人教版（2019）必修第一册Welcome Unit Discovering Useful Structures 课件 (1)(共48张PPT)

(共48张PPT)
Welcome unit
Discovering Useful Structure（2课时）
1.What makes a sentence
Leading-in
Words, phrases and structures.
2.What are the main elements in a sentence
Lead in
What Are They
1. S (subject) 主语 2. V (verb) 谓语动词
3. O (object) 宾语 4. P (predicative) 表语
5. A (adverbial) 状语 6. DO (direct objective) 直接宾语
7. IO (indirect objective) 间接宾语 8. C (objective complement) 宾语补足语
1. Review the main elements in a sentence.
2. Learn to know the basic sentence structures of English.
3. Learn to analyze the structure of the sentences from the text.
“十大词类，八大成分，八大句型”
Learning objectives
lead-in
I collect some sentences written by students, can you correct the following sentences.
Go into my schlool, you can see many flowers.
There have 100 books.
Tom is come from Beijing.
Going into my school, you can see many flowers.
There are 100 books.
Tom is from Beijing.
Tom comes from Beijing.
Correct sentence structure is importent!
十大词类
Before learning sentence structure, we should know the word class first.
动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数
1. 名词 [Nouns（n.）]：用来表示人或事物名称的词，如 pen apple
在句子中常作主语 宾语 表语 定语 宾补等
e.g. The apple isn’t ripe.主语
I love animals.宾语
This is an apple.表语
I think it my duty to help the little girl.宾补
There are not many men teachers in the kindergarten.定语
动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数
2. 代词 [Pronouns（pron.）]：用来代替名词的词，如we us them 在句子中常作主语 宾语 等
e.g. We love our family.主语
Lisa teaches us English.宾语
3. 动词 [Verb（v.）]：表示动作或状态的词，如eat drink sleep 在句中做谓语
e.g. Last week he went to Hawaii for holidays.谓语
十大词类
动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数
4. 副词 [Adverb（adv.）]：用来修饰动词 形容词 副词 在句子中做定语 状语等
e.g. Please read the new words below.修饰名词
You are running fast.修饰动词
I push the door very hard.修饰副词
5. 形容词 [Adjective（adj.）]：表示事物或人特征的词，如big small 在句中做定语 表语 补语
e.g. I like such beautiful dresses.定语
The dress is beautiful.表语
I find these dresses beautiful.宾补
十大词类
动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数
6. 数词 [Numeral（num.）]：表示人或事物数目多少（基数词）或顺序先后（序数词）在句中做宾语 定语等
e.g. I want two apples，please.做宾语
Forty thousand people watched the game.做定语
7. 冠词[Articles（art.）]：用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指范围的词，主要有a an the 在句子中主要修饰名词
e.g. The dog is very cute.
8. 介词 [Prepositions（prep.）]：用在名词和代词之前，说明其与别的词的关系 其后跟宾语，一起在句子中做定语或状语
e.g. Please wait at the door.做地点状语
The girl at the door is my niece.做定语
十大词类
动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数
9. 连词[Conjunctions（conj.）]：起连接作用的词，如and but so or 在句子中连接两个词 短语 或 句子
e.g. I will call you when I get there.
Tom and Bob are brothers
10. 感叹词[Interjections（int.）]：表示感叹语气的词 表示喜怒哀乐，在句中起到加强语气的作用
e.g. Oops！It hurts！
十大词类
Grammatical Terms（语法术语）
1. subject（S） 主语
2. predicate 谓语
3. object（O）宾语
4. predicative 表语
5. adverbial（Ad）状语
6. attribute（At）定语
7. object complement（OC）宾语补足语
8. subject complement（SC）主语补足语
9. direct object（DO）直接宾语
10. indirect object（IO）间接宾语
八大成分
“主谓宾表定状补”
S(subject) 主语
定义：是一个句子所叙述的主体，说明动作是“谁，什么”发出的，一般位于句首。
Jane is good at playing the piano.
