【成才之路】2014-2015学年高中英语选修八（十二省区）：Unit 1 A land of diversity课件+强化练习（6份）

Unit 1　 Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The________(大多数)of boys like playing basketball.
2．The quickest m________of travel is by plane.
3．A large p________of the population own their homes.
4．All applicants will be considered regardless of age, sex，religion or________(国籍)．
5．We________(推选)John as chairman，for he was reliable.
6．It's difficult to move to America, because the rules of i________is rather strict for the foreigners.
7．He is fair to us without d________.
8．Is the account insured by the ________ (联邦制的) government?
9．The sea narrows into a s______ there.
10．Venice is an I______ city.
答案：1．majority　2．means　3．percentage　4．nationality　5．elected　6．immigration　7．distinction　8．federal　9．strait　10．Italian
Ⅱ.选成句子
根据相关的汉语提示，完成下列句子。每空仅限一个单词。
1．我借助报纸上的一则广告找到了我的自行车。
I found my bike________ ________ ________a notice in the newspaper.
2．科学家们说， 他们在防治癌症方面开始有所突破。
Scientists say they are beginning to______ ________in the fight________cancer.
3．彼得说当他第一次来到这个城市时，真的不知道如何适应。
Peter said when he first came to the city，he really didn't know________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
4．我们七月初要去日本。
We're going to Japan__________ __________ ________ ________July.
5．他当演员的梦想终于实现了。
He finally________ ________ ________of becoming an actor.
His dream of becoming an actor finally______ ______.
6．保育员尽量让孩子在室外多活动。
The nurses keep children out of doors________ ________ ________ ________.
7．我有一些困难，但是比起你的就算不了什么。
I've had some difficulties but they were nothing________ ________yours.
8．该岛人口约78,000。
The island________ ________ ________ ________about 78,000.
9．她绝不贫穷。实际上，她相当富有。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________poor.In fact，she is quite rich.
10．据说他成为一名教师了。
________ ________that he's become a teacher.
答案：
1．by means of
2．break through；against
3．how to make a life
4．at the beginning of
5．realized/achieved his dream; came true
6．as much as possible
7．compared to(be nothing compared to sb./sth. 表示“比起……算不了什么”)
8．has a population of
9．By no means is she
10．It's said
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
Christmastime in the city brings forests of trees already cut and waiting to be sold. But some people like to drive to tree farms. Others wait for their trees to come to them. They order one from the pages of a catalog or on the Internet. Some say the easiest thing of all is to buy a man-made tree with Christmas lights already on it. No falling needles to have to clean up.
The National Christmas Tree Association says 33,000,000 real trees were sold last year, compared to 9,000,000 man-made ones. Man-made trees generally cost more, but they can be reused. Most natural trees are cut up and recycled, but some people buy trees that can be planted.
Most Christmas trees are now grown on farms instead of in forests. Twenty-one thousand tree farmers in the United States grow Christmas trees on more than 180,000 hectares. Oregon was the leading producer last year.
Twenty-two percent of people who bought real trees last year chose them at a farm. Two percent of those people cut the trees themselves. The next most popular places were big stores like Walmart and Home Depot.Groups like the Boy Scouts also sell Christmas trees. But some people pay nothing for theirs. They steal it.
Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, has many pretty evergreens. Some years ago, a university worker found a way to keep them there. A month before Christmas, workers treated them with “pink ugly mix”. It contains water and red food colour. The bright colour starts to disappear after about a month. It can take longer, however. Cornell decided not to use the mix this year, but the idea has spread.
1．Man-made trees are chosen for Christmas partly because________.
A．they cost less than real ones
B．they are usually sold with gifts
C．they look prettier than real ones
D．they can be used for more than once
答案：D　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，可重复使用是人造圣诞树的优点之一。
2．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Oregon produced the most Christmas trees last year.
B．Most Christmas trees come directly from the forests.
C．All real trees for Christmas are recycled by Americans.
D．Man-made Christmas trees are more popular with Americans.
答案：A　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Oregon was the leading producer last year.”可知，去年Oregon生产的圣诞树最多。
3．People can get their Christmas trees from the following places EXCEPT ________.
A．Oregon B．Home Depot
C．Boy Scouts D．Cornell University
答案：D　细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，康奈尔大学不生产也不销售圣诞树。
4．The passage is mainly about________.
A．the important festivals in America
B．the origin of Christmas as a holiday
C．the way Americans celebrate Christmas
D．the popularity of Christmas trees in America
答案：D　主旨大意题。本文通过具体数据说明了圣诞节时圣诞树在美国的销售情况，进而揭示圣诞树在美很受欢迎。
B
When I was 12, all I wanted was a signet (图章) ring. They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday, my Mum gave me a signet ring with my initials(姓名首字母) carved into it. I was in heaven.
What made it even more special was that it was about the only thing that wasn't being “replaced”. We'd been burnt out in fires that swept through our area earlier that year and had lost everything—so most of the “new” stuff (东西) we got was really just to replace what we'd lost. But not my ring. My ring was new.
Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning. I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. Eventually, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away.
Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents' when Mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn't my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. “You'll recognize this one，” she said, smiling.
Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside.
The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecorations, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it, they realized who owned the ring. They'd had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother.
And it still fits me.
5．The underlined word “in” in the first paragraph probably means “________”．
A．fashionable B．available
C．practical D．renewable
答案：A　词义猜测题。由it seemed every girl except me had one可知图章戒指对女孩们来说是一个很时尚的东西。fashionable时尚的；流行的。
6．When she got the ring back, the writer was about ________.
A．13 years old B．15 years old
C．26 years old D．28 years old
答案：D　细节理解题。由第一段可知作者在13岁时得到了这枚戒指，但是一月之后把它丢了，丢失戒指2年之后房子被卖掉，而卖掉房子13年之后戒指失而复得。
7．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The writer's family moved several times.
B．The writer never stopped looking for her ring.
C．The writer's ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.
D．The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.
答案：A　细节理解题。由第三段Years passed，and a couple of moves later，...可知答案为A。
8．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．My New Ring B．Lost and Found
C．Lost and Replaced D．An Expensive Ring
答案：B　主旨大意题。整篇文章讲述的就是妈妈送给我的图章戒指“失而复得”的过程。
Ⅳ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Maybe you have heard the expression—when in Rome, do as the Romans do. So when you want to do business in France, you have to get to know French culture, to make marketing plans, and to run your business by local laws.
__1__ The French take great pride in their language, so anyone who does not speak it may run the risk of being disrespected by his French colleagues or business partners. Also, another reason why learning French is important is that it is a great way to show every possible French business partner that you care and respect their country's culture and language.
The first thing you should do when meeting someone new is to shake his hand firmly and always look the person in the eye. In social meeting with friends, kissing is common.
__2__ The French will sometimes introduce themselves using their surname first, followed by their first name.
Dress well. __3__ Your business clothing is a reflection of your success and social status. Always try to be tasteful and stylish. Women are advised to dress simply but elegantly. Wearing make-up is practised widely by businesswomen.
The French are passionate about food, so lunches are common in doing business in France, which usually consist of an appetizer, a main meal with wine, cheese, dessert and coffee, and normally take up to two hours. __4__
Do not begin eating until the host says“bon appetite”. Pass dishes to the left, keep wrists above the table and try to eat everything on the plate. __5__ This may suggest that you find the food tasteless. If eating in a restaurant, the person who invites always pays.
A．The French draw information about people based on their appearance.
B．This is a time for relationship building.
C．Remember to be as polite as possible.
D．Language should be the focus of anyone planning to do business in France.
E．Be careful with adding salt, pepper or sauces to your food.
F．Use Monsieur or Madame before the surname.
G．Make an appointment with your business partner in advance.
1．__________　2．__________　3．__________　4．__________　5．__________
答案：
1．D　从后面的句子：The French take great pride in their language, 可知语言很重要。选D。
2．F　从后面的句子：The French will sometimes introduce themselves using their surname first, 可知讲的是如何称呼，选F。
3．A　从后面的句子：Your business clothing is a reflection of your success and social status.可知法国人很注重外表。选A。
4．B　从前面的句子：normally take up to two hours.可知午餐是建立关系的时间。选B。
5．E　从后面的句子：This may suggest that you find the food tasteless.可知加调料要小心。选E。
课件132张PPT。成才之路 · 英语路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索人教版 · 选修8(十二省区)A land of diversityUnit 1Section Ⅰ　Warming up; Pre-reading, Reading & ComprehendingUnit 1
Ⅰ.词汇过关
1．音意记忆。
(1)__________(n.)大多数；大半
(2)__________(n.)苦难；困苦
(3)__________(n.)百分比；百分率
(4)__________(n.)(人口、贸易的)繁荣
(5)__________(vi.)处于经济迅速发展时期majority
hardship
percentage
boom
2．形意记忆。
(1)distinct(adj.)清晰的；明显的，明确的
→___________(n.)差别；区分；卓著
(2)elect(vt.)选择；决定做某事；选举某人
→___________(n.)选举
(3)race(n.)种族→___________(adj.)人种的；种族的distinction election racial
Ⅱ.短语自查
1．live on ______________
2．by means of... ______________
3．be forced into slavery ______________
4．gain independence from ______________
5．in addition ______________
继续存在；继续生存
用……办法；借助……
被迫成为奴隶
脱离……而获得独立
此外
6．向……宣战 ______________
7．习惯于新的生活方式、工作等 ______________
8．坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
______________
9．在20世纪初期________________________________
10．是……的故乡，是……的栖息地_________________declare war on... make a lifekeep upat the beginning of the 20th centurybecome/be home to
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．________ your answers ________ other groups.
把你们的答案和其他组加以比较。
2．It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, ___________________________.
加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。3．Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush period, ________ the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast ________ brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到美国，但是更大批量的中国移民都是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。
答案：1．Compare　with　2．having attracted people from all over the world　3．it was　thatⅣ.语篇理解
Read the text CALIFORNIA and judge True or False.
1．California is the largest state in the USA and has the largest population. (　　)
2．The Native Americans were treated well after the arrival of the Europeans.(　　)
3．Of the first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men.(　　)
4．In the early 1800s，Russians began settling in California.(　　)5．In 1848, before the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California.(　　)
6．During the Gold Rush Period, many achieved their dream of becoming rich.(　　)
7．California became the thirty-first féderal state of the United States of America in 1850.(　　)
8．In the late 19th century, Chinese immigrants arrived in California.(　　)
答案：1－5．FFTTF　6－8．FTF1．compare (v.)
(1)～A and B|～A with/to B 比较；对比
It is interesting to compare their situation and/with ours.
把他们的状况与我们的相比很有意思。
(2)～with/to sb./sth.与……类似(或相似)
This school compares with the best in the country.
这所学校可与全国最好的学校媲美。
(3)～A to B 表明……与……相似；将……比作……
A teacher's work is often compared to a candle.
教师的工作常被比作蜡烛。知识拓展
(1)compare notes(with sb.)(与……)交换看法(或意见等)
He is now comparing notes with his co-workers about the job.
他现在就工作问题正与同事交换意见。
(2)beyond/without/past compare 无与伦比；举世无双
She is lovely beyond compare.
她真是可爱得无与伦比。
(3)compared to/with 与……相比(在句中担任状语)
Compared with/to our parents, we are indeed very fortunate.
与我们的父辈相比，我们确实很幸运。比较网站
compare和contrast
Compare this with that, and you will see which is better.
将这个与那个比较一下，你就会知道哪个比较好了。
Her actions contrasted sharply with her promises.
她的行动与她的诺言有天壤之别。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
(1)Michael's new house is like a huge palace，________ (compare)with his old one.
答案：compared　句意：与旧房子相比，迈克尔的新房子看起来就像是一座大宫殿。compared to/with表示“与……相比”，在句中担任状语。
(2)When________(compare)prices, one has to take into consideration the quality of the goods.
答案：comparing　句意：衡量价格时，也应该考虑商品的质量问题。本题考查状语从句的省略，其完整形式为：When one is comparing prices，...2．range (n.)
(1)[C, usually sing.]～(of sth.)一系列
There is a full range of activities for children.
