ______
④on a 24/7 basis ________
⑤provide sth. for sb. ________________
⑥work on _____
⑦ahead of ___________
⑧in time ______
与此同时
把……应用于……
确保
全天候
为某人提供某物
从事
在……之前
及时
三、寻结构破长句
1．That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
抓标志：连接词(第二个)_______
判类型：复合句(含有一个宾语从句)
试翻译：那很有可能是未来的情景——应用今天的“空中之眼”技术来确保__________________________________________________。
that
全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行
2．With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast－moving trains would be able to react in time.
抓标志：从属连词________
判类型：主句＋目的状语从句
试翻译：它们有预见未来的能力，可以发出任何问题的信号，__________________________________。
so that
这样快速行驶的列车就能及时做出反应
四、赏佳句助写作
1．(赏用词之美)They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.
赏析：作者运用了precisely(精确地，准确地)，inspect(检查)，vital(至关重要的)，correct(正确的)等词，具体准确地说明了无人机在检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面的重要作用。
[对点练——单句语法填空/完成句子]
①“We'd like to try this on，” she'd say carefully, uttering her words _________ (precise) and properly.
②I carefully made my selection, _________ (inspect) each plant to make sure that I had indeed found the best roses.
③Having healthy eating habits ____________ because a healthy body allows you to enjoy a happier life.
拥有健康的饮食习惯对你来说至关重要，因为健康的身体可以让你享受更快乐的生活。
precisely
inspecting
is vital to you
2．(赏结构之美)The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on－time performance will be improved.
赏析：该句运用了“the more ...，the more ...”句型表示“越……，就越……”，准确说明了铁路的安全性、可靠性和准点率与规律检查之间的关系——检查越有规律，铁路的安全性、可靠性和准点率就越高。
[对点练——句式升级]
If you use English more frequently, you can learn it well faster.
→______________________________________________________________ (“the more ...，the more ...”句型)
The more frequently you use English, the faster you can learn it well.
3．(赏修辞之美)Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co－pilot.
赏析：作者用明喻的修辞手法，把配备了先进传感器和人工智能的小型无人机比作一位副驾驶员，说明了这种无人机的作用，生动形象、通俗易懂。
“课时作业”
(单击进入电子文档)
谢
谢
观
看(共111张PPT)
必修
UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world
开始
01
02
03
课前——语基自主落实
课堂——能力融会发展
课下——主题素养训练
一、背单词—多多益善
(一)易记词汇“一遍过”
1．broad adj. 广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
2．trial n. 试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验
vi.& vt. 测试，试验
3．error n. 错误，差错
4．bang n. 突然的巨响；猛敲，猛击
vi.& vt. 砸；砰地关上；猛摔；碰撞
5．bomb n. 炸弹；核武器
vt. 轰炸
6．evil n. 罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处
adj. 恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的
7．moral adj. 道德的；道义上的；品行端正的
n. 品行，道德；寓意
8．deadly adj. 致命的；十足的，彻底的
9．intend vt.& vi. 想要，计划；意指
10．limited adj. 有限的
11．household adj. 家庭的，家用的，家务的
n. 一家人，家庭
12．mould n. 霉菌；模具；类型
vt. 浇筑；塑造
13．charge vt.& vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；
使……承担责任；使充满
n. 收费；控告；谴责；掌管
14．standout adj. 突出的
n. 突出的人(或物)
15．credit n. 赞扬，认可；信用
vt. 存入金额；把……归于
16．negate vt. 取消，使无效；否认，否定
17．freedom n. 自由
(二)挑战词汇“三遍熟”
1．republic n． 共和国，共和政体
2．survival n. 生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物
3．province n. 省，省份
4．extract n. 提取物；选录
vt. 提取；选录；取出；设法得到
5．experiment n. 实验，试验；尝试，实践
vi. 做实验，进行实验；尝试
6．postpone vt. 延迟，延期
7．beneficial adj. 有益的，有用的
8．illustrate vt. 说明，解释；加插图于
9．surround vt. 围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
10．intelligent adj. 有才智的，聪明的；有智力的
11．intellectual adj. 脑力的；智力发达的
n. 知识分子，脑力劳动者
12．mystery n. 神秘；神秘的人(或事物)；悬疑作品
13．authority n. 权威，权力；官方
(三)变形词汇“寻规记”
1．contain v．包含，含有；容纳→_________ n．容器；集装箱，货柜
2．sufficient adj.足够的，充足的→__________ adv.足够地，充足地→__________ n．足量，充足
3．wise adj.聪明的，有智慧的，明智的→________ n．智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智→______ adv.聪明地，明智地
