2024届浙江高考英语名校模拟真题 专题05阅读理解之说明文10篇（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2024届浙江高考英语名校模拟真题 专题05阅读理解之说明文10篇（含解析） |  | |
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备战2024年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(浙江专用)
第一期
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2024·浙江·统考模拟预测）Noisy family Loud construction right outside your window A new flexible loudspeaker could help you rest easily. It could turn your walls into noise-canceling systems.
The new loudspeaker is about as thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces to control noise much easier, notes Jinchi Han, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
Lots of dome-shaped (圆顶状的) microstructures are in the centre of the new speaker. Han’s team sandwiches their new material between two plastic sheets to protect the domes. “The bottom layer lifts up the small domes so that they can vibrate (震动) freely, and the upper protective layer is thicker than the domes that are secured in the middle of the layers,” he explains. “So if you touch the surface, you don’t need to worry about damaging these small structures.”
Han points out large area of the new material could make controlling noise much easier.
Each dome works as a tiny speaker. The domes can generate sound waves all together, in groups or individually. Wallpapering your bedroom with this material would create speakers all around you. Those same speakers could then dampen or cancel unwanted sound. “If you desire, you could turn any space into a quiet zone where you could sleep or study with barely any noise,” Han says. He also sees applications in cars, airplanes, apartments or wherever unwanted noise is a problem.
Large versions could be the next step for this super-thin speakers, says Lori Beckstead, a sound artist.
“The new speakers are so thin and light that they could be placed in spaces where traditional loudspeakers might have been impractical,” Beckstead adds. She notes that adding noise-canceling technology to loud spaces from restaurants to noisy industrial plants would be fantastic.
1．What can we learn about the new loudspeaker from the first paragraph
A．It could reduce unwanted noise. B．It covers a vast area.
C．It is flexible to any construction. D．It produces much noise.
2．Why is the surface of the dome safe to touch
A．The bottom layer lifts up the dome.
B．It can generate sound waves all together.
C．It is protected by the upper and bottom layers.
D．The upper protective layer is thicker than the dome.
3．What is the benefit of the new material according to Han
A．Loud noisy spaces are using it effectively now.
B．It could control noise more effectively when used largely.
C．Any space could be turned into a zero-noise one by using it.
D．Wallpapering your bedroom with it creates comfortable sound.
4．What is Beckstead’s attitude to the application of the new speakers
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
（2023·浙江·校联考模拟预测）A new study suggests that mindfulness education — lessons on techniques to calm the mind and body — can reduce the negative effects of stress and increase students’ ability to stay engaged, helping them stay on track academically and avoid behavior problems.
After finding that students who self-reported mindful habits performed better on tests and had higher grades, researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits.
They designed a study focusing on sixth-graders in a Boston school. The study showed that sixth-graders who participated in an eight-week mindfulness were less stressed out than their classmates who hadn’t. Practicing mindfulness had helped improve the ability to focus in the moment, expanding students’ capacity to learn and regulate their emotions.
Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices, like focusing on a rock for a minute, then discussing when their mind wandered and refocused on the rock. Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. The students were randomly assigned between the groups.
At the end of the eight weeks, the mindfulness group reported being less stressed than they had been before the mindfulness education, and better able to practice self-control. And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. The group who attended coding classes didn’t see the same benefits.
The findings suggest that the mindfulness instruction helped boost students’ attention skills, as well as develop coping mechanisms for stress. The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed.
5．What was the purpose of the study
A．To examine the techniques for practicing mindfulness.
B．To study the effects of group mindfulness training on students.
C．To see how students help themselves to perform better on tests.
D．To understand why mindfulness training calms the mind and body.
6．How was the study conducted
A．By listing benefits of mindfulness education.
B．By scanning the brain to see how it controls emotions.
C．By teaching different students different mindfulness skills.
D．By comparing two groups of students attending different classes.
7．What change took place after the students practiced mindfulness work
A．They felt easier to stay focused. B．They were better at computer coding.
C．Their mind was wandering more actively. D．Their brains were more aware of negativity.
8．Who are the most possible target readers of the passage
A．Stressful parents. B．Mindful instructors.
C．Emotional students. D．School educators.
（2023·浙江·德清县高级中学校考模拟预测）A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands. The Iliad, usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other’s hands and expressing their loyalty.” Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the book As You Like It. Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette (礼仪) books note that the modem handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier
According to author Torbjdm Lundmark in his Tales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World. the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser III referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the King of Babylon. In the Iliad, Diomedes and Glaucus shook hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and Diomedes declared: 66Lefs not try to kill each other. Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg — the chief authority for the history of handshaking ——wrote in a chapter of an anthology called A Cultural History of Gesture, “More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel. When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, ”He was greeted by countless hugs and countless good days.” But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland’s statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical (等级的)ways of greeting - like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent’s hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
9．Why does the author mention Shakespeare in the first two paragraphs
A．To prove that the history of handshaking is hard to find.
B．To illustrate that handshaking is a very old custom.
C．To show readers that handshaking is common in fiction.
D．To explain the value of handshaking in communication.
10．What can we learn about handshaking from the passage
A．The origin of handshaking as a form of greeting is easy to trace.
B．Citizens usually shake hands to show friendliness in Holland.
C．It was used only between friends and to reach an agreement.
D．It is a common practice between people of different social positions.
11．Which of the following is similar in meaning to “anthology” in Para. 4
A．the science of mental ability
B．a collection of selected literary passages
C．a daily written record of experiences
D．all the living things of a particular region
12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage
A．The handshake has disappeared in some remote parts of the Netherlands.
B．Handshaking has different meanings in different European countries.
C．Handshakes are now common between people of different positions.
D．Most Europeans prefer to shake hands owing to the weakening effect of rank.
（2023·浙江绍兴·统考模拟预测）Top European hotel chains are hiring workers without experience or even a resume as executives admit years of underpaying staff have come back to bite, leaving them unable to meet post-pandemic travel demand.
Thousands of workers left the hospitality industry (酒店业) when international travel shut down during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Many chose not to return, finding better paid employment elsewhere, leaving hoteliers facing a desperate shortage.
Europe’s largest hotelier Accor ACCP. PA is running trial initiatives to recruit people who haven’t previously worked in the industry, Chief Executive Sebastien Bazin said at the Qatar Economic Forum last month.” We tried in Lyon and Bordeaux 10 days ago and this weekend we’re having people interviewed with no resume, no prior job experience and they are hired within 24 hours. The new recruits are given six hours of training and learn on the job,” he said.
In the short term, Accor is filling roles in France with young people and migrants while also limiting services. “It’s students, people coming from North Africa,” Bazin said. “And basically closing restaurants for lunch or opening them only five days a week. There’s no other solution.”
Staff shortages are particularly pressing in Spain and Portugal. Spain’s hospitality industry is 200,000 workers short and Portuguese hotels need at least 15,000 more people to meet growing demand, according to national hospitality associations.
Bazin said that while hotels are only 60 percent or 70 percent occupied they can cope with staff shortages, but the time will come when they’re fully booked.
“In the past, the industry has neither paid enough or focused on developing staff,” Bazin said, “Half of it is that we’ve been blind, we’ve been not paying attention to a lot of people and probably underpaying some people for too long as well,” he said. “So it’s a wake-up call.”
13．What problem is the European hospitality industry facing
A．Shortage of resources. B．International travel bans.
C．Staffing challenges. D．Dissatisfactory service.
14．What’s the essential reason for the problem
A．The travel demand is increasing. B．The job is highly demanding.
C．The hospitality industry isn’t developed. D．The staff hasn’t been fairly paid.
15．What needs to be done before someone starts working in Accor at present
A．Explaining previous work experience. B．Sending the resume in advance.
C．Receiving a six-hour training for the job. D．Going through a competitive interview.
16．Which of the following would Bazin agree with concerning the problem
A．Hoteliers have been turning a blind eye to the problem.
B．The problem is a reminder that hotel staff deserves attention.
C．The problem is too pressing for hoteliers to address right now.
D．The problem can be solved with the help of students and migrants.
（2023·浙江金华·统考模拟预测）In the opening scenes of the new film Good Night Oppy, the Opportunity rover (漫游车) rolls along through Perseverance Valley on Mars in June 2018.
But a storm forming on the horizon changed everything. This storm was different. It rapidly grew in size, encircling the planet and blocking out the sun. The solar-powered rover’s last message to mission control translated to this: “My battery is low and it’s getting dark.”
This chapter is just the beginning of the documentary, available to stream on Amazon Prime on November 23, 2022. The film traces the journey of the twin rovers — Opportunity and Spirit — and the people who dedicated their lives to them from concept to that last transmission.
These two rovers built by NASA engineers in the early 2000s were to search for past evidence of water on Mars. Both were launched in 2003 inside Delta rockets and landed in 2004 on opposite sides of the red planet. The dual mission’s first 90 days came and went, and NASA engineers realized the two rovers were ready for more adventure.
Spirit and Opportunity’s findings rewrote the textbooks with new information about Mars and its watery past while they both got into all sorts of trouble in between discoveries, like getting stuck in the sand and nearly rushing down the sides of steep craters (火山口). The bonds between team members and the rovers quickly deepened, despite the vast distance between Earth and Mars, making it more difficult when Spirit’s journey ended in 2011 and Opportunity fell silent in 2018. Spirit and Oppy’s missions have ended, but Mars exploration continues today through next-generation rovers like Curiosity and Perseverance.
The film shines a light on the hope of space exploration and captures the emotional attachment between humans and the robotic ambassadors that explore on our behalf.
17．What caused the death of Opportunity
A．A slide in the valley. B．A sand trap.
C．A fall in a crater. D．A huge storm.
18．Why did NASA send the two rovers to Mars
A．To discover water sources on Mars. B．To record the data of storms on Mars.
C．To map the shape of valleys on Mars. D．To detect signs of past water on Mars.
19．What do the “robotic ambassadors” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Delta rockets. B．Spirit and Opportunity.
C．NASA engineers. D．Curiosity and Perseverance.
20．What’s the purpose of this text
A．To recommend a documentary. B．To appreciate engineers’ devotion.
C．To honor the Opportunity rover. D．To present NASA’s achievements.
（2023·浙江绍兴·统考模拟预测）Civilization began with agriculture, and though humanity has changed significantly, agriculture remains very important. In certain countries, its significance is more apparent, but the reality is that every country in the world depends on agriculture for one thing or another.
It provides employment. Whether it’s working as a farmer, a harvester, a technician for farm equipment or a scientist, there are plenty of jobs available in this field. In developing countries, agricultural jobs help reduce high rates of unemployment.