这里有给孩子们提供的各种活动。
(2)[C, usually sing.](变动或浮动的)范围，界限，区域
Several cars are available within this price range.
在这个价格范围内，有好几种汽车可供选购。
(3)[C&U]视觉(或听觉)范围
It came within my range of vision.
该物体进入了我的视野。
(4)[C&U] 射程；射击距离
The gun has a range of five miles.
这炮的射程为五英里。
(5)[C] 山脉
I'm lucky enough to have a chance of admiring the view of the great mountain range of the Alps.
我非常幸运能有机会欣赏雄伟的阿尔卑斯山脉景色。知识拓展
(1)within/in range(of sth.)在可及的范围内，在视觉(或听觉)范围内
He shouted angrily at anyone within range.
他看见谁，就对谁吼叫。
(2)out of range(of sth.)超出……的范围；在视觉(或听觉)范围以外
The cat stayed well out of range of the children.
这只猫离孩子们远远的。
活学活用
　补全句子
——你能击中树梢上的那只鸟吗？
—Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?
——击不中，它在射程之外。
—No，it's________ ________ ________.
答案：out of range
3．illustrate (v.)
(1)～sth.(with sth.)加插图于；给(书等)作图表
This English textbook is well illustrated.
这本英语教科书有精美的插图。
(2)(用示例、图画等)说明、解释
He illustrated his point by relating his own experiences.
他用自己的经历说明了他的观点。
活学活用
(1)The teacher wrote an example on the blackboard to________ (举例)the point.
答案：illustrate　句意：老师在黑板上写了个实例来举例说明这个要点。
(2)The teacher illustrated the history lesson ________ pictures of castles.
答案：with　句意：教师利用城堡图画讲解历史课。illustrate sth. with/by sth.表示“用……说明、解释……”。4．distinction (n.)
(1)[C]～(between A and B) 差别；区别；对比
I can't see any distinction between these two cases.
我看不出这两个案例有什么不同。
(2)[U] 优秀；杰出；卓越
He is a writer of real distinction.
他是一位真正才智超群的作家。
(3)[U] 区分；分清；辨别
The new law makes no distinction between adults and children.
这项新法规对成人和孩子同样适用。知识拓展
(1)draw/make a distinction between 对……加以区别
without distinction 无差别地， 一视同仁地
(2)distinct adj.截然不同的；清楚的；明白的；明显的
be distinct in...from... 在某方面与……不同
(3)distinguish v．区分；辨别；成为……的特征
be distinguished from不同于； 与……加以区别
distinguish oneself(as...)使自己与众不同； 使自己出名；使自己受人青睐
①Those two suggestions are quite distinct from each other.
这两个建议截然不同。
②There is a distinct improvement in your spoken English.
你的英语口语有明显的进步。
③What was it that distinguished her from her classmates?
是什么使得她有别于班上的其他同学？
④We should make a distinction between right and wrong.
我们应该分清是非。
⑤He is fair to us without distinction.
他对我们一视同仁，毫无区别。
⑥Silk is distinct from rayon in every respect.
在各个方面真丝跟人造丝截然不同。
⑦Job enrichment should be distinguished from job enlargement.
工作丰富化和工作扩大化应加以区分。
活学活用
(1)补全句子
班长在考试中成绩优异，因而显得突出。
The monitor________ ________by his performance in the examination.
答案：distinguished himself
(2)用恰当形式填空
This new suggestion is a/an ________ (distinction) improvement from the one I originally made.
答案：distinct　句意：这个新建议比我原来提出的有显著的改进。distinct表示“明显的”。5．means n．手段；方法(单复数相同)
Thoughts are expressed by means of words.
思想是通过语言来表达的。
知识拓展
by every means 用一切办法
by all means当然行；没问题
by any means 无论如何
by this means用这种方法
by on means 决不；一点也不(＝not a bit/at all若放句首要部分倒装)
①There is no means of getting there.
没有办法可以到达那儿。
②There is no doubt that telephone is an important means of communication.
毫无疑问，电话是交流的一个重要工具。
温馨提示
(1)by no means放在句首时，句子用部分倒装语序。
By no means am I satisfied with my present income.
我对目前的收入一点也不满意。
(2)means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若是all means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若是every/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
All possible means have been tried，but not a means has worked.
所有可能的方法都尝试过了，但是没有一种方法奏效。比较网站
means，way，method，approach活学活用
(1)用适当的介词填空
①The farmers thought of ways________ protect/________ protecting their trees.
②People can communicate with each other________means of the Internet.
③Each of them suggested a different approach________the problem.
④I guess he will carry out his new plan________this method.
答案：①to；of　②by　③to　④with
(2)—Do you think their table tennis team will win the first place at the coming Asian Games?
—________(绝不). Ours is much stronger than theirs.
答案：By no means　by no means“绝不”；it depends“看情况而定”。
6．majority n．大多数，大半
①For the majority of students, the only connection between high schools and universities is the national college entrance exam.
对于大多数学生来说，高中和大学之间的唯一联系就是高考。
②The majority of migrant workers have no city hukou and find it hard to fit in with urban life.
大多数农民工没有城市户口，很难适应城市生活。
③The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.
大多数人赞成这个建议。
④Young women are in the majority in the fashion industry.
年轻女性在时装业中占多数。
名师点津
“the majority of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。the majority作主语时，谓语动词用单复数形式均可。
知识拓展
the majority of　　　　　　大多数……
by/with a majority 以多数，大半
be in the/a majority 占大部分/大多数
a majority over sb. 超过某人的票数图解助记
图解majority及其相关词
活学活用
(1)The majority of children in our class________(have)brown eyes; only three have blue eyes.
答案：have　句意：我们班大多数孩子是棕色眼睛，只有三个是蓝眼睛。“the majority of＋复数名词”在句中担任主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。
(2)One-third of the country ________ (be)covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ______ (be)black people.
答案：is；are　考查主谓一致。句意：这个国家的森林覆盖面积占国土面积的三分之一，并且大多数市民都是黑人。the majority of后跟复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
7．elect vt.选择；决定做某事；选举某人
①She elected an art course because she was interested in art.
因为她对艺术感兴趣，所以选择了艺术课。
②Like men，women have the right to elect and to be elected.
妇女享有同男子平等的选举权和被选举权。
知识拓展
elect to do sth.决定做某事
elect sb.as选举某人当……
election n．选举
We wonder who will win the next election.
我们都想知道下届选举谁会获胜。比较网站
elect，choose和select
活学活用
(1)完成句子
他决定当医生。
He________ ________ ________a doctor.
答案：elected to be
(2)A new national leadership，with both President Xi and Premier Li，________(elect)by the National People's Congress.
答案：elected　句意：全国人民代表大会选出了以习主席和李总理为首的新一代国家领导人。leadership与elect之间为被动关系，再根据该事件发生的时间可知应用一般过去时的被动语态。
8．percentage n．百分比；百分率
a percentage of后接名词时，其后面谓语动词的单复数要与所接名词相符合。
①What percentage of the earth is covered by oceans?
地球的百分之几被海洋覆盖着？
②What percentage of the students were absent?
缺席的学生占百分之几？
知识拓展
the percentage of... ……的百分比，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The percentage of the students who are admitted to universities is 70%.
被大学录取的学生的百分比是70%。比较网站
percent和percentage
活学活用
(1)选词填空(percentage/percent)
①90________of work has been finished.
②A high________of skilled workers are women workers in the factory.
答案：①percent　②percentage
(2)补全句子
鲁甸地震中死了多少人？
________percentage of the population died in the earthquake of Ludian?
答案：What　考查percentage的用法。percentage常与特殊疑问词what连用。1．live on 继续存在；继续生存
①Our government took measures to make this custom live on.
我们的政府采取措施使这个风俗延续下去。
②She died ten years ago but her memory lives on.
她十年前就去世了，但她却留在人们的记忆中。
知识拓展
live on sth.以……为食；靠……生活
live for 为……而活着
live up to 达到；符合；不辜负
live with sth.忍受某事
live out 实践；实现
live through sth.经历(灾难或其他困境)而幸存
①We will live up to what our parents expect of us.
我们绝不辜负父母对我们的期望。
②I had to learn to live with the pain.
我不得不学会忍受痛苦。
③He has lived through two world wars.
他经历了两次世界大战。
活学活用
用live短语填空
(1)The operation turned out to be very successful, and the old man ________for another ten years.
答案：lived on　live on为固定用法，意思是“继续生存”。句意为“那次手术证明很成功，那位老人又活了十年”。
(2)Some famous singers________the income from record sales.
答案：live on　live on sth.在句中为“靠……生活”的意思，符合题意。句意为“一些著名的歌手靠唱片销售的收入来维持生活”。2．make a life习惯于新的生活方式、工作等；谋生
①Mr. Bob made a life by selling newspapers.
鲍勃先生靠卖报为生。
②They went to the West and decided to make a life there.
他们去了西部地区，决定去适应新生活。
③If you get, you make a living; if you pay, you make a life.
如果你工作上想获得，你是在谋生；如果你工作上想付出，你是在生活。
④The young couple moved to the nearby city to make a life there.
这对年轻的夫妇搬到附近的城市去适应新的生活。
知识拓展
life相关短语：
①come to life 突然苏醒；突然开始工作；突然变得活跃
②live/lead a．.. life 过着……的生活
③come back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气
④full of life 充满生气
⑤start/make a new life 开始新生活
⑥bring sb./sth. (back) to life 给某人/事物以活力；使复活
⑦lay down one's life (for sb./sth.) 为……献身；牺牲生命
⑧take one's (own) life: commit suicide 自杀
⑨put an end to one's life: kill oneself 自杀
⑩lose one's life 失去生命
活学活用
完成句子
(1)They settled down in China and________for themselves.
我们在中国定居，习惯了新的生活方式。
(2)The new teacher really________________for us.
新来的教师给我们把法语进得生动活泼。
答案：(1)made a life　(2)brought French to life
3．keep up坚持；维持；使不低落；继续；持续；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
①The good news keeps our spirits up.
好消息使我们情绪高涨。
②Nobody knows how long the drought will keep up.
没有人知道干旱将持续多长时间。
③Keep up your courage!
鼓足勇气！
④People there still keep up old customs.
那儿的人们仍然沿袭古老的风俗。
知识拓展
keep up your courage/the old customs保持勇气/旧的传统
keep up your spirits打起精神
keep up with跟上，不落后
keep it up保持优异成绩，继续干下去
keep to sth遵守，信守
keep away from避开；远离
keep off勿踩；勿踏
活学活用
完成句子
(1)The police warned the people around to________ ________ ________(不要靠近)the burning building.
(2)Things will only work out if we all________ ________the plan.
只有大家执行计划，事情才能成功。
答案：(1)keep away from　(2)keep to
(3)Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to ________ ________ ________ ________.(鼓起勇气)
答案：keep up his courage1．California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.
加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，却是人口最多的州。
(1)the third largest是序数词修饰最高级，意为“第三大”。形容词或副词的最高级前面可用序数词修饰，表示“第几大/长……”。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
黄河是中国第二长河。
one of the/among the＋最高级＋名词复数，表示“最……之一”。
China is one of the oldest countries in the world.
中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。
Paris is among the biggest cities in the world.
巴黎是世界上最大的城市之一。(2)句中的population意为“人口”，还可指“全体居民”。
population作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，但表示“population”中的一部分“成员”时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
The population is increasing at about 6% per year.
人口以每年约6%的速度增长。
The entire population of the town was at the meeting.
全镇的居民都出席了集会。
The population of Australia is more than two thousand million.
澳大利亚的人口大约是2000多万。
One third of the population of this country are farmers.
这个国家三分之一的人口是农民。
知识拓展
①表示某一地区“有多少人口”用have a population of。
②表示某一地区“人口多或少”用large/small，不用many/few。
③问某一地区“有多少人口”用What is the population of...？/How large is the population of...?
活学活用
(1)Do you know what is ________ (非洲的第二长河)river?
答案：Africa's second longest
(2)The population of Jiangsu ________ (grow)to more than twice what it was in 1949． The figure is now approaching 74 million.