4．conduct vt.& vi.组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止 n．举止→__________ n．传导→__________ n．导体；售票员
container
sufficiently
sufficiency
wisdom
wisely
conduction
conductor
5．indicate vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→__________ n．迹象；表明；显示；暗示
6．accident n．意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇→_________ adj.意外的，偶然的
7．favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→__________ adj.赞成的；称赞的；有利的→_________ adj.& n．特别喜爱的(东西)
8．politics n．政治→________ adj.政治的→_________ n．政治家，从政者；投机钻营者
indication
accidental
favourable
favourite
political
politician
9．electric adj.电的，发电的，电动的→_________ adj.与电有关的；用电的；发电的→_________ n．电，电能
10．theory n．学说，论；原理；看法，意见→__________ adj.理论上的
11．involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加→_________ adj.有关的；卷入的→___________ n．参与；牵连；包含
12．science n．科学→________ n．科学家→________ adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的
13．apply vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关→___________ n．申请→________ n．申请者
electrical
electricity
theoretical
involved
involvement
scientist
scientific
application
applicant
14．ignore v．忽视，不理→_________ adj.无知的；愚昧的→__________ n．无知
15．permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证→__________ n．许可；允许
16．responsible adj.有责任心的→____________ n．责任，负责；职责，义务
17．declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→__________ n．声明，宣告
18．evolve v．进化→_________ n．进化；演变，发展
19．publish vt.出版，发行；发表；公布→_________ n．出版人(或机构)，发行人(或机构)
ignorant
ignorance
permission
responsibility
declaration
evolution
publisher
(四)联想词汇“一线牵”
1．后缀为－al的名词
①survive v．→survival n． 幸存
②remove v．→removal n. 移除
③arrive v．→arrival n. 到达
④refuse v．→refusal n. 拒绝
⑤propose v．→proposal n. 提议
2．身上带“电”的单词
①electric adj. 电的，发电的，电动的
②electricity n. 电，电能
③electrical adj. 电的；与电有关的
④electronic adj. 电子的
⑤electrics n. 电学
3．后加－or的职业
①conductor 售票员
②inventor 发明家
③translator 翻译家
④editor 编辑
⑤operator 操作员
二、背词块—丰富表达
1．___________ 偶然，意外地
2．____________ 提出，提议，建议
3．___________ 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
4．________ 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
5．________ (使)加速
6．_______ 成功，奏效，达到目的
by accident
put forward
with a bang
refer to
speed up
pay off
7．______________ 对……有益，有益于……
8．_____________ 因……而受到奖励
9．_________ 由于，因为，幸亏
10．_____________ 日日夜夜，夜以继日
11．________ 放弃
12．____________________ 反复试验
13．________ 利用，动用
be beneficial to
be awarded for
thanks to
day and night
give up
through trial and error
draw on
14．________ 致力于，研究
15．______________ 被卷入，与……有关系
16．_______________ 换句话说
17．_____________ 归功于……
18．__________ 使某人失望
19．_____ 关于，至于
20．__________ 确信，对……有把握
21．________________ 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然
work on
(be) involved in
put another way
to the credit of
let sb.down
as to
be sure of
take it for granted
?联想串记
1．“by＋名词”短语汇总
①by accident 偶然，意外地
②by chance 偶然地
③by coincidence 巧合地
④by design 故意地
2．“v.＋off”短语集锦
①pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
②cut off 切断，中断
③give off 释放，放出
④show off 炫耀；卖弄
⑤set off 出发；动身
⑥put off 推迟
3．“be＋adj.＋to”短语扫描
①be beneficial to 对……有益，有益于
②be accustomed to 习惯于
③be addicted to 沉溺于
④be similar to 与……相似
⑤be polite to 对……有礼貌
⑥be equal to 胜任
4．互为反义词的短语集合
①day and night 日日夜夜，夜以继日
②up and down 上上下下
③here and there 到处
④now and then 时而；不时
⑤right and left 左右两边
⑥back and forth 来来回回
三、背好句好段—增分写作
(一)背好句—有“话”好好说
1．in order to ...作目的状语
教材原句 Inspired by an over 1,600－year－old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.