It’s crucial to a country’s development. Economic development is tied to a country’s agricultural sector. When trade, national avenue, and employment are combined in a positive way, a country enjoys reduced poverty and boosted economic growth. Because strong agriculture results in benefits fairly quickly, focusing on it is one of the best ways to speed up development and improve a country’s standing across the globe.
It drives innovation in technology. Because healthy agriculture is so essential to a country’s well-being, it’s been the setting of some of the most exciting innovations in technology. Through artificial intelligence, blockchain software, and more, scientists and farmers have been figuring out ways to increase crop productivity, use less water, and reduce negative impacts on the environment. For scientists and tech companies, agribusiness is one of the most fascinating and productive fields to work in.
It’s the source of our food supply. Arguably, the most important aspect of agriculture is that it’s the source of the world’s food supply. No matter where or what you are eating, the ingredients in your meals come from somewhere. All roads lead to agriculture. In countries dealing with food insecurity and severe malnutrition, their agricultural sectors are suffering. When agriculture thrives(蓬勃发展), fewer people go hungry.
It can help heal the environment. Agriculture possesses the power to cause harm or heal. When farmers prioritize biodiversity on their land, it benefits the earth. Having more biodiversity results in healthier soil, better water conservation, and healthier pollinators(传粉者).
All in all, agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture culture is the backbone of the economic system of a given country.
21．What is the topic of the article
A．Civilization. B．Agriculture. C．Economy. D．Environment.
22．What is expected to be achieved by using technology in agriculture
A．Sustainable development. B．Sound economic systems.
C．Low unemployment rates. D．Worldwide food security.
23．What does the author mean by using the word “arguably” in Para. 5
A．He is critical about such a belief. B．He is doubtful about the importance.
C．He is certain about his statement. D．He is concerned about food insecurity.
24．What is the text mainly about
A．The development of agriculture. B．The diversity of farm products.
C．The significance of land farming. D．The origin of human civilization.
（2023·浙江·统考二模）Exams can be very stressful and it’s not surprising that people who feel anxious about them tend to perform worse compared to those who don’t experience such anxiety. What is surprising, according to the research published in Psychological Science by Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall that leads to the problem; it is the pressure of revision.
Dr. Theobald launched a study which involved 309 German medical students who used a digital-learning platform to prepare for their final state exam. To assess their levels of anxiety, the students were asked to rate them on a five-point scale for 40 days leading up to the exam, as well as on the day of the exam and the mock exam (模拟考) taken 40 days prior.
What Dr. Theobald found was not what she expected. Anxiety on the day of the test did not predict exam performance at all. What did predict it was the level of knowledge a student displayed in the mock exam and the earlier digital-learning activities. High levels of anxiety during the weeks before the exam took place actually hampered students, leaving them with less material to recall during the exam itself.
And this is a positive discovery, for it suggests a change of approach to revision by the anxious might help improve their results. Dr. Theobald notes that test-anxiety is at its worst when students have low expectations of success and meanwhile know that passing the exam is extremely important. To reduce this anxiety, she proposes a two-fold strategy for students to consider as they revise. First, they can raise their belief in their own abilities by reminding themselves of just how much they know. Second, they can attach less importance to the test by reminding themselves that, while it is important, it is not a life-or-death situation. It really isn’t. Really…
25．What is a cause of poor exam performance according to the research
A．Pressure from peers. B．Inexperience in tests.
C．Atmosphere in exam halls. D．Tension during revision.
26．How did Dr. Theobald conduct the research
A．By grading participants’ levels of knowledge.
B．By comparing participants’ approaches to revision.
C．By analyzing participants’ anxiety levels and exam performance.
D．By collecting participants’ previous data from a learning platform.
27．What does the underlined word “hampered” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Restricted. B．Assisted. C．Misled. D．Motivated.
28．What strategy does Dr. Theobald recommend to reduce test anxiety
A．Setting ambitious goals. B．Boosting self-confidence.
C．Ignoring the significance of a test. D．Lowering the expectations of success.
（2023·浙江绍兴·校联考模拟预测）Seagrass meadows (海草床) are wonder plants growing beneath the sea. They feed and shelter sea life and are masterful at storing carbon. Thanks to the assistance of tiger sharks, a huge seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks has been discovered, offering the world a tool to fight climate change.
Seagrass has usually been detected by Earth-orbiting satellites that identify darker spots in the blue water. In a recent study, tiger sharks were selected as research tools due to their highly consistent associations with seagrass ecosystems. They spent 70% of their time in seagrass meadows. The team equipped eight tiger sharks with satellite labels, seven sharks with camera labels, and used a 360-degree camera on a shark for the first time ever.
The data researchers collected was astonishing. The world’s largest seagrass ecosystem, measuring at least 66,900 square kilometers, has been discovered. This reflects a 41% increase from previous estimates of global seagrass. Seagrass can capture (捕获) huge quantities of carbon by photosynthesis (光合作用) and stores it on the seafloor. In terms of climate change, this is excellent news; seagrass is 35 times faster at removing carbon than tropical rainforests. When referring to global seagrass carbon stock estimates, the study indicates that seagrass in the Bahamas may contain 19.2% to 26.3% of all the carbon stored in seagrass meadows on Earth.
Yet seagrass meadows are rapidly disappearing, with over 92% of meadows in the UK gone, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Scientists are collecting seeds and trying to grow new seagrass meadows through restoration projects. This new discovery offers optimism and proves the importance of the ocean for healing.
The sharks led us to the seagrass ecosystem in the Bahamas, which we now know is likely the most significant blue carbon sink on the planet. What this discovery shows us is that ocean exploration and research are essential for a healthy future. The undeveloped potential of the ocean is limitless. These meadows can be protected and can be copied, offering hope for climate change around the globe.
29．How was the seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks discovered
A．By analyzing satellites images.
B．By keeping track of tiger sharks.
C．By using a 360-degree camera.
D．By carrying out restoration projects.
30．What is the benefit of seagrass in terms of climate change
A．Seagrass provides food for tiger sharks.
B．Seagrass stores large amounts of carbon.
C．Seagrass absorbs wastes from the ocean.
D．Seagrass supplies a habitat to sea animals.
31．What is the main message conveyed in the passage
A．Tiger sharks are a tool to detect seagrass meadows.
B．Seagrass meadows are disappearing at an alarming rate.
C．Scientists are making progress in restoring seagrass meadows.
D．Seagrass meadows have a great potential to fight climate change.
32．What is the writer’s attitude towards the discovery of seagrass meadows
A．Concerned. B．Positive. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent.
（2023·浙江温州·统考三模）Scientists at Purdue University created the world’s whitest paint — a discovery that not only adds yet another choice to the“which white should we paint this wall” dilemma, but also might help the climate crisis.
The paint was developed by Purdue mechanical engineering professor Xiulin Ruan and his team. It works through a passive cooling technology that offers great promises to reduce space cooling cost and global warming. “When we started this project seven years ago, we had saving energy and fighting climate change in mind,”Ruan said in a podeast (播客) episode of This Is Purdue. They wanted to create a paint that would reflect sunlight away from a building, dramatically decreasing the need for air conditioning.
Heating, cooling, and lighting account for 28 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions. And overusing air conditioning can overwhelm a city’s power grid and cause blackouts (停电). In a Queens blackout in 2006,175,000 people were left without power, which lead to 40 deaths. This paint could effectively be an alternative to air conditioners in some places.
The paint reflects 98.1%of solar radiation while also giving out infrared (红外线的) heat. Because the paint takes in less heat from the sun than it gives out, a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without using power. Covering a roof area of 1,000 square feet with the paint could create 10 kilowatts ofcooling power, the researchers found.“That’s more powerful than the air conditioners used by most houses,”Ruan told This Is Purdue.
You can’t buy the paint just yet, but researchers are partnering with a company to put the paint on the market. While individual action to fight elimate change can help save our planet, it’s important to note that the vast majority of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be traced back to 100companies. Maybe we can douse(浇) those companies with this white paint, too — it could be worth a shot.
33．What is known about the paint
A．It has different colors. B．It doesn’t cost much.
C．It uses heating technology. D．It is climate-friendly.
34．What is the Queens blackout mentioned to show
A．The poor management of power. B．The significance of the paint.
C．The importance of air conditioning. D．The result of global warming.
35．Which aspect of the paint is talked about in Paragraph 4
A．Its application. B．Its function.
C．Its composition. D．Its disadvantage.
36．What can be learned from the last paragraph
A．The quality of the paint needs improving.
B．The paint will bring profits to the 100 companies.
C．Researchers want to see the paint in commercial use.
D．Individual efforts matter in creating the whitest paint.
（2023·浙江·校联考三模）Almost every year since she was a child, Hokkaido resident Naomi has looked forward to her family’s traditional Christmas meal: a KFC “party barrel” filled with salad, cake and lots of fried chicken.
“In Japan, it is customary to eat chicken at Christmas,” says the 30-something Japanese woman. Naomi and her family are far from the only Japanese residents who enjoy KFC for Christmas dinner. According to figures released by the American fast-food chain, KFC Japan pulled in 6.9 billion yen (roughly $63 million) from December 20 to 25 in 2018, with lines out the door starting on December 23. Every year, their busiest day is usually December 24, on which they usually sell about five to 10 times more than typical days.
Japan is a country where less than 1% of the population identifies as Christian — and in the 1970s many people didn’t have established family Christmas traditions. That’s where KFC — then known as Kentucky Fried Chicken — came in. The company launched its “Kentucky for Christmas” marketing campaign in 1974 and the first version of the party barrels soon followed. With a substantial advertising investment, KFC managed to capture the imagination of Japanese diners and create a national phenomenon.
“The festive commercials are what initially made me want to try to eat KFC for Christmas,” says Naomi. But saying such lasting success only arising from smart advertising wouldn’t be totally fair — it can also be attributed to KFC’s harmony with existing cultural norms. For instance, the tradition of sharing a big “party barrel” of fried chicken, salad and cake fits neatly into Japanese dining culture. “Being able to share food is an important social practice in Japan. A bucket of fried chicken fulfills this desire to eat together,” Naomi says.
For Naomi, it’s not a tradition she plans to give up anytime soon. “I have no children now,” she says. “But this is a tradition my family hopes to continue in the future.”
37．Why does the author mention several figures in the second paragraph
A．To show how Naomi likes KFC． B．To show the popularity of KFC in Japan.
C．To show the success of KFC． D．To indicate Japan’s Christmas tradition.