答案：has grown　本题考查主谓一致和时态。人口作为一个整体作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。根据句意可知江苏的人口不断增长，是1949年的两倍多，因此应该使用现在完成时。2．It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world.
加州的与众不同之处也在于它是美国最具多元文化特征的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。
having attracted people from all over the world为现在分词的完成式担任后置定语，修饰名词state，其作用相当于非限制性定语从句which has attracted people from all over the world。分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
①The funds(which/that have been)raised are mainly used for helping the homeless.
筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。
②The children(who needed)needing medical attention were sent to the nearest hospital immediately.
需要医疗护理的孩子们立即被送进了最近的医院。
③This book，(which is)written in simple English, is suitable for beginners to read.
这本书是使用浅显的英文写的，适合初学者阅读。
④This new book，(which deals with)dealing with West Africa, was written by professor Smith.
这是关于西非的一本新书，是史密斯教授写作的。
活学活用
(1)(真题改编·山东)________ (eat)at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again.
答案：Having eaten　本题考查非谓语动词。句意：Tina以前去过这家餐厅，她不想再到那儿吃饭。此处是非谓语动词作状语，根据关键词before可知，此处表示以前的动作，而且与句子的主语之间是主动关系，故用现在分词的完成时态。
(2)________(know)the situation well，they dealt with the problem easily.
(3)________(see)the film twice，I decided to go to the party instead.
答案：(2)Having known　(3)Having seen3．Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在称之为加利福尼亚的地区的，谁也说不清楚。
(1)本句是主从复合句，其中主句是no one really knows, when引导一个宾语从句。本句可写成：No one really knows exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California.
(2)what we now know as California是一个由what引导的名词性从句，作arrive in的宾语。
知识拓展
①名词性从句中what与that的区别：
that在名词性从句中不作成分；what在句中作成分。
What he said sounds reasonable.(what作said的宾语)
That our team has won the game has been proved.(That在主语从句中不作成分)
②名词性从句中what与which的区别：
指代前文已经提到过的对象或范围时，用which，否则用what。
There are many books available. I don't know which to read.(which指的是前文提到的books的其中一本)
What book do you want to buy？(前文没有提及买什么书或哪一类书)活学活用
用恰当词语填空
(1)(真题改编·北京)________ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
答案：What　本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：使这本书与众不同的是作者的有创造性的想象力。分析结构可知，________ makes the book so extraordinary为主语从句，从句缺少主语，要用what引导。that引导主语从句时，仅仅起连接作用，不作句子成分，但是不能省略；who指人；which引导名词性从句时与what的区别在于它为特指，而what为泛指。
(2)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn't matter ________you have lived there for a short or a long time.
答案： whether　考查名词性从句。句意：村子里的人都很友好，所以你住在那里时间长还是短都没关系。it是形式主语，真正主语是whether引导的名词性从句。
4．However，it is likely that native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
然而，可能至少在15000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。
It is likely that...“很有可能……”，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。
本句型可转化为Sb./Sth.be likely to do...“某人/某物可能干某事”。
It is likely that the weather will be fine.
＝The weather is likely to be fine.
天气可能会很晴朗。
It's likely that she will ring me tonight.
＝She's very likely to ring me tonight.
她今晚很可能给我打电话。
知识拓展
likely可与most，very，quite等连用。
His attempt will be most likely to succeed.
他的尝试很有可能会成功。
比较网站
likely，possible，probable活学活用
(1)用likely，possible，probable完成句子
①They are________to be angry with him.
②I will do everything________to help you.
③The home team，far ahead，is the________winner.
答案：①likely　②possible　③probable
(2)句型转换
You are likely to have forgotten all about it.
__________________________________________
答案：It is likely that you have forgotten all about it.5．In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans.
此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死。
(1)本句是一个简单句，过去分词短语brought by the Europeans作后置定语修饰diseases。过去分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的过去分词作定语时通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
What's the language spoken in that area?
那个地区讲的是什么语言？
They decided to change the used material.
他们决定改变所用的材料。(2)本句中in addition意为“此外”，在句中作状语。
A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired.
新的安全系统已经安装。此外，还多雇了一些保安。
When Diane fell, she hurt her arm and, in addition, broke her glasses.
黛安妮摔倒时，摔伤了胳膊，还摔坏了眼镜。
In addition to giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience.
课程除了对电脑知识作一般介绍外，还提供实际操作的机会。
(3)die from死于(事故、灾难等外因)
His grandfather died from an earthquake.
他爷爷死于地震。
Her uncle died from a traffic accident.
她叔叔死于一起交通事故。
图解助记活学活用
(1)用恰当词语填空
①________the names on the list there are six other applicants.
答案：In addition to/Apart from/Besides
②(真题改编·陕西)The witnesses ________ (question)by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
答案：questioned　本题考查非谓语动词。句意：被询问的目击者们刚才对打架给出了不同的描述。分析句子成分可知question作the witnesses的定语，两者之间是被动关系，又“目击者是被询问过的”；作定语的非谓语动词中，既表示被动又表示完成意义的，要用过去分词形式。
(2)翻译句子
①越来越多的人死于癌症。
______________________________________________
②车祸受害人因伤死亡。
______________________________________________
答案：①More and more people die of cancer.
②The accident victim died from injuries.6．However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more native Americans living in California than in any other state.
不过，还是有一些人挺过了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比其他任何州的都要多。
(1)本句中and连接两个并列分句。现在分词短语living in...作定语修饰Native Americans。There be sb. doing sth.表示“有某人在做某事”，相当于sb. be doing sth.。注意v.-ing形式在此作定语。
There are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.
有25000左右的俄裔美国人居住在旧金山或其周围。
There are already people wondering whether we should fight for the right of robots and machines.
已经有人在想我们是否应该为机器人和机器争取权利而战。
(2)本句中survive为及物动词，意为“挺过”；survive作及物动词时还可表示“比……活得时间长”。此外survive还可用作不及物动词，表示“生存，存活，继续存在”。
She is the only person who survived the explosion.
在那次爆炸中她是唯一活下来的人。
She survived her husband by ten years.
丈夫死后她又活了十年。
名师点津
survive本身就表示“从……中逃出，幸免于……”，一般不和from等介词连用。注意下句翻译：只有少数的乘客从那次车祸中幸存下来。
Only a few passengers survived from the accident.(?)
Only a few passengers survived in the accident.(?)
Only a few passengers survived the accident.(√)
活学活用
(1)(真题改编·山东)The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ (stand)in one corner.
答案：standing　本题考查非谓语动词。句意：除了站立在一个角落的书架之外，这个屋子是空的。此处是非谓语动词作定语，与所修饰的词bookshelf之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式。
(2)Much to our shock, none of the 54 miners were able to ________ (存活)the gas blast (爆炸) under the coal mine.
答案：survive7．The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.
距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人。
本句是一个简单句，主语是the nearest, and therefore the first；不定式to arrive作后置定语修饰the first；were是连系动词，South Americans and people from the United States作表语；from the United States为后置定语，修饰people。
He is always the first to arrive.
他总是第一个到。
The captain was the last to leave the sinking ship.
船长是最后一个离开那艘正在下沉的船的。
①不定式作定语时，若构成不定式的动词是不及物动词，且与所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，则不定式后应加适当的介词。
He is a pleasant fellow to work with.
他是个很好共事的人。
We have a warm room to live in.
我们有间温暖的屋子可以住。
②若被修饰的词是不定式的逻辑宾语，但不定式的动作并不是句子的主语发出的，不定式需用被动形式。
—Do you have anything to be typed, sir?
——先生，你有东西要打吗？(打字这一动作并不是you发出的，故用不定式的被动式)
—No，thanks.
——没有，谢谢。活学活用
用所给动词的适当形式填空
(1)You are the first one________(think)of it.
(2)The system has the ability________(run)more than one program at the same time.
答案：①to think　②to run
(3)With the world changing fast, we have something new ________ (deal)with all by ourselves every day.
答案：to deal　不定式短语to deal with...在此作后置定语，虽为主动形式，但表示被动意义，we为不定式动作的发出者。
8．By the time California elected to become the thirty- first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了。
by the time“到……时候为止”，引导的状语从句常用一般时态，主句多用完成时态。
By the time we arrived, they had already left.
我们到达时，他们已经离开了。
By the time you arrive home, your father will have left for Shanghai on business.
当你到家的时候，你爸爸将已经出差去上海了。知识拓展
(1)It/This/That is the first/second/... time (that) sb. has/have done sth.
It is the first time I have heard such a strange story.
这是我第一次听到这种奇怪的故事。
(2)the first time“第一次”，名词短语起连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。
The first time I went abroad, I could hardly understand what the foreigners said.
我第一次出国时，几乎听不懂外国人说话。活学活用
(1)完成句子
①她到家的时候，她姑姑将已经动身到伦敦去参加一个会议了。
By the time she gets home，her aunt________ ________ ________for London to attend a meeting.
②By the time we arrived，________ ________ ________ ________ ________.(会议已经结束了)
答案：①will have left　②the meeting had been over
(2)用恰当形式填空
Ms Lowden became a teacher in 1991．She ________ (teach)for twenty years by next summer.
答案：will have taught　题中by next summer表示“截止到明年夏天”，所以应与将来完成时连用。9．Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到(美国)，但是更大批量的中国移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。
本句的核心结构为强调句型：It is/was...that...，强调了主语the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast。强调句型It is/was...that/who...的用法归纳如下：(1)强调句型可以强调除谓语动词以外的任何句子成份。一般说来，如果被强调部分是人时，用连词that或who；如果被强调部分是物，只能用连词that。强调句型应避免使用when, where, which 等连词。
①It was playing computer games that cost the boy a lot of time he ought to have spent on his lessons.
玩电脑游戏用掉了这个孩子本来应该花在功课上的许多时间。
②It is during his spare time that Tom has been studying the situation for several months.
几个月以来，汤姆一直利用自己的空闲时间研究局势。
(2)that/who后的动词的人称和数的变化要与前面的名词或代词一致。
①It was I who/that was to blame.
该受责备的人是我。
②It was only I who am willing to go to see the film.
愿意去看电影的人只有我。
(3)强调句型的一般疑问句形式：
①Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？
②Is it Mr. Li who guided the company through the difficulties?
是李先生带领公司渡过难关的吗？
(4)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：
①Where is it that you are going for your holidays?
你打算到哪儿去度假？
②How was it that you climb to the top of that building?
你是如何爬上楼顶的？
(5)强调句型中的特殊形式： It is not until...that.../It is because...that...
①It was not until he entered the classroom that he realized that he had forgotten to do the homework.
直到走进教室，他才意识到忘了做作业。
②It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go to work.
是因为她妈妈病了她才没有去上班。
(6)在强调句型中，作主语的关系代词who/that可以省略。
①It is he(that/who)worked out the maths problem.
是他算出了这道数学题。
②It is I (that/who)am teaching them the English song.
是我在教他们唱这首英语歌曲。活学活用
(1)语法填空
①(真题改编·重庆)It was with the help of the local guide ________ the mountain climber was rescued.
答案：that　本题考查强调句。句意：是在当地导游的帮助下登山者才被救的。分析结构可知，此处是强调句，强调的是句子的状语with the help of the local guide；由强调句的基本句子结构“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that(强调人可以用who)＋其他”可知应填that。
②It was not until I came here ______ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
答案：that　考查强调句型。句意：直到我来这里我才意识到……；故填that。
(2)单句改错
①It is Kate who told me about it.
______________________________________________
②It was two o'clock that he arrived home last night.
______________________________________________
答案：①is→was　②that→when或was后加at
10．It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
人们认为，过不了多久，多种民族的混合将会非常大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或者文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。it在句子中作形式主语，形成“It(形式主语)＋is＋过去分词＋that从句(真正主语)”句式；It's said/reported/ announced/ believed that...“据说/据报道/据宣布/大家认为……”。
It is said that three prisoners broke out of the jail yesterday.
据说，昨天有三个囚犯越狱了。
It is widely believed that the virus originally came from monkeys.
人们普遍认为这种病毒最初来源于猴子。知识拓展
It's said/reported/announced/believed that...可转化为sb./sth. be said/reported/announced/believed to do...It is reported that the famous scientist is from Canada.
