新概念英语第二册Lesson 28 No parking笔记

新概念英语第二册第二十八课笔记
单词学习
rare
1) adj. 稀有的，罕见的，不寻常的（rarer, rarest）
not often happening or seen, unusual
eg. He is a rare person. 他是个少见的人。
a rare book 珍本
a rare plant 珍稀植物
a rare butterfly 一只罕见的蝴蝶
a rare visitor 稀客
a rare edition 珍藏本
It is rare + for (sb) + to do sth 某人很少做某事
eg. It is rare for him to be absent. 他很少缺席。
2) adj. （气体等）稀薄的，稀疏的 thin
the rare air of the mountains 山里的稀薄空气
3）adj. 半熟的，煮得嫩的
I’d like my steak rare, please. 我要的牛排要三、四分熟。
half-done 半熟
well-done 全熟
rarity ['re r ti:] n. [c] 珍品，奇事 [u] 稀有
rareness n. [u] (空气等)稀薄，稀有
rarely adv. 不常（否定含义） not often, seldom
I rarely eat in restaurants. I often cook myself.
我很少到饭店里吃。我一般都是自己做。
ancient adj. 古代的，古老的
old adj. 老的，旧的，先前的
an old lady 一个老太太
an old church 一个古老的教堂
an old friend 老朋友
my old job 我以前的工作
senior ['si:nj ] adj. 较年长的，资深的 ←→ junior ['d u:nj ] adj.年少的, 较年幼的；资历较浅的, 地位较低的
senior citizen 老人，退休的人
the senior partner 大股东
aged adj. （正式）年老的，体衰的（人）
an aged gentleman 一位老人
ancient adj. （仅物）远古的，古代的
an ancient civilization 古代文明
an ancient history 古代历史
antique [ n'ti:k] adj. （仅物）古旧的，珍贵的
antique furniture 古董家具
an antique coin 古钱币
myth n. 神话
尤指与某一民族早期历史或信仰有关，或解释自然现象的故事。
the Greek myths 希腊神话
the Roman myths 罗马神话
legend ['led nd] n. 传奇，传说
Legend in the Fall 《秋天的传说》
story n. 故事 / tale
novel 小说
folk-tale [‘f ukteil] 民间传说
fable n. 寓言
Aesop’s ['i:s p] Fables 伊索寓言
mystery ['mist ri] n. 神秘的事物，谜，秘密
the mysteries of nature 神秘感
an air of mystery 神秘的气氛
mythical ['m θ k l] adj. 神话的，神话式的，虚构的
mythical heroes 神话中的英雄
trouble
1) n. 麻烦
have trouble with sb / sth 与…有摩擦
eg. Yesterday I had some trouble with a traffic policeman.
昨天我和一个交警有点摩擦。
eg. Jasper White had trouble with cars and their owners.
贾斯伯怀特和一些车以及车主有点摩擦。
eg. Thank you for your trouble. 谢谢你费神。
eg. No trouble at all. 哪儿的话，不麻烦。
2) n. 困难，苦恼，苦恼的原因，麻烦的人
eg. What’s the trouble 怎么了？
family troubles 家庭纠纷
political troubles 政治纠纷
eg. Her heart was full of troubles. 她非常苦恼。
have trouble in doing sth 做某事有困难，有麻烦
have some trouble in doing sth 做某事有一定的难度
have great trouble in doing sth 做某事有很大的难度
have a little trouble in doing sth 做某事有一点困难
（原讲课内容为：have little trouble in doing sth 有误，现已改正）
have no trouble in doing sth 做某事没有困难
have difficulty in doing sth
eg. With my help, you won’t have trouble in driving.
有我帮忙，你开车不会有困难的。
ask for trouble 自讨苦吃 look for trouble
be in trouble 有麻烦
make trouble 惹麻烦
The trouble is … 糟糕的是，问题在于……
3) v. 使某人苦恼，麻烦，烦劳
eg. That student sometimes troubles the teacher with hard questions.
那个学生有时会用一些很难的问题麻烦老师。
eg. She was troubled by the news of her mother’s illness.