据一本1 600多年前的古籍记载，古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物，受此启发，屠呦呦重新设计了实验，为了不破坏其(抗疟的)有效成分，她尝试在低温下提取青蒿。
推荐佳句 ①(2022·全国甲卷)In order to raise people's awareness of protecting oceans, the UN named June 8th as World Oceans Day in 2009.
为了提高人们保护海洋的意识，联合国将2009年6月8日定为世界海洋日。
②(新教材人教版必修2佳句)In order to save this species from extinction, the Chinese government placed it under national protection.
为了使这一物种免遭灭绝，中国政府将其置于国家保护之下。
续表
2.it was not until ...that强调句型
教材原句 However, it was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu, after many failed experiments.
然而，在经过无数次试验失败之后，直到20世纪70年代屠呦呦才成功发现了青蒿素。
推荐佳句 ①It was not until the area was seriously polluted that they realized that it was high time to take action to stop pollution.
直到这个地方被严重污染了，他们才认识到该采取行动阻止污染了。
②(新教材人教版选择性必修2佳句)It was not until 9：30 a．m. that they finally reached the capital of Ontario, Toronto.
直到上午九点半， 她们终于抵达安大略的省会多伦多。
3.than引导比较状语从句
教材原句 Thanks to the scientific effort, we have been led to imagine all sorts of things more fantastic than poets and dreamers of the past ever could.
有赖于在科学上付出的努力，我们在其引领下构想出形形色色的东西，远比过去任何一位诗人和梦想家的想象更加美妙。
推荐佳句 ①(新教材人教版必修1佳句)I feel much more confident than I felt this morning.
我感觉现在比早上有信心多了。
②(新教材外研版必修3佳句)The painting is a lot smaller than you would expect, and is protected by glass.
这幅画比你们想象的要小得多，而且被玻璃罩着。
续表
4.take it for granted that ...“认为……是理所当然的”
教材原句 Now, we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。
推荐佳句 Don't take for granted what others do for you.You should be grateful.
不要把别人为你做的事情当作理所当然，你应该心怀感激。
5.not ...but ...“不是……而是……”
教材原句 It is our responsibility ... to teach how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed and discussed ...
我们有责任……教导人们怀疑不可怕，它值得欢迎和探讨……
推荐佳句 (新教材人教版选择性必修3佳句)In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time.
事实上，改变不良习惯的最佳方法不是一蹴而就，而是需要一段时间。
(二)背好段—有“情”慢慢聊
情感表达之“沮丧”
We were worrying about what could be done. But after waiting in vain for a long time, under the hot burning sun, worried and depressed, I was wandering the road aimlessly. “What if no one is willing to help us？” All of a sudden, a man with his hands waving at mom came into our view.
[点评] 本段中的第二句生动形象地刻画了主人公十分沮丧且焦急的心情。常用的描写人物沮丧的词汇有：hopeless, disappointed, discouraged, despair, depress, frustrate, in despair等。
四、语基课前自查——摸底训练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research ________ (表明) that the numbers have been rising for some time.
2．Because of the rain, the sports meeting has to be _________ (延迟) until next week.
3．The ________ (事故) was similar to the one that happened in 1973.
4．The new technology, if _______ (应用) to farming, will help increase the grain output.
5．He _________ (出版) a collection of short stories when he was still at college.
indicates
postponed
accident
applied
published
6．Scientists _______ (宣布) war on AIDS in order to make a breakthrough in treating it.
7．Last month, my close friend, Li Hua, persuaded me to join in his journey to Zhejiang ________ (省份)．
8．Ice sheets are ______ (宽阔的) glaciers that blanket whole regions with ice.
9．She is allergic to _________ (家务的) dust, so she often wears a mask and hat when cleaning the house.
10．There are some programming ______ (错误) that need correction.
declare
Province
broad
household
errors
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．As we know, taking positive attitudes towards life is __________ (benefit) to our bodies and minds.
2．The scientist was determined to make a great breakthrough in ________ (science) research.
3．Sometimes, people don't like asking questions for fear of appearing stupid and ________ (ignore)．
4．As is well known, many ______ (dead) accidents result from carelessness and irresponsibility.
beneficial
scientific
ignorant
deadly
5．In our country, everyone has rights and _________ (free) to express his thoughts and ideas.
6．Bessie has always subscribed to the view that children should be given _____________ (responsible) from an early age.
7．I'm sorry to say that I can't finish the work within the _______ (limit) time.
8．Children should ask for their parents' __________ (permit) before going out alone.
