译林版（2019） 必修 第二册Unit 4 Exploring literature Grammar and usage—Modal verbs 学案（含答案）
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Period 3 Grammar and usage—Modal verbs
阅读以下语段，感悟黑体单词，并把序号填入表格内。
“What ①shall I read？” You ②might have asked yourself this question more than once.If you are not sure what to read，you ③can get ideas from different sources，but it is also important to develop your own taste.
To start with，ask your friends，parents and teachers to recommend what books you ④ought to read.Most people will be happy to share their favourite books with others.Teachers in particular ⑤can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials that ⑥can be found in the library or bookshop easily.You ⑦could also read book reviews in newspapers，in magazines or online.A book review ⑧can often tell you whether a book is worth reading or not.
These ideas ⑨should point you in the right direction.However，you ⑩must also decide for yourself what kind of books to read.You do not have to read a book just because everyone recommends it.Instead，look for books on topics that interest you.Take time to look through the collections in different sections of your local library，and you are likely to come across books you love to read.Over time，you may find yourself better able to seek out books to your taste and enjoy reading all the more.
Suggestion
Ability
Necessity
Possibility
[自主发现]
以上黑体单词均为情态动词(Modal verbs)；其后必须要接动词原形；可以用来表示建议、推测、能力或必要性。
一、概述
情态动词本身有一定的词义，通常跟动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的看法或主观设想。常见的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，ought to，shall，should，will和would。另外，dare，need，have to和used to也具有情态动词的某些特性。
二、情态动词的基本用法
1．can与could的用法
(1)表示能力，此时could 是can 的过去式，意思相当于be able to。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn’t last year.
我奶奶会网购了，但是去年她还不会。
[疑难点津]
在一般过去时中，was/were able to 通常表示经过一番努力能够做……，could 仅表示能力。
I was able to swim to the bank when the ship sank.
当船下沉时，我已经游到岸边了。
I could lift the heavy box.
我能把那个沉重的盒子举起来。
(2)表示可能性，一般用于疑问句和否定句中，can’t/couldn’t 意为“不可能”。
Can this news be true？这则消息可能是真的吗？
Your story can’t/couldn’t be true.
你的故事不可能是真的。
(3)表示请求和许可，could表示更委婉的语气。
—Can/Could I go now
—Yes，you can.
——我现在可以走了吗？
——是的，可以。
(4)表示理论上或习惯上的可能性，意为“有时会”。
As we all know，anyone can make mistakes.
我们都知道，任何人都可能会犯错。
2．may与might的用法
(1)表示允许、许可。might在语气上比may更委婉。
May/Might I play computer games after supper？晚饭后我可以玩电脑游戏吗？
(2)表示可能性，用于肯定句。
I think he may come tomorrow.
我认为明天他可能会来。
3．must与need的用法
(1)表示必要性。must意为“必须”，其否定式为mustn’t(不准，禁止)。need 意为“需要”，其否定式为needn’t(不必)。
You mustn’t do that，because you must keep your word.
你不准那么做，因为你必须得遵守诺言。
You needn’t do it if you don’t want to.
如果你不想做，你就不必做。
(2)must表示可能性，只能用在肯定句中，意为“一定，准是”。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
(3)must带有感彩，意为“偏偏，偏要”，常指令人不快的事情。
The car must break down just when I was about to start.我正要出发时车偏偏抛锚了。
4．will与would的用法
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。will指现在，would指过去。
I will never do that again.我再也不那样做了。
They said that they would fight against the haze.他们说会与雾霾作斗争的。
(2)表示请求。would表示更委婉的语气。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能帮我捎个口信吗？
(3)表示规律性的“注定会”或习惯性的动作，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。
Fish will die without water.
没有水鱼儿就会死。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories.过去，晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围，听他讲故事。
[疑难点津]
used to也表示过去的习惯性动作，多用于非正式场合，往往指后来停止了的动作。否定形式是didn’t use to或used not to。
He used to take a walk near the forest in the evening.
他过去常在晚间到森林附近散步。(现在已不在那里散步了)
5．shall的用法
(1)shall 用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求。
What shall I/we do next
我/我们下一步该做什么？
When shall my brother be able to leave hospital？我哥哥什么时候可以出院？
(2)shall 用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。
You shall go with me.你跟我走。
You shall have a new dress for your birthday.你在生日时会得到一件新连衣裙。
He shall suffer for this.他会为此事吃苦头的。
(3)用于第三人称的陈述句中，表示正式文件、法律、规章制度等中的义务或规定。
Students shall not use calculators during exams.学生在考试中不得使用计算器。
No readers shall remove a book from the library without the consent of the librarian.
