2024届高考英语二轮复习说明文阅读理解讲解课件(共13张PPT)

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名称 2024届高考英语二轮复习说明文阅读理解讲解课件(共13张PPT)
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更新时间 2023-08-05 21:31:49

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(共13张PPT)
2024高考一轮复习
阅读理解CD篇(说明文阅读)
说明文大多介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果等等。
说明文可分为三种类型:描写某事物的性质功用,即“对象+性质功用+好处”;针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施,即“问题+解决方法”;介绍某现象及其原因和结果,即“现象+原因+结果”。
说明事物可采用多种写作手法:例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法,给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。无论采用什么说明方法,作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此阅读说明文时应着重找出所说明事物的定义及其特点。
说明文文体整体由以下要素组成:背景(background)、定义(de nition)、研究实验过程(study)、原理或原因(principle/reason)、优缺点(advantages and disadvantages)、未来前景(prospect)等,说明文文章会从中选取几个角度重点介绍。需要对文章的组成信息有了整体把握。
例题一 理清文章结构 (2023 新高考I卷D)
①On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
③But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
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Francis Galton提出群体智慧概念
群体智慧的依据或原理
Joaquin Navajas做的关于群体智慧的一个新实验
Joaquin Navajas群体智慧研究的后续研究及评价
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
(定位在第三段)33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
(定位在第四段) 34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
(定位在第四段) 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
结论:
遇到C,D篇说明文,尤其是离生活比较远的社科类文本,一定不要着急做题,或者直接像做A篇应用文那样直接按着题目回原文找答案。
①应先有大局观,一定读懂第一段,因为第一段是说明文的“魂”,第一段里有说明文的主旨大意。然后快速浏览找到每段的大意(找每段的主题句,不是段首就是断尾),看看是下面的哪一类【背景(background)、定义(de nition)、研究实验过程(study)、原理或原因(principle/reason)、优缺点(advantages and disadvantages)、未来前景(prospect)等 】
②得到了文章结构,下面就可以读题,也就能又快又准地获取原文答题区间。
练习1:如何理清文章结构
① One summer midnight, standing outside a wooden house in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, I looked up. The sight of thousands of stars was almost enough to make me, a non-believer, offer a word of gratitude up into the star-filled sky. But to whom Perhaps to Johan Eklof, author of The Darkness Manifesto.
②A bat scientist, Eklof works in the night shadows in western Sweden. His work requires an absolute kind of darkness unpolluted by light. But this category of darkness is threatened. In the 1980s, Eklof tells readers, two-thirds of the churches in Sweden housed bat caves. Not any longer. “Today, this number has been reduced by a third due to light pollution, because the churches all glow brightly in the night.” he writes.
③We have all noticed it when driving through any city at night. Empty places are floodlit. The night sky in Hong Kong is 1200 times brighter than an unlit one. Citizens of some large cities, writes Eklof, have never allowed their eyes to adapt to true night vision. But we are only now beginning to understand the effects.
④Too much light is incredibly destructive to the complex eco-systems many animals inhabit. It scares away the bats that Eklof studies; reef fish eggs go unhatched; birds forget to even sing.
⑤So how can we deal with the too much light In 2019, France passed laws limiting how much light can be sent into the sky. In Vienna, Austria, the city’s lights are turned off at 11 p.m. Some measures, like artificial lights that do not reflect light upward, are already within our grasp. “We could just turn it all off, but I guess we don’t want to, because darkness is not safe for everyone.” said Eklof in a recent interview. “So it’s vital we find a middle way.”
⑤Right now, it’s hard to know what that middle way might look like. In 50 years, every city could be lit by environmentally low-impact lights, or we might have completely forgotten what darkness is — the sky filled with little moons.
(第一段)8.What do we know about Eklof’s work
A.It reduces light pollution. B.It focuses on stars and sky.
C.It strengthens people’s belief. D.It requires a specific condition.
(第三段)9.What can replace the underlined “it” in meaning in paragraph 3
A.Darkness. B.An unlit city.
C.Floodlighting. D.The night sky.
10.What are paragraphs 4 and 5 mainly about regarding light pollution
A.Cause and damage. B.Effect and solution.
C.Consequence and disadvantage. D.Analysis and potential.
(第六段)11.What is the writer’s attitude toward lighting management
A.Balanced. B.Negative. C.Unclear. D.Conservative.