9．Tom and his friends set out to explore the ___________ (surround) villages yesterday.
10．After the outbreak of war, life meant a struggle for ________ (survive)．
freedom
responsibility
limited
permission
surrounding
survival
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．I never thought I would meet her again at a party ___________ after so many years.
2．There is a difference of opinion _____ the date for the exhibition.
3．__________ our hard work, we can fulfil the task on time.
4．The theory he ____________ about the black hole isn't understood by most people.
as to, work on, take it for granted, pay off, thanks to, speed up, with a bang, by accident, refer to, put forward
by accident
as to
Thanks to
put forward
5．The driver ________ to make up for the hour he'd lost in the traffic jam.
6．I'm greatly confident that efforts will _______ finally if I never give up.
7．The speaker made full preparations and gave the speech without ____________ his notes.
8．He has spent the last two years ___________ a book about environmental protection.
9．The school year started off ___________ when I was named class president.
10．If you still keep silent, I will _________________ that you imply agreement.
sped up
pay off
referring to
working on
with a bang
take it for granted
Ⅳ.多维表达
1．(完成句子)I _________________________ with you but unfortunately I had a bad cold.(intend)
我本来打算和你一起去爬山的，但不幸的是，我得了重感冒。
2．(完成句子)_________________________ bad health if you keep smoking.(be likely to do sth.)
如果你继续吸烟，你的身体健康可能会受到损害。
had intended to go climbing
You are likely to suffer from
3．(完成句子)I took part in a seven－day activity to get a taste of _____________ to live without mobile phones and the Internet.
我参加了一个为期七天的活动，为了体验一下没有手机和网络的生活是什么样的。
4．(完成句子)________________________________________, I do recommend giving it a try.
即使成功的希望不大，我还是建议你去试一试。
what it is like
Even though there isn't much hope of success
5．(完成句子)It is __________________________________________ that makes him a success.
他的成功不是因为聪明，而是因为勤奋。
6．(一句多译)天气允许的话，这个周末我将陪同父母去拜访你。
→_________________, I will accompany my parents to call on you this weekend.
→__________________，I will accompany my parents to call on you this weekend.
not because he is smart but because he is diligent
If weather permits
Weather permitting
7．(句式升级)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize the importance of school canteens being against waste until I took part in the fruit－picking activity.
→____________________________________________________ I realized the importance of school canteens being against waste.(升级为强调句)
8．(句式升级)It is very important for college students to master a foreign language.
→It _____________________ for college students to master a foreign language.(升级为“be of＋抽象名词”)
It was not until I took part in the fruit－picking activity that
is of great importance
中档保分词汇—自查自纠无盲点
1．postpone vt.延迟，延期
(单句语法填空/同义替换/完成句子)
①I'm sorry to say that I have to postpone _______ (go) to the bookstore with you.
going
②It rained and therefore the football match was put off. _________
③The military training ____________________________________ because of the bad weather.
因为天气不好，军训被推迟到了下个周日。
postponed
was postponed until/to the next Sunday
系统归纳 postpone sth.(to/until ...) 推迟某事(到……)
postpone doing sth. 推迟做某事
2.favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
(单句语法填空/同义替换)
①Personally, I am ___ favour of the new policy that will come into effect next month.
②I hate to disturb you, but I'd like to ask __ favour.
③We could have done better under more ___________ (favour) conditions.
④English is my __________ (favour) subject and I've won several prizes in English contests.
⑤I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to help me. _____________
in
a
favourable
favourite
do me a favour
系统归纳 (1)in favour of 支持，赞同；有利于
in sb.'s favour 有利于某人
(2)do sb.a favour/do a favour for sb. 给某人以恩惠；帮助某人
ask sb.a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮忙
(3)favourable adj. 有利的；赞成的
favourite adj. 特别受喜爱的
n. 特别喜爱的人(或事物)
微点提醒 do sb. a favour＝give sb. a hand
3.involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①Students should involve themselves ____ community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
②Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves _________ (spend) quite a lot of time with students.
in
spending
③In a recent book, he advocated much more government _____________ (involve) in health care.
④I was hoping I could be ________ (involve) in one of the games this week and that's happened.
⑤Children can benefit from _______________ voluntary work.
孩子们能从参加志愿工作中受益。
involvement
involved
being involved in
系统归纳 (1)involve sb.in (doing) sth.
