2024年中考英语复习讲义-非谓语动词（含答案）

非谓语动词
非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、分词和动名词。
动词不定式
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成（有时不带to）。它不能单独作谓语，不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。动词不定式连同它的宾语、状语等一起构成不定式短语，不定式短语可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。
动词不定式的句法作用
作主语
不定式在句中作主语，相当于名词或代词的作用，谓语动词通常用单数。
To learn English well is difficult.
To read good books makes him happy.
不定式作主语常常用it作为形式主语，不定式置于句尾。其句型有3种：
It + v.+宾语/表语+to do sth.
It is a great honor to give a lecture here.
It is a great pleasure to work with you.
It took me two days to finish the report.
It makes me feel happy to think about my kids.
It + be +表语+for sb. + to do sth.
It is not easy for her to grasp a foreign language.
It was necessary for him to find out the truth.
It is hard for us to work out the problem.
It + be +表语+ of +名词/代词+ to do sth.
It is very kind of you to give me a hand.
It was careless of you to leave your bag in the taxi.
“疑问代词/疑问副词/连接词+不定式”结构作主语
How to stop polluting rivers is a big problem.
When and where to hold the meeting is still unknown.
作表语
动词不定式直接作表语
The most important thing for him is to take care of his parents.
The only thing we can do is to wait and see.
Our goal is to reach the top of the mountain before 11 a.m..
“how/ what/ when/ where/ which/ why +不定式”结构作表语
The question is how to improve ourselves in English.
The point is when to leave for Hong Kong.
The difficulty is which one to give the reward to.
作宾语
动词不定式直接作及物动词的宾语
常以动词不定式作宾语的动词由:afford, agree, ask, begin, choose, continue, decide, demand, expect, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, require, start, try, volunteer, want, wish等。
其句型是：主语+ vt. + to do sth.
I can’t afford to buy an apartment.
They decided to visit their grandparents on the weekend.
Someone forgot to turn off the light.
His father promised to take him to the science museum on Sunday.
以it作形式宾语，动词不定式作真正的宾语
主语+ vt. + it + 宾语补足语 + to do sth.
They found it impossible to get there on time.
The high-speed train makes it possible to reach Changsha in three hours.
We consider it our duty to do so.
主语+ vt. + it + 宾语补足语 + for sb. to do sth.
The Internet makes it possible for us to know the news around the world.
I think it better for him to do his homework right now.
“疑问代词/疑问副词/连接词+不定式”结构作宾语
其句型是：主语+vt.+how/what/when/where/why/which/who/whether+to do sth.
He told me where to get the book.
When I’m in trouble, she’ll advise me what to do.
I don’t know how to solve this problem.
I wondered whether to trust him or not.
作定语
不定式作定语时需置于修饰词之后。
不定式和它修饰的词是动宾关系
I'd like to buy something to eat.
There are many difficulties to overcome.
被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语
Teachers thought he was the best one to do the job.
The next man to clean the meeting room is James.
作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时，宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。有的动词需要用带to的不定式作宾语补足语，有的需要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
需要用带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask, command, encourage, expect, give, order, remind, request, teach, tell, warn等
My teacher advised me to talk with my parents.
The doctor warned the patient not to smoke.
Lucy’s mother reminded her to bring an umbrella.
He told me to put on my coat.
需要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel, hear, look at, listen to, see, watch, have, let, make等
Did you hear anyone sing in the music room
It’s quite interesting to look at other people play chess.
The funny story makes me laugh.
We shall have you know the results.
作主语补足语
He is considered to be the best player of basketball.
作状语
动词不定式常用作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。
作目的状语
To make our dreams come true, we should try our best.
He listened to music to relax himself.
She went to the library to return some books.
作原因状语
Tom was anxious to check the results.
My mother was happy to meet her old friends.
The old woman cried to know her son was dead.
作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常置于被修饰词之后，常见于too...to..., enough...to...,only，强调结果出人意料
His daughter is too young to go to school.
Those teenagers are excellent enough to solve the problem.