38．What made Naomi begin to eat KFC at Christmas
A．Friends’ recommendation. B．Advertisements about KFC．
C．Her family tradition. D．The delicious taste.
39．What is the rooted reason for KFC’s popularity in Japan
A．KFC adapting to Japan’s culture. B．Smart Advertising.
C．Convenient delivery. D．Attractive price.
40．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Fast Food — KFC’s Development B．KFC Successfully Fits into Japan
C．KFC — Christmas Tradition in Japan D．Japanese People Like Fried Chicken
参考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新技术——可以降噪的超薄扬声器。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话“It could turn your walls into noise-canceling systems.(它可以把你的墙变成噪音消除系统)”可知，这种新型扬声器可以消除噪音。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话“Han’s team sandwiches their new material between two plastic sheets to protect the domes.(韩的团队将他们的新材料夹在两块塑料片之间，以保护圆顶)”和最后一句“So if you touch the surface, you don’t need to worry about damaging these small structures.(所以如果你触摸表面，你不必担心会损坏这些小结构)”可知，这些圆顶状的结构被上下层材料夹在中间保护起来，因此它们不容易受损。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Han points out large area of the new material could make controlling noise much easier.(韩指出，大面积的新材料可以使控制噪音变得更加容易)”可知，大面积使用这种材料更容易控制噪音。故选B。
4．观点态度题。根据最后一段“‘The new speakers are so thin and light that they could be placed in spaces where traditional loudspeakers might have been impractical,’ Beckstead adds. She notes that adding noise-canceling technology to loud spaces from restaurants to noisy industrial plants would be fantastic.(Beckstead补充说：‘这种新型扬声器非常轻薄，可以放置在传统扬声器可能不切实际的地方。’她指出，在从餐馆到嘈杂的工业工厂的嘈杂空间中添加降噪技术将是非常棒的)”可推知， Beckstead对这种新型扬声器的应用持支持态度。故选A。
5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究表明，正念教育课程可以帮助学生减少压力带来的负面影响，提高他们保持专注的能力。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits (哈佛大学教育政策研究中心的研究人员想知道，以学校为基础的正念训练是否能帮助更多的学生获得类似的好处)”可知，该研究探究的是以学校为基础的正念训练对学生是否有类似的好处，即群体正念训练对学生的效果。故选B项。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices (来自马萨诸塞州专注于正念教育的非盈利机构Calmer Choice的教师每周四次教授小组技巧，并带领他们进行练习)”和“Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. (另一组六年级学生在这段时间学习计算机编程。)”可知，研究人员将参与者分成了两个小组，一个小组进行正念训练，另一个小组学习编程。因此，该研究是通过比较学习不同课程的两组学生来进行的。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据第五段中“And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. (他们的大脑中控制情绪的部分——杏仁体，对恐惧面孔的反应比他们在进行正念训练之前要少，这表明他们的大脑对负面刺激不那么敏感，换句话说，他们不太可能感到压力和注意力不集中。)”可知，在学生们进行正念练习后，他们更容易集中注意力，保持专注。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed. (研究人员认为，这对学校来说尤其有用，可以帮助那些遭受严重精神损伤和其他逆境的学生，这些逆境会引发身体压力，损害学生成功的能力。)”可知，该研究可以很好地指导学校去帮助遭遇精神损伤和其他逆境的学生。由此推知，文章最有可能的目标读者群体是学校的教育者。故选D项。
9．B 10．C 11．B 12．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，这篇文章主要讲述了握手这一古老的礼仪习俗的起源和演变。最后，文章指出握手在欧洲逐渐被鞠躬等更具等级意味的问候方式取代，但在一些地方仍然保留下来，并逐渐成为同等地位人们之间的常见问候方式。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the book As You Like It. Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.(几个世纪后，莎士比亚曾在《皆大欢喜》中描写两个人物握手并发誓要成为兄弟。握手似乎是一种古老的习俗，其根源已消失在时间的长河中。)”以及第二段中“But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier (但是，如果莎士比亚早在几百年前就写过握手呢？)”可知，第一段和第二段中通过莎士比亚对于握手这个习俗早已存在，其存在根源消失在历史的长河中，但是通过莎士比亚笔下可以说明握手是这个习俗是非常古老的，在其存在的几百年前，就已经记录过。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Historians who have studied ancient etiquette (礼仪) books note that the modem handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends.(研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家指出，现代握手直到19世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种稍微不合适的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。)”可知，对于握手这个习俗直到19世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种稍微不合适的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。同时根据第四段中“The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace(上面提到的早期握手是达成协议或和平的一部分)”以及“Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.(莎士比亚也同样提到了冲突的解决。)”可知，握手曾经只在朋友之间使用，并且用来达成协议。故选C。
11．词义猜测题。根据划线词后面的内容“A Cultural History of Gesture(手势的文化史)”以及“More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues(在手势研究领域，历史学家只需要充分利用少数线索，这一点在其他任何领域都不常见)”可知，荷兰社会学家赫尔曼·卢登堡所撰写的著作即《手势的文化史》中的一个章节指出在手势研究领域，历史学家只需要充分利用少数线索，这一点在其他任何领域都不常见的事实。故划线词表示荷兰社会学家赫尔曼·卢登堡所撰写文章的精选的文学段落，其与B为同义词。故选B。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent’s hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.(大约在同一时期，那些重视平等的人也会使用握手。然后，随着欧洲大陆的等级制度被削弱，握手成为同一等级的人之间的一种普遍做法，就像今天一样。)”可知，大多数欧洲人更喜欢握手，因为等级的影响越来越弱。故选D。
13．C 14．D 15．C 16．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧洲的酒店业员工短缺问题及其原因。
13．细节理解题。由文第二段“Thousands of workers left the hospitality industry when international travel shut down during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Many chose not to return, finding better paid employment elsewhere, leaving hoteliers facing a desperate shortage.”（当国际旅行在新冠肺炎疫情期间停止时，成千上万的工人离开了酒店业。许多人选择不回来，在其他地方找到了收入更高的工作，这让酒店经营者面临着严重的短缺。）可知，欧洲的酒店业务主要面临的是职工短缺问题，故选C项。
14．细节理解题。由文第一段“Top European hotel chains are hiring workers without experience or even a resume as executives admit years of underpaying staff have come back to bite, leaving them unable to meet post-pandemic travel demand”（欧洲顶级连锁酒店正在雇佣没有经验甚至没有简历的员工，因为高管们承认，多年来薪酬过低的员工进行反击了，使他们无法满足疫情后的旅行需求）可知，问题的关键原因是员工报酬过低，故选D项。
15．细节理解题。由文第三段最后一句“The new recruits are given six hours of training and learn on the job”（新员工会接受六个小时的培训并在工作中学习）可知，该酒店的员工在开始工作前要先接受六个小时的培训，故选C项。
16．推理判断题。由文最后一段Bazin所说的话“Half of it is that we’ve been blind, we’ve been not paying attention to a lot of people and probably underpaying some people for too long as well”（一半的原因是我们之前一直是盲目的，我们一直没有关注员工，可能对一些人的报酬也过低太久了）可知，他认为应该要多多关注员工，故选B项。
17．D 18．D 19．B 20．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部纪录片电影《晚安，机遇号》，它追溯了“机遇号”和“勇气号”这个火星漫游车的旅程，以及从概念到最后一次传输，为它们奉献生命的人们。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段“But a storm forming on the horizon changed everything. This storm was different. It rapidly grew in size, encircling the planet and blocking out the sun. The solar-powered rover’s last message to mission control translated to this: “My battery is low and it’s getting dark.”（但地平线上形成的一场风暴改变了一切。这次风暴不一样。它的体积迅速增大，环绕着火星，挡住了太阳。太阳能火星车向任务控制中心发送的最后一条信息是这样的：“我的电池快没电了，天快黑了。”）”可知，巨大的风暴遮住了太阳，让“机遇号”火星漫游车无法获取太阳能，因此结束了生命。故选D项。
18．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These two rovers built by NASA engineers in the early 2000s were to search for past evidence of water on Mars.（这两辆探测车是由美国宇航局的工程师在21世纪初建造的，目的是寻找火星上存在水的证据。）”可知，美国宇航局发送这两辆火车漫游车是为了发现火星上曾经存在水的迹象。故选D项。
19．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“The film traces the journey of the twin rovers — Opportunity and Spirit — and the people who dedicated their lives to them from concept to that last transmission.（这部电影追溯了“机遇号”和“勇气号”这对孪生漫游车的旅程，以及从概念到最后一次传输，为它们奉献生命的人们。）”和倒数第二段中“The bonds between team members and the rovers quickly deepened, despite the vast distance between Earth and Mars, making it more difficult when Spirit’s journey ended in 2011 and Opportunity fell silent in 2018.（尽管地球和火星之间距离遥远，但团队成员和漫游车之间的联系迅速加深，这使得2011年“勇气号”的旅程结束、2018年“机遇号”的沉寂变得更加困难。）”可知，这部电影围绕“机遇号”和“勇气号”漫游车展开，两个漫游车和团队成员之间建立了深厚的感情联系。由此推知，最后一段中“robotic ambassador”指的就是“机遇号”和“勇气号”火星漫游车。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“In the opening scenes of the new film Good Night Oppy, the Opportunity rover (漫游车) rolls along through Perseverance Valley on Mars in June 2018.（2018年6月，在新电影《晚安，机遇号》的片头，“机遇号”漫游车在火星上的毅力谷行驶。）”、第三段中“This chapter is just the beginning of the documentary, available to stream on Amazon Prime on November 23, 2022.（这一章只是这部纪录片的开始，将于2022年11月23日在亚马逊Prime上播放。）”和最后一段中“The film shines a light on the hope of space exploration and captures the emotional attachment between humans and the robotic ambassadors that explore on our behalf.（这部电影揭示了太空探索的希望，并捕捉到了人类与代表我们探索的机器人大使之间的情感依恋。）”可知，文章主要围绕纪录片电影《晚安，机遇号》展开，文中穿插了对背景信息的介绍。由此推知，文章的目的是推荐一部纪录片电影。故选A项。
21．B 22．A 23．C 24．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。农业在一个特定经济体的整个生命周期中起着至关重要的作用，是一个国家经济体系的支柱。文章主要介绍了农业的重要性。
21．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段“Civilization began with agriculture, and though humanity has changed significantly, agriculture remains very important. In certain countries, its significance is more apparent, but the reality is that every country in the world depends on agriculture for one thing or another.(文明始于农业，虽然人类已经发生了巨大的变化，但农业仍然非常重要。在某些国家，农业的重要性更为明显，但现实是，世界上每个国家都在这样或那样地依赖农业。)”指出农业是很重要的，接着第二，三，四，五，六段从不同的方面具体介绍了农业的作用；最后一段“All in all, agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture culture is the backbone of the economic system of a given country.(总而言之，农业在一个特定经济体的整个生命周期中起着至关重要的作用。农业文化是一个国家经济体系的支柱。)”对文章进行总结，指出农业的重要地位，由此可知，文章的主题是农业，故选B。