使某人参与(做)某事；将某人牵涉到(做)某事中
involve doing sth. 包括做某事
(2)get/be involved in 被卷入……之中；热衷于
be/get involved with sb./sth. 与某人混在一起；和某事有密切联系
(3)involvement n. 参与
微点提醒 involve只用作及物动词，可接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
4.credit n．赞扬，认可；信用；学分 vt.存入金额；把……归于
(写出下列句中credit的含义/完成句子)
①We don't mind who gets the credit as long as we don't get the blame. _____
②Borrowers need to provide the credit history, which the lenders will use as the criteria when evaluating a loan. _____
③The education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. _____
赞扬
信用
学分
④______________, the workers managed to complete the project on time in spite of the bad weather.
值得赞扬的是，尽管天气恶劣，工人们还是设法按时完成了工程。
⑤We need to _________________ their attitude and performance today.
我们需要为他们今天的态度和表现给予赞扬。
To their credit
give them credit for
系统归纳 to one's credit 使值得赞扬
give sb.credit for 为……称赞某人
do sb.credit/do credit to sb. 使某人值得赞扬
to the credit of 归功于……
微点提醒 credit作“赞扬；信用”讲时为不可数名词，作“学分”讲时为可数名词。
5.permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证
(单句语法填空/一句多译)
①Employees are permitted ______ (use) the golf course during their free hours.
②When you are in, please don't touch the machines without ___________ (permit)．
③The rules of the school do not permit _______ (park) near the school gate.
to use
permission
parking
④时间允许的话，我希望有更多的业余时间与朋友在一起度过。
→______________, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends.(条件状语从句)
→________________, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends.(独立主格结构)
If time permits
Time permitting
系统归纳
be permitted to do sth. 被允许做某事
(2)permission n． 许可
with/without one's permission 得到允许/未经允许
微点提醒 动词permit 的常见用法为：permit doing sth./sb.to do sth.，用法类似的动词还有：allow, forbid, advise, encourage等。
6.responsibility n．责任，负责；职责，义务
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①I take full ____________ (responsible) for losing the money.
②Mike is responsible ___ designing the entire project.
③Through this activity, the students developed ___________________________ and gratitude.
通过这次活动，学生们培养了强烈的责任感和感恩之心。
responsibility
for
a strong sense of responsibility
系统归纳 (1)bear responsibility for 对……负有责任
take the responsibility for/of doing sth. 负起对做某事的责任
a sense of responsibility 责任感
(2)responsible adj. 负责的，有责任的
be responsible for 应对……负责
be responsible to sb. 对某人负责
7.by accident偶然，意外地
(完成句子)
①Success in life doesn't happen ________________.It's the result of devoting your time and energy to what you've set out to do.
人生中成功不是偶然的。它是你对自己着手做的事情倾注了时间和精力的结果。
②Whether ______________________, his timing was perfect.
不管是计划好的还是巧合，他对时机的把握堪称完美。
③Sorry to have taken your umbrella __________.
很抱歉误拿了你的雨伞。
by accident/chance
by design or by accident
by mistake
系统归纳 by chance＝by accident 偶然；碰巧
by design＝on purpose 故意地；蓄意地
by mistake 错误地
8.let sb.down使某人失望
(用let的相关短语填空/完成句子)
①Throwing their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team _______ loud shouts of victory.
②The janitor ______ some steam because the pressure was too high.
③The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _________ the natural light during the day.
④I believe I can be a good volunteer and I won't ____________.
我相信我会成为一名优秀的志愿者，不会令你失望。
let out
let off
letting in
let you down
系统归纳 let alone 更不用说；更谈不上
let sb./sth.alone 不管/不干涉某人/某事
let go (of) 放手，松手，放开；使自由
let in 放进，让……进来
let off 让……下车；宽恕；放出
let out 放出；泄露；发出
微点提醒 let down为动副词组，后接宾语是代词时，代词只能放在let和down的中间。
9.put forward提出，提议，建议；推荐；将……提前；拨快(时钟指针)
(写出下列句中加黑部分的含义)
①The plan put forward in the last meeting isn't accepted by everyone. _____
②I think he is fit for the position; therefore, I'll put him forward as a candidate. _____
③You ought to put your watch forward by ten minutes to avoid coming late. _____
④They have put forward the date of their wedding by one week. ___________
提出
推荐
拨快
将……提前
系统归纳 put aside 储存；(把……)撇开不理；不考虑；
放下正在做的事；留出
put (...) down (把……)放下；写下；平息(叛乱等)
put up 修建；举起；抬起；张贴；
(为……)提供食宿；提高(价钱)
put up with 忍受；容忍
教材基础语法—再认再现基础牢
1．过去分词作定语
(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①In our country, _________ (qualify) teachers are still badly in need.
