人教版 （2019）选择性必修二 Unit 1 Science and Scientists Using Language (Reading for writing)课件(共37张PPT)
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(共37张PPT)
人教版（2019）选择性必修二
Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Using Language
Write about what makes a great scientist
Learning objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. know more about Qian Xuesen and Stephen Hawking;
2. improve writing skills by using linking words;
3. learn how to write an essay about the scientific spirit;
4. give feedback and learn from each other.
Lead-in
What do you know about Qian Xuesen and Stephen Hawking
Qian Xuesen
Born in Hangzhou in 1911
The Father of China’s Aerospace
The King of the Rocket
Be Awarded with the Medal of
Two Bombs and One Satellite
Stephen Hawking
Born in Oxford, England in 1942
Diagnosed with ALS
A Brief History of Time
The big bang theory
the most recognisable physicist
Pre-writing
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE
Personal information of Qian Xuesen In 1911, Qian was born in Hangzhou.
Qian attended schools in Beijing, then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering.
In 1932, Qian switched his major to .
In 1935, Qian went to the US to pursue his studies.
Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and technology.
aviation
graduate
rocket
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE
Personal information of Qian Xuesen Qian worked as a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s.
In the 1940s, Qian and several other people the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
In , Qian returned to China.
Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite.
On 31 October 2009, he died.
founded
1955
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
Personal information of Stephen Hawking He was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in .
He came down with a disease and lost the use of most of his .
In 1964, he first achieved fame.
He insisted the big theory.
The qualities made him a genius—being brilliant, brave, determined, willing to admit his .
physics
muscles
bang
faults
Read the texts and decide if the statements are true (T) of false (F).
Qian changed his major because of a shift in personal interest.
Qian’s strong interest in art has a positive impact on a scientist’s development.
When Hawking was young, almost everyone believed that the universe began with a big bang.
Because Hawking was determined, he was able to succeed even though he was ill.
T F
T F
T F
T F
Answer the questions below using the information from the texts.
Why was Qian called “the father of China’s aerospace”
How was Hawking’s own theory proven correct
Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets was based on his research.
Astronomers used their telescopes to prove his work on the big bang theory.
Study the language and structure.
1. Underline the linking words and phrases in the passages, and describe their
function.
However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, ...
At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped.
Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him...
Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets...
However, what might have made him such an outstanding...
In general, there were two main theories...
Besides being brilliant, he was brave, ...
Furthermore, he was quite determined.
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
These linking words serve to link elements in the passages and bring greater cohesion and logical flow to it.
Study the language and structure.
2. What is the function of each paragraph in the passages
Qian Xuesen
Para 1:
Paras 2—5:
Para 6:
Para 7:
Introduction
His personality
His personal history and accomplishments
His death and people’s appreciation of him
Stephen Hawking
Para 1:
Para 2:
Para 3:
Introduction
His claim to fame
Characteristics that made him great
Study the language and structure.
3. Find words that describe the personalities of the scientists. How do the stories
about the scientists help illustrate these personalities
Qian Xuesen
Stephen Hawking
a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement and devotion;
a pioneer;
did not let that discourage him;
determined;
an outstanding and creative scientist;
deep appreciation for art
brilliant;
brave;
sometimes careless in what he said or did;
willing to say what others were afraid to say;
dream of what others were afraid to dream about;
quite determined;
willing to admit his faults
Study the language and structure.
3. Find words that describe the personalities of the scientists. How do the stories
about the scientists help illustrate these personalities
In the case of Qian Xuesen, we see his determination illustrated by his struggles and how he overcame challenges. His story also shows he was patriotic and devoted to his career. In the case of Stephen Hawking, we also see his determination in the face of difficulty through the stories told about him. We also see his audacity.
While-writing
Write an essay about the scientific spirit.
1. In groups, discuss some stories about great scientists.
Newton and the apple;
Watson dreaming of the structure of DNA;
Fleming’s accidental discovery of penicillin;
...
Write an essay about the scientific spirit.
2. Using these stories as a basis, discuss the following questions:
Apart from being clever, what are the most important personal qualities a scientist must have to be successful
How do these stories illustrate the scientific spirit
A scientist must be lucky, to an extent, but a part of that luck is noticing what others might gloss over. For example, Fleming noticed that something was odd about a sample in a Petri dish, and he did not throw it away. The intuitive and creative power of a great scientist also needs to be taken into account, as illustrated by Watson’s dream which showed him the structure of the DNA.
