Unit 8 Detective stories Grammar（限制性定语从句和关系代词）讲义

9AUnit8GrammarA&B（限制性定语从句和关系代词）
英语中按句子的结构可分三种：简单句 (simple sentence)；并列句 (compound sentence)和复合句 (complex sentence)。
◆简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
◆并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
◆复合句：主句+从句（含有一个或一个以上从句）。主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。中学生英文写作中经常使用的从句有：宾语从句, 状语从句和定语从句。
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词、名词，此外还有代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句等相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用"……的"表示，定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语，定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。
今天，我们就来看看定语从句(Attributive Clauses)。定语从句是指在主从复合句中用作定语的句子。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
现在，我们一起学习限制性定语从句(defining relative clauses)。
Unit8Grammar A---限制性定语从句(defining relative clauses).
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。如：
We're asking anyone who saw anything unusual.
We're now checking the scene for more clues which will help solve the case.
The only suspect is a short thin man who was seen running down Corn Street.
The victim's parents have offered a reward for any information that leads to the arrest of the murderer.
Anyone who can provide useful information should contact the police.
The man who wrote the book is an English professor.
I liked read the book that you read last month.
She is the not on the train that arrived a few minutes ago.
She is the girl who sings best of all.
一、Using defining relative clauses.（限制性定语从句）
1. 概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。如：
The girl who is standing there is Mary.
2. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词(关系代词或关系副词)。
4. 定语从句结构：….先行词（名词/代词）+关系代词（who/whom/which/that)+ …. 如：
He is an English teacher who likes singing songs.
其中an English teacher是先行词，who是关系词，who likes singing songs是定语从句，作定语修饰an English teacher。
关系代词(relative pronouns)引导的定语从句。
关系代词(relative pronouns)有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。如:
①Yesterday I helped an old man who（作主语）lost his way.
昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
Is he the man (who / that) wants to see you
他就是想见你的那个人吗 (who/that在从句中作主语)
She's a singer ___that/who___ is called Sandy of China.
②Mr Lin is just the man (who)（作宾语）I want to interview.
林先生就是我想采访的人。
He is the man (whom / that )I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
注意：whom 作定语从句的宾语，介词提前，只能用whom.如：
The woman with whom my father is talking is Mr Zhang.
2)whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换)，例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略。例如:
①This is the fridge which / that he bought yesterday.
这就是他昨天买的电冰箱。(which / that在句中作宾语)
②The building which / that stands near my school is a supermarket.
位于我的学校旁边的那幢大楼是一家超市。(which / that在句中作主语)
It's an invention __which/that___ is used for keeping off the rain.
4)关系代词that指人时，相当于who；指物时，相当于which。当其在定语从句中作宾语时可用省略。如：
①Mary likes music that（作主语）is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
②The coat (that)（作宾语）I tried on this morning is quite nice.
我今早试穿的那件外套真漂亮。
5)that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。
(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。
I am sure she has something _______ you can borrow.
先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。
I’ve read all the books _____ are not mine.
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。
This is the first book _____ he has read.
先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。
This is the very book ____ belongs to him.
(5)先行词既有人, 又有物时。
6)that和who在指人时可以通用, 但下列宜用who, 不用that。
1).先行词是 one, ones, anyone, someone, those时，关系词使用who.
The ones who study hard will probably get good grades.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall are our friends.
Is there anyone who wants to go there
2).在there be 句型中，先行词指人, 关系词用who.
There is an old man who wants to see you.
There are many young men who are against him.
7)以下情况只能用that.
1.)先行词既有指人又有指物。
The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle __that__ were in the fields.
2.)当先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级时,有the only, the very 等修饰时。
The wind blew down the tallest tree __that__ is in front of our school gate.
This is the very thing __that___ I was looking for.
This is the second novel ____ I have ever read.
3.)先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing等不定代词。
There is nothing in the world ____ can frighten me.
4.)主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the man ____ is reading under the tree
5.)当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
My hometown is not the same one ____ it used to be twenty years ago.
