2024届高考英语英汉翻译中的衔接与连贯问题研究课件(共31张PPT)

(共31张PPT)
Cohesion & Coherence
Cohesion
Jakobson (1960)
Halliday&Hassan(1976)
Baker (1992)
“The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers
to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.
------ Cohesion in English
Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text .
Coherence
not defined
in rhetorics
comparison
All part of a text are closely related to make it valid.
1. meaning VS structural properties
2. implicit VS explicit
Correlation:
cohesion =>coherence
! not necessary
! not sufficient
! helpful
The king died. The queen died of grief.
A: Can you go to Edinburgh tomorrow
B: B.E.A. pilots are on stike.
lexical
1
Grammatical
2
reference
A
substitu-
tion
A
ellipsis
A
conjuc-
tion
A
reference
definiton
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
---Halliday
reference
types
● personal reference
① personal pronoun
② possessive pronoun
eg. He shrugged his shoulders, shock his head,
cast up his eyes, but said nothing
他耸耸肩， 摇摇头，两眼看天， 一句话不说。
(E-C: )
reference
types
(2） demostrative reference (proximity）
① demostrative pronoun
(this/these, that/those)
② adverbs of time (now/then)
adverbs of place (there/here)
③definite article (the)
reference
★ frequency
that
这
eg. To be or not to be: that is a question.
生存还是毁灭， 这是个问题。
eg. That's the difference between us.
这就是你我之间的区别。
Quiz
Jack bought a Ford, and he drives it every day.
Each day has 24 hours, and that's the law. It
is a pity that laws are badly violated here. The
violence in recent news is too terrible.
Cohesion or coherence. Why？
substitution
definition
types
(1)nominal (one,ones, the same)
eg. Look at the sunset. I never saw one redder.
瞧那晚霞，我没见过比这更红的了。
A word in the text is replaced with a pro-form.
substitution
types
(2) verbal (do/does/did)
eg. He imagines that people don't like him, but
they do. 他以为人们不喜欢他， 但他们是喜欢他的。
substitution
types
(3) clausal (so, not)
eg. A: Do you think he is too serious
B: Yes, I think so
-- 你看他是不是太过认真了？ --是的，我也这么觉得。
eg. Is there any chance I'm afraid not.
还有机会？恐怕是没有了。
3.
Ellipsis
Ellipsis or elliptical construction refers to the omission, from a clause, of one or more words that are nevertheless understood in the context of the remaining elements.
Like substitution, ellipsis is a relation within the text，and in most instances the omitted items are present in the preceding text.
Norminal ellipsis
a.Shakespeare's characters are really alive, so are most of Jane Austen's.
莎士比亚戏剧中的人物都是活生生的，简·奥斯汀小说中的有 些人物也是。
b.“我看见后面跟来了几条大鱼。”
“瞧!又来了三条。”
“I see several big fishes following.”
“Look! There are another three.”
Verbal ellipsis
We don’t retreat. We never have(retreated),and never will(retreat).
我们不退缩，过去没有，将来也不会。
Clausal ellipsis
a. “Have you made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation ”
“sure!”(I’ ve made up my mind to work in Tibet after graduation .)
“你决定毕业后要去西藏工作吗 ”
“当然I”(我决定了毕业后去西藏工作。)
b.Work with, and not against，nature.
要顺应自然，不要对抗自然.
c.A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good，but for neglecting his neighbor's.
说一个人自私自利，并非说他图私利，而是说他漠视他人的利益.
(英语并列结构中的省略，汉语译文中可使用词汇重复来实现衔接。)
Clausal ellipsis
汉译英时，有时需要根据英语的行文习惯将省略的部分补齐，以使译文结构完整、衔接自然。
d.她们轻轻划着船，船两边的水哗，哗，哗。顺手从水里捞上一颗菱角来，菱角还很嫩很小，乳白色。顺手又丢到水里去。那颗菱角就又安安稳稳浮在水面上生长去了。
They paddled easily along while water gurgled on each side of the boat. One of them scooped up a water-chestnut，still tiny and milkly white. She threw it back into the river. The water-chestnut floated placidly there, where it would grow.
4.
Conjunction
Conjunction cohesion refers to the use of certain words or phrase, usually at the beginning of a sentence, with the effect of classifying the semantic or logical relationship of the information that follows with the information that has come before. Cohesive conjunctions thus have a ‘semantic signposting’ function. The semantic or logic connection may be implicit between the foregoing and following, but the use of the conjunction makes the connection more explicit.