不经图书管理员的同意，读者不准把书带出图书馆。
6．should与ought to的用法
(1)should表示义务或建议，意为“应该”，其同义词是ought to。
You should/ought to go to class right away.
你应该立刻去上课。
(2)should与ought to也可以表示主观判断，意思是“可能会，应该会”。
It’s nine o’clock now.My mother should come back.现在九点钟了，我妈妈应该回来了。
(3)should可以表示惊讶、难以置信或不应该发生某事，意为“竟然”。
It’s unbelievable that you should break the record.
你竟然打破了纪录，真令人难以置信。
7．dare与need的用法
dare和need既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。
(1)dare和need作情态动词时，多用于疑问句、否定句中。
I dare not walk through the wood at night.
夜间我不敢在树林里走。
You needn’t worry about it.你没有必要担心它。
(2)dare作实义动词时，在否定句、疑问句中不定式符号to可以省略。need作实义动词时，后可接名词、动名词、不定式等，有人称、时态和数的变化。
The children don’t dare (to) make a sound while their parents are sleeping.
孩子们在父母睡觉时不敢弄出一点声音。
The bike needs repairing.＝The bike needs to be repaired.这辆自行车需要修理。
8．had better的用法
(1)had better后跟动词原形，表示“最好”。
You had better book the ticket ahead of time.
你最好提前订票。
(2)had better的否定形式为had better not。
You had better not annoy your dad.
你最好不要惹你爸爸生气。
三、情态动词后的动词的时态形式
情态动词后接的动词可以有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种形式。其一般式为“情态动词＋动词原形”，表示情态动词的基本含义。
1．后接动词的进行式，表示对正在发生的事情的推测。
He must be doing his homework now.
他现在肯定在做他的家庭作业。
2．后接动词的完成式，表示对过去情况的推测或与事实相反的虚拟。
You can’t have seen Mary yesterday because she was in Paris.
你昨天不可能见到玛丽，因为她在巴黎。
You failed again.You should have done it much better.你又失败了。你本该做得更好的。
3．后接动词的完成进行式，表示对持续动作的推测。
They are too tired now.They must have been working all day.
他们现在太累了。他们肯定一整天都在工作。
四、“情态动词＋have done”表示对过去的推测
1．must have done表示对过去发生的事或行为的肯定推测，把握性大，意为“一定做过某事”，只用于肯定句中。
Since she had not answered his letter she must have left there.
由于她没有给他回信，她一定是已经离开那里了。
2．may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，把握性小，意为“也许已经做过某事”，主要用于肯定句和否定句中。
John isn’t at home.I think he may/might have gone to school.约翰不在家，我想他可能去上学了吧。
3．can’t/couldn’t have done表示对过去发生的事或行为的否定推测，意为“不可能做过某事”，可通用。can’t语气更加强烈一些。
She can’t/couldn’t have heard you knocking at the door.她不可能听见你敲门。
五、“情态动词＋have done”结构还可表示虚拟语气
1．could have done表示本来有能力做却没有做。
Mom complained that you could have done better in the examination.
妈妈抱怨说你本可以考得更好的。
2．ought to/should have done表示过去本应该做某事但实际上没做，其否定式表示过去不该做某事但做了。
You ought not to have made fun of him，and you should have learned from him.
你本不应该取笑他的，你本应该向他学习。
3．needn’t have done表示过去做了不必做的事情。
We needn’t have worried about the maths exam.It was a piece of cake .
我们本不必担心数学考试，实际上它很容易。
从方框中选择合适的情态动词填空
I 1. not read with my eyes painful.My roommate suggested I should have an eye examination.“You 2. go to the hospital and the doctor 3. help you find out why，” he said.
When I arrived at the hospital，I found many people waiting there.So I 4. wait for my turn.When it was my turn，the doctor examined my eyes carefully and said，“I 5. say you don’t protect your eyes well.But you 6. worry about it.Use some medicine and you 7. make your eyes so tired，and soon you will 8. recover.” I said to myself，“I 9. have protected my eyes.”
After returning，I told my roommate，“There is nothing serious with my eyes，but from now on I 10. try to protect my eyes.”