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作者亲身经历导入Johan Eklof《黑暗宣言》以及光污染
Johan Eklof眼中的光污染现象
我们(普通人)发现的光污染现象
不同国家的解决方案
作者对当下光污染的评价
光污染的不良影响
I. 作者观点态度题:设问方式What is the author’s attitude toward…
找到原文中观点态度词句,结合文章大意,但也得积累相应词汇。
positive积极的 optimistic乐观(主义)的 supportive支持的 favorable 支持的, 赞同的negative 消极的 pessimistic 悲观(主义)的 critical 批评的 ironic讽刺的 disgusted 厌恶的 disappointed 失望的 discouraging 令人沮丧的 disapproving 反对的 unfavorable不支持的unconcerned 不感兴趣的,不关心的 indifferent 漠不关心的 uncaring 冷漠的,无同情心的doubtful 怀疑的=suspicious skeptical 怀疑的 particular 挑剔的,dismissive 轻蔑的subjective主观的 objective 客观的 neutral 中立的 impartial 公平的 balanced 平等的,不偏不倚的
观点态度补充练习1【2023年1月·浙江卷】B
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
……..
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
…..
25.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars
A.He disapproved of it. B.He was favorable to it.
C.He was tolerant of it. D.He didn’t care about it.
A
观点态度补充练习2:2021年新高考I卷D篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.”
…….
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
……
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
A
练习2:理清文章结构
①While most of us are never without our smartphones, robots may also soon become essential companions. It certainly seems so based on the recent experiments conducted by researchers in Japan, who developed a wearable soft robot for patients to use during treatments, such as injections(注射) and other unpleasant therapies in an attempt to ease their pain and defend people against anxiety. On being subjected to a moderate heat stimulus(刺激), the study participants who wore the robot experienced less pain than in the tests in which they did not wear the robot.
②During the campaign to encourage vaccination against COVID-19, public health officials recognized that some people are simply afraid of needles, which contributed to reduced vaccination rates. While the problems of patient anxiety and pain during medical procedures have been well studied, there remains a need to test and implement solutions to help patients.
③The soft fur-covered robot the scientists called Reliebo was designed to be attached to the participant’s hand. The researchers tested its effectiveness under various conditions based on the clenching of the participant’s hand, while applying the painful thermal stimulus to the other arm that was not being used to hold the robot. The researchers found that holding the robot helped relieve the experience for patients regardless of the experimental conditions used, and concluded that the feelings of well-being that can be created by human touch may have also been activated by the robot. “It is well known that interpersonal touch can reduce pain and fear, and we believe that this effect can be achieved even with nonliving soft robots, “states Professor Tanaka.
④This may be useful when actual human contact is not feasible, such as during pandemics. Future versions of the robot might use a controlled gaze or even AR (augmented reality) technologies to help build a connection with the patient or distract them from pain perception in various situations.
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日本研究了一种可穿戴的软体机器人
设计可穿戴的软体机器人的原因?
可穿戴的软体机器人的测试过程和结果
未来研究方向
17.What is the purpose of the robot
A.To assist doctors in injecting accurately. B.To help relieve people’s pain from injections.
C.To evaluate patients’ physical and mental health. D.To assess the effects of getting vaccinated against COVID-19.
18.How does the robot ease the pain and anxiety of the patients
A.The robot is designed to be attached to the patients’ hand.
B.The robot’s soft fur gives the patients a feelings of well-being.
C.The robot’s “interpersonal touch ” creates a feelings of well -being.
D.The robot instructs the researchers to relieve the experience for patients.
19.What will researchers probably do next
A.Develop other devices for medical treatment. B.Carry out more and more tests on the robot.
C.Evaluate the possible risk of using the robot. D.Promote the application of the robot worldwide
20.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A.How to Reduce People’s Fear of Injections. B.Advanced Technology Helps to Cure Patients
C.Being Afraid of Needles Reduced Vaccination Rates D.Wearable Soft Robot Helps People Scare of injections.
B
C
A
D
II.如何选标题
说明文是有“倒三角形▼”结构特点,首段最重要,越往后重要性越低。因此结合写作对象看首段和尾段,以首段为主是选好说明文类阅读理解题的基本功。
补充练习:(2020年浙江)
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
…….
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
C