Additive（添加/递进）
a substance added to another in relatively small amounts to effect a desired change in properties
and, and also, nor, and…nor, or, or else
Furthermore, in addition, besides, alternatively, incidentally, by the way
That is, I mean, in other words, for instance/for example, thus
Likewise, similarity, in the same way
a.Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline. In addition, a person's ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career.
要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心加自律精神。此外，一个人应对挫折的能力也是影响他一生事业的一个重要因素。
b.无锡南临太湖，西金惠山，这两处都是当地的主要名胜。另外，古老的京杭大运河和京沪铁路也途经这里。
Wuxi is bordered by Taihu Lake on the south, and Huishan Hill in the west. They are the major scenic spots there. In addtion, the ancient Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou was dug to run through the city, as was the Beijing-Shanghai Railway.
Adversative（转折）
expressing antithesis, opposition, or adverse circumstance
yet, though, only, but, however, nevertheless, despite this,
In fact, actually, as matter of fact, on the other hand, at the same time, instead, rather, on the contrary, at least, (rather, I mean)
In any case, in either case, whichever way it is, anyhow, at any rate, however it is
a. And it would seem also, on a hasty view，that the attainment as much as possible was the one goal of man's contentious life. And yet, as regard the spirit, this is but a semblance.
乍一看，在这个你争我斗的人生里，人活着的唯一目的仿佛真是获取利益，多多益善，可是从精神方面解读人生，此种观点却只触及皮相。
b.“我跟我内人很喜欢你在舍间长住，效成也舍不得你去；可是我扣留住你，不让你回家做孝顺儿子，亲家、亲家母要上门来‘探亲相骂’了—”((钱钟书《围城》)
My wife and 1 would like to have you stay with us for a long time，and
Hsiao-ch’eng will hate to see you go, but if 1 keep you with us and don't let you go back home and fullfill your filial duties, your parents will come over and curse us.
Causal（因果）
what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect). An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future.
So, then, hence, therefore, consequently, because of this, for this reason, on account of, in consequence, for this purpose, with this in mind
For, because, on this basis, arising out of this, to this end,
In that case, in such an event, that being so, under the circumstances, otherwise,
In this respect, in this regard, with this reference to this, aside from this,
a. You’re not Robinson Crusoe. You're not alone，so don’t be so damned
selfish.
你又不是流落孤岛、与廿隔绝的香滨逊，不要事事只为自己打算。
b. 学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的兴趣。
Art is long, life is short. That is why some of our ancients continued to study even when they were hoary-headed. They were，of course，motivated by an enormous interest in their studies.
temporal (时序)
Then, next, after that, at the same time, previously, before that, finally, at last, first… then, at first… in the end,
At once, soon, after a time, next time, until then, at this moment,
Finally in conclusion, first…next, …finally,
Up to now, hitherto, at this point, here, from now, henceforward, to sum up, in short, briefly, to return to the point, in summary, in brief, to resume
a. I kept out till approximately nine o’clock, and then I came back.
9点来钟以前，我一直在外面，后来才回来。
如果是同时发生，当然就需要“同时”、~while一类的标记。如:
b. 我上大学去了，那时我的朋友全都找到了收入不错的工作。
I went to college. Meanwhile，all my friends got well-paid job.
5
Explicit and Implicit
The difference between English and Chinese in conjunction is that English tends to be explicit and Chinese prefers implicit connection. Therefore, proper conversion should be made according to the context and in accordance with the habit of the target language.
a. Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks
from men's muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the micro-computer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from the human brain and thereby expanding the mind's capacities in ways that man has only began to grasp.
正如工业革命取消了大蚤体力劳动并极大地发展了生产力一样，微型电子计算机正迅速地承担起大童繁重的脑力劳劝，从而以各种方式扩大着人脑的功能，人们现在才开始领会这些新的方式。
b. 白杨不是平凡的树。它在西北极普遍。不被人重视，就跟北方农民相似；它有极强的生命力，折磨不了，压迫不倒，也跟北方的农民相似。
White poplars are no ordinary trees. But these common trees in Northwest China are as much ignored as our peasants in the Nonrth. However，like our peasants in the North, they are bursting with vitality and capable of surviving any hardship or oppression.
有一点值得注意：英语语篇中有时也不用显性的连接成分，这种现象称为零形式连接或意合连接，多在表达因果、时序这些逻辑关系时出现。译成汉语
时如果不影响对逻辑关系的理解，通常也不需要使用连接词。如:
c. He died three years ago. He was buried in London.
他三年前就死了。埋在伦敦。(时间关系)
d. Johh hurried to the hospital. He had just had a heart attack.
约翰急匆匆赶到医院。他犯心脏病了。(时间关系+因果关系)
Thanks!
Any questions