注意：在含有定语从句的复合句中，如果关系代词作从句的主语，则从句中谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。如：
①Now we have ten classes which learn French.现在我们有十个学法语的班。
②The man who lives next door to us is very strange.住在我们隔壁的那个男人很奇怪。
关系代词在从句的用法归纳:
that, 既指人又指物, 作主语或宾语。
which, 指物, 作主语或宾语。
that指人时相当于who或whom，指物时相当于which。
who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
whom指人，在从句中作宾语。
that, which, whom在定语从句中作宾语时, 可省去。
Whose：Whose 的先行词可以是人或物，whose实际上是先行词的所有格，在定语从句中作定语。
①The teacher praised the student whose English is the best in our class. whose =the student’s
②The house whose window is broken is mine. whose=the house’s
关系副词引导的定语从句。
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。when副词，在从句中指代时间，在从句中的作用为时间状语。where副词，在从句中指代地点，在从句中的作用为地点状语。why副词，在从句中指代原因，在从句中的作用为原因状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用。where=in/on/at/under---+which when=at /in /on /during--- +which why=for+which
关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如place、factory、house、village等。关系副词when引导的定语从句，其先行词通常为表示时间的名词，如day、year等。
如：
I want to live in a place where the air is fresh.
This is the place where he used to live.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
I still remember that day when I first came to Shanghai twenty years ago.
I won't forget the day when he says he loves me.我不会忘记他说爱我的那一天.
Is this the reason why he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗
The hotel where we stayed wasn't clean.
=The hotel in which we stayed wasn't clean.
=The hotel which we stayed in wasn't clean.
2)that代替关系副词。
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when，where，why和介词+which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如:
His grandfather died the year he was born.他爷爷在他出生那年逝世了。
四、状语从句与定语从句的转换。
1)Make marks where you have questions．(地点状语从句)
→Make marks at the places where you have questions．(定语从句)
2)It is such an advanced theory that few people understand it.(结果状语从句)
→It is such an advanced theory as few people understand．(定语从句)
巩固练习：
一、用which /who/ whom/ that填空。
The boy _______ is standing under the tree is my friend Tom. He lives in a house ______ stands on a hill. That little girl________Tom often helps is his sister Mary. The bird _________ is singing in the cage is Tom’s too. Bob is his dog ______ Tom and Mary often play with. The dog is great. Yesterday he caught a thief ________ was running away.
二、单项选择。
(　)1. The woman _____ is in red is his mother.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which
(　)2. We saw a film ______ was about an old story.
A. when B. who C. that D. where
(　)3. I only eat food ______ is healthy.
A. that B. who C. where D. whose
(　)4. I like singers ______ different kinds of music.
who plays B. who play C. who can plays D. whom plays
(　)5. I'll remember the old school ________I visited in the village.
A.where B.which C.who D.whose
(　)6. Did you read the book ________ I lend to you
A. whose B. / C. who D. what
(　)7. Did you read the book _______was popular at the moment
that B. / C. who D. what
(　)8. (2019·临沂)Peppa Pig(《小猪佩奇》) is a British cartoon ________ has been popular in China and is much loved by little children and their parents.
A. who B. which C. / D. whose
(　)9. (2019·贵阳)Wang Yangming is a great educationalist ________ developed most of his thoughts in Xiuwen.
A. which B. what C. who D. whose
(　)10. (2019·成都)—The boy ________ lost is crying there.
— How do you know he gets lost
A. whose B. who C. who's D. whose is
(　)11. (2019·达州)—Frank, look! Who are the children under the tree ________ waiting in line
—They are the students from No.1 Primary School.
that are B. where are C. which is D. who is
(　)12. —What are you looking for
—I'm looking for the dictionary ________ you lent me last week.
A. who B.what C. that D. when
三、改写定语从句。
1.I can’t find the letter. The letter came this morning.
_____________________________________________.
2.Please give me the book. The book is about travel.
_____________________________________________.
3.This is the bag. My mother bought it last week.
_____________________________________________.
4.The house is made of wood. Jack built the house.
_____________________________________________.
5.The boy is called Tom. The boy broke the window.
_____________________________________________.
6.Mr. Li is the person. You talked with the person on the bus.
_____________________________________________.
7.Do you know the girl The girl is running on the grass.
_____________________________________________.
8.He is the man. I told you about him.
_____________________________________________.
9.The man is a teacher. I saw the man just now.
_____________________________________________.
10.We need information.The information can help us solve the case.
_____________________________________________.