22．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Through artificial intelligence, blockchain software, and more, scientists and farmers have been figuring out ways to increase crop productivity, use less water, and reduce negative impacts on the environment.(通过人工智能、区块链软件等，科学家和农民一直在想办法提高作物产量，减少用水量，并减少对环境的负面影响。)可知，在农业中使用技术能提高作物产量，减少用水量，并减少对环境的负面影响，由此可推知，将技术应用到农业中有望实现农业的可持续发展。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据第五段中划线单词所在句子“Arguably, the most important aspect of agriculture is that it’s the source of the world’s food supply. No matter where or what you are eating, the ingredients in your meals come from somewhere. All roads lead to agriculture.(可以说，农业最重要的方面是它是世界粮食供应的来源。不管你在哪里或吃什么，你的食物的成分来自某个地方。条条大路通农业。)”可知，作者论证了农业是是我们食物的来源，由此可推知，作者使用“arguably”这个单词是为了表明对自己的陈述很肯定。故选C。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“All in all, agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture culture is the backbone of the economic system of a given country.(总而言之，农业在一个特定经济体的整个生命周期中起着至关重要的作用。农业文化是一个国家经济体系的支柱。)”可知，文章主要介绍农业的重要性，故选C。
25．D 26．C 27．A 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项新的研究发现复习期间的焦虑是导致考试表现不佳的主要原因，介绍了研究过程，以及减少这种焦虑的方法。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段的“What is surprising, according to the research published in Psychological Science by Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall that leads to the problem; it is the pressure of revision.(根据莱布尼茨研究所的Maria Theobald和她的同事发表在《心理科学》上的研究，令人惊讶的是，不是考场的压力导致了这个问题，而是复习的压力)”可知，根据研究导致考试表现不佳的原因是复习期间的压力。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第二段“Dr. Theobald launched a study which involved 309 German medical students who used a digital-learning platform to prepare for their final state exam. To assess their levels of anxiety, the students were asked to rate them on a five-point scale for 40 days leading up to the exam, as well as on the day of the exam and the mock exam (模拟考) taken 40 days prior.(Theobald博士发起了一项研究，涉及309名德国医学生，他们使用数字学习平台准备期末考试。为了评估他们的焦虑程度，学生们被要求在考试前40天内，以及考试当天和40天前的模拟考试中，以五分制对他们的焦虑程度进行评分)”以及第三段的“Anxiety on the day of the test did not predict exam performance at all. What did predict it was the level of knowledge a student displayed in the mock exam and the earlier digital-learning activities.(考试当天的焦虑并不能预测考试成绩。预测它的是学生在模拟考试和早期数字学习活动中表现出的知识水平)”推知，Theobald通过分析受试者的焦虑程度和考试表现来进行研究。故选C。
27．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“High levels of anxiety during the weeks before the exam took place actually hampered students, leaving them with less material to recall during the exam itself.(考试前几周的高度焦虑实际上hampered学生的学习，使他们在考试期间回忆的材料更少)”可知，考试前几周的高度焦虑导致学生在考试期间回忆的材料更少，即这种焦虑妨碍/影响了学生的学生。由此可知，划线词意为“妨碍，影响”，与restricted同义。故选A。
28．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“To reduce this anxiety, she proposes a two-fold strategy for students to consider as they revise. First, they can raise their belief in their own abilities by reminding themselves of just how much they know. Second, they can attach less importance to the test by reminding themselves that, while it is important, it is not a life-or-death situation. It really isn’t.(为了减少这种焦虑，她提出了一个双重策略，供学生在复习时考虑。首先，他们可以通过提醒自己知道多少来提高对自己能力的信心。其次，他们可以通过提醒自己，虽然测试很重要，但这不是生死攸关的情况，从而降低对测试的重视程度。事实并非如此)”可知，为了减少考试焦虑，Theobald建议在学生在考前提高自己的信心，以及降低对测试的重视程度。故选B。
29．B 30．B 31．D 32．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在虎鲨的帮助下，巴哈马海岸发现了一片巨大的海草草地，为世界提供了应对气候变化的工具，因为海草可以通过光合作用捕获大量的碳，并将其储存在海底。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thanks to the assistance of tiger sharks, a huge seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks has been discovered, offering the world a tool to fight climate change.(在虎鲨的帮助下，巴哈马群岛的一片巨大的海草草地被发现，为世界提供了对抗气候变化的工具)”可知，巴哈马群岛的海草草地是在虎鲨的帮助下被发现的，即通过追踪虎鲨被发现的。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Seagrass can capture (捕获) huge quantities of carbon by photosynthesis(光合作用) and stores it on the seafloor. In terms of climate change, this is excellent news(海草可以通过光合作用捕获大量的碳，并将其储存在海底。就气候变化而言，这是个好消息)”可知，就气候变化而言，海草好处是可以储存大量的碳。故选B项。
31．主旨大意题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了在虎鲨的帮助下，巴哈马海岸发现了一片巨大的海草草地，为世界提供了应对气候变化的工具，因为海草可以通过光合作用捕获大量的碳，并将其储存在海底。所以文章传达的主要信息是海草草地在应对气候变化方面具有巨大的潜力。故选D项。
32．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“This new discovery offers optimism and proves the importance of the ocean for healing.(这一新发现令人乐观，并证明了海洋对治愈的重要性)”和最后一段“These meadows can be protected and can be copied, offering hope for climate change around the globe.(这些草地可以被保护和复制，为全球气候变化带来了希望)”可知，作者对海草草场的发现持积极态度。故选B项。
33．D 34．B 35．B 36．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了普渡大学的科学家们创造了世界上最白的涂料——这一发现不仅为“我们应该把这面墙涂成哪种白色”的困境增加了另一个选择，而且可能有助于解决气候危机。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The paint was developed by Purdue mechanical engineering professor Xiulin Ruan and his team. It works through a passive cooling technology that offers great promises to reduce space cooling cost and global warming.”（这种涂料是由普渡大学机械工程教授阮秀林和他的团队开发的。它的工作原理是一种被动冷却技术，这种技术很有希望降低空间冷却成本和全球变暖。）可知，关于涂料我们知道它是气候友好型的。故选D项。
34．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In a Queens blackout in 2006,175,000 people were left without power, which lead to 40 deaths. This paint could effectively be an alternative to air conditioners in some places.”（在2006年皇后区的一次大停电中，17.5万人没有电，导致40人死亡。在一些地方，这种涂料可以有效地替代空调。）可推知，皇后区停电事件是为了说明涂料的意义。故选B项。
35．细节理解题。根据第四段“The paint reflects 98.1%of solar radiation while also giving out infrared (红外线的) heat. Because the paint takes in less heat from the sun than it gives out, a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without using power. Covering a roof area of 1,000 square feet with the paint could create 10 kilowatts ofcooling power, the researchers found. “That’s more powerful than the air conditioners used by most houses,”Ruan told This Is Purdue.”（这种涂料能反射98.1%的太阳辐射，同时还能发出红外线。由于这种涂料从太阳吸收的热量比散发的热量少，涂上这种涂料的表面可以在不使用电力的情况下冷却到周围温度以下。研究人员发现，用这种涂料覆盖1000平方英尺的屋顶可以产生10千瓦的冷却功率。“这比大多数家庭使用的空调更强大，”阮告诉This Is Purdue。）可知，第4段主要谈论了涂料的功能方面的内容。故选B项。
36．推理判断题。根据最后一段“You can’t buy the paint just yet, but researchers are partnering with a company to put the paint on the market. While individual action to fight elimate change can help save our planet, it’s important to note that the vast majority of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be traced back to 100companies. Maybe we can douse(浇) those companies with this white paint, too — it could be worth a shot.”（你现在还不能买到这种涂料，但研究人员正在与一家公司合作，将这种涂料推向市场。虽然个人行动对抗气候变化可以帮助拯救我们的地球，但重要的是要注意，世界上绝大多数温室气体排放可以追溯到100家公司。也许我们可以把这些公司也涂上这种白漆——值得一试。）可推知，从最后一段可以得知研究人员希望看到这种涂料在商业上的应用。故选C项。
37．D 38．B 39．A 40．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章从日本女性Naomi的视角介绍了日本人在圣诞节食用KFC的传统，并分析了这一传统形成的原因。
37．推理判断题。根据第二段中Naomi的话“In Japan, it is customary to eat chicken at Christmas（在日本，人们习惯在圣诞节吃鸡肉）”和“According to figures released by the American fast-food chain, KFC Japan pulled in 6.9 billion yen (roughly $63 million) from December 20 to 25 in 2018, with lines out the door starting on December 23. Every year, their busiest day is usually December 24, on which they usually sell about five to 10 times more than typical days.（根据这家美国快餐连锁店发布的数据，2018年12月20日至25日，肯德基日本公司的收入为69亿日元（约合6300万美元），从12月23日开始排队。每年，他们最忙的一天通常是12月24日，这一天他们的销售额通常是平时的5到10倍。）”可知，作者先通过引述Naomi的话呈现本段落的中心句，然后列举了2018年圣诞节期间KFC的销售量，并与平时的KFC的销售量进行对比，从而支撑中心句。因此，作者提到数字的目的在于表明日本人在圣诞节吃鸡肉的传统。故选D项。
38．细节理解题。根据第四段中Naomi的话“The festive commercials are what initially made me want to try to eat KFC for Christmas（节日广告最初让我想在圣诞节吃KFC）”可知，Naomi正是因为受到KFC广告的影响才开始在圣诞节吃KFC。故选B项。
39．细节理解题。根据第四段中“… it can also be attributed to KFC’s harmony with existing cultural norms. For instance, the tradition of sharing a big “party barrel” of fried chicken, salad and cake fits neatly into Japanese dining culture.（……这也可以归因于KFC与现有文化传统的融洽。例如，分享大大的派对炸鸡桶、沙拉和蛋糕传统正好符合日本的饮食文化。）”可知，KFC能够在日本受到欢迎的真正深层次的原因应该是KFC适应了日本分享的文化传统。故选A项。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要从日本女性Naomi的视角介绍了日本人在圣诞节食用KFC的传统，并分析了这一传统形成的原因。因此，C项“KFC——日本的圣诞传统”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。
第一期
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2024·浙江·统考模拟预测）Noisy family Loud construction right outside your window A new flexible loudspeaker could help you rest easily. It could turn your walls into noise-canceling systems.