→The famous scientist is reported to be from Canada.
据报道，那位著名的科学家来自加拿大。
注意：用于“It is＋v.-ed＋that...”结构的常见动词还有hope，think，suppose，suggest，require，announce等。
活学活用
________is believed that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger and more prosperous economy.
答案：It　句意：人们相信医疗保健水平的提高会使经济更加繁荣昌盛。It is believed that...“人们相信……”是一个习惯用法，it作形式主语，that引导的是主语从句。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Is there any________(办法) of contacting him?
2．Most of the students are in the 17-20 age________(范围)．
3．Those who favour the proposal are in the________(大多数)．
4．Statistics________(表明) that the world population has doubled.
5．It was becoming________(明显的) to me that she didn't like me.
6．He made a lot of money during the property________(繁荣)．
7．A new law has been brought in to discourage________(种族) prejudice.
8．Tom was________(推选) chairman, for he is hardworking and responsible.
9．A strong man will bear________(困苦) without complaining.
10．We have only a small________(百分率) of foreign books.
答案：1．means　2．range　3．majority　4．indicate　5．apparent　6．boom　7．racial　8．elected　9．hardship
10．percentageⅡ.用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空
compare with　all over the world　live on　by means of　in addition　settle in　make a life　by the time　keep up　before long
1．The kids used to live in a small village. It took them almost a year to________in a large city.
2．Jerry could not________and dropped out of the race.
3．________the storm stopped and the exploration team continued on its way.
4．________， friendship can enrich our life and broaden our outlook.5．He will die，but his fame will________after him.
6．She tried to explain________sign language，but we still couldn't understand what she meant.
7． Many Jewish people________the Lower East Side.
8．________the old one in energy-saving, our new model is superior.
9．We hope to cooperate with friends________.
10．________the ambulance had arrived，a crowd of onlookers had gathered.
答案：1．make a life　2．keep up　3．Before long　4．In addition　5．live on　6．by means of　7．settled in　8．Compared with　9．all over the world　10．By the time
Ⅲ.课文概述
根据课文内容进行填空，每空限填一词。
California, the third largest state in the USA, has the__1__of being multicultural. The Native Americans are believed to have crossed the Bering__2__to America by__3__of a land bridge. In the 18th century, the Spanish began to settle in California. Then from the year 1848, some gold miners came to this place to__4__a life, despite great__5__. By the year 1850 when California was__6__as the thirty-first__7__state of the USA, it was multicultural.
Today, Chinese-Americans are living in all parts of California, although a large__8__of them have chosen the“Chinatowns”. Other immigrants such as__9__， mainly fishermen as well as wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. Most recently, more people from Asia have settled here. And in future, there will be no distinct major__10__or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
1．________2．________3．________4．________
5．________6．________7．________8．________
9．________10．________
答案：1．distinction　2．Strait　3．means　4．make　5．hardship　6．elected　7．federal　8．percentage　9．Italians　10．racialUnit 1　 Section Ⅱ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．As soon as I'd got through________(海关)I felt at home.
2．Her parents are both________(社会主义者)．
3．He reported on the whole event to the________(副的)primer.
4．Go straight ahead and turn left at the second________(十字路口)．
5．The possibility that she might be wrong never even o________to her.
6．There were over 500________(申请人)for the job.
7．My little________(侄子)is very naughty.
8．It was a________that he knew nothing about the plan.
答案：1．customs　2．socialists　3．vice　4．crossing　5．occurred　6．applicants　7．nephew　8．apparent
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．All what is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.
________________________________________________________________________
2．What the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.
________________________________________________________________________
3．You can't imagine how excited were they when they received these nice Christmas presents.
________________________________________________________________________
4．That we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
________________________________________________________________________
5．The child is always lying，so none of us will believe no matter what he says.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：1．All what→What　2．What→That　3．were they→they were　4．That→Whether　5．no matter what→whatever
Ⅲ.完形填空
Yesterday I totally changed my views about life after a talk with one of my friends. He told me although he was in__1__， he was happy and__2__that it was because of something he saw in India.
A few years ago he was__3__feeling sad and was touring India. He said right in front of his very eyes, he saw an Indian mother__4__her child's right hand with a knife. The helpless__5__in the mother's eyes and the painful scream of the__6__four-year-old child still remained in his mind.
The __7__mother made the child disabled__8__he could go out on the streets to beg.__9__by the scene，he dropped a small piece of bread he was eating. And almost at once, several children__10__around his small piece of bread covered with sand，__11__bits from one another. It was the__12__reaction of hunger. He then went to the nearest bakery and bought every single loaf of bread.__13__he gave out the bread to the children (mostly disabled), he__14__cheers and bows from these__15__children. For the first time in his life, he understood__16__people could give up their __17__for a loaf of bread. He came to__18__how fortunate he was to be able to have a sound body, have a job，have a family, have the chance to __19__about food that didn't taste good, and have the many things that these people in front of him__20__dreamed of having. Perhaps life wasn't bad at all.
文章大意：当你目睹了别人的不幸时，你就会体会到自己是多么的幸运。
1．A．love　　　　 B．fun
C．debt D．work
答案：C　由作者的朋友后文中对印度挨饿的孩子的描述可知，尽管他日前的状况不是太好，但也是快乐的。in debt“负债”。in love“恋爱中”；in fun“开玩笑”；in work“有工作；在完成之中”。根据句意选C。
2．A．explained B．recalled
C．mentioned D．insisted
答案：A　朋友说明了尽管负债但很快乐的原因。explain“解释；说明”。recall“回忆；回想”；mention“提及；说起”；insist“坚持；强调”。
3．A．certainly B．really
C．seriously D．hardly
答案：B　他实在是太伤感，于是到印度旅行。
4．A．took off B．held up
C．brought down D．cut off
答案：D　为了把孩子变成残疾而切断孩子的右手。cut off“切断；断绝”；take off“拿掉；脱衣；起飞”；hold up“举起；支撑；阻挡；拦截”；bring down“打倒；击落”。
5．A．expression B．despair
C．impression D．anger
答案：A　expression“表情”。despair“绝望；失望”；impression“印象；感想”；anger“生气；愤怒”。根据句意应选expression。
6．A．naughty B．tiresome
C．innocent D．foolish
答案：C　母亲为了孩子今后的生存砍掉了孩子的右手，但是孩子却是无辜的。
7．A．strict B．upset
C．desperate D．crazy
答案：C　母亲之所以忍心砍掉自己孩子的右手，主要是因为对生活感到绝望。
8．A．unless B．so that
C．in case D．because
答案：B　此处so that表示目的。母亲使孩子变残疾的目的是让他能够到大街上乞讨。
9．A．Puzzled B．Attracted
C．Inspired D．Shocked
答案：D　从后面he dropped a small piece of bread he was eating来看，“我”的朋友当时很震惊。
10．A．gathered B．looked
C．sat D．turned
答案：A　gather around“围拢或聚集在……周围”。look around“环视；朝四周看”；sit around“坐在……周围”；turn around“回转；转向；使……向好的方向发展”。根据句意选A。
11．A．sharing B．taking
C．offering D．giving
答案：B　孩子围拢在面包周围的目的是争抢面包片。 take“取；抓；获得”。
12．A．mental B．physical
C．natural D．emotional
答案：C　孩子的举动是饥饿的一种自然反应。
13．A．Since B．Until
C．If D．As
答案：D　此处as表示“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句。
14．A．received B．accepted
C．heard D．refused
答案：A　当他把买来的面包分发给饥饿的孩子们的时候，受到孩子们的欢呼和鞠躬致敬。accept表示主观上愿意接受，不合文意。
15．A．polite B．fortunate
C．hungry D．exciting
答案：C　根据文章内容，应是饥饿的孩子们。
16．A．whom B．what
C．how D．when
答案：C　how引导宾语从句，说明方式。
17．A．honor B．work
C．effort D．dignity
答案：D　他生平第一次明白了人们是如何为了一片面包而放弃尊严的。dignity“尊严”。
18．A．think B．realize
C．understand D．conclude
答案：B　他开始意识到拥有健全的身体、工作、家庭……是多么幸运。
19．A．complain B．comment
C．argue D．decide
答案：A　从后面food that didn't taste good可以推知此处是指抱怨食物不好吃，故选complain。
20．A．even B．ever
C．never D．hardly
答案：C　作者的朋友意识到他所拥有的东西，面前的这些人从来都没有梦想过。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
Electric cars are dirty. In fact，not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins.
People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions(排放)vehicles”， but people in California seem to be_clueless_about where electricity comes from. Power plants most all use fire to make it. Apart from the few people who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (发电机). Generators are fueled by something—usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal(地热)plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something.
In other words，those “zero-emissions” cars are likely coal burning cars. Because the coal is burned somewhere else, it looks clean. It is not true. It's as if the California Greens are covering their eyes—“If I can't see it，it's not happening. ”Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle；a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas(or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity，you waste a nice part of that energy，mostly in the form of wasted heat—at the generator，through the transmission lines, etc..
A gallon of gas may drive your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far, so electric cars burn more fuel than gasoline-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from wind or geothermal, or solar，then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don't use much of those energy sources.
In addition, electric cars' batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it's a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated，but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot.
文章大意：很多人都认为电动汽车是非常环保的，加州人甚至普遍认为电动汽车是“零排放汽车”。事实确实如此吗？让我们读一读文章，从中寻找答案吧。
1．What's the main idea of the passage?
A．Electric cars aren't actually clean.
B．Electric cars are zero-emissions vehicles.
C．Zero-emissions vehicles are popular.
D．Gasoline-powered cars are more efficient.
答案：A　主旨大意题。文章的首段就点明了主题，即电动汽车并非清洁、无污染，因为电能的产生很多时候也要消耗大量的能源，造成十分严重的污染，故答案为A项。
2．Which of the following words can replace “be clueless about” in Paragraph 2?
A．be familiar with B．be curious about
C．fail to understand D．show their interest in
答案：C　词义猜测题。联系第二段内容可知，加州人之所以认为电动汽车是零排放的环保车，主要是因为他们没有理解或者忽视了电是从哪儿来的这个事实。故选“fail to understand”，表示“没有理解”。
3．The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run________.
A．at least 25 miles B．more than 25 miles
C．as far as 25 miles D．less than 25 miles
答案：D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A gallon of gas may drive your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far”可知答案为D项。
4．In the author's opinion，compared with cars using gas, electric cars are more________.
A．environmentally friendly B．expensive
C．efficient D．harmful
答案：D　推理判断题。综合全文尤其是第三段第五句和最后一段前两句可知，作者认为电动汽车比普通汽车造成的污染更为严重，对环境的破坏也更大。所以选择harmful“有害的”。
5．It can be inferred from the passage that________.
A．electric cars' batteries are poisonous for a long time
B．now electric cars are used more than their gasoline-powered cousins
C．zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment
D．electric cars are not clean in that we get electricity mainly by burning something
答案：D　推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句和第四段的第三句可知，获取电能如果是靠太阳能、地热或者风力等方式发电的话，电动汽车算是环保的，但是它们实际上现在主要还是靠烧煤、油等来发电，所以靠烧煤、油等发电的电动汽车并非真正意义上的环保车。
V．语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
【全国新课标卷题型】
It's the world's fastest growing economy and shows no sign of slowing down, so dealing with Chinese businesses is now the top task for every British company__1__wants to stay ahead in global trade. Now schools in the United Kingdom want to give__2__(they) students a start by teaching them Mandarin—and they are making it__3__(will)．
Richard Cairns, headmaster of Brighton College, describes__4__move as “all the more radical” as there is “only a handful” of native Chinese pupils studying at the College. Mr Cairns__5__(consider) something of a radical himself as he too will begin Mandarin classes in September—as a pupil in an ordinary class of students. He believes that__6__(teach) Mandarin is essential for his students that already have a good record in succeeding in business.__7__Mandarin added to a pupil's skills, that record can be kept and improved. He said: “One of my key tasks is to make sure pupils are equipped for the realities of the 21st century and one is that China has the fastest growing economy.”