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train had already gone.
作条件状语
动词不定式有时作条件状语。在这种句型中，句中的谓语动词常与will, would, can, could, shall, should, must等情态动词连用，句子的主语也通常是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
To join us, you will enjoy yourself.
To turn to right, you could find a supermarket.
省略动词只保留to的不定式
在英语口语中，为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，经常用不定式的符号“to”来表示前述的不定式动词及后面的部分。
He would go to the cinema though I told him not to.
I would repair the radio, but I didn’t know how to.
I asked her to stay, but she didn’t want to.
不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
当nice, easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，形容词说明不定式的特征或性质，而且句子的主语有是不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
The question is easy to answer.
Some poems are hard to understand.
These goals are impossible to achieve.
当不定式在名词后作定语，不定式和被修饰名词之间有动宾关系，且与作主语的名词或代词有主谓关系时，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
Students have much homework to do.
She has three reports to finish.
分词
分词和动词不定式一样，不能单独作谓语动词，有时态和语态的变化。分为现在分词v-ing和过去分词v-ed。现在分词表示主动意义，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，已被完成的动作。
This is a developing country.
The developed countries should help the poor countries.
I heard someone opening the door.
I heard the door opened.
分词的句法作用
作定语
现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，分词表示被修饰的名词所发出的动作，即被修饰的名词时分词行为的实际发出者，所以分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
现在分词作前置定语
There is a sleeping baby in my room.
She watched the rising sun.
One of the running boys is my brother.
现在分词作后置定语
The girl standing next to me is Peter’s sister.
The man wearing a hat is our teacher.
过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语时，及物动词的过去分词表被动的或已完成的意义，被修饰的名词是分词动作的承受者；不及物动词的过去分词表已完成的意义，但表示主动意义，被修饰的名词是分词动作的执行者。
过去分词作前置定语
All the broken plates have been thrown away.
He save a drowned child last week.
The ground was covered by fallen leaves.
过去分词作后置定语
I like the gift bought by my father.
The soup made by my mother tastes delicious.
The knowledge gained will be valuable for us.
作表语
现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语所具备的特征。
The result of the match is encouraging.
The news is exciting.
过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。
He is known as a famous writer.
We got excited when we heard from him.
作状语
分词作状语时，句子的主语也是分词的逻辑主语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语时，现在分词与句子的主语是主动关系。
Turning down the radio, you will hear someone is shouting.
When discussing the matter, the officers got excited.
Not knowing how to work it out, I asked my friends for help.
They entered the room, talking and laughing.
Before going to work, I took a shower.
过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时，过去分词与句子的主语是被动关系。
Tested many times, the machine is found very sensitive.
When seen from the top of the hill, the village was beautiful.
Although warned of danger, he still went swimming in the river.
Even if invited, I won’t come to his party.
The singer stood there, surrounded by many people.
作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时，在逻辑上宾语与宾语补足语有主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语表示宾语正在进行的动作，非全过程；过去分词作宾语补足语表示宾语的状态。
现在分词作宾语补足语
I saw her dancing on the stage.
He kept me waiting for a long time.
The little boy likes watching monkeys climbing mountains.
过去分词作宾语补足语
She raised her voice to make her heard.
You’ll have to get the tooth pulled out.
My mother had her hair cut.
作主语补足语
现在分词作主语补足语
She was never heard singing again.
These machines were kept working for over three hours.
过去分词作主语补足语
The school is found equipped with modern facility.
动名词
动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
作主语
动名词作主语时，通常表抽象的，习惯性的或经常性的动作。
Walking and running are good for our health.
Smoking in the public is not allowed.
Swimming in the river is very dangerous.
It’s no use crying over split milk.
作宾语
动名词可跟在某些动词和介词后作宾语。只能跟动名词作宾语的常用动词有：advise, allow, avoid, mind, enjoy, finish, keep, practice, can’t help, suggest, permit等。
She has finished doing her homework.
We don’t allow talking loudly in the library.
