Unit 1 People of Achievement Reading and Thinking—2023-2024学年高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第一册课前导学
课前预习
1. physiology n.生理学;生理机能
2. artemisinin n. 青蒿素
3. crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的
4. malaria n.疟疾
5. vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；
6. committed adj.尽心尽力的;坚定的 坚信的
7. academy n. 研究院；学会；专科院校
8. objective n.目标;目的; adj.客观的
9. botanical adj.植物学的
10. evaluate vt.评价;评估
11. property n.性质;特征;财产
12. distinct adj.清晰的;清楚的
13.extract n.提取物;摘录摘录
14.wormwood n.蒿;洋艾
15. acknowledge vt. 承认
二、自我检测
1.
Tu Youyou is universally acknowledged as a scientist of great ①____________ (achieve). Born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, Tu Youyou graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. In 1967, she was chosen for a research team ②____________ was formed by the government with the aim of discovering a new treatment ③____________ malaria and two years later she became the head of the project in Beijing. She and her teammates examined over 2,000 old medical texts, ④____________ (evaluate) 280, 000 plants for their medical properties, and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. As a ⑤____________ (commit) and patient scientist, she never acknowledged defeat whatever difficulty she met. After failing to draw out useful extract by ⑥____________ (boil) the sweet wormwood, she began even ⑦____________ (careful) thinking and research work. She drew ⑧____________ conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood ⑨____________ (destroy) its medical properties. So she used a lower temperature ⑩____________ (draw) out the extract and finally she succeeded.
2. Technology is also the application of _______(science) knowledge to solve a problem.
3. He ________ (acknowledge) as the best player in the world.
4. John had not seen her dad all that much, because_________(most) he worked on the ships.
5. ________(apparent), they are getting divorced soon.
6. ______(science) research shows that women tend to survive their husbands by 5-10 years.
答案及解析
1.答案： achievement; that/which; for; evaluated; committed; boiling; more careful; a; destroyed; to draw
解析：①考查词性转换。句意:屠呦呦被普遍认为是一个具有伟大成就的科学家。of后接抽象名词表示某人或某物具有的某种特征或性质,故填achievement。
②考查关系词。此处指她被选入一个由政府成立的科研团队。设空处引导定语从句,先行词为a research team,从句中缺少主语,故填that或which。
③考查介词。a new treatment for malaria意为“治疗疟疾的新药”,故填for。
④考查动词的时态。句中的examined、设空处和tested作并列谓语,用一般过去时,故填evaluated。
⑤考查词性转换。committed 为形容词,意为“尽心尽力的”,和patient一起作scientist的定语。
⑥考查非谓语动词。by doing sth.意为“通过做某事”,by为介词,后接动名词。
⑦考查形容词比较级。此处指她开始甚至更加仔细的思考和研究工作,故填more careful。
⑧考查固定搭配。draw a conclusion that...得出……的结论。
⑨考查动词时态。由上下文语境可知这是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时,故填destroyed。
⑩考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,此处用动词不定式表示目的。故填to draw。
2.答案：scientific
解析：设空处作定语修饰knowledge,应用形容词。故填scientific。
3.答案：is acknowledged
解析：考查时态语态。句意：他被认为是世界上最好的运动员。分析句子可知，acknowledge（认可，承认）是句中谓语动词，与主语He之间是被动关系，陈述现在的情况应使用一般现在时态，又因主语He是第三人称单数代词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上，谓语应用一般现在时被动语态，单数形式。故填is acknowledged.
4.答案：mostly
解析：考查副词。句意：格温很少见到她的父亲，因为大部分时间他在船上工作。根据句意结合提示词可知，此处应用副词mostly(大部分，大多数）作状语，故填mostly。
5.答案：Apparently
解析：考查副词。句意：很显然，不久他们就会离婚，空处在句中为状语，所以用副词。apparently“显而易见”为副词，在句首首字母要大写。故填Apparently。
6.答案：Scientific
解析：science"科学"，形容词scientific作定语修饰名词research。故填：Scientific。
2Unit 1 People of Achievement Learning about Language—2023-2024学年高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第一册课前导学
课前预习
非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉后也不会影响对全句的理解，它与先行词之间往往用逗号隔开。
The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing near.
我们所期盼的暑假即将到来。
（一）引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：
关系代词 which, who, whom, whose, as
关系副词when, where等 Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他将把野餐推迟到5月1日，那时他将有空。 关系词在句中所作成分：
关系代词：主语、宾语、表语、定语
关系副词：状语
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努力。
Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for years.
我再次来到波士顿，我多年没来了。
（二）as的用法
as 也可以作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
（1）as 引导限制性定语从句时，主要用在固定搭配 such. . .as, the same . . . as中。
He is not the same man as he was. 他和以前不一样了。
（2） as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，常译为“正如”。
Smoking is harmful to one's health, as is known to us all. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
（3）as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前。
As I have pointed out, it is important to include vegetables in our diet.