②When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by _____ (fall) leaves.
③The method adopted by our company is to have our employees trained now and then.
→The method _______________ by our company is to have our employees trained now and then.
qualified
fallen
which is adopted
2．过去分词作状语
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①When _______ (ask) if she had confidence in winning a gold medal, she made no answer.
②The little girl greeted every guest with a smile, _______ (dress) like a little angel.
③Though _______ (raise) in a remote village, he knows a lot about modern technology.
asked
dressed
raised
④_______________________, he didn't hear the sound.
由于陷入了沉思，他没有听到那声音。
⑤_______________________________, the decision was finally made.
进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。
Absorbed in deep thought
Having been discussed several times
3．过去分词作宾语补足语
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①He found his house _______ (break) into when he got back home.
②She had to shout to make herself ______ (hear) above the sound of the music.
③Don't leave such important things _______ (undo)．
④He promised he would _____________________ as soon as possible.
他许诺会尽快解决这件事情。
broken
heard
undone
have the matter settled
[谨记规则]
(1)及物动词的过去分词形式作定语，一般兼有被动和完成的意义；不及物动词的过去分词形式作定语，仅强调完成的意义。
(2)过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致。过去分词作状语表示被动或完成，但有些过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表动作而表状态，常见的有： lost, seated, absorbed in, dressed in, tired of 等。
(3)过去分词作宾语补足语说明宾语的性质或状态，宾语与过去分词之间为被动关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的承受者。
复杂多变词汇—条分缕析逐点清
1．intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指
常见考法 (1)intend doing/to do sth. 打算做某事
intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做某事
had intended to do sth. 本打算做某事
(2)be intended for ... 专为……而设计；专供……使用的
be intended to be/do ... 为……打算(或设计)的
(3)intention n. 意图，目的，打算
with an/the intention of ... 打算……
have no intention of doing sth. 无意做某事
升维考法 had intended to do sth.表示“本来打算做某事但实际上没做”，此时也可使用不定式的完成式intended to have done sth.。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①They intended a large sum of money ____ the development of the tourist industry.
②Last weekend, our class took part in a picking activity, which _________ (intend) for experiencing the joy of doing farm work in person.
③The activity is intended _________ (expose) students to a wide range of English reading materials.
for
is intended
to expose
④I had no intention ___ becoming an artist when I was young.
⑤He apologizes for his comments and says he didn't intend offending the community.
→He apologizes for his comments and says he __________________ offending the community.
of
had no intention of
?细练升维考法(一句多译)
⑥他们本来打算去乡下玩一天，但因交通堵塞而被耽搁了。
→They _____________________ the country for the day, but were put off by the traffic jams.
→They ________________________ the country for the day, but were put off by the traffic jams.
had intended to go into
intended to have gone into
2．charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管
常见考法 (1)in charge of 主管；负责
in the charge of 由……负责
take charge of 主管；负责
free of charge 免费
(2)charge sb./sth.for ... 为……向某人/某物要价
charge sb.with (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事
升维考法 in charge of多以人作主语，指“某人负责/主管某事”；in the charge of多以物作主语，指“某物由某人掌管”。用法类似的还有：in possession of, in the possession of; in control of, in the control of等。
?精练常见考法(写出下列句中加黑部分的词性及含义)
①As long as you've paid in advance, we won't charge you for delivery.______
②The shaver can be charged and used while traveling. ______
③He was charged with murder, but the court found him innocent and he was released. ______
④Since the manager left his position, she has been in charge of the company.
______
⑤We have a swimming pool, which is open all day and free of charge. ______
vt.收费
vt.充电
vt.控告
n.掌管
n.费用
?细练升维考法(一句多译)
⑥他不能掌管这个项目，因为这超出了他的能力。
→He can't ______________ the programme because it is beyond his ability.
→He can't _____________ the programme because it is beyond his ability.