3. Now work by yourself to write an essay about the scientific spirit.
Great Scientific Minds
When we consider the great minds of many centuries and ask the question of what makes someone a great scientist, there are many aspects we should evaluate. But which ones are most important Is it their inventions, cures, or solutions to problems Is it the personal challenges they had to face Or is it their overall character
Looking at the lives of Qian Xuesen and Stephen Hawking, some common characteristics surface: they are knowledgeable, gifted, self-sacrificing for the greater good of the country or humanity, brave, and determined. In short, they have to tenaciously chase down solutions to big problems and not let discouragement set in during their discovery process.
We can see this in Qian Xuesen’s life, pioneering to another country to work with and inspire like-minded people in his field and to collaborate on their work. We can see it in his vigour to return to China and lead their aerospace programme through its birthing stages.
Sample Writing
We saw the determination and devotion to accuracy and truth on the part of Stephen Hawking from his youngest days through the decades he fought for his body while his mind progressed into the arena of geniuses.
The definition of scientific spirit is to, above all else, be willing and able to grasp a problem or a question and not let go of it until knowledge, creative power, and collaboration have brought a clear answer. Then this same mind must believe in its findings enough to bravely present them, prove, and perfect them for the betterment of the quality and sustainability of life all over the world. It is to look squarely, ask questions, and never give up trying.
Post-writing
Exchange your draft with a partner.
1. Use this checklist to help you revise the draft.
Does the writer explain clearly the personal qualities that make up the scientific spirit
Does the writer give examples from the lives of the scientist(s) to illustrate the points
Does the writer describe the personality of a great scientist
Does the writer use appropriate linking words and phrases to tie the ideas together
Does the writer use separate paragraphs, each with its own function
2. Take your draft back and revise it using your partner’s comments.
Words and Expressions
... because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and
defend the country. (P7)
……因为他意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家。
defend /d fend/ vt. 保卫；防守；辩解
例句
All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.
我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。
He has employed one of the UK’s top lawyers to defend him.
他请了英国一位顶尖律师为他辩护。
拓展
defence n. 防御；保护；保卫
1
As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s,
Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion... (P7)
二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进
方面的重要研究工作……
assistant / s st nt/ n. 助理；助手
例句
My assistant will now demonstrate the machine in action.
现在我的助手将演示机器运转情况。
My job is somewhere between a secretary and a personal assistant.
我的工作介于秘书和私人助理之间。
2
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only
developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
in charge of 主管；掌管
例句
He was the officer in charge of operations.
他是负责指挥作战行动的军官。
He is in charge of the civilian side of the UN mission.
他在联合国使团中负责平民方面的事务。
She demanded to know who was in charge of this action.
她要求知道谁负责这次行动。
3
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only
developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
missile / m sa l/ n. 导弹
例句
The missile fell harmlessly into the sea.
导弹落到了海里，没有导致任何伤害。
At least 5 000 missiles were deployed along the border.
沿边境至少部署了5000枚导弹。
They claimed to have shot down one incoming missile.
他们声称击落了一枚来犯的导弹。
3
Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles... (P8)
在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹……
leadership / li d p/ n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能
例句
Strong leadership is needed to captain the team.
担任这个队的队长需要强有力的领导才能。
Leadership is about the ability to implement change.
领导才能就是要有实施变革的能力。
What most people want to see is determined, decisive action and firm leadership.
大多数人希望看到的是果决的行动和强有力的领导作风。
拓展
lead v. 带领；领路；引领
4
However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was
probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. (P8)
然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对
音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。
outstanding /a t st nd / adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的
例句
These results are a further proof of his outstanding ability.
这些成果进一步证明了他的杰出才干。
His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team.
他非凡的能力为他在队中赢得了一席之地。
He’s known to be an outstanding physicist.
他被公认为一位杰出的物理学家。
5
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. (P8)
史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。
gifted / ɡ ft d/ adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
例句
She was a gifted teacher who never talked down to her students.
她天生就是当老师的料，从来不用居高临下的口气对学生说话。
He was witty, amusing and gifted with a sharp business brain.
他机智诙谐，具有敏锐的商业头脑。
There are many gifted children in her class.
她班上有很多颇有天赋的孩子。
6
Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his
muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. (P8)
他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
abstract / bstr kt / adj. 抽象的；理想的 n. （文献等的）摘要
例句
He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.
他把那些论文都读了一遍并做了内容摘要。
It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract.
结合具体的事物来思考要比抽象思考容易些。
The research shows that preschool children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.