The increase in popularity of Mandarin in__8__(compare) with Spanish has been the most surprising, with a 50 percent increase since 2001 to 2,062 candidates last year. Spanish attracted 2,561． It is predicted that__9__ that level of growth continues, the studying of Mandarin in the UK could overtake Spanish in__10__than five years.
1．______　2．______　3．______　4．______　5．______
6．______　7．______　8．______　9．______　10．______
答案：
1．that/which　这里用that/which引导定语从句。
2．their　主语是schools，故用their。
3．willingly　用副词做状语。
4．the　表特指应用定冠词the。
5．is considered　用被动语态表示“被认为”。
6．teaching　动名词短语teaching Mandarin做宾语从句的主语。
7．With　从本句后面的宾语补足语可以看出，这里要用介词，构成with复合结构。
8．comparison　这里用名词，构成in comparison with结构，表示“与……对比”。
9．if　这里表示假设。
10．less　这里强调学习汉语的人数增长之快，故应用less，表示在五年之内。
【辽宁卷题型】
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
W: Why did you decide to take a working holiday?
M: I wanted to experience__1__different culture, and a working holiday seemed like the best way to do__2__.
W: Where did you go and why?
M: I went to Canada because its working holiday programs accept people over the age of 30. I started in Vancouver because I__3__(establish) connections there already. I would probably stay in Vancouver throughout my working holiday for the__4__of convenience.
W: What were you most about__5__you left?
M: I was, and still am, a bit worried about__6__(find) a job when I return home to Taipei.
W: Where did you stay and work during your working holiday?
M: I got a house in Vancouver, and I worked__7__an assistant to a Chinese medicine doctor.
W: What was the__8__(big) challenge you faced?
M: I wondered about a lot of things before I left. I got a lot of assistance from my friends at church，__9__.So since I arrived in Canada, I haven't really run into any huge obstacles.
W: What was the most important lesson you learned?
M: I spent a lot of time alone there, so I had learnt to really appreciate who I am.
W：__10__you do it again?
M: For me, this is a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
1．______　2．______　3．______　4．______　5．______
6．______　7．______　8．______　9．______　10．______
答案：
1．a　考查冠词。此处泛指一种不同的文化，故用不定冠词a。
2．that　考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处that指代“to experience__a__different culture”。
3．had established　考查时态。分析句子结构可知，此处establish表示的动作发生在started这一过去的动作之前，故用过去完成时。
4．sake　考查名词。此处for the sake of为固定短语，表示“为获得(或保持)某物”。
5．before　考查连词。结合语境可知，此处表示“在……以前”，故用before。第8空下面的“I wondered about a lot of things before I left.”也有暗示。
6．finding　考查非谓语动词。由空格前的介词about可知，此处应用find的动名词形式。
7．as　考查介词。此处是固定短语work as，意为“从事……工作”。
8．biggest　考查形容词的最高级。结合语境并分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词的最高级。
9．though　考查副词。结合语境可知，此处though用于补充说明，使语气减弱了，意为“不过”。
10．Would　考查情态动词。结合下一句的答语可知，此处表示“你愿意再做一次吗？”，故用Would。
课件78张PPT。成才之路 · 英语路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索人教版 · 选修8(十二省区)A land of diversityUnit 1Section Ⅱ　Learning about LanguageUnit 1
Ⅰ.词汇过关
1．________ adj. 人种的，种族的
→________ n. 种族；赛跑
2．________ n. 申请人
→__________ n. 申请
→________ v. 申请；应用
3．________ n. 海关，关税
→________ n. 风俗，习俗racial
race
applicant
application
apply
customs
custom
4．________ n. 社会主义者
→__________ n. 社会主义
→________ adj. 社会的；社交的
5．________ vi. 发生，出现；突然想起
→同义词：_______，_________，________，_________socialist
socialism
social
occur happen take place break out come about
Ⅱ.短语自查
1．____________ 申请
2．____________ 组成
3．____________ 突然想到
4．____________ 除了apply for
consist of
occur to
except for
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．It didn't ____________ me that...
是的，我没想到……
2．______________________________ seemed as if it would take no time at all!
从一个大国穿越到另一个大国看起来似乎毫不费时。
答案：1．occur to　2．To make the crossing between these two great countriesⅣ.语法练习
用适当的连接词填空
1．________surprises me most is that he is too vain.
2．________cars will be parked in the future is a question.
3．________we will have a picnic depends on the weather.
4．________part of the country he will travel to needs discussing.
5．It has not been decided________will attend the meeting.
6．It is reported________a new film will be put on in the cinema.7．________Mike didn't turn up at the meeting yesterday made the chairman of the meeting unhappy.
8．________the President will attend the party or not is kept a secret.
9．It is necessary________he should learn about the whole matter.
10．________the little boy died in a baby-sitter center in Yuxi of Yunnan Province remains a mystery now.
答案：1．What　2．Where　3．When　4．Which　5．who　6．that　7．That　8．Whether　9．that　10．Why1．delight
(1)不可数名词“高兴，愉快”；可数名词“乐事，令人高兴的事情”。
She won the game easily, to the delight of all her fans.
她很轻松地赢得了这场比赛，令她所有的粉丝都很高兴。
This guitar is a delight to play.
这个吉他弹起来很惬意。
(2)用作及物动词“使高兴，愉快”。
His coming delighted all of us.
他的到来使我们都很高兴。
知识拓展
英语中有一些抽象名词，在一定的语境下可以转化为表示具体意义的名词，前面可以加不定冠词，即抽象名词具体化，可以这样用的名词还有：
success(成功的人/事)；failure(失败的人/事)；surprise(令人惊讶的人/事)；shame(带来耻辱的人/事)；comfort(令人感到安慰的人/事)；worry(令人感到烦恼的人/事)；beauty(美人或美丽的事)；envy(令人羡慕的人/事)；shock(令人感到震惊的人/事)；regret(令人感到遗憾的人/事)；pleasure(令人感到高兴的人/事)等等。
I want to give you a surprise.
我想给你一个惊喜。(3)delight相关的短语：
be delighted at/by... 因……而高兴
be delighted with... 喜欢……
take/find delight in... 以……为乐
be in high delight 非常高兴
to one's delight 使某人高兴的是……＝to the delight of sb.
with delight 高兴地
I am delighted at the news.
听到这个消息我很高兴。
You can find delight in reading.
你可以以读书为乐。
活学活用
完成句子
(1)使我高兴的是我可以为上海世博会做些事情了。
________ ________ ________，I can do something for the Shanghai World Expo.
(2)把我的压岁钱捐给贫穷儿童是件很惬意的事情。
Donating my lucky money to the poor children is________ ________.
(3)在新年晚会上，所有的孩子又唱又跳，非常高兴。
In the New Year's party，all the children are singing and dancing，________ ________ ________.
答案：(1)To my delight　(2)a delight　(3)in high delight2．applicant n. 申请人
There were five applicants for the position.
有5个人申请那个职位。
知识拓展
①apply vi. 申请；适用　vt. 应用；运用
②apply for 申请；请求
He has applied for a post in England.
他已申请在英国供职。③apply to 适用于
What you said doesn't apply to me.
你所说的并不适合我。
④apply oneself to 致力于；集中精力做……
⑤applied adj. 应用的；适用的
⑥application n. 应用；申请；申请表
What you said doesn't apply to me.
你所说的并不适合我。
He has applied for a post in England.
他已申请在英国供职。
活学活用
补全句子
我哥哥在北京申请了一份不错的工作。
My elder brother________ ________ ________ ________ ________in Beijing.
答案：applied for a well-paid job.3．occur vi. 发生，出现；存在于
The tragedy occurred only minutes after take-off.
这一悲剧在起飞后几分钟内就发生了。
It occurred to me to visit my parents.
我突然想去探望父母。
A good idea comes to me.
我突然想到一个好主意。
注意：occur通常和介词to搭配，表示“某人想起，想到”。比较网站
occur，happen，come about，take place与break out
在表示“发生”时这些词均为不及物动词，均没有被动语态形式。活学活用
(1)用上面四个词的恰当形式填空
①How did it________that people refused to buy watermelon?
②Should nuclear war________， what would become of human beings?
③When and where will the meeting____________？
④It________to me that we should write to our parents now and them.
答案：①come about　②break out　③take place　④occured
(2)补全句子
你曾想到用你的视觉去探视一位朋友或认识的人的内在本性吗？
Does it ever________ ________you to use your sight to see into the inner nature of a friend or acquaintance?
答案：occur to　Did it ever occur to you that...？为固定表达，表示“你可曾想到……？”consist of 由……组成(或构成)
①The society consists of 30 members.
这个协会有30个会员组成。
②Their diet consisted largely of vegetables.
他们的日常饮食以蔬菜为主。
知识拓展
consist in 存在于，在于
consist with 并存；一致；符合
①True education does not consist in simply being taught facts.
真正的教育并不在于简单地讲授知识。
②As is known to all, theory should consist with practice.
众所周知，理论应与实践相一致。
活学活用
补全句子
(1)考试分两部分：笔试和口试。
The exam consists________two parts: a written test and an oral.
答案：of
(2)在许多美国大学里，获得一个学位需要学习36门课程，每门课程则需一学期。
In many American universities, the total work for a degree ________________thirty-six courses, each________for one semester (学期)．
答案：consists of；lastingTo make the crossing between these two great countries seemed as if it would take no time at all!
从一个大国穿越到另一个大国看起来似乎毫不费时！
本句是一个主从复合句，不定式作主语，seemed后跟的是as if引导的状语从句。seem的意思是“似乎，好像，仿佛，看来”，现将其用法归纳如下：
①seem (to be)＋名词/形容词
②seem＋不定式(不定式有时用进行时或完成时)
③seem＋like＋名词
④It seems that...看起来……，似乎……
⑤There seems (to be)．..似乎有……
⑥It seems as if/though...似乎……(从句常用虚拟语气，如果所述情况实现的可能性较大，则从句用陈述语气)
It seems as if somebody is calling you.
好像有人在叫你。(陈述语气)
It seems as though he were very stupid.
他似乎很笨。(虚拟语气)
Mary seems (to be) a very clever girl.
玛丽看上去是一个非常聪明的女孩。活学活用
(1)补全句子
你好面熟，我似乎在什么地方见过你。
You look familiar to me.I seem________ ________ ________ you somewhere.
答案：to have seen
(2)According to the shopping list, there________ (seem)a dozen socks.
答案：seem to be　there seem(s) to be...“似乎有……”，seem的单复数形式由后面的名词决定。名词性从句用作主语、宾语和表语
名词性从句的功能相当于名词(词组)。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类：① 连接词：that, whether，if (不充当从句的任何成分)；② 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在句中担任主语，宾语或定语)；③ 连接副词：when, where, how, why(在句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。Ⅰ.名词性从句的分类：
1．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子；通常位于句末，句首则采用it作形式主语。注意，what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。
1)常以it作形式主语的句型有：
①It is＋形容词＋that...
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 ②It is＋名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)＋that...
It's a pity that we can't go.
很遗憾我们不能去。
③It is＋过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)＋that...
It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted.
有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。
④It appears/seems that...|It happens that...|It occurred to me that...|It turned out that...
It turned out that nobody remembered the address.
结果发现没人记得这地址。
⑤It doesn't matter that...|It makes no difference that...
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
她是否来这无关紧要。
2)当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?
他们明天不来很要紧吗？
3)当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
2．宾语从句
主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。
1)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。
①Glancing at her scornfully, he told her(that) the dress was sold.
他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。
②The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。
2)表示“心理活动”的形容词：afraid, anxious, aware, ashamed, annoyed, certain, confident, content, convinced, determined, disappointed, glad, happy, proud, pleased, sure, surprised, satisfied, thankful, worried等可以后接宾语从句。
①He was afraid that he would lose.
他担心会输。
②I am sure that I put the money in the box.
我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。
3)若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式，这种现象称为“否定转移”现象(此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never, seldom, hardly, little无此用法)。
①I don't think his decision is wise in reality.
实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。
②I don't believe that he is a dishonest man.
我认为他是个诚实的人。4)在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope等动词以及I'm afraid之后，可以采用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用not代替否定的宾语从句。
①—Do you believe the news stories?