Period 3
语法感悟
①③⑦ ⑤⑥⑧ ④⑩ ②⑨
达标检测
1．could 2.had better 3.may 4.had to 5.dare 6.needn’t 7．mustn’t 8.be able to 9.should 10.must
阅读以下语段，感悟黑体单词，并把序号填入表格内。
“What ①shall I read？” You ②might have asked yourself this question more than once.If you are not sure what to read，you ③can get ideas from different sources，but it is also important to develop your own taste.
To start with，ask your friends，parents and teachers to recommend what books you ④ought to read.Most people will be happy to share their favourite books with others.Teachers in particular ⑤can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials that ⑥can be found in the library or bookshop easily.You ⑦could also read book reviews in newspapers，in magazines or online.A book review ⑧can often tell you whether a book is worth reading or not.
These ideas ⑨should point you in the right direction.However，you ⑩must also decide for yourself what kind of books to read.You do not have to read a book just because everyone recommends it.Instead，look for books on topics that interest you.Take time to look through the collections in different sections of your local library，and you are likely to come across books you love to read.Over time，you may find yourself better able to seek out books to your taste and enjoy reading all the more.
Suggestion
Ability
Necessity
Possibility
[自主发现]
以上黑体单词均为情态动词(Modal verbs)；其后必须要接动词原形；可以用来表示建议、推测、能力或必要性。
一、概述
情态动词本身有一定的词义，通常跟动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的看法或主观设想。常见的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，ought to，shall，should，will和would。另外，dare，need，have to和used to也具有情态动词的某些特性。
二、情态动词的基本用法
1．can与could的用法
(1)表示能力，此时could 是can 的过去式，意思相当于be able to。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn’t last year.
我奶奶会网购了，但是去年她还不会。
[疑难点津]
在一般过去时中，was/were able to 通常表示经过一番努力能够做……，could 仅表示能力。
I was able to swim to the bank when the ship sank.
当船下沉时，我已经游到岸边了。
I could lift the heavy box.
我能把那个沉重的盒子举起来。
(2)表示可能性，一般用于疑问句和否定句中，can’t/couldn’t 意为“不可能”。
Can this news be true？这则消息可能是真的吗？
Your story can’t/couldn’t be true.
你的故事不可能是真的。
(3)表示请求和许可，could表示更委婉的语气。
—Can/Could I go now
—Yes，you can.
——我现在可以走了吗？
——是的，可以。
(4)表示理论上或习惯上的可能性，意为“有时会”。
As we all know，anyone can make mistakes.
我们都知道，任何人都可能会犯错。
2．may与might的用法
(1)表示允许、许可。might在语气上比may更委婉。
May/Might I play computer games after supper？晚饭后我可以玩电脑游戏吗？
(2)表示可能性，用于肯定句。
I think he may come tomorrow.
我认为明天他可能会来。
3．must与need的用法
(1)表示必要性。must意为“必须”，其否定式为mustn’t(不准，禁止)。need 意为“需要”，其否定式为needn’t(不必)。
You mustn’t do that，because you must keep your word.
你不准那么做，因为你必须得遵守诺言。
You needn’t do it if you don’t want to.
如果你不想做，你就不必做。
(2)must表示可能性，只能用在肯定句中，意为“一定，准是”。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
(3)must带有感彩，意为“偏偏，偏要”，常指令人不快的事情。
The car must break down just when I was about to start.我正要出发时车偏偏抛锚了。
4．will与would的用法
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。will指现在，would指过去。
I will never do that again.我再也不那样做了。
They said that they would fight against the haze.他们说会与雾霾作斗争的。
(2)表示请求。would表示更委婉的语气。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能帮我捎个口信吗？
(3)表示规律性的“注定会”或习惯性的动作，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。
Fish will die without water.
没有水鱼儿就会死。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories.过去，晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围，听他讲故事。
[疑难点津]
used to也表示过去的习惯性动作，多用于非正式场合，往往指后来停止了的动作。否定形式是didn’t use to或used not to。
He used to take a walk near the forest in the evening.
他过去常在晚间到森林附近散步。(现在已不在那里散步了)
5．shall的用法
(1)shall 用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求。
What shall I/we do next
我/我们下一步该做什么？
When shall my brother be able to leave hospital？我哥哥什么时候可以出院？
(2)shall 用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。
You shall go with me.你跟我走。
You shall have a new dress for your birthday.你在生日时会得到一件新连衣裙。
He shall suffer for this.他会为此事吃苦头的。
(3)用于第三人称的陈述句中，表示正式文件、法律、规章制度等中的义务或规定。
Students shall not use calculators during exams.学生在考试中不得使用计算器。
No readers shall remove a book from the library without the consent of the librarian.