He was tired of playing games.
They have to put off holding the sports meet.
动名词作宾语与不定式作宾语的区别
有些及物动词后既可跟动名词作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，意义几乎没有区别，这类动词有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer等
有些及物动词虽然可跟动名词和不定式作宾语，但意义不一样。这类动词有：
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事
I forgot closing the windows. 我忘记关了窗。
I forgot to close the windows. 我忘记关窗
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
remember to do sth. 记得做某事
She remembered turning off the light. 她记得关了灯。
She remembered to turn off the light. 她记得关灯。
mean doing sth. 意味着，意思是
mean to do sth. 打算/想做某事
He missed the train. It meant waiting for another hour. 他错过了这趟火车，这意味着再等一小时。
He didn’t mean to hurt your feeling . 他并不想伤害你的感情。
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来做另一件事
The teacher is coming. Please stop talking. 老师来了，请不要讲话了。
Let’s stop to have a break. 我们停下来休息一会儿吧。
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
regret to do sth. 遗憾地要做某事
I regret having told her the news. 我后悔告诉她这个消息。
I regret to inform you that it is impossible.我很遗憾地告诉你这不可能。
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
Try doing some exercise, you’ll feel better. 试着做些锻炼，你会感觉更好。
We tried to find out the reason why it didn’t work. 我们努力弄清楚它坏了的原因。
go on doing sth. 继续做没做完的某事
go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事
He went on talking with his friends.他继续和他的朋友交谈。
He went on to play basketball. 他接着又去打了篮球。
作表语
动名词作表语用以说明主语的内容。
Your task is taking out the rubbish.
The most important thing is sending the injured man to hospital.
作定语
动名词作定语时，位于所修饰的词之前说明它所修饰的名词的用处及与之有关的动作
I need a washing machine.
The man gave me a walking stick when climbed the mountain.
动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别
动名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的某种用途，可改写成一个for的短语；
现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，与被修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成定语从句。
a sleeping pill= a pill for sleeping （动名词）
the running water = the water that is running （现在分词）
练习：
1. It's necessary for us___English well.
A. to learn B. learning C. learn D. learns
2.The retired couple enjoy__the movies.
A. go B. went C. to go D. going
3. Paul made a nice cage__the little sick bird till it could fly.
A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
4. It takes him half an hour____the violin every day.
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
5. -I don't know____ next.
-You'd better finish your homework first.
A. what to do B. how to do C. when to do D. why to do
6. The students are busy___ for the final test.
A. preparing B. prepare C. prepared D. to prepare
7. Parents should tell their children ____ in public.
A. not to shout B. not shouting C. not shout D. to not shout
8. I haven’t finished__this book. You can’t take it away.
A. to read B. read C. reading D. reads
9.Let him___a rest. I think he must be tired after the long walk.
A. have B. to have C. make D. to make
10. Both of the two dresses are nice. I really don't know____
A. to choose which B. which to choose
C. to which choose D. to choose
11. -Could you give me a hand, please
-Sure. What would you like me______
A. do B. done C. doing D. to do
12. We must never miss the chance to show love for our parents and make them__ how much
they mean to us.
A. know B. knowing C. to know D. knows
13. As teenagers, we’re old enough___ with housework. We can help set the table, wash the
dishes and clean our own rooms.
A. to help B. helping C. helped D. helps
14. -I saw Kitty go to Grandpa Wang's home just now.
-Yes, she is often seen____the old man with his housework.
A. help B. to help C. helps D. helped
Listen! Can you hear a baby___
A, cry B. to cry C. crying D. cried
16. Sarah, you'd better drink more water after_for such a long time.
A. run B runs C. to run D. running
17. I will try my best to stop my students from__the same mistake.
A. make B. made C. makes D. making
18. The joke was so funny that it made him__ again and again.
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D. laughs
19. Our teacher often asks us____questions in groups.
A discuss B. to discuss C. discussing D. discussed
20.Nick. would you mind_____off the TV
A. turn B. to turn C. turning D. turned