The new loudspeaker is about as thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces to control noise much easier, notes Jinchi Han, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
Lots of dome-shaped (圆顶状的) microstructures are in the centre of the new speaker. Han’s team sandwiches their new material between two plastic sheets to protect the domes. “The bottom layer lifts up the small domes so that they can vibrate (震动) freely, and the upper protective layer is thicker than the domes that are secured in the middle of the layers,” he explains. “So if you touch the surface, you don’t need to worry about damaging these small structures.”
Han points out large area of the new material could make controlling noise much easier.
Each dome works as a tiny speaker. The domes can generate sound waves all together, in groups or individually. Wallpapering your bedroom with this material would create speakers all around you. Those same speakers could then dampen or cancel unwanted sound. “If you desire, you could turn any space into a quiet zone where you could sleep or study with barely any noise,” Han says. He also sees applications in cars, airplanes, apartments or wherever unwanted noise is a problem.
Large versions could be the next step for this super-thin speakers, says Lori Beckstead, a sound artist.
“The new speakers are so thin and light that they could be placed in spaces where traditional loudspeakers might have been impractical,” Beckstead adds. She notes that adding noise-canceling technology to loud spaces from restaurants to noisy industrial plants would be fantastic.
1．What can we learn about the new loudspeaker from the first paragraph
A．It could reduce unwanted noise. B．It covers a vast area.
C．It is flexible to any construction. D．It produces much noise.
2．Why is the surface of the dome safe to touch
A．The bottom layer lifts up the dome.
B．It can generate sound waves all together.
C．It is protected by the upper and bottom layers.
D．The upper protective layer is thicker than the dome.
3．What is the benefit of the new material according to Han
A．Loud noisy spaces are using it effectively now.
B．It could control noise more effectively when used largely.
C．Any space could be turned into a zero-noise one by using it.
D．Wallpapering your bedroom with it creates comfortable sound.
4．What is Beckstead’s attitude to the application of the new speakers
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
（2023·浙江·校联考模拟预测）A new study suggests that mindfulness education — lessons on techniques to calm the mind and body — can reduce the negative effects of stress and increase students’ ability to stay engaged, helping them stay on track academically and avoid behavior problems.
After finding that students who self-reported mindful habits performed better on tests and had higher grades, researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits.
They designed a study focusing on sixth-graders in a Boston school. The study showed that sixth-graders who participated in an eight-week mindfulness were less stressed out than their classmates who hadn’t. Practicing mindfulness had helped improve the ability to focus in the moment, expanding students’ capacity to learn and regulate their emotions.
Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices, like focusing on a rock for a minute, then discussing when their mind wandered and refocused on the rock. Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. The students were randomly assigned between the groups.
At the end of the eight weeks, the mindfulness group reported being less stressed than they had been before the mindfulness education, and better able to practice self-control. And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. The group who attended coding classes didn’t see the same benefits.
The findings suggest that the mindfulness instruction helped boost students’ attention skills, as well as develop coping mechanisms for stress. The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed.
5．What was the purpose of the study
A．To examine the techniques for practicing mindfulness.
B．To study the effects of group mindfulness training on students.
C．To see how students help themselves to perform better on tests.
D．To understand why mindfulness training calms the mind and body.
6．How was the study conducted
A．By listing benefits of mindfulness education.
B．By scanning the brain to see how it controls emotions.
C．By teaching different students different mindfulness skills.
D．By comparing two groups of students attending different classes.
7．What change took place after the students practiced mindfulness work
A．They felt easier to stay focused. B．They were better at computer coding.
C．Their mind was wandering more actively. D．Their brains were more aware of negativity.
8．Who are the most possible target readers of the passage
A．Stressful parents. B．Mindful instructors.
C．Emotional students. D．School educators.
（2023·浙江·德清县高级中学校考模拟预测）A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands. The Iliad, usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other’s hands and expressing their loyalty.” Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the book As You Like It. Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette (礼仪) books note that the modem handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier
According to author Torbjdm Lundmark in his Tales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World. the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser III referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the King of Babylon. In the Iliad, Diomedes and Glaucus shook hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and Diomedes declared: 66Lefs not try to kill each other. Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg — the chief authority for the history of handshaking ——wrote in a chapter of an anthology called A Cultural History of Gesture, “More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel. When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, ”He was greeted by countless hugs and countless good days.” But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland’s statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical (等级的)ways of greeting - like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent’s hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
9．Why does the author mention Shakespeare in the first two paragraphs
A．To prove that the history of handshaking is hard to find.
B．To illustrate that handshaking is a very old custom.
C．To show readers that handshaking is common in fiction.
D．To explain the value of handshaking in communication.
10．What can we learn about handshaking from the passage
A．The origin of handshaking as a form of greeting is easy to trace.
B．Citizens usually shake hands to show friendliness in Holland.
C．It was used only between friends and to reach an agreement.
D．It is a common practice between people of different social positions.
11．Which of the following is similar in meaning to “anthology” in Para. 4
A．the science of mental ability
B．a collection of selected literary passages
C．a daily written record of experiences
D．all the living things of a particular region
12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage
A．The handshake has disappeared in some remote parts of the Netherlands.
B．Handshaking has different meanings in different European countries.
C．Handshakes are now common between people of different positions.
D．Most Europeans prefer to shake hands owing to the weakening effect of rank.
（2023·浙江绍兴·统考模拟预测）Top European hotel chains are hiring workers without experience or even a resume as executives admit years of underpaying staff have come back to bite, leaving them unable to meet post-pandemic travel demand.
Thousands of workers left the hospitality industry (酒店业) when international travel shut down during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Many chose not to return, finding better paid employment elsewhere, leaving hoteliers facing a desperate shortage.
Europe’s largest hotelier Accor ACCP. PA is running trial initiatives to recruit people who haven’t previously worked in the industry, Chief Executive Sebastien Bazin said at the Qatar Economic Forum last month.” We tried in Lyon and Bordeaux 10 days ago and this weekend we’re having people interviewed with no resume, no prior job experience and they are hired within 24 hours. The new recruits are given six hours of training and learn on the job,” he said.
In the short term, Accor is filling roles in France with young people and migrants while also limiting services. “It’s students, people coming from North Africa,” Bazin said. “And basically closing restaurants for lunch or opening them only five days a week. There’s no other solution.”
Staff shortages are particularly pressing in Spain and Portugal. Spain’s hospitality industry is 200,000 workers short and Portuguese hotels need at least 15,000 more people to meet growing demand, according to national hospitality associations.
Bazin said that while hotels are only 60 percent or 70 percent occupied they can cope with staff shortages, but the time will come when they’re fully booked.
“In the past, the industry has neither paid enough or focused on developing staff,” Bazin said, “Half of it is that we’ve been blind, we’ve been not paying attention to a lot of people and probably underpaying some people for too long as well,” he said. “So it’s a wake-up call.”
13．What problem is the European hospitality industry facing
A．Shortage of resources. B．International travel bans.
C．Staffing challenges. D．Dissatisfactory service.
14．What’s the essential reason for the problem
A．The travel demand is increasing. B．The job is highly demanding.
C．The hospitality industry isn’t developed. D．The staff hasn’t been fairly paid.
15．What needs to be done before someone starts working in Accor at present
A．Explaining previous work experience. B．Sending the resume in advance.
C．Receiving a six-hour training for the job. D．Going through a competitive interview.
16．Which of the following would Bazin agree with concerning the problem
A．Hoteliers have been turning a blind eye to the problem.
B．The problem is a reminder that hotel staff deserves attention.
C．The problem is too pressing for hoteliers to address right now.
D．The problem can be solved with the help of students and migrants.
（2023·浙江金华·统考模拟预测）In the opening scenes of the new film Good Night Oppy, the Opportunity rover (漫游车) rolls along through Perseverance Valley on Mars in June 2018.
But a storm forming on the horizon changed everything. This storm was different. It rapidly grew in size, encircling the planet and blocking out the sun. The solar-powered rover’s last message to mission control translated to this: “My battery is low and it’s getting dark.”
This chapter is just the beginning of the documentary, available to stream on Amazon Prime on November 23, 2022. The film traces the journey of the twin rovers — Opportunity and Spirit — and the people who dedicated their lives to them from concept to that last transmission.
These two rovers built by NASA engineers in the early 2000s were to search for past evidence of water on Mars. Both were launched in 2003 inside Delta rockets and landed in 2004 on opposite sides of the red planet. The dual mission’s first 90 days came and went, and NASA engineers realized the two rovers were ready for more adventure.
Spirit and Opportunity’s findings rewrote the textbooks with new information about Mars and its watery past while they both got into all sorts of trouble in between discoveries, like getting stuck in the sand and nearly rushing down the sides of steep craters (火山口). The bonds between team members and the rovers quickly deepened, despite the vast distance between Earth and Mars, making it more difficult when Spirit’s journey ended in 2011 and Opportunity fell silent in 2018. Spirit and Oppy’s missions have ended, but Mars exploration continues today through next-generation rovers like Curiosity and Perseverance.
The film shines a light on the hope of space exploration and captures the emotional attachment between humans and the robotic ambassadors that explore on our behalf.
17．What caused the death of Opportunity
A．A slide in the valley. B．A sand trap.
C．A fall in a crater. D．A huge storm.
18．Why did NASA send the two rovers to Mars
A．To discover water sources on Mars. B．To record the data of storms on Mars.
C．To map the shape of valleys on Mars. D．To detect signs of past water on Mars.
19．What do the “robotic ambassadors” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Delta rockets. B．Spirit and Opportunity.
C．NASA engineers. D．Curiosity and Perseverance.
20．What’s the purpose of this text
A．To recommend a documentary. B．To appreciate engineers’ devotion.
C．To honor the Opportunity rover. D．To present NASA’s achievements.
（2023·浙江绍兴·统考模拟预测）Civilization began with agriculture, and though humanity has changed significantly, agriculture remains very important. In certain countries, its significance is more apparent, but the reality is that every country in the world depends on agriculture for one thing or another.
It provides employment. Whether it’s working as a farmer, a harvester, a technician for farm equipment or a scientist, there are plenty of jobs available in this field. In developing countries, agricultural jobs help reduce high rates of unemployment.