—I believe so.
“你相信这个新闻故事吗？”“我相信。”
②—Has Anne got into university?
—I am afraid not.
“安妮上大学了吗？”“恐怕是没有。”
3．表语从句
在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。
1)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。
①句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.
她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
②句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that引导。
The result is that many of them become fat.
结果是他们中许多人发胖了。
③由why引导的从句作主语时。
Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible.
我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。
2)as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语气，也可采用直陈语气。
①It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
②She treats him as if he were a stranger.
她待他如陌生人。
Ⅱ.名词性从句考点归纳：
1．名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。
①I want to know what he has told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
②She always thinks of how she can work well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
2．it充当形式主语或宾语：
在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。
①It is known to us how he became a writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
②I find it strange that she doesn't want to travel.
她竟不想旅游， 我觉得很奇怪。
3．在名词性从句中 that与what的差异：
what在从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示“(＝the thing or things that...; whatever)……的事物； 无论什么；凡是……的事物”。that本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that常常省略。
①What you have done might do harm to others.
你所做的事或许对别人有害处。
②I spent what little time I had with my family.
我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。
③No one knows what will happen next.
谁也不知道下一步有什么事。
④I think(that) you will like the stamps.
我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。
4．whether和if的差异：
1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能采用whether。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
2)介词宾语只用whether引导。
He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling.
他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。
3)当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。
Whether he will come or not, I am not sure.
我无法确认他是否会来。
4)whether经常与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not。
I don't know whether or not he'll come.
我不知道他是来还是不来。
5)后接动词不定式时只能用whether。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
你能否告诉我是去还是留？
6)动词discuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。
We discussed whether we should close the shop.
我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。5．宾语从句和主句的时态呼应：
1)当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。
Will you tell me how I can keep fit?
能告诉我如何保持健康吗？
2)当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态。
Jack told me that he had been there twice.
杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。
3)当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时， 仍然采用一般现在时。
Long ago, people knew that there are four seasons in a year.
很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。6．连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句的含义：
1)whoever的用法：
①(＝the person or people who...)……的那个人
Whoever said that?
到底谁讲的这话？
②(＝any person who...)……的任何一个人
Tell whoever you like; it makes no difference to me.
你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁——对我来说都无所谓。 2)whatever的用法：
①(＝any or every)任何；每一
Take whatever action is needed.
采取任何必要的措施。
②(＝anything or everything)任何事物；一切事物
You must do whatever is best for you.
什么对你最有利你就得做什么。
③(表示做什么或发生什么都没关系，因为结果都一样)无论什么，不管什么
You have our support, whatever you decide.
不管你做何决定，都会得到我们的支持。
3)whichever的用法：
①(表示什么特征或品质在作决定时重要)……的那个；……的那些
Take whichever hat suits you best.
挑个最适合你戴的帽子。
②无论哪个；无论哪些
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.
你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。
7．虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用：
1)主语从句
It is necessary that he(should)come to see us.
他有必要来看望我们。
2)宾语从句
The teacher suggested that we(should)have a rest.
老师建议我们休息一会儿。
3)表语从句
My suggestion is that we(should)read English newspapers to improve our English.
我的建议是我们应该阅读英文报纸来提高我们的英语水平。8．it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that，被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。
①It's a pity that he missed the opportunity to travel abroad.
他错过了去国外旅游的机会，真是可惜。
②Who was it that won the World Cup in 2014?
谁赢得了2014年的世界杯？
典题赏析
用恰当词语填空
1．(真题改编·北京)The best moment for the football star was ________ he scored the winning goal.
答案：when　 考查表语从句的引导词。根据主句中的名词the best moment可知，空格处应表示指时间的词，故用when引导。句意：对于那个足球明星来说，最好的时刻就是他射中了制胜的一球而得分的那个时候。
2．(真题改编·福建)Pick yourself up. Courage is doing ________ you're afraid to do.
答案：what　考查名词性从句的引导词。根据句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且引导词在从句中作do的宾语，故用what引导。句意：振作起来吧。勇气能帮助你克服一切困难。
3．(真题改编·湖南)As John Lennon once said，life is ________ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.
答案：what　考查名词性从句。所填词引导表语从句，引导词作从句的主语，指物，用what。
4．(真题改编·山东)It is difficult for us to imagine________ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.
答案：what　考查名词性从句。句意：对我们来说，想象奴隶们在古代的生活是什么样子是很难的。空格处引导宾语从句，从句中be like后缺少表语，故用what引导。
5．(真题改编·四川)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said ，“That's ________ I was born.”
答案：where　本题考查表语从句的引导词。句意：奶奶指着那家医院说：“那就是我出生的地方。”由题干中的关键信息the hospital可知，此处是指“我出生的地方”，故要用where引导表语从句。
6．(真题改编·浙江)“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is ________ my mother used to tell me.
答案：what　本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：“每次你吃甜东西，喝点绿茶。”这是过去妈妈经常对我说的话。分析结构可知，此处考查的是表语从句的引导词。从句缺少tell的一个宾语。
7．(真题改编·陕西)It remains to be seen ________ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
答案：whether　本题考查名词性从句。句意：那仍然得看新形成的委员会政策能否付诸实践。it在此为形式主语，故seen后为真正的主语从句，又由remains to be seen可知存在不确定的意思，所以用whether是否。
8．(真题改编·天津)________I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.
答案：What　本题考查名词性从句。句意：我想要告诉你的是我对我的父母的深深的爱与尊重。分析句子成分，is是系动词，the deep love and respect是表语，is前的从句为主语从句。在这个主语从句中，tell后要跟双宾语，所以tell you后缺一个宾语，名词性从句缺宾语，要用what 来引导，故选D项。
9．(真题改编·重庆)________ struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
答案：What　本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：电影中最打动我的是那位父亲对他儿子的深深的爱。分析结构可知，________struck me most in the movie为主语从句，从句缺少主语，用what引导。
10．(真题改编·四川)________ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.
答案：What　本题考查名词性从句中连词的用法。因为本题主语从句中said缺少宾语，而且主句中describes缺少主语，故选择what作兼语成分。
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
1．________he will come hasn't been decided.
2．________we do must be in the interests of the people.
3．________surprised me most was that she didn't even know where the difference between the two lines.
4．It worried her a bit________her hair was turning grey.
5．The difficulty we now meet with is________we can persuade him to tell us the truth.
6．Pudong Developmental Zone is no longer________it used to be.7．He was born in 1821 in a rich family in________is now the state of Virginia.
8． We haven't decided to take your proposal yet. All depends on________it is practical.
9．________made the school proud was ________more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities.
10．I was surprised by her words，________made me recognize________silly mistakes I had made.
答案：1．Whether/How/When　2．Whatever　3．What
4．that　5．how　6．what　7．what　8．whether　9．What；that　10．which；whatⅡ.将下列句子改为含有名词性从句的复合句
1．English is being accepted as an international language.It is a fact.
______________________________________________
2．It is generally considered unwise to give a child everything he or she wants.
______________________________________________
3．It used to be a quiet village. I still remember that time.
______________________________________________
4．He is said to go abroad and marry an American girl next week.
______________________________________________
5．He should report this accident to the police at once. This is my suggestion.
______________________________________________
答案：1． It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
2．It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
3．I still remember when it used to be a quiet village.
4．It is said that he will go abroad and marry an American girl next week.
5．My suggestion is that he should report this accident to the police at once.Unit 1　 Section Ⅲ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．5,000 head of ________(牛) died of the disease in one month.
2．There's room for one more piece of ________(行李)．
3．They ________(插入) a tube in his mouth to help him breathe.
4．Today we ________(哀悼) for all those who died in the two World Wars.
5．The rocks stick out of the water at a 45-degree ________(角)．
6．I have no doubt that the man is guilty and that he deserves the ________(惩罚)．
7．The driver had to b ________suddenly to avoid a dog on the road.
8．She now has a ________over the people who used to be her bosses.
9．I don't think you've quite g ________the seriousness of the situation.
10．The children's poor health was a ________from their physical appearance.
答案：1．cattle　2．luggage　3．inserted　4．mourn　5．angle　6．punishment　7．brake　8．authority　9．grasped　10．apparent
Ⅱ.用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空

1．When planting seedlings I prefer to ________the rows in advance.
2．This book is so difficult that I'm tired; I can't ________what the author means.
3．Water is said to ________oxygen and hydrogen.
4．It all happened ________years ago, so none of us can remember it.
5．The university is ________a school in England for the research project.
6．I didn't ________her because she always seems to be in a fog.
7．He would prefer to meet me downstairs ________upstairs.
8．I ________going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.
9．He made up his mind to ________ membership in the Party.
10．Did it ever ________you that we might take a new step forward?
答案：1．mark out　2．take in　3．consist of　4．a great many　5．teaming up with　6．vote for　7．rather than　8．feel like　9．apply for　10．occur to
Ⅲ.完成句子
根据相关的汉语提示，完成下列句子。每空仅限一个单词。
1．他直接前往巴黎，未在任何地方停留过。
He ________ ________to Paris without stopping anywhere.
2．当潜水者去探险时，他们就开始进入了一个全新的领域。
The divers enter into a whole new world when they ______ ________.
3．在中国，BBC电台已和新浪网联手给英语学习者提供类似的学习机会，使他们即使在上班途中也能学习英语。
In China, the BBC has ________ ________with Sina.com to provide English learners with similar opportunities ________ ________they can learn English while traveling to work.
4．他们用白漆把网球场地划了出来。
They ________ ________the tennis court with white paint.
5．我的酒店在哪里？我该走哪条路呢？
Where is my hotel? Which is______ ________ ________ ________？
6．你的谎言骗不了我。
I am not to be ________ ________by your lies.
7．你对本市的各地都已经很了解了吗？
Do you have ________ ________ ________ ________where everything is at in town?
8．我们上星期才搬的家，还没安顿下来呢。
We only moved house last week and we haven't ________ ________yet.
9．她已和许多人一起申请参加训练。
________ ________ ________many others, she______ ________a training place.
10．请等一等就轮到为您服务了。
Please wait until______ ________ ________ ________to be served.
答案：1．went straight　2．go exploring　3．teamed up; so that
4．marked out　5．the way to go　6．taken in　7．a good idea of　8．settled in　9．In common with; applied for　10．it is your turn
Ⅳ.完形填空
I went straight to my personal doctor and he took a blood sample. I was really__1__when he told me it showed a lack of vitamin D because I always thought I was very healthy.
Looking at the__2__of the blood test, he said my levels were very low. He said that I had probably had a lack of vitamin D__3__I wasn't getting enough sunlight. That__4__a lot of sense.
For the past few months I had__5__seen the sun. As a(n) __6__， every day I had been in the theater or in a film studio, so I had__7__to receive enough natural light. And working in a theater and performing most evenings also__8__I got up later than most people. It was like I had been living in a__9__time zone from someone else.
My doctor said I__10__to take vitamin D，__11__I went to the chemist's and got a vitamin D spray(喷雾). All I had to do was spray it into my__12__once a day. That__13__the vitamin D was absorbed quickly into my body.
My doctor had said I would__14__a difference within three months but almost right away I felt better and my energy levels increased__15__. It was strange how simple my__16__had been, but what a huge effect it had__17__my life—it made me so tired!
Strangely, after my experience, I__18__seeing a lot of things on TV about vitamin D and lack of sun. I have__19__taking vitamin D, so__20__that will stop it from happening again.