研究表明，学龄前儿童具有抽象思维的能力。
7
The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor
at Cambridge. (P8)
稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。
concept / k nsept/ n. 概念；观念
例句
This concept has been applied successively to painting, architecture and sculpture.
这一概念相继应用于绘画、建筑和雕塑中。
He can’t grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.
他无法掌握数学的基本概念。
Adults should understand the concept of right and wrong.
成年人应该有是非观念。
8
Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers
with telescopes. (P9)
不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。
astronomer / str n m (r)/ n. 天文学家
例句
The astronomer scanned the heavens through the telescope.
天文学家通过望远镜来观察天空。
Space scientists and astronomers have taken another step forwards.
航天科学家和天文学家又取得了进展。
He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.
他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
9
Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers
with telescopes. (P9)
不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。
telescope / tel sk p/ n. 望远镜
例句
The telescope was pointing in the wrong direction.
望远镜对错了方向。
The information gathered by the telescopes will be processed by computers.
通过望远镜获得的信息将由计算机进行处理。
The space telescope has taken the clearest pictures ever of Pluto.
太空望远镜拍摄到了迄今为止最清晰的冥王星的照片。
9
Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said
or did. (P9)
除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。brilliant / br li nt/ adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的
例句
I have had the good fortune to work with some brilliant directors.
我有幸与一些卓越的主管人员共事。
The review is a brilliant piece of writing.
这篇评论很精彩。
Despite his boasts that his children were brilliant, neither of them went to college.
尽管他夸赞他的两个孩子聪明，他们却都没念上大学。
10
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. (P9)
最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。
fault /f lt/ n. 弱点；过错
例句
The accident happened through no fault of her own.
这一事故的发生不是她本人的过错。
I think the owners are at fault for not warning us.
我认为业主没有提醒我们是有责任的。
Why should I say sorry when it’s not my fault
不是我的错为什么要我道歉？
11
Qian changed his major because of a shift in personal interest. (P9)
钱学森因为个人兴趣爱好的改变而换了专业。
shift / ft/ n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向
例句
There has been a shift of emphasis from manufacturing to service industries.
重点已经从制造业向服务行业转移。
She shifted her weight from one foot to the other.
她把身体的重量从一只脚换到另一只脚上。
We need to shift the focus of this debate.
我们需要转换一下辩论的焦点。
12
Polish up your writing with reference to the advice from your partners and your teacher.
Homework
人教版（2019）选择性必修二
Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Using Language
Write about what makes a great scientist
Learning objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. know more about Qian Xuesen and Stephen Hawking;
2. improve writing skills by using linking words;
3. learn how to write an essay about the scientific spirit;
4. give feedback and learn from each other.
Lead-in
What do you know about Qian Xuesen and Stephen Hawking
Qian Xuesen
Born in Hangzhou in 1911
The Father of China’s Aerospace
The King of the Rocket
Be Awarded with the Medal of
Two Bombs and One Satellite
Stephen Hawking
Born in Oxford, England in 1942
Diagnosed with ALS
A Brief History of Time
The big bang theory
the most recognisable physicist
Pre-writing
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE
Personal information of Qian Xuesen In 1911, Qian was born in Hangzhou.
Qian attended schools in Beijing, then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering.
In 1932, Qian switched his major to .
In 1935, Qian went to the US to pursue his studies.
Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and technology.
aviation
graduate
rocket
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE
Personal information of Qian Xuesen Qian worked as a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s.
In the 1940s, Qian and several other people the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
In , Qian returned to China.
Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite.
On 31 October 2009, he died.
founded
1955
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
Personal information of Stephen Hawking He was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in .
He came down with a disease and lost the use of most of his .
In 1964, he first achieved fame.
He insisted the big theory.
The qualities made him a genius—being brilliant, brave, determined, willing to admit his .
physics
muscles
bang
faults
Read the texts and decide if the statements are true (T) of false (F).
Qian changed his major because of a shift in personal interest.
Qian’s strong interest in art has a positive impact on a scientist’s development.
When Hawking was young, almost everyone believed that the universe began with a big bang.
Because Hawking was determined, he was able to succeed even though he was ill.
T F
T F
T F
T F
Answer the questions below using the information from the texts.
Why was Qian called “the father of China’s aerospace”
How was Hawking’s own theory proven correct
Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets was based on his research.
Astronomers used their telescopes to prove his work on the big bang theory.
Study the language and structure.
1. Underline the linking words and phrases in the passages, and describe their
function.
However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, ...
At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped.
Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him...
Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets...
However, what might have made him such an outstanding...