正如我所指出的，蔬菜在日常饮食中很重要。
（4）as引导的非限制性定语从句常可看作固定结构，如：
as is known to us 众所周知
as is reported 正如所提及的那样
as we all know 众所周知
as has been said before 正如之前所说
（三）使用非限制性定语从句时的注意事项
（1）that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
在非限制性定语从句中，用who, whom指代人，用which 指代物。
She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.
她很喜欢讲法语，而且讲得确实很好。
（2）当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。
They went to London, where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。
（3）非限制性定语从句可以补充说明整个主句。
In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。
（4）非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用why引导，而用 for which 代替 why。
I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. 我已经告诉了他们我没有参加会议的原因。
（四）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
（1）形式不同
限制性定语从句与主句之间无逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。
This is the best passage that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的文章。
I read a passage last night, which is very interesting. 我昨天晚上读了一篇文章，它非常有趣。
（2）作用不同
限制性定语从句可以修饰名词或代词，与先行词关系密切，若缺少，句意则不完整。非限制性定语从句修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，对先行词仅起补充说明作用，若缺少，句意仍相对完整。
Do you remember the man who taught us English 你记得教我们英语的那个人吗？
She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
她和家人都骑车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。
可通过以下两个例句对比理解两者的区别：
His brother who is 19 years old is serving in the army now.
他的一个19岁的哥哥正在部队服役。 (他有不止一个哥哥）
His brother, who is 19 years old, is serving in the army now.
他的哥哥今年19岁，正在部队服役。 (他只有一个哥哥）
（3）翻译不同
限制性定语从句的句子一般先译从句，后译先行词，即把从句放在先行词前，译为“……的＋先行词”。非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译主句，后译从句，形成两个分句。
He is the man who lives next to me. 他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。
He is a warm-hearted man, who lives next to me. 他是个热心肠的人，住在我的隔壁。
（4）关系词不同
关系代词 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系词都不可省略。
Mr. White, whom you met yesterday, is one of my old friends.
你昨天遇到的怀特先生是我的一个老朋友。 (非限制性定语从句，whom在从句中作宾语，不能省略）
（五）特殊结构“名词／代词＋of + which/whom” There are 30 chairs in the hall, most of which are new.
大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。 六、关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的选择
关键是判断句子结构：
非限制性定语从句一选关系代词
并列句一选人称代词或指示代词 He came late again and this made his boss angry.
他又迟到了，这使他的老板很生气。
This is my smart phone and it was bought yesterday.
这是我昨天买的智能手机。
I met Professor Xu, who told me the result of the election.
我遇到了许教授，他告诉了我选举的结果。
二、自我检测
1.In________(总结), don’t make comments on others’ words and deeds. （根据汉语提示单词拼写)
2.It is too early to draw a c________(结论) before looking into the matter. (根据中英文提示填空)
3.His first n_______(小说) has received good reviews since it came out last month.
4.Be sure to review everything in the section, including tables, graphs, and c_____ (图表).
5.I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will f_____ (流动) next and how fast.
6.Whatever our c_____ (状况) are, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desire.
7.The criminals can not escape the net of justice even if they f_____ (逃跑) to the remotest corners of the earth.
8.This is the most common sleeping position in the UK. Sleeping like this can help repair w________ and t________ (磨损)in the back. (根据中英文提示填空)
9.So far she has created many programs, ______ ______ ______(其中之一)received award at her province’s science fair. (根据汉语提示完成句子)
10.We hoped that the matter________(能有一个满意的结果). (根据汉语提示完成句子)
答案及解析
1.答案：summary/conclusion
解析：根据括号内词义，"总结"可译为summary/conclusion, in summary/conclusion"总之"，是固定搭配。故填：summary/conclusion。
2.答案：conclusion/onclusion
解析：考查名词。句意：在调查这件事之前下结论还为时过早。分析句意且根据汉语提示可知，空处应填名词conclusion,作动词draw的宾语，被不定冠词a修饰，表示“结论”，其中draw a conclusion为固定搭配，表示“下结论”。故填conclusion。
3.答案：novel
解析：句意:自从上个月出版以来,他的第一部小说收到了好的评论。
4.答案：charts
解析：句意：一定要复习本节中的所有内容，包括表格、图和图表。
5.答案：flow
解析：句意：我帮助其他科学家预测火山熔岩下一步将流向何处以及流动的速度。
6.答案：circumstances
解析：句意：不管在什么情况下，我们仍然有着梦想、希望和渴望。
7.答案：flee
解析：句意：罪犯就是跑到天涯海角，也逃不出法网。
8.答案：wear/ear tear/ear
解析：考查固定短语辨析。句意：这是英国最常见的睡姿。这样的睡眠可以帮助修复背部的磨损。根据句意“磨损”可知，固定短语wear and tear符合题意。
9.答案：one of which
解析：考查定语从句。句意：到目前为止，她已经创建了许多项目，其中一个项目在她所在的省的科学博览会上获奖，句中先行词为programs,在非限定性定语从句中作one of(其中之一)的宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。结合汉语提示及句意，故填one of which.