文章大意：本文讲述的是作者是一名演员，因为经常在室内工作，导致吸收阳光不够，从而得了维生素D缺乏症。
1．A．satisfied　　　　 B．bored
C．excited D．shocked
答案：D　逻辑推理题。听到自己得了维生素D缺乏症，作者当然感到震惊。
2．A．results B．causes
C．effects D．processes
答案：A　背景常识题。根据上文提到的took a blood sample可推断，此处是指血液的检测结果。
3．A．if B．because
C．when D．though
答案：B　句式结构题。医生说作者得了维生素D缺乏症是因为很少见阳光，故表示原因。
4．A．got B．offered
C．received D．made
答案：D　习语搭配题。make sense是固定短语，表示“有意义、讲得通”，承接下文，表示作者承认医生说得对。
5．A．regularly B．usually
C．hardly D．nearly
答案：C　逻辑推理题。根据上文作者对医生的诊断认可，可推断作者几乎没有晒到太阳。
6．A．musician B．teacher
C．actor D．manager
答案：C　逻辑推理题。根据下文I had been in the theater or in e film studio与working in a theater and performing most evenings可知作者应该是名演员。
7．A．tried B．failed
C．managed D．refused
答案：B　逻辑推理题。正因为作者每天都在室内工作，所以他未能吸收足够的阳光。
8．A．suggested B．expected
C．supposed D．meant
答案：D　逻辑推理题。经常晚上演出也就意味着他起得比大多数人晚，也是未能吸收到足够阳光的原因。
9．A．different B．similar
C．strange D．good
答案：A　逻辑推理题。因为比大多数人起得晚，所以活动的时间段就与别人不一样。
10．A．forgot B．wanted
C．needed D．decided
答案：C　背景常识题。因为作者得了维生素D缺乏症，医生说他有必要补充维生素D，所以就去买了能补充维生素D的药品。
11．A．but B．so
C．or D．for
答案：B　句式结构题。承接上半句话，表示因果关系，用so。
12．A．nose B．eye
C．ear D．mouth
答案：D　逻辑推理题。根据上文可知，作者买的是维生素D的喷雾，需要每天喷到嘴里一次，才能被身体快速吸收。
13．A．way B．moment
C．point D．case
答案：A　逻辑推理题。在此是名词短语作状语，that way表示“那种方式”。
14．A．take B．see
C．feel D．catch
答案：C　词汇复现题。此处指服药之后见效快，即：服药三个月感觉就不同了。
15．A．deeply B．immediately
C．mostly D．generally
答案：B　逻辑推理题。根据almost right away I felt better可知是立刻就感觉到了。
16．A．problem B．lesson
C．plan D．wish
答案：A　背景常识题。作者得了维生素D缺乏症，属于身体的问题。
17．A．for B．in
C．to D．on
答案：D　习语搭配题。在此是固定短语have a huge effect on，表示“对……有很大影响”。
18．A．avoided B．considered
C．started D．continued
答案：C　逻辑推理题。根据上文的Strangely，after my experience可推断，作者应该开始关注维生素D缺乏症这种常识。
19．A．put off B．kept on
C．given up D．felt like
答案：B　逻辑推理题。根据下文that will stop it from happening again可推断，作者坚持服用，以免再复发。
20．A．hopefully B．personally
C．sadly D．importantly
答案：A　背景常识题。承接上半句话，表示服用的目的是希望不复发。
Ⅴ.短文改错
阅读短文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线(划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1． 每处错误仅限1词；2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Li Hua and I were neighbours and we went to same school. We always went to school together. We were good friend and had a great deal to share with every day. However, one day, Li Hua copied my homework, which made me such angry that I did not want to be friends with him any long. Then on Monday morning I ran downstairs without realize it was raining, but there was no time to return home to fetch an umbrella. It happens that Li Hua was just around the corner and offered to share her umbrella with me. He made an apology to me in a gently voice. I forgave him but gave him a hug.
答案：
Li Hua and I were neighbours and we went to  same school. We always went to school together. We were good  and had a great deal to share with every day. However, one day, Li Hua copied my homework, which made me  angry that I did not want to be friends with him any . Then on Monday morning I ran downstairs without  it was raining, but there was no time to return home to fetch an umbrella. It  that Li Hua was just around the corner and offered to share  umbrella with me. He made an apology to me in a  voice. I forgave him  gave him a hug.
Ⅳ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The First Americans
There was a time long ago when a land bridge connected Asia and North America.The first settlers in North America crossed this land bridge from what is now Siberia to Alaska.The people who made this initial crossing were probably following the animals they used for food.
Finally, the oceans rose and the land bridge between the continents disappeared.The settlers, who I shall call the “First Americans”， could not return to their homeland. __1__
For the next few thousand years, the First Americans moved south and east throughout North and South America.They made the journey all the way from Alaska to the southern tip of South America, a distance of more than 10,000 miles. __2__
In the far north, above the Arctic Circle, the First Americans became hunters of the ocean. __3__ In the summer, they gathered berries and other plants.In the winter, they stayed in lodges much of the time preparing for the next summer.It was a hard life, but they learned to survive in these terrible conditions.
Farther south, in what is now Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, the First Americans became cliff dwellers.They began by living in caves that already existed in the cliffs. __4__ The dwellings they built in many ways resembled today's apartment buildings.
__5__ They built a system of dams and canals so they could store and use water almost any time of the year.They were so successful that they could raise fruits and vegetables that were not found naturally in the desert.
A．They also discovered foods like corn and potatoes.
B．Along the way, they established many different civilizations.
C．They discovered how to add to the caves by building structures of wood and stone.
D．People living near each other tended to share similar environments and customs.
E．They built boats of animal skins and hunted or fished for their food.
F．They would have to survive in the New World they had discovered.
G．The First Americans of the Southwest learned to water the desert.
1． __________　2． __________　3． __________
4． __________　5． __________
答案：
1．F　根据上句The settlers, who I shall call the “First Americans”， could not return to their homeland.说明他们无法回去了，那么不得不在这个新的世界幸存下来，故F项符合上下文。
2．B　根据上句They made the journey all the way from Alaska to the southern tip of South America, a distance of more than 10,000 miles.说明他们一直在迁移，在迁移的途中，建立了多种文明，故B项符合上下文。
3．E　根据上一句In the far north, above the Arctic Circle, the First Americans became hunters of the ocean说明他们求生的方法就是捕猎，故E项符合上下文。
4．C　根据上句They began by living in caves that already existed in the cliffs.说明是指他们生活的方式也方式了变化，故C项符合上下文。
5．G　根据下一句They built a system of dams and canals so they could store and use water almost any time of the year.说明他们学会了如何管理水源，故G项符合上下文。
课件85张PPT。成才之路 · 英语路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索人教版 · 选修8(十二省区)A land of diversityUnit 1Section Ⅲ　Using Language Unit 1Ⅰ.词汇过关
1．__________(vt.) 指出；表明；暗示
→__________(n.) 指示，标志
→__________(n.) 指示物(器)；指示者
2．________(n.) 行李
→(同义词)_________<美>行李
3．__________(adj.)显而易见的；显然的；表面上的
→__________(adv.)indicate
indication
indicator
luggage
baggage
apparent
apparently4．________(v.)申请；使用
→__________(n.)申请人
5．__________(n.)处罚，惩罚
→________(vt.) 惩罚
6．________(n.)正义；公平
→________(adj.)正义的；公正的；合理的
7．________(v.)改革；革新
→__________(n.)改革家apply
applicant
punishment
punish
justice
just
reform
reformist
8．___________(n.)(公车)售票员；列车员；(车队)指挥
→___________(v.)指导，指挥；管理
9．occur (vi.)发生；出现
→___________________________(同义词或短语)
10．slip (vi.) 滑动，滑行→________/________(过去式，过去分词)(n.) 滑动，滑倒conductor
conduct
take place/happen/come about slipped slipped Ⅱ.短语自查
1．be shaped like ______________
2．draw/make a distinction________________
3．a good/great many ______________
4．apply for ______________
5．reform the system ______________
6．背靠背 ______________
7．做评论 ______________
8．与……合作或一起工作______________
9．用线画出范围；标出……界线______________
10．包括；吸收；理解；欺骗________________形状像……　
区分
许多；很多
申请；请示得到
改革体制
back to back
make a comment
team up withmark out take in
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．________ a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car.
同饭店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)做伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。
2．There's a fascinating drive ______________ for tourists.
有一种专为旅游者选定的驾车游活动。
答案：1．Teamed up with　2．marked outⅣ.语篇理解
Fill in the blanks according to the text GEORGE'S DIARY 12TH-14TH JUNE.
GEORGE'S DIARY 12TH-14TH JUNE答案：1．Bus　2．San　Francisco　Bay　3．Fisherman's　Wharf　4．Exhausted　5．79km round-trip　6．Chinatown　7．museum　8．Ferry　9．Angel Island　10．the Golden Gate Bridge　11．Thoughtful2．slip v．滑落；滑倒；悄悄疾行；溜；滑动；滑行　n．滑倒；差错；滑动
①As he ran up the stairs，his foot slipped and he fell.
他上楼梯时脚一滑摔倒了。
②The thief slipped out by the back door.
那个小偷从后门溜走了。
③One slip and you could fall to your injury.
滑倒一下你可能就会摔伤。
④He recited the whole poem without a single slip.
他准确无误地背完了整首诗。
知识拓展
slip out 无意说出
slip up 疏忽；不小心出错
a slip of the tongue口误
活学活用
(1)选词填空(slip/slide)
Boys and girls，don't throw watermelon skins about！Others might________over them and fall down.
答案：slip　句意：孩子们，不要到处乱扔西瓜皮！别人踩上会滑倒摔跤的。slip“滑动；滑行；摔跤”，符合题意。
(2)补全句子
抱歉我说了那件事，只是无意中说出的。
I'm sorry I said that.It just________ ________.
答案：slipped out
3．hirevt. 租用；雇用　n. 租用；租金
①Can I hire the car for three days?
我能租这辆汽车用三天吗？
②The cost includes the hire of the hall.
费用包括礼堂租金。
知识拓展
let out sth. on hire 出租某物
be in the hire of sb. 为某人所雇用
work for hire 当雇工
a hired farmhand 雇农
For Hire 空车(出租车的标示)
for/on hire 出租
比较网站
hire, employ与rent
She hasn't been employed (＝has not had a job) for six months now.
她现在已半年没有工作了。
Is that your own computer, or do you rent it?
这电脑是你自己的，还是租来的？
活学活用
(1)完成句子
①他父亲雇了一个园艺师种花。
His father________a gardener to plant flowers.
②我哥哥经常在夏天租船去钓鱼。
During the summer，my brother often________a boat and goes fishing.
答案：①hired　②hires
(2)It is said that the headmistress________(hire)three months ago will soon________(fire)．
答案：hired; be fired　句意：据说三个月前受聘的那位女校长很快就要被解雇。hire表示“雇用”；fire表示“解雇”。第一个空是过去分词作定语表示被动，第二个空用被动语态表示被解雇。
4．authority n. 权威；权力；当局；官方
①He is an authority on English.
他是英语方面的权威。
②You don't have any authority for entering this house. It's private.
你们没有权力进入这所房子，这是住宅。
③The authorities have taken measures to protect the trees.
当局已经采取措施保护这些树。
知识拓展
①abuse one's authority 滥用职权
②be an authority on 在……方面是权威
③by the authority of 蒙……的许可
④have authority over 对……有权力
⑤in authority 权力；当权(地位)
活学活用
补全句子
(1)家长对他们的孩子具有法律权益。
Parents________legal________ ________their children.
(2)这里谁管事？
Who is ________ ________here?
(3)他是法国文学方面的权威。
He is________ ________ ________French literature.
(4)他们无权封闭河道。
They________ ________ ________ ________close the canal.
答案：(1)have；authority over　(2)in authority　(3)an authority on　(4)have no authority to
5．reform vt.& vi.改革；革新；改造　n．[C，U]改革；改造；改良
①They've reformed the education system to fit in with the new situation.
他们改革了教育制度，以适应新的形势。
②The reform in teaching methods is warmly welcomed by students.
教学方法的改革受到了学生们的热烈欢迎。
知识拓展
reform the healthcare system　改革医疗保健制度
reform oneself　改过自新
education reform　教育改革
a reform in teaching methods　教学方法的改革
活学活用
补全句子
我尽量使他改过自新，但是徒劳无功。
I tried________ ________ ________，but in vain.
答案：to reform him6．grasp vt.抓住；领会　n．(常用单数)紧抓；领会；能力所及
①Make sure you grasp the rope with both hands.
一定要用双手抓紧绳索。
②They failed to grasp the full significance of his remarks.
他们没有领会他的话的全部意义。
③She grasped at his coat as he rushed past her.