It’s crucial to a country’s development. Economic development is tied to a country’s agricultural sector. When trade, national avenue, and employment are combined in a positive way, a country enjoys reduced poverty and boosted economic growth. Because strong agriculture results in benefits fairly quickly, focusing on it is one of the best ways to speed up development and improve a country’s standing across the globe.
It drives innovation in technology. Because healthy agriculture is so essential to a country’s well-being, it’s been the setting of some of the most exciting innovations in technology. Through artificial intelligence, blockchain software, and more, scientists and farmers have been figuring out ways to increase crop productivity, use less water, and reduce negative impacts on the environment. For scientists and tech companies, agribusiness is one of the most fascinating and productive fields to work in.
It’s the source of our food supply. Arguably, the most important aspect of agriculture is that it’s the source of the world’s food supply. No matter where or what you are eating, the ingredients in your meals come from somewhere. All roads lead to agriculture. In countries dealing with food insecurity and severe malnutrition, their agricultural sectors are suffering. When agriculture thrives(蓬勃发展), fewer people go hungry.
It can help heal the environment. Agriculture possesses the power to cause harm or heal. When farmers prioritize biodiversity on their land, it benefits the earth. Having more biodiversity results in healthier soil, better water conservation, and healthier pollinators(传粉者).
All in all, agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture culture is the backbone of the economic system of a given country.
21．What is the topic of the article
A．Civilization. B．Agriculture. C．Economy. D．Environment.
22．What is expected to be achieved by using technology in agriculture
A．Sustainable development. B．Sound economic systems.
C．Low unemployment rates. D．Worldwide food security.
23．What does the author mean by using the word “arguably” in Para. 5
A．He is critical about such a belief. B．He is doubtful about the importance.
C．He is certain about his statement. D．He is concerned about food insecurity.
24．What is the text mainly about
A．The development of agriculture. B．The diversity of farm products.
C．The significance of land farming. D．The origin of human civilization.
（2023·浙江·统考二模）Exams can be very stressful and it’s not surprising that people who feel anxious about them tend to perform worse compared to those who don’t experience such anxiety. What is surprising, according to the research published in Psychological Science by Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall that leads to the problem; it is the pressure of revision.
Dr. Theobald launched a study which involved 309 German medical students who used a digital-learning platform to prepare for their final state exam. To assess their levels of anxiety, the students were asked to rate them on a five-point scale for 40 days leading up to the exam, as well as on the day of the exam and the mock exam (模拟考) taken 40 days prior.
What Dr. Theobald found was not what she expected. Anxiety on the day of the test did not predict exam performance at all. What did predict it was the level of knowledge a student displayed in the mock exam and the earlier digital-learning activities. High levels of anxiety during the weeks before the exam took place actually hampered students, leaving them with less material to recall during the exam itself.
And this is a positive discovery, for it suggests a change of approach to revision by the anxious might help improve their results. Dr. Theobald notes that test-anxiety is at its worst when students have low expectations of success and meanwhile know that passing the exam is extremely important. To reduce this anxiety, she proposes a two-fold strategy for students to consider as they revise. First, they can raise their belief in their own abilities by reminding themselves of just how much they know. Second, they can attach less importance to the test by reminding themselves that, while it is important, it is not a life-or-death situation. It really isn’t. Really…
25．What is a cause of poor exam performance according to the research
A．Pressure from peers. B．Inexperience in tests.
C．Atmosphere in exam halls. D．Tension during revision.
26．How did Dr. Theobald conduct the research
A．By grading participants’ levels of knowledge.
B．By comparing participants’ approaches to revision.
C．By analyzing participants’ anxiety levels and exam performance.
D．By collecting participants’ previous data from a learning platform.
27．What does the underlined word “hampered” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Restricted. B．Assisted. C．Misled. D．Motivated.
28．What strategy does Dr. Theobald recommend to reduce test anxiety
A．Setting ambitious goals. B．Boosting self-confidence.
C．Ignoring the significance of a test. D．Lowering the expectations of success.
（2023·浙江绍兴·校联考模拟预测）Seagrass meadows (海草床) are wonder plants growing beneath the sea. They feed and shelter sea life and are masterful at storing carbon. Thanks to the assistance of tiger sharks, a huge seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks has been discovered, offering the world a tool to fight climate change.
Seagrass has usually been detected by Earth-orbiting satellites that identify darker spots in the blue water. In a recent study, tiger sharks were selected as research tools due to their highly consistent associations with seagrass ecosystems. They spent 70% of their time in seagrass meadows. The team equipped eight tiger sharks with satellite labels, seven sharks with camera labels, and used a 360-degree camera on a shark for the first time ever.
The data researchers collected was astonishing. The world’s largest seagrass ecosystem, measuring at least 66,900 square kilometers, has been discovered. This reflects a 41% increase from previous estimates of global seagrass. Seagrass can capture (捕获) huge quantities of carbon by photosynthesis (光合作用) and stores it on the seafloor. In terms of climate change, this is excellent news; seagrass is 35 times faster at removing carbon than tropical rainforests. When referring to global seagrass carbon stock estimates, the study indicates that seagrass in the Bahamas may contain 19.2% to 26.3% of all the carbon stored in seagrass meadows on Earth.
Yet seagrass meadows are rapidly disappearing, with over 92% of meadows in the UK gone, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Scientists are collecting seeds and trying to grow new seagrass meadows through restoration projects. This new discovery offers optimism and proves the importance of the ocean for healing.
The sharks led us to the seagrass ecosystem in the Bahamas, which we now know is likely the most significant blue carbon sink on the planet. What this discovery shows us is that ocean exploration and research are essential for a healthy future. The undeveloped potential of the ocean is limitless. These meadows can be protected and can be copied, offering hope for climate change around the globe.
29．How was the seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks discovered
A．By analyzing satellites images.
B．By keeping track of tiger sharks.
C．By using a 360-degree camera.
D．By carrying out restoration projects.
30．What is the benefit of seagrass in terms of climate change
A．Seagrass provides food for tiger sharks.
B．Seagrass stores large amounts of carbon.
C．Seagrass absorbs wastes from the ocean.
D．Seagrass supplies a habitat to sea animals.
31．What is the main message conveyed in the passage
A．Tiger sharks are a tool to detect seagrass meadows.
B．Seagrass meadows are disappearing at an alarming rate.
C．Scientists are making progress in restoring seagrass meadows.
D．Seagrass meadows have a great potential to fight climate change.
32．What is the writer’s attitude towards the discovery of seagrass meadows
A．Concerned. B．Positive. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent.
（2023·浙江温州·统考三模）Scientists at Purdue University created the world’s whitest paint — a discovery that not only adds yet another choice to the“which white should we paint this wall” dilemma, but also might help the climate crisis.
The paint was developed by Purdue mechanical engineering professor Xiulin Ruan and his team. It works through a passive cooling technology that offers great promises to reduce space cooling cost and global warming. “When we started this project seven years ago, we had saving energy and fighting climate change in mind,”Ruan said in a podeast (播客) episode of This Is Purdue. They wanted to create a paint that would reflect sunlight away from a building, dramatically decreasing the need for air conditioning.
Heating, cooling, and lighting account for 28 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions. And overusing air conditioning can overwhelm a city’s power grid and cause blackouts (停电). In a Queens blackout in 2006,175,000 people were left without power, which lead to 40 deaths. This paint could effectively be an alternative to air conditioners in some places.
The paint reflects 98.1%of solar radiation while also giving out infrared (红外线的) heat. Because the paint takes in less heat from the sun than it gives out, a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without using power. Covering a roof area of 1,000 square feet with the paint could create 10 kilowatts ofcooling power, the researchers found.“That’s more powerful than the air conditioners used by most houses,”Ruan told This Is Purdue.
You can’t buy the paint just yet, but researchers are partnering with a company to put the paint on the market. While individual action to fight elimate change can help save our planet, it’s important to note that the vast majority of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be traced back to 100companies. Maybe we can douse(浇) those companies with this white paint, too — it could be worth a shot.
33．What is known about the paint
A．It has different colors. B．It doesn’t cost much.
C．It uses heating technology. D．It is climate-friendly.
34．What is the Queens blackout mentioned to show
A．The poor management of power. B．The significance of the paint.
C．The importance of air conditioning. D．The result of global warming.
35．Which aspect of the paint is talked about in Paragraph 4
A．Its application. B．Its function.
C．Its composition. D．Its disadvantage.
36．What can be learned from the last paragraph
A．The quality of the paint needs improving.
B．The paint will bring profits to the 100 companies.
C．Researchers want to see the paint in commercial use.
D．Individual efforts matter in creating the whitest paint.
（2023·浙江·校联考三模）Almost every year since she was a child, Hokkaido resident Naomi has looked forward to her family’s traditional Christmas meal: a KFC “party barrel” filled with salad, cake and lots of fried chicken.
“In Japan, it is customary to eat chicken at Christmas,” says the 30-something Japanese woman. Naomi and her family are far from the only Japanese residents who enjoy KFC for Christmas dinner. According to figures released by the American fast-food chain, KFC Japan pulled in 6.9 billion yen (roughly $63 million) from December 20 to 25 in 2018, with lines out the door starting on December 23. Every year, their busiest day is usually December 24, on which they usually sell about five to 10 times more than typical days.
Japan is a country where less than 1% of the population identifies as Christian — and in the 1970s many people didn’t have established family Christmas traditions. That’s where KFC — then known as Kentucky Fried Chicken — came in. The company launched its “Kentucky for Christmas” marketing campaign in 1974 and the first version of the party barrels soon followed. With a substantial advertising investment, KFC managed to capture the imagination of Japanese diners and create a national phenomenon.
“The festive commercials are what initially made me want to try to eat KFC for Christmas,” says Naomi. But saying such lasting success only arising from smart advertising wouldn’t be totally fair — it can also be attributed to KFC’s harmony with existing cultural norms. For instance, the tradition of sharing a big “party barrel” of fried chicken, salad and cake fits neatly into Japanese dining culture. “Being able to share food is an important social practice in Japan. A bucket of fried chicken fulfills this desire to eat together,” Naomi says.
For Naomi, it’s not a tradition she plans to give up anytime soon. “I have no children now,” she says. “But this is a tradition my family hopes to continue in the future.”
37．Why does the author mention several figures in the second paragraph
A．To show how Naomi likes KFC． B．To show the popularity of KFC in Japan.
C．To show the success of KFC． D．To indicate Japan’s Christmas tradition.
38．What made Naomi begin to eat KFC at Christmas
A．Friends’ recommendation. B．Advertisements about KFC．
C．Her family tradition. D．The delicious taste.