10.答案：can be brought to a satisfactory conclusion
解析：考查固定短语和被动语态，句意：我们希望这件事能得到一个满意的结果。根据汉语提示“有一个满意的结果”短语为bring to a satisfactory conclusion,且与matter构成被动关系，应使用被动语态，情态动词can后跟动词原形。故填can be brought to a satisfactory conclusion.
2Unit 1 People of Achievement Using language—2023-2024学年高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第一册课前导学
课前预习
1. found vt. 创建；建立；把……建立在
2. infer vt. 推断；推定
3. politician n. 从政者；政治家；政客
4. numerous adj. 众多的；许多的
5. theory n. 理论；学说
6. relativity n. 相对论；相对性
7. formula n. 公式；方程式；配方
8. genius n. (pl. geniuses)天才；天资；天赋
9. gentle adj. 温柔的；文静的
10. patent n. 专利；专利证书；获得专利 adj.有专利的；受专利保护的
11. passion n. 酷爱；激情
12. doctorate n. 博士学位
13. extraordinary adj. 不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的
14. gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 → gradual adj.逐渐的
15. photoelectric adj. 光电的
e to power (开始)掌权；上台
17. institution n. 社会公共机构；制度；习俗
18. institute n. (教育、专业等)机构；机构建筑
19. consequence n. 结果；后果
20. take up a position 担任；任职
21. moustache n. 上唇的胡子；髭
22. peculiarity n. 个性；特点；怪异的性质
23. encounter vt. 偶然碰到；遇到n. 邂逅；遭遇
24. professor n. 教授
25. mourn vt.& vi. 哀悼；忧伤
26. remarkable adj. 非凡的；显著的 → remark n. 谈论；言论；评述 vt. & vi. 谈论；评论
27. device n. 方法；技巧；装置；仪器
28. sum vi. 总结；概括n.金额；款项；总数；总和 sum up 总结；概括
29. draft n. 草稿；草案vt. 起草；草拟
二、自我检测
1.According to a widely accepted t______, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions. (根据首字母单词拼写)
2.G ________ is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. （根据首字母单词拼写）
3.Many people will lose their home as a direct c______ (a result of something that has happened) of border conflicts. (根据首字母单词拼写)
4.Many __________ (theory) have been advanced as to why some people suffer from depression.
5.In 1979, only 2% of British __________ (professor) were females.
6.Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious __________ (consequence).
7.Electricity lines to 30,000 homes were __________ (gradual) being restored yesterday.
8.It is a unique American __________ (institute) for the new president to deliver an inaugural address (就职演说).
9.Einstein's theory of __________ (relative) won him universal fame and respect.
10.Despite __________(number) failures, they continued to conduct the experiment.
答案及解析
1.答案：theory/heory
解析：考查名词。句意：根据一个被广泛接受的理论，宇宙始于一次将物质抛向四面八方的“大爆炸”。根据句意和首字母提示可知，应填入名词theory作宾语，意为“理论”，结合空格前不定冠词a可知，应用单数名词。故填theory。
2.答案：Genius/enius
解析：分析可知，此处应填名词作主语，结合句意及首字母可知，抽象名词genius"天才"符合题意，故填：Genius。
3.答案：consequence/onsequence
解析：考查名词。句意：边境冲突的直接后果是许多人将失去家园。根据单词首字母以及句意“后果”可知应填名词consequence，作宾语，不定冠词提示用单数。故填consequence。
4.答案：theories
解析：考查名词单复数。句意:关于为什么一些人患有抑郁症,许多理论已经被提出来了。theory 为可数名词,意为“理论”,由设空处前的Many可知此处应填复数名词theories。
5.答案：professors
解析：考查名词单复数。句意:在1979年,只有2%的英国教授是女性。professor 为可数名词,意为“教授”,由设空处后的were可知此处应填复数名词professors。
6.答案：consequences
解析：考查名词单复数。句意:由于粗心犯的错误可能会有严重的后果。consequence为可数名词,意为“后果”,设空处前无冠词及形容词性物主代词,且由语境可知此处应用名词的复数形式,故填consequences。
7.答案：gradually
解析：考查词性转换。句意:通向3万户人家的电线昨日被逐步修复。分析句子成分可知,设空处修饰谓语动词,应用副词,gradually意为“逐渐地,逐步地”。
8.答案：institution
解析：考查词性转换。句意:对于新总统来说,发表就职演说是一个独特的美国的习俗。由设空处前的a可知此处应用名词,institution意为“习俗”。
9.答案：relativity
解析：考查词性转换。句意:爱因斯坦的相对论理论为他赢得了全世界的名声和尊重。theory of relativity意为“相对论理论”，所以此处应填名词relativity。
10.答案：numerous
解析：考查词性转换。句意:尽管(经历了)许多的失败的事,他们继续进行实验。此处应用形容词作定语,修饰其后的复数名词failures。numerous作形容词,意为“许多的”。
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