他从她身边冲过去时，她使劲抓住了他的上衣。
④Peace was not completely beyond his grasp.
和平并非完全是他力所不及的事。知识拓展
(1)grasp sb. by the shoulders/arm/hand
抓住某人的肩膀/胳膊/手
grasp a chance/an opportunity抓住机会
grasp at sth.尽力抓住……
(2)have a good/poor grasp of...对……理解得很好/差
within one's grasp
为某人力所能及的；为某人所能理解的
beyond one's grasp＝beyond the grasp of sb.
为某人所不能理解的；为某人力所不及的
活学活用
(1)补全句子
①如果想成功，我们必须抓住每一个机会。
We must________ ________ ________if we are to succeed.
②看来你对这个题目理解得很透彻。
You seem to________ ________ ________ ________ ________the subject.
答案：①grasp every opportunity　②have a good grasp of
(2)用恰当词语填空
—Have you passed the English exam?
—Well，success is ________my grasp.
答案：within　句意：——你这次英语考试及格了吗？——噢，成功在我的掌控之中(即考试及格了)。within one's grasp在某人的控制之中。
7．nowhere adv.无处；到处都无
This animal is found in Australia，and nowhere else.
这种动物生长在澳大利亚，别处没有。
知识拓展
get/go nowhere毫无进展
nowhere to be found/seen哪儿也找不到/看不到
nowhere in sight不可能看见
get sb.nowhere(让某人)毫无进展活学活用
完成句子
(1)上星期六他什么地方都没去。
He went________last Saturday.
(2)我们就此事讨论了一上午，结果毫无进展。
We discussed it all morning but________ ________.
(3)如果你事事都为你儿子去做，就会让他毫无进展。
If you do everything for your son，you'll________ ________ ________.
答案：(1)nowhere　(2)got/went nowhere　(3)get him nowhere1．team up with 与……合作或一起工作
①They team up with another family to rent a house.
他们与另一家合租一所房子。
②The two companies have teamed up to produce new software.
两家公司联手生产新软件。
③He teamed up with a friend and set up a trade business.
他与一个朋友联合， 做起了买卖。
知识拓展
cooperate with 与……合作
If you can cooperate with each other, everything should run smoothly.
如果你们能互相配合，一切都会顺利的。
活学活用
补全句子
他情愿独自经商，而不愿与人合伙。
He preferred to go into business alone rather than to________ ________ ________anyone else.
答案：team up with　句意：team up (with sb.) 表示“合作；(与某人)结成一队”。
2．mark out画线；标出……的界限；选出；选定
①A volleyball court had been marked out on the grass.
排球场已经在草坪上画了出来。
②Who will be marked out for this intensive training?
谁将被选定参加这期强化训练？
知识拓展
mark down记下；(商品)减价；给低分
mark for life留下终生的伤痕
mark off划出(界限，范围)；划分开
mark up提高；标记
mark with以……为标记；以……表明
make a mark做记号
Just a moment.Let me mark down your name and address.
等一下，让我把你的姓名和地址记下来。
Gas has been marked up recently.
最近汽油已涨价。活学活用
(1)补全句子
①城市的很多街道已被标出来要拓宽。
Many streets in this city have been________ ________for extension.
②他的三幅画已被选定供展览。
Three of his paintings________ ________ ________ ________for exhibition.
答案：①marked out　②have been marked out
(2)The children went out together and________ ________(画出界线)a tennis court on the lawn.
答案：marked out　句意：孩子们一起出去了，在草坪上画了个网球场。mark out“画出界线”。
3．take in
(1)包括；囊括；包含
You can also take in some of the notable architectural monuments.
你也可以将一些著名的纪念性建筑包括在参观的项目中。
(2)欺骗；蒙骗
Don't be taken in by his charm—he's ruthless.
不要被他那迷人的风度所蒙蔽，其实他冷酷无情。
(3)理解；领会；记住
I couldn't take in the meaning of the word.
我不能够理解这个词的含义。
(4)吸入，吞入(体内)
Fish take in oxygen through their gills.
鱼用鳃吸取氧气。知识拓展
①take down取下；记下；拆卸
②take on开始雇用；呈现；受欢迎
③take back收回；使回想起
④take off脱下；起飞；开始成功
⑤take for认为；误认为
⑥take...as...把……理解为/当作
⑦take over接管；接任
⑧take out带……出去
⑨take apart拆开
⑩take up占据；开始做活学活用
(1)用take短语填空
①(真题改编·辽宁)Briggs will ________ ________as general manager when Mitchell retires.
答案：take over　考查动词短语的用法。句意：Mitchell退休后，Briggs将会接管当总经理。
②Once they are out on the street, the cars will________air and replace it with poison gases.
答案：take in　句意：汽车一旦出厂开到大街上，就会吸进空气，排出有毒气体。take in表示“吸入，吞入(体内)”。
(2)完成句子
①变色龙可以变成周围环境的颜色。
The chameleon can________ ________the colours of its background.
②给我开了一些止痛药片。
I was given some pills to________ ________the pain.
答案：①take on　②take away4．a great/good many许多；很多
①Today a great many students were absent.
今天有不少学生缺席。
②A great many problems have arisen.
许多问题已经出现了。
③A great many of us don't like speaking English in class.
我们当中许多人不喜欢在课堂上讲英语．
④A great many of the guests joined the picnic in the courtyard.
许多客人加入到院子里的野餐．
注意：a great many后一般不用of，但后接代词或所修饰的名词前有定冠词the，后接指示代词these，those，物主代词my，their等时，需接of。答案：(1)a great many　(2)a great deal of
(3)A good many of1．Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.
他曾经目睹了一起可怕的交通事故：一辆轨道车刹车失灵，售票员控制不了局面，这辆轨道车连同拉车的马一起从山上滑了下来，很明显这让他感到震惊。
(1)本句的主句是apparently he'd been shocked。when引导时间状语从句，该从句含有in which引导的定语从句，修饰accident。in which引导的定语从句中又有三个并列分句：a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation和the tram slipped down the hill。
(2)现在分词短语dragging the horses with it在此作伴随状语。现在分词(短语)在句中作状语还可表示时间、条件、原因、方式、结果等，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。
She greeted me, smiling.
她笑着与我打招呼。
He left, saying nothing.
他什么也没说就离开了。
巧学助记
现在分词(短语)与其逻辑主语是主谓关系；过去分词(短语)与其逻辑主语是动宾关系。
Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help.
由于没有足够的人手，我们向他们寻求帮助。
Taught by the teacher, they had made great progress.
在老师的教导下，他们取得了很大的进步。
活学活用
________(know)which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
答案：Not knowing　本题考查非谓语动词的用法。本题中know与其逻辑主语之间的关系为主谓关系，not 否定分词时要放于其前面，故填not knowing。
2．Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them.
悲惨的境遇对他们来说似乎是一种惩罚而谈不上公正和自由。
rather than 表示“而不是”，是一个并列连词，常用于“平行结构”中，它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。 (1)连接两个名词或代词
He is an explorer rather than a sailor.
与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。
(2)连接两个形容词
The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.
与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。
(3)连接两个介词短语
We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.
我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 (4)连接两个动名词
She enjoys singing rather than dancing.
她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。
(5)连接两个不定式
①I decided to write rather than(to)telephone.
我决定写信而不打电话。
②Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price.
他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。(注：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。) (6)连接两个动词
He ran rather than walked.
他是跑来的，而不是走来的。
(7)连接两个分句
We should help him rather than he should help us.
是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。
知识拓展
would do...rather than do.../would rather do...than do...宁愿做……而不愿做……
prefer to do...rather than do...更愿意做……而不愿做……活学活用
(1)翻译句子
①她宁愿死也不愿背叛国家。
______________________________________________
②我更愿意在家呆着，不想去购物。
______________________________________________
答案：①She would die rather than betray her country. (She would rather die than betray her country. )
②I prefer to stay at home rather than go shopping.
(2)—You seemed to be impressed by his skill.
—Not exactly. It was his courage________(而不是)his skill that really impressed me.
答案：rather than　句意：“你好像对他的技能印象深刻。”“不完全是，是他的勇气而非技能真正使我印象深刻。”rather than“而不是”，符合题意。写作指导
本单元的写作任务是学会描写某一地方的短文，此类写作多属说明文。因此应注意说明文的特点，应按照一定的顺序来写。首先对其进行总体介绍，然后依次描写其位置、面积、周边环境、交通、人口、历史、特色等，最后进行结尾。
常用词汇
1．位置(location)：
1)lies in/to/on...
2)There lies...
3)is located/situated in
4) stretches along...
5)at the foot of
2．面积(area)：
1) covers an area of...
2) takes up...
3)has an area of...
4)with an area of...
5)the size of our city is...3．周边环境(surroundings)：
1) faces
2) surrounded by...
3)There stands...
4．交通(transportation)：
1)It is very convenient for...
2)The best/nearest way to... is...
3)It takes... to take a taxi from..to...
4)It is only a few bus stops from...
It is within easy reach，not far from highway.5．人口(population)：
1)has a population of...
2)with a population of...
3)The population of... is...
4)Forty percent of the population are...
5)There are...
6．历史(history)：
1)has a history of...
2)with a history of...
3)has witnessed too much...in history
4)old village for...years
7．名胜(places of interest)：
1)is rich in
2)is known as...
3)is famous for...
4)is home to...
5) attracts...
6)... is a feast for the mind as well as the eyes.
8．特色(something special)：
1) The place is famous for...
2)The special character of the place is...
3)Something special of the place is...
4)be native to.../a native of...话题导入
假设你是李华，是西安某宾馆的接待员。有一批外国游客刚刚抵达。请你用英语向他们简要介绍一下西安的情况。主要内容包括：
注意：1．词数：100～120。
2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
写作词汇热身
1．排行，等级________
2． 拥有……人口________
3． 名胜古迹________
4．从……角度讲________
写作表达练习
1．在中国整个历史中，有13个王朝曾把西安当作首都。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2．西安是拥有700万人口的大城市。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3．从接受高等教育方面讲，西安排全国第四。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
参考答案
写作词汇热身：1．rank 　2．with a population of　3．places of interest　4．in terms of
写作表达练习：1．Throughout China's long history, thirteen dynasties made Xi'an their capital.　2．It's a city of large size with a population of over 7,000,000.　3．Xi'an ranks the fourth in the country in terms of higher education.名师点评
本文达到了描写地点的四项基本要求：基本特征；遵循一定的顺序，运用恰当的方法进行说明；语言准确无误；用列数字、作比较等明确说明了介绍的地点，条理清楚，脉络分明，语言平实，通俗易懂。
用了一些比较高级的结构，如：Xi'an has been developing rapidly. What's more, the city is very beautiful and enjoys an agreeable climate.等，增加了文章的文采，使所写内容打动读者，达到最佳的表达效果。Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．A signpost________(指出)the right road for us to follow.
2．I wouldn't advise stopping the car—there is________(没地方)to park.
3．We are________(感激)to you for all your help.
4．We'll attach the label to our________(行李)．
5．The ship________(滑行)through the water.
答案：1．indicated　2．nowhere　3．thankful　4．luggage　5．slipped
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示完成句子
1．________ ________ ________ ________(我突然想起) that I didn't have my ID card with me.
2．It's a great experience to________ ________ ________ (与……合作)such a hard-working man.
3．The school has been asked to________ ________(标出……的界线)an area for children to play games.
4．________ ________ ________ ________(背靠背站着) and you will find something different.
5．The tuition________ ________(包括)the cost of food and accommodation at college.
答案：1．It occurred to me　2．team up with　3．mark out
4．Stand back to back　5．takes inⅢ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．Mr Liu is a supporter of________；he is totally a________. (social)
2．He________the children for their carelessness and the ________was too severe. (punish)
3．________，she took no notice of the________mistakes in the accident. (apparent)
4．He________that I should give him some________of how I did in the test. (indicate)
5．All the________can________in person or by letter and at the same time should hand in their________before May 5th.(apply)
答案：1．socialism；socialist　2．punished；punishment　3．Apparently；apparent　4．indicated；indications　5．applicants；apply；applications