39．What is the rooted reason for KFC’s popularity in Japan
A．KFC adapting to Japan’s culture. B．Smart Advertising.
C．Convenient delivery. D．Attractive price.
40．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Fast Food — KFC’s Development B．KFC Successfully Fits into Japan
C．KFC — Christmas Tradition in Japan D．Japanese People Like Fried Chicken
参考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新技术——可以降噪的超薄扬声器。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话“It could turn your walls into noise-canceling systems.(它可以把你的墙变成噪音消除系统)”可知，这种新型扬声器可以消除噪音。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话“Han’s team sandwiches their new material between two plastic sheets to protect the domes.(韩的团队将他们的新材料夹在两块塑料片之间，以保护圆顶)”和最后一句“So if you touch the surface, you don’t need to worry about damaging these small structures.(所以如果你触摸表面，你不必担心会损坏这些小结构)”可知，这些圆顶状的结构被上下层材料夹在中间保护起来，因此它们不容易受损。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Han points out large area of the new material could make controlling noise much easier.(韩指出，大面积的新材料可以使控制噪音变得更加容易)”可知，大面积使用这种材料更容易控制噪音。故选B。
4．观点态度题。根据最后一段“‘The new speakers are so thin and light that they could be placed in spaces where traditional loudspeakers might have been impractical,’ Beckstead adds. She notes that adding noise-canceling technology to loud spaces from restaurants to noisy industrial plants would be fantastic.(Beckstead补充说：‘这种新型扬声器非常轻薄，可以放置在传统扬声器可能不切实际的地方。’她指出，在从餐馆到嘈杂的工业工厂的嘈杂空间中添加降噪技术将是非常棒的)”可推知， Beckstead对这种新型扬声器的应用持支持态度。故选A。
5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究表明，正念教育课程可以帮助学生减少压力带来的负面影响，提高他们保持专注的能力。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits (哈佛大学教育政策研究中心的研究人员想知道，以学校为基础的正念训练是否能帮助更多的学生获得类似的好处)”可知，该研究探究的是以学校为基础的正念训练对学生是否有类似的好处，即群体正念训练对学生的效果。故选B项。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices (来自马萨诸塞州专注于正念教育的非盈利机构Calmer Choice的教师每周四次教授小组技巧，并带领他们进行练习)”和“Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. (另一组六年级学生在这段时间学习计算机编程。)”可知，研究人员将参与者分成了两个小组，一个小组进行正念训练，另一个小组学习编程。因此，该研究是通过比较学习不同课程的两组学生来进行的。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据第五段中“And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. (他们的大脑中控制情绪的部分——杏仁体，对恐惧面孔的反应比他们在进行正念训练之前要少，这表明他们的大脑对负面刺激不那么敏感，换句话说，他们不太可能感到压力和注意力不集中。)”可知，在学生们进行正念练习后，他们更容易集中注意力，保持专注。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed. (研究人员认为，这对学校来说尤其有用，可以帮助那些遭受严重精神损伤和其他逆境的学生，这些逆境会引发身体压力，损害学生成功的能力。)”可知，该研究可以很好地指导学校去帮助遭遇精神损伤和其他逆境的学生。由此推知，文章最有可能的目标读者群体是学校的教育者。故选D项。
9．B 10．C 11．B 12．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，这篇文章主要讲述了握手这一古老的礼仪习俗的起源和演变。最后，文章指出握手在欧洲逐渐被鞠躬等更具等级意味的问候方式取代，但在一些地方仍然保留下来，并逐渐成为同等地位人们之间的常见问候方式。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the book As You Like It. Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.(几个世纪后，莎士比亚曾在《皆大欢喜》中描写两个人物握手并发誓要成为兄弟。握手似乎是一种古老的习俗，其根源已消失在时间的长河中。)”以及第二段中“But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier (但是，如果莎士比亚早在几百年前就写过握手呢？)”可知，第一段和第二段中通过莎士比亚对于握手这个习俗早已存在，其存在根源消失在历史的长河中，但是通过莎士比亚笔下可以说明握手是这个习俗是非常古老的，在其存在的几百年前，就已经记录过。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Historians who have studied ancient etiquette (礼仪) books note that the modem handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends.(研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家指出，现代握手直到19世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种稍微不合适的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。)”可知，对于握手这个习俗直到19世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种稍微不合适的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。同时根据第四段中“The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace(上面提到的早期握手是达成协议或和平的一部分)”以及“Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.(莎士比亚也同样提到了冲突的解决。)”可知，握手曾经只在朋友之间使用，并且用来达成协议。故选C。
11．词义猜测题。根据划线词后面的内容“A Cultural History of Gesture(手势的文化史)”以及“More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues(在手势研究领域，历史学家只需要充分利用少数线索，这一点在其他任何领域都不常见)”可知，荷兰社会学家赫尔曼·卢登堡所撰写的著作即《手势的文化史》中的一个章节指出在手势研究领域，历史学家只需要充分利用少数线索，这一点在其他任何领域都不常见的事实。故划线词表示荷兰社会学家赫尔曼·卢登堡所撰写文章的精选的文学段落，其与B为同义词。故选B。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent’s hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.(大约在同一时期，那些重视平等的人也会使用握手。然后，随着欧洲大陆的等级制度被削弱，握手成为同一等级的人之间的一种普遍做法，就像今天一样。)”可知，大多数欧洲人更喜欢握手，因为等级的影响越来越弱。故选D。
13．C 14．D 15．C 16．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧洲的酒店业员工短缺问题及其原因。
13．细节理解题。由文第二段“Thousands of workers left the hospitality industry when international travel shut down during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Many chose not to return, finding better paid employment elsewhere, leaving hoteliers facing a desperate shortage.”（当国际旅行在新冠肺炎疫情期间停止时，成千上万的工人离开了酒店业。许多人选择不回来，在其他地方找到了收入更高的工作，这让酒店经营者面临着严重的短缺。）可知，欧洲的酒店业务主要面临的是职工短缺问题，故选C项。
14．细节理解题。由文第一段“Top European hotel chains are hiring workers without experience or even a resume as executives admit years of underpaying staff have come back to bite, leaving them unable to meet post-pandemic travel demand”（欧洲顶级连锁酒店正在雇佣没有经验甚至没有简历的员工，因为高管们承认，多年来薪酬过低的员工进行反击了，使他们无法满足疫情后的旅行需求）可知，问题的关键原因是员工报酬过低，故选D项。
15．细节理解题。由文第三段最后一句“The new recruits are given six hours of training and learn on the job”（新员工会接受六个小时的培训并在工作中学习）可知，该酒店的员工在开始工作前要先接受六个小时的培训，故选C项。
16．推理判断题。由文最后一段Bazin所说的话“Half of it is that we’ve been blind, we’ve been not paying attention to a lot of people and probably underpaying some people for too long as well”（一半的原因是我们之前一直是盲目的，我们一直没有关注员工，可能对一些人的报酬也过低太久了）可知，他认为应该要多多关注员工，故选B项。
17．D 18．D 19．B 20．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部纪录片电影《晚安，机遇号》，它追溯了“机遇号”和“勇气号”这个火星漫游车的旅程，以及从概念到最后一次传输，为它们奉献生命的人们。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段“But a storm forming on the horizon changed everything. This storm was different. It rapidly grew in size, encircling the planet and blocking out the sun. The solar-powered rover’s last message to mission control translated to this: “My battery is low and it’s getting dark.”（但地平线上形成的一场风暴改变了一切。这次风暴不一样。它的体积迅速增大，环绕着火星，挡住了太阳。太阳能火星车向任务控制中心发送的最后一条信息是这样的：“我的电池快没电了，天快黑了。”）”可知，巨大的风暴遮住了太阳，让“机遇号”火星漫游车无法获取太阳能，因此结束了生命。故选D项。
18．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These two rovers built by NASA engineers in the early 2000s were to search for past evidence of water on Mars.（这两辆探测车是由美国宇航局的工程师在21世纪初建造的，目的是寻找火星上存在水的证据。）”可知，美国宇航局发送这两辆火车漫游车是为了发现火星上曾经存在水的迹象。故选D项。
19．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“The film traces the journey of the twin rovers — Opportunity and Spirit — and the people who dedicated their lives to them from concept to that last transmission.（这部电影追溯了“机遇号”和“勇气号”这对孪生漫游车的旅程，以及从概念到最后一次传输，为它们奉献生命的人们。）”和倒数第二段中“The bonds between team members and the rovers quickly deepened, despite the vast distance between Earth and Mars, making it more difficult when Spirit’s journey ended in 2011 and Opportunity fell silent in 2018.（尽管地球和火星之间距离遥远，但团队成员和漫游车之间的联系迅速加深，这使得2011年“勇气号”的旅程结束、2018年“机遇号”的沉寂变得更加困难。）”可知，这部电影围绕“机遇号”和“勇气号”漫游车展开，两个漫游车和团队成员之间建立了深厚的感情联系。由此推知，最后一段中“robotic ambassador”指的就是“机遇号”和“勇气号”火星漫游车。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“In the opening scenes of the new film Good Night Oppy, the Opportunity rover (漫游车) rolls along through Perseverance Valley on Mars in June 2018.（2018年6月，在新电影《晚安，机遇号》的片头，“机遇号”漫游车在火星上的毅力谷行驶。）”、第三段中“This chapter is just the beginning of the documentary, available to stream on Amazon Prime on November 23, 2022.（这一章只是这部纪录片的开始，将于2022年11月23日在亚马逊Prime上播放。）”和最后一段中“The film shines a light on the hope of space exploration and captures the emotional attachment between humans and the robotic ambassadors that explore on our behalf.（这部电影揭示了太空探索的希望，并捕捉到了人类与代表我们探索的机器人大使之间的情感依恋。）”可知，文章主要围绕纪录片电影《晚安，机遇号》展开，文中穿插了对背景信息的介绍。由此推知，文章的目的是推荐一部纪录片电影。故选A项。
21．B 22．A 23．C 24．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。农业在一个特定经济体的整个生命周期中起着至关重要的作用，是一个国家经济体系的支柱。文章主要介绍了农业的重要性。
21．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段“Civilization began with agriculture, and though humanity has changed significantly, agriculture remains very important. In certain countries, its significance is more apparent, but the reality is that every country in the world depends on agriculture for one thing or another.(文明始于农业，虽然人类已经发生了巨大的变化，但农业仍然非常重要。在某些国家，农业的重要性更为明显，但现实是，世界上每个国家都在这样或那样地依赖农业。)”指出农业是很重要的，接着第二，三，四，五，六段从不同的方面具体介绍了农业的作用；最后一段“All in all, agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture culture is the backbone of the economic system of a given country.(总而言之，农业在一个特定经济体的整个生命周期中起着至关重要的作用。农业文化是一个国家经济体系的支柱。)”对文章进行总结，指出农业的重要地位，由此可知，文章的主题是农业，故选B。