She went out in a hurry.
Four plus four is eight.
To see is to believe.
Smoking is bad for health.
The young should respect the old.
What he has said is true.
八大成分
V(verb) 谓语
是对主语加以陈述，说明（表述）主语的动作、状态和特征，一般由V.充当,放在主语之后
（英语句子的灵魂）
(1)由实义动词V.做谓语
I saw the flag on the top of the hill
(2)情态V + V原 He can speak English well.
(3)助V +V She is talking with her sister.
I have seen this man before.
(4)系动词
八大成分
系动词分为5类
一、状态系动词 —“be”翻译：“是，叫”
二、感官系动词— 表示与人的感觉器官有关，俗称五感动词分为:“feel ,smell ,sound ,taste ,look”
(常与like 一起搭配使用，表示感觉/闻起来/听起来/尝起来/看起来…像)
三、持续系动词— 用来表示主语继续或者保持一种状况或态度：主要有“keep，remain，stay，stand，continue，lie，hold，rest”
四、表象系动词— 用来表示看起来像这一概念：翻译“显得，似乎，好像” 主要有“seem ,appear”
五、变化系动词 —表示主语变成什么样：主要有“become ,grow ,turn ,get ,go ,come ,run ,make ,fall ”
八大成分
O(object) 宾语
定义：动作的对象或承受者，一般位于vt.和prep.之后
Show your passport, please.
She didn't say anything.
I want two.
They sent the injured to hospital.
They asked to see my passport.
I enjoy working with you.
Did you write down what he said
I succeeded in passing the exam.
八大成分
C(object complement)
有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, ask, see, find, call, get, have, let, tell, help, keep
I found the book interesting.
I make my students interested in my class.
She asked me to lend her a hand.
We made him monitor in our class.
We found him in trouble now.
We found it necessary to study English.
八大成分
P(predicative)
定义：在系动词后的部分就是表语,用以说明主语的身份，特征和状态。
The speech is exciting.
They seem to know the truth.
Time is precious.
I’m tired today.
That remains a puzzle.
I don’t feel at ease. That’ s why he came here.
八大成分
Attributive定语
定义：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句.单个的定语一般放在所修饰词前– 前置定语 短语，句子一般放在所修饰词前– 后置定语
He is a clever boy.
His father works in a steel work.
There are 54 students in our class.
Do you know Betty’s sister
He bought some sleeping pills.
There is a sleeping baby in bed.
His spoken language is good.
八大成分
A(adverbial)状语
定义：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。修饰adj./adv.时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；
分类：地点状语、时间状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、条件状语、程度状语、方式状语和伴随状语。
This book is very interesting.
I run fast/quickly.
They are playing on the playground at eight.
I John often came to chat with me．
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
Please call me if it is necessary.
Suddenly, I heard the bird sing a song.
You probably know more than you think.
八大成分
Appositive同位语
定义：对n.或pron.进行补充说明或进一步解释说明
We young people should respect the old.
He himself will do the experiment.
He told me the news that our team won the game.
Thinking
1.which are the most important parts in a sentence
2.what is the difference between O.&P.
“主谓宾表定状补”
八大句型
基本句型一： Ｓ +Ｖ （主＋谓）
基本句型二： Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
基本句型三： Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
句型六：主语+谓语+状语
句型七：主语+谓语+宾语+状语
句型八：there be 句型
Analyzing: kinds of simple sentence
1. S+V 主语+动词（谓语）
这种句子结构中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语），故后不能直接接宾语，也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。常见的不及物动词（短语）有：rise, matter, begin, come, go, happen, last, appear, work, come true, take place等。
The sun is rising.
太阳正在升起。
The little boy is crying.
小男孩正在哭泣。
All the football players on the playground cheered loudly.
场上的所有足球运动员高声欢呼。
2. S+P 主语十（系动