她对妈妈生病的事感到很苦恼。
eg. Sorry to trouble you. 不好意思，打扰你了。
trouble about 为某人担心 trouble over
eg. Don’t trouble about that. 别为那件事担心。
trouble to do sth 特意做某事
eg. Don’t trouble to see me off at the station. 你不用特意去车站送我了。
troubled adj. 混乱的
eg. Fish in troubled water 趁火打劫，浑水摸鱼
绕口令：Don’t trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.
直到麻烦来惹你之前，不要去惹麻烦。
effect [i'fekt]
1) n. 效果，效应，影响
have effect on sb / sth 对某人/某事产生影响
eg. Did the medicine have any effect on patients 这药对病人有效果吗？
eg. The teacher’s words had a great effect on him. 老师的话对他产生巨大的影响。
2） n. 结果
cause 原因
cause and effect 因果
eg. His stomachache is an effect of overeating. 他胃疼是吃多了的结果。
stomachache [‘st m k,e k] 胃痛;腹痛
personal effects 私人财产，随身携带的物品
put sth into effect 使某物产生效果 bring sth into effect
in effect 实际上
eg. The vice-president is, in effect, the leader of the company.
实际上，副总裁是公司的领导。
affect [ 'fekt] v. 对…影响，发生作用
affect sb 影响某人 affect sth 影响某事
eg. Their opinion will not affect my decision. 他们的观点不会影响我的决定。
eg. The ‘No Parking’ sign didn’t affect those drivers.
禁止停车的标志并没有影响到那些司机。
eg. The possible gossip of the others couldn’t affect her.
别人的流言蜚语不会影响到她。
eg. Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。
affect v. 假装
affect sickness 假装生病
affect indifference 假装不关心
eg. She affects not to hear me. 她假装没听到我。
【课文讲解】
1、Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths.
believe vt. 相信，认为
believe in 信任，信赖（人格、力量等）；信仰；相信……的存在，相信……的价值
I believe in God. 我信仰上帝。
2、He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
ever since =since 从那以后一直（ever since的语气比since强，主句一般用完成时）
have trouble doing 做……有麻烦
have trouble with sb. 和某人相处有麻烦
3、Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
because只能作连词用，后面接从句 because of 由于，介词短语，后面不可以跟从句，只能跟名词、代词或动词 “-ing”.be able to 的主语一般都是人, 表示有能力去做；can表示天生的或学到的能力时，只能用于现在时和过去时（could），而不可用于将来时。将来时中表示能力时必须用be able to。在现在时和过去时中，can/could与be able to一般可以互换，在完成时中一般用be able to。
get sth. into 把……弄进
drive the car into 把车子撞上……
even once 甚至一次（even 起强调）
4、But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
none of，neither of做主语时做单数看待
【Composition】
My wife (drives) (leads) a car. She has (driven) (ridden) a car for many years (and) (but) she says that women drivers (do not deserve) (are not worth) their bad reputation. Yet, on the road, she often (criticizes) (judges) other women drivers.
drives/driven/and/do not deserve/criticizes
reputation n.名誉, 名声
judge n.法官, 审判员, 裁判员, 鉴赏家, 鉴定人, (J-)最高的审判者 vt.审理, 鉴定, 判断, 判决, 断定, 认为 vi.下判断, 作评价
【Key structures】　
What has happened 现在完成时
与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before(now)，so far，up to/till now，just，already，now，ever，never，since和for等，since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与时间段连用。
【Special Difficulties】
关系从句及关系代词
关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为限定性关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性关系从句（带逗号）。表示人的关系代词：who，whom，that，whose（口语中whom经常由who代替）
表示事物和动物的关系代词：which，that
关系代词可以有四个概念 :
① 代人的, 做主语或宾语who，只做宾语的whom
② 代物的, 做主语或宾语 which
③ 代人的也可以代物的 做主语或宾语 that
④ whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分决定(不一定指人)
关系代词后面要加从句，先行词放在定语从句前面, 而且是两句话共同含有的词, 还是被定语从句修饰的词I have a book that/which he likes.( “book” 为先行词 “that/which” 为关系代词)
关系代词有两个功能 : 一是承上, 一是启下(如上句中的 “book” 作从句的宾语)
The boy who is standing at the door is my brother.
I can do anything that I can do.
I have a house whose windows are broken.
关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以。whose 后面一定要加一个名词, 然后这个部分共同做主语或宾语
The pilot whose plane landed in a field was not hurt.