→The programme can't ________________ him because it is beyond his ability.
be in charge of
take charge of
be in the charge of
3．apply vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关
常见考法 (1)apply ... to ... 把……应用于……；把……涂到……上
be applied to ... 被应用于……
apply (to ...) for ... (向……)申请……
apply to do sth. 申请做某事
apply oneself/one's mind to (doing) sth. 致力于/专心于(做)某事
(2)application n. 书面申请
applicant n. 申请人
升维考法 (1)apply oneself to, apply to, apply ...to ...中to为介词，而apply to do sth.“申请做某事”中to为不定式符号。
(2)表示“致力于，献身于”的短语还有：devote oneself to, bend oneself to, commit oneself to等。
续表
?精练常见考法
(写出下列句中加黑部分的含义/单句语法填空)
①He is now applying the same techniques to white blood cells. _____
②Interested in this international network, I am writing to apply for its membership. _____
③The nurse applied the ointment to the wound. ___
④But the findings don't apply ___ energy burnt up by exercise.
⑤You should attach a recent photograph to your __________ (apply) form.
⑥In my estimation, the ________ (apply) is well qualified for this job.
应用
申请
涂
to
application
applicant
?细练升维考法(单句语法填空/同义替换)
⑦It is said that he has applied ______ (join) the army.
⑧If you apply yourself to your study, you will pass your exam.
__________________
to join
devote/commit/bend
4．declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
常见考法
declare war on/against ... 对……宣战
declare against/for 声明表示反对/支持
declare ... open 宣布……开幕
(2)declaration n. 声明，宣告
升维考法 ①declare含有庄严宣告或交代清楚的意思，它所涉及的事不一定是对方所不知道的，用于正式场合；
②announce“公布；告知”，它所涉及的是一件对方原来不知道的事，用法较为普遍。
续表
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①He declared _______ the plan because it wasn't practical.
②In the __________ (declare), they declared _____the government's decision to strengthen traditional Chinese festivals.
③Our school declared that the girl was head of our department.
→Our school ____________________ head of our department.
against
declaration
for
declared the girl to be
?细练升维考法(选词填空：declare, announce)
④The President is preparing to __________ his new plan on Tuesday.
⑤The country had no other choice but to _______ war on their enemy.
announce
declare
5．be beneficial to对……有益，有益于……
常见考法 (1)beneficial adj. 有益的，有用的
(2)benefit n. 利益；好处
v. 得益于；使受益
benefit from/by 从……中受益；得益于
be of benefit to 对……有好处，有益于
for the benefit of 为了……的利益
for one's own benefit 为了某人自己的利益
升维考法 be beneficial to意为“对……有益”，可以替换为be of benefit to，其中to为介词。适用于“of＋抽象名词＝该名词的形容词”的还有：of use＝useful, of help＝helpful, of value＝valuable, of importance＝important。
?精练常见考法(单句语法填空)
①Who exactly stands to benefit _______ these changes
②If you're a sensible man, you'll use whatever talents and intelligence you possess ____ your own benefit.
③Cycling is highly _________ (benefit) to health and environment.
?细练升维考法(句型转换)
④As we all know, reading a lot is beneficial to improving our English.
→As we all know, reading a lot _____________ improving our English.
from/by
for
beneficial
is of benefit to
经典增分句式—学通用活表达美
1．in order to ...作目的状语
(1)in order to 意为“为了……”，表示目的；在用法和意义上相当于so as to结构，但是in order to结构可以用于句首、句中，而so as to多用于句中。其否定式分别为：in order not to 和so as not to。
(2)in order to和so as to在句中表示目的时，常可以转化成in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句。
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(完成句子/句型转换)
①What disappoints me most is that only 10% of the students choose to read in their spare time ___________________________________ and improve writing ability.
最令我感到失望的是，只有百分之十的学生为了获取知识和提高写作能力而选择在空闲时间阅读。
in order to/so as to acquire knowledge
②In order to look after her sick mother, my friend decided to resign her position as manager.
→__________________________________________, my friend decided to resign her position as manager.
In order that she can look after her sick mother
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
③为了学好中文，Grey利用一切机会和当地人聊天。
___________________________, Grey took every opportunity to talk with the local natives.
④为了不落后于其他同学，每个学生都努力学习。
Every student studied hard _________________________________________.
In order to learn Chinese well
in order not to be left behind by other students
2．not ...but ...“不是……而是……”
(1)not ... but ...意为“不是……而是……”，在句中连接两个并列成分。
(2)当not ... but ...连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式遵循“就近一致”原则。遵循“就近一致”原则的还有or, not only ... but also ..., either ... or ..., neither ... nor ...等。
?通过题点训练明确规则用法
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①Not you but the interpreter ___ (be) to answer for it.