不经图书管理员的同意，读者不准把书带出图书馆。
6．should与ought to的用法
(1)should表示义务或建议，意为“应该”，其同义词是ought to。
You should/ought to go to class right away.
你应该立刻去上课。
(2)should与ought to也可以表示主观判断，意思是“可能会，应该会”。
It’s nine o’clock now.My mother should come back.现在九点钟了，我妈妈应该回来了。
(3)should可以表示惊讶、难以置信或不应该发生某事，意为“竟然”。
It’s unbelievable that you should break the record.
你竟然打破了纪录，真令人难以置信。
7．dare与need的用法
dare和need既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。
(1)dare和need作情态动词时，多用于疑问句、否定句中。
I dare not walk through the wood at night.
夜间我不敢在树林里走。
You needn’t worry about it.你没有必要担心它。
(2)dare作实义动词时，在否定句、疑问句中不定式符号to可以省略。need作实义动词时，后可接名词、动名词、不定式等，有人称、时态和数的变化。
The children don’t dare (to) make a sound while their parents are sleeping.
孩子们在父母睡觉时不敢弄出一点声音。
The bike needs repairing.＝The bike needs to be repaired.这辆自行车需要修理。
8．had better的用法
(1)had better后跟动词原形，表示“最好”。
You had better book the ticket ahead of time.
你最好提前订票。
(2)had better的否定形式为had better not。
You had better not annoy your dad.
你最好不要惹你爸爸生气。
三、情态动词后的动词的时态形式
情态动词后接的动词可以有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种形式。其一般式为“情态动词＋动词原形”，表示情态动词的基本含义。
1．后接动词的进行式，表示对正在发生的事情的推测。
He must be doing his homework now.
他现在肯定在做他的家庭作业。
2．后接动词的完成式，表示对过去情况的推测或与事实相反的虚拟。
You can’t have seen Mary yesterday because she was in Paris.
你昨天不可能见到玛丽，因为她在巴黎。
You failed again.You should have done it much better.你又失败了。你本该做得更好的。
3．后接动词的完成进行式，表示对持续动作的推测。
They are too tired now.They must have been working all day.
他们现在太累了。他们肯定一整天都在工作。
四、“情态动词＋have done”表示对过去的推测
1．must have done表示对过去发生的事或行为的肯定推测，把握性大，意为“一定做过某事”，只用于肯定句中。
Since she had not answered his letter she must have left there.
由于她没有给他回信，她一定是已经离开那里了。
2．may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，把握性小，意为“也许已经做过某事”，主要用于肯定句和否定句中。
John isn’t at home.I think he may/might have gone to school.约翰不在家，我想他可能去上学了吧。
3．can’t/couldn’t have done表示对过去发生的事或行为的否定推测，意为“不可能做过某事”，可通用。can’t语气更加强烈一些。
She can’t/couldn’t have heard you knocking at the door.她不可能听见你敲门。
五、“情态动词＋have done”结构还可表示虚拟语气
1．could have done表示本来有能力做却没有做。
Mom complained that you could have done better in the examination.
妈妈抱怨说你本可以考得更好的。
2．ought to/should have done表示过去本应该做某事但实际上没做，其否定式表示过去不该做某事但做了。
You ought not to have made fun of him，and you should have learned from him.
你本不应该取笑他的，你本应该向他学习。
3．needn’t have done表示过去做了不必做的事情。
We needn’t have worried about the maths exam.It was a piece of cake .
我们本不必担心数学考试，实际上它很容易。
从方框中选择合适的情态动词填空
I 1. not read with my eyes painful.My roommate suggested I should have an eye examination.“You 2. go to the hospital and the doctor 3. help you find out why，” he said.
When I arrived at the hospital，I found many people waiting there.So I 4. wait for my turn.When it was my turn，the doctor examined my eyes carefully and said，“I 5. say you don’t protect your eyes well.But you 6. worry about it.Use some medicine and you 7. make your eyes so tired，and soon you will 8. recover.” I said to myself，“I 9. have protected my eyes.”
After returning，I told my roommate，“There is nothing serious with my eyes，but from now on I 10. try to protect my eyes.”
Period 3
语法感悟
①③⑦ ⑤⑥⑧ ④⑩ ②⑨
达标检测
1．could 2.had better 3.may 4.had to 5.dare 6.needn’t 7．mustn’t 8.be able to 9.should 10.must