In general, there were two main theories...
Besides being brilliant, he was brave, ...
Furthermore, he was quite determined.
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
These linking words serve to link elements in the passages and bring greater cohesion and logical flow to it.
Study the language and structure.
2. What is the function of each paragraph in the passages
Qian Xuesen
Para 1:
Paras 2—5:
Para 6:
Para 7:
Introduction
His personality
His personal history and accomplishments
His death and people’s appreciation of him
Stephen Hawking
Para 1:
Para 2:
Para 3:
Introduction
His claim to fame
Characteristics that made him great
Study the language and structure.
3. Find words that describe the personalities of the scientists. How do the stories
about the scientists help illustrate these personalities
Qian Xuesen
Stephen Hawking
a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement and devotion;
a pioneer;
did not let that discourage him;
determined;
an outstanding and creative scientist;
deep appreciation for art
brilliant;
brave;
sometimes careless in what he said or did;
willing to say what others were afraid to say;
dream of what others were afraid to dream about;
quite determined;
willing to admit his faults
Study the language and structure.
3. Find words that describe the personalities of the scientists. How do the stories
about the scientists help illustrate these personalities
In the case of Qian Xuesen, we see his determination illustrated by his struggles and how he overcame challenges. His story also shows he was patriotic and devoted to his career. In the case of Stephen Hawking, we also see his determination in the face of difficulty through the stories told about him. We also see his audacity.
While-writing
Write an essay about the scientific spirit.
1. In groups, discuss some stories about great scientists.
Newton and the apple;
Watson dreaming of the structure of DNA;
Fleming’s accidental discovery of penicillin;
...
Write an essay about the scientific spirit.
2. Using these stories as a basis, discuss the following questions:
Apart from being clever, what are the most important personal qualities a scientist must have to be successful
How do these stories illustrate the scientific spirit
A scientist must be lucky, to an extent, but a part of that luck is noticing what others might gloss over. For example, Fleming noticed that something was odd about a sample in a Petri dish, and he did not throw it away. The intuitive and creative power of a great scientist also needs to be taken into account, as illustrated by Watson’s dream which showed him the structure of the DNA.
3. Now work by yourself to write an essay about the scientific spirit.
Great Scientific Minds
When we consider the great minds of many centuries and ask the question of what makes someone a great scientist, there are many aspects we should evaluate. But which ones are most important Is it their inventions, cures, or solutions to problems Is it the personal challenges they had to face Or is it their overall character
Looking at the lives of Qian Xuesen and Stephen Hawking, some common characteristics surface: they are knowledgeable, gifted, self-sacrificing for the greater good of the country or humanity, brave, and determined. In short, they have to tenaciously chase down solutions to big problems and not let discouragement set in during their discovery process.
We can see this in Qian Xuesen’s life, pioneering to another country to work with and inspire like-minded people in his field and to collaborate on their work. We can see it in his vigour to return to China and lead their aerospace programme through its birthing stages.
Sample Writing
We saw the determination and devotion to accuracy and truth on the part of Stephen Hawking from his youngest days through the decades he fought for his body while his mind progressed into the arena of geniuses.
The definition of scientific spirit is to, above all else, be willing and able to grasp a problem or a question and not let go of it until knowledge, creative power, and collaboration have brought a clear answer. Then this same mind must believe in its findings enough to bravely present them, prove, and perfect them for the betterment of the quality and sustainability of life all over the world. It is to look squarely, ask questions, and never give up trying.
Post-writing
Exchange your draft with a partner.
1. Use this checklist to help you revise the draft.
Does the writer explain clearly the personal qualities that make up the scientific spirit
Does the writer give examples from the lives of the scientist(s) to illustrate the points
Does the writer describe the personality of a great scientist
Does the writer use appropriate linking words and phrases to tie the ideas together
Does the writer use separate paragraphs, each with its own function
2. Take your draft back and revise it using your partner’s comments.
Words and Expressions
... because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and
defend the country. (P7)
……因为他意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家。
defend /d fend/ vt. 保卫；防守；辩解
例句
All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.
我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。
He has employed one of the UK’s top lawyers to defend him.
他请了英国一位顶尖律师为他辩护。
拓展
defence n. 防御；保护；保卫
1
As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s,
Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion... (P7)
二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进
方面的重要研究工作……
assistant / s st nt/ n. 助理；助手
例句
My assistant will now demonstrate the machine in action.
现在我的助手将演示机器运转情况。
My job is somewhere between a secretary and a personal assistant.