②It is often said that the joy of travelling is _____________________ __________________________________.
人们常说，旅行的乐趣不在于到达目的地，而在于旅程本身。
③My experience tells me that it is ___________________________________ ________ that determines who you are.
我的经验告诉我，决定你是谁的不是你被给予了什么，而是你如何利用所被给予的。
is
not in arriving at your destination but in the journey itself
not what you are given but how you make use of it
?通过句子仿写做到学通写美
④是你现在做的事情而不是你说的话对你今后的生活有重大影响。
It is _________________________________ that makes a great difference to your life tomorrow.
⑤重要的不是故事本身，而是故事所反映的内容。
It is ____________________________________________ that counts.
not what you say now but what you do
not the story itself but what is reflected in the story
2018·浙江高考·阅读理解A篇
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century — most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 — but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon (名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress.But it's also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
[真题再做]
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了英国著名作家查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品是如何奠定他在英国文学中的地位的。
1. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century
A．They were difficult to understand.
B．They were popular among the rich.
C．They were seen as nearly worthless.
D．They were written mostly by women.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，那时印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，很多作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的、有悖道德的或糟糕透顶的。
答案：C
2．Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress .
A．his reputation in France
B．his interest in modern art
C．his success in publication
D．his importance in literature
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，把他从英国文学的名人堂移除就跟卢浮宫廉价出售《蒙娜丽莎》的感觉一样，可见狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性。
答案：D
3．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To remember a great writer.
B．To introduce an English novel.
C．To encourage studies on culture.
D．To promote values of the Victorian age.
解析：写作意图题。根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。
答案：A
[素养发掘]
一、由典题悟通法
推理判断题的思维建模(第2题)
二、由语篇积词汇
1．因境辨义(写出下列黑体词在文中的意思)
①(一词多义)The steam－powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy rate in England was under 50%. __________________
②(熟词生义)Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad. ________
驱动 印刷机 阶段
绝对地
③(一词多义)Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a half－dozen of them. _____
④(熟词生义)It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. _____
大约
浪潮
2．词块积累(写出下列词块的汉语意思)
①for the most part _____________
②look upon ...as ... ________________
③be held up as __________
④moral touchstones _____________
⑤make sense _______________
⑥sell off ___________
⑦get to the top __________
⑧put ...at the center ___________________
大多数情况下
将……看作……
被推举为
道德的试金石
有意义；讲得通
甩卖；抛售
到达顶端
将……置于核心地位
三、寻结构破长句
1．In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones.
抓标志：从属连词______; 并列连词(第三个)_____;关系代词__________
判类型：时间状语从句＋主句＋定语从句＋并列的定语从句
试翻译：1870年，_____________，世界为他哀悼，他是世界上第一个职业作家和出版商，著名且受人爱戴，他引领了小说的出版和读者的激增，他的小说中的人物——从奥利弗·退斯特到小蒂姆——___________________。
when
and
who; whose
狄更斯去世时
被奉为道德的试金石
2．But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
抓标志：从属连词___；连接词______
判类型：时间状语从句＋主句(含有一个宾语从句)
试翻译：但________________________，我们有可能——这对我们自己的文化也很重要——了解他是如何让自己成为一个永恒的作家的。
as
how
随着他诞辰200周年的临近
四、赏佳句助写作
1．(赏用词之美)No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.
赏析： 连续使用四个名词(talent, ambition, energy, luck)准确描述了狄更斯的成就绝非偶然，而是才华、抱负、精力和运气在狄更斯身上的完美结合，使得狄更斯成为如此杰出的作家。
[对点练——单句语法填空/完成句子]
①With a lot more _______ (talent) students around, I have to work harder to keep up and hopefully get admitted into my dream university.
②In this way, you can keep _________ (energy)and fit.
③The Olympic spirit inspires us ____________________________________ ________________.
奥林匹克精神激励着我们前进，也激励着我报效国家的雄心壮志。
talented
energetic
to move forward and my ambition to serve my country
2．(赏修辞之美)Removing him from the pantheon of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
赏析：该句使用了类比的修辞手法。把Removing him from the pantheon of English literature(把狄更斯从英国文学的名人堂除名)与the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa(卢浮宫廉价出售《蒙娜丽莎》)进行类比，更形象地加深读者的理解，引起读者丰富的想象和强烈共鸣——今天，狄更斯在英国文学中的伟大无可挑战、文学地位不可撼动。
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谢
观
看