22．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Through artificial intelligence, blockchain software, and more, scientists and farmers have been figuring out ways to increase crop productivity, use less water, and reduce negative impacts on the environment.(通过人工智能、区块链软件等，科学家和农民一直在想办法提高作物产量，减少用水量，并减少对环境的负面影响。)可知，在农业中使用技术能提高作物产量，减少用水量，并减少对环境的负面影响，由此可推知，将技术应用到农业中有望实现农业的可持续发展。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据第五段中划线单词所在句子“Arguably, the most important aspect of agriculture is that it’s the source of the world’s food supply. No matter where or what you are eating, the ingredients in your meals come from somewhere. All roads lead to agriculture.(可以说，农业最重要的方面是它是世界粮食供应的来源。不管你在哪里或吃什么，你的食物的成分来自某个地方。条条大路通农业。)”可知，作者论证了农业是是我们食物的来源，由此可推知，作者使用“arguably”这个单词是为了表明对自己的陈述很肯定。故选C。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“All in all, agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture culture is the backbone of the economic system of a given country.(总而言之，农业在一个特定经济体的整个生命周期中起着至关重要的作用。农业文化是一个国家经济体系的支柱。)”可知，文章主要介绍农业的重要性，故选C。
25．D 26．C 27．A 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项新的研究发现复习期间的焦虑是导致考试表现不佳的主要原因，介绍了研究过程，以及减少这种焦虑的方法。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段的“What is surprising, according to the research published in Psychological Science by Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall that leads to the problem; it is the pressure of revision.(根据莱布尼茨研究所的Maria Theobald和她的同事发表在《心理科学》上的研究，令人惊讶的是，不是考场的压力导致了这个问题，而是复习的压力)”可知，根据研究导致考试表现不佳的原因是复习期间的压力。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第二段“Dr. Theobald launched a study which involved 309 German medical students who used a digital-learning platform to prepare for their final state exam. To assess their levels of anxiety, the students were asked to rate them on a five-point scale for 40 days leading up to the exam, as well as on the day of the exam and the mock exam (模拟考) taken 40 days prior.(Theobald博士发起了一项研究，涉及309名德国医学生，他们使用数字学习平台准备期末考试。为了评估他们的焦虑程度，学生们被要求在考试前40天内，以及考试当天和40天前的模拟考试中，以五分制对他们的焦虑程度进行评分)”以及第三段的“Anxiety on the day of the test did not predict exam performance at all. What did predict it was the level of knowledge a student displayed in the mock exam and the earlier digital-learning activities.(考试当天的焦虑并不能预测考试成绩。预测它的是学生在模拟考试和早期数字学习活动中表现出的知识水平)”推知，Theobald通过分析受试者的焦虑程度和考试表现来进行研究。故选C。
27．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“High levels of anxiety during the weeks before the exam took place actually hampered students, leaving them with less material to recall during the exam itself.(考试前几周的高度焦虑实际上hampered学生的学习，使他们在考试期间回忆的材料更少)”可知，考试前几周的高度焦虑导致学生在考试期间回忆的材料更少，即这种焦虑妨碍/影响了学生的学生。由此可知，划线词意为“妨碍，影响”，与restricted同义。故选A。
28．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“To reduce this anxiety, she proposes a two-fold strategy for students to consider as they revise. First, they can raise their belief in their own abilities by reminding themselves of just how much they know. Second, they can attach less importance to the test by reminding themselves that, while it is important, it is not a life-or-death situation. It really isn’t.(为了减少这种焦虑，她提出了一个双重策略，供学生在复习时考虑。首先，他们可以通过提醒自己知道多少来提高对自己能力的信心。其次，他们可以通过提醒自己，虽然测试很重要，但这不是生死攸关的情况，从而降低对测试的重视程度。事实并非如此)”可知，为了减少考试焦虑，Theobald建议在学生在考前提高自己的信心，以及降低对测试的重视程度。故选B。
29．B 30．B 31．D 32．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在虎鲨的帮助下，巴哈马海岸发现了一片巨大的海草草地，为世界提供了应对气候变化的工具，因为海草可以通过光合作用捕获大量的碳，并将其储存在海底。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thanks to the assistance of tiger sharks, a huge seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks has been discovered, offering the world a tool to fight climate change.(在虎鲨的帮助下，巴哈马群岛的一片巨大的海草草地被发现，为世界提供了对抗气候变化的工具)”可知，巴哈马群岛的海草草地是在虎鲨的帮助下被发现的，即通过追踪虎鲨被发现的。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Seagrass can capture (捕获) huge quantities of carbon by photosynthesis(光合作用) and stores it on the seafloor. In terms of climate change, this is excellent news(海草可以通过光合作用捕获大量的碳，并将其储存在海底。就气候变化而言，这是个好消息)”可知，就气候变化而言，海草好处是可以储存大量的碳。故选B项。
31．主旨大意题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了在虎鲨的帮助下，巴哈马海岸发现了一片巨大的海草草地，为世界提供了应对气候变化的工具，因为海草可以通过光合作用捕获大量的碳，并将其储存在海底。所以文章传达的主要信息是海草草地在应对气候变化方面具有巨大的潜力。故选D项。
32．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“This new discovery offers optimism and proves the importance of the ocean for healing.(这一新发现令人乐观，并证明了海洋对治愈的重要性)”和最后一段“These meadows can be protected and can be copied, offering hope for climate change around the globe.(这些草地可以被保护和复制，为全球气候变化带来了希望)”可知，作者对海草草场的发现持积极态度。故选B项。
33．D 34．B 35．B 36．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了普渡大学的科学家们创造了世界上最白的涂料——这一发现不仅为“我们应该把这面墙涂成哪种白色”的困境增加了另一个选择，而且可能有助于解决气候危机。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The paint was developed by Purdue mechanical engineering professor Xiulin Ruan and his team. It works through a passive cooling technology that offers great promises to reduce space cooling cost and global warming.”（这种涂料是由普渡大学机械工程教授阮秀林和他的团队开发的。它的工作原理是一种被动冷却技术，这种技术很有希望降低空间冷却成本和全球变暖。）可知，关于涂料我们知道它是气候友好型的。故选D项。
34．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In a Queens blackout in 2006,175,000 people were left without power, which lead to 40 deaths. This paint could effectively be an alternative to air conditioners in some places.”（在2006年皇后区的一次大停电中，17.5万人没有电，导致40人死亡。在一些地方，这种涂料可以有效地替代空调。）可推知，皇后区停电事件是为了说明涂料的意义。故选B项。
35．细节理解题。根据第四段“The paint reflects 98.1%of solar radiation while also giving out infrared (红外线的) heat. Because the paint takes in less heat from the sun than it gives out, a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without using power. Covering a roof area of 1,000 square feet with the paint could create 10 kilowatts ofcooling power, the researchers found. “That’s more powerful than the air conditioners used by most houses,”Ruan told This Is Purdue.”（这种涂料能反射98.1%的太阳辐射，同时还能发出红外线。由于这种涂料从太阳吸收的热量比散发的热量少，涂上这种涂料的表面可以在不使用电力的情况下冷却到周围温度以下。研究人员发现，用这种涂料覆盖1000平方英尺的屋顶可以产生10千瓦的冷却功率。“这比大多数家庭使用的空调更强大，”阮告诉This Is Purdue。）可知，第4段主要谈论了涂料的功能方面的内容。故选B项。
36．推理判断题。根据最后一段“You can’t buy the paint just yet, but researchers are partnering with a company to put the paint on the market. While individual action to fight elimate change can help save our planet, it’s important to note that the vast majority of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be traced back to 100companies. Maybe we can douse(浇) those companies with this white paint, too — it could be worth a shot.”（你现在还不能买到这种涂料，但研究人员正在与一家公司合作，将这种涂料推向市场。虽然个人行动对抗气候变化可以帮助拯救我们的地球，但重要的是要注意，世界上绝大多数温室气体排放可以追溯到100家公司。也许我们可以把这些公司也涂上这种白漆——值得一试。）可推知，从最后一段可以得知研究人员希望看到这种涂料在商业上的应用。故选C项。
37．D 38．B 39．A 40．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章从日本女性Naomi的视角介绍了日本人在圣诞节食用KFC的传统，并分析了这一传统形成的原因。
37．推理判断题。根据第二段中Naomi的话“In Japan, it is customary to eat chicken at Christmas（在日本，人们习惯在圣诞节吃鸡肉）”和“According to figures released by the American fast-food chain, KFC Japan pulled in 6.9 billion yen (roughly $63 million) from December 20 to 25 in 2018, with lines out the door starting on December 23. Every year, their busiest day is usually December 24, on which they usually sell about five to 10 times more than typical days.（根据这家美国快餐连锁店发布的数据，2018年12月20日至25日，肯德基日本公司的收入为69亿日元（约合6300万美元），从12月23日开始排队。每年，他们最忙的一天通常是12月24日，这一天他们的销售额通常是平时的5到10倍。）”可知，作者先通过引述Naomi的话呈现本段落的中心句，然后列举了2018年圣诞节期间KFC的销售量，并与平时的KFC的销售量进行对比，从而支撑中心句。因此，作者提到数字的目的在于表明日本人在圣诞节吃鸡肉的传统。故选D项。
38．细节理解题。根据第四段中Naomi的话“The festive commercials are what initially made me want to try to eat KFC for Christmas（节日广告最初让我想在圣诞节吃KFC）”可知，Naomi正是因为受到KFC广告的影响才开始在圣诞节吃KFC。故选B项。
39．细节理解题。根据第四段中“… it can also be attributed to KFC’s harmony with existing cultural norms. For instance, the tradition of sharing a big “party barrel” of fried chicken, salad and cake fits neatly into Japanese dining culture.（……这也可以归因于KFC与现有文化传统的融洽。例如，分享大大的派对炸鸡桶、沙拉和蛋糕传统正好符合日本的饮食文化。）”可知，KFC能够在日本受到欢迎的真正深层次的原因应该是KFC适应了日本分享的文化传统。故选A项。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要从日本女性Naomi的视角介绍了日本人在圣诞节食用KFC的传统，并分析了这一传统形成的原因。因此，C项“KFC——日本的圣诞传统”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。