我的工作介于秘书和私人助理之间。
2
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only
developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
in charge of 主管；掌管
例句
He was the officer in charge of operations.
他是负责指挥作战行动的军官。
He is in charge of the civilian side of the UN mission.
他在联合国使团中负责平民方面的事务。
She demanded to know who was in charge of this action.
她要求知道谁负责这次行动。
3
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only
developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
missile / m sa l/ n. 导弹
例句
The missile fell harmlessly into the sea.
导弹落到了海里，没有导致任何伤害。
At least 5 000 missiles were deployed along the border.
沿边境至少部署了5000枚导弹。
They claimed to have shot down one incoming missile.
他们声称击落了一枚来犯的导弹。
3
Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles... (P8)
在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹……
leadership / li d p/ n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能
例句
Strong leadership is needed to captain the team.
担任这个队的队长需要强有力的领导才能。
Leadership is about the ability to implement change.
领导才能就是要有实施变革的能力。
What most people want to see is determined, decisive action and firm leadership.
大多数人希望看到的是果决的行动和强有力的领导作风。
拓展
lead v. 带领；领路；引领
4
However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was
probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. (P8)
然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对
音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。
outstanding /a t st nd / adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的
例句
These results are a further proof of his outstanding ability.
这些成果进一步证明了他的杰出才干。
His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team.
他非凡的能力为他在队中赢得了一席之地。
He’s known to be an outstanding physicist.
他被公认为一位杰出的物理学家。
5
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. (P8)
史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。
gifted / ɡ ft d/ adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
例句
She was a gifted teacher who never talked down to her students.
她天生就是当老师的料，从来不用居高临下的口气对学生说话。
He was witty, amusing and gifted with a sharp business brain.
他机智诙谐，具有敏锐的商业头脑。
There are many gifted children in her class.
她班上有很多颇有天赋的孩子。
6
Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his
muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. (P8)
他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
abstract / bstr kt / adj. 抽象的；理想的 n. （文献等的）摘要
例句
He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.
他把那些论文都读了一遍并做了内容摘要。
It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract.
结合具体的事物来思考要比抽象思考容易些。
The research shows that preschool children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.
研究表明，学龄前儿童具有抽象思维的能力。
7
The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor
at Cambridge. (P8)
稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。
concept / k nsept/ n. 概念；观念
例句
This concept has been applied successively to painting, architecture and sculpture.
这一概念相继应用于绘画、建筑和雕塑中。
He can’t grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.
他无法掌握数学的基本概念。
Adults should understand the concept of right and wrong.
成年人应该有是非观念。
8
Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers
with telescopes. (P9)
不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。
astronomer / str n m (r)/ n. 天文学家
例句
The astronomer scanned the heavens through the telescope.
天文学家通过望远镜来观察天空。
Space scientists and astronomers have taken another step forwards.
航天科学家和天文学家又取得了进展。
He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.
他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
9
Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers
with telescopes. (P9)
不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。
telescope / tel sk p/ n. 望远镜
例句
The telescope was pointing in the wrong direction.
望远镜对错了方向。
The information gathered by the telescopes will be processed by computers.
通过望远镜获得的信息将由计算机进行处理。
The space telescope has taken the clearest pictures ever of Pluto.
太空望远镜拍摄到了迄今为止最清晰的冥王星的照片。
9
Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said
or did. (P9)
除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。brilliant / br li nt/ adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的
例句
I have had the good fortune to work with some brilliant directors.
我有幸与一些卓越的主管人员共事。
The review is a brilliant piece of writing.
这篇评论很精彩。
Despite his boasts that his children were brilliant, neither of them went to college.
尽管他夸赞他的两个孩子聪明，他们却都没念上大学。
10
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. (P9)
最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。
fault /f lt/ n. 弱点；过错
例句
The accident happened through no fault of her own.
这一事故的发生不是她本人的过错。
I think the owners are at fault for not warning us.
我认为业主没有提醒我们是有责任的。
Why should I say sorry when it’s not my fault
不是我的错为什么要我道歉？
11
Qian changed his major because of a shift in personal interest. (P9)
钱学森因为个人兴趣爱好的改变而换了专业。
shift / ft/ n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向
例句
There has been a shift of emphasis from manufacturing to service industries.
重点已经从制造业向服务行业转移。
She shifted her weight from one foot to the other.
她把身体的重量从一只脚换到另一只脚上。
We need to shift the focus of this debate.
我们需要转换一下辩论的焦点。
12
Polish up your writing with reference to the advice from your partners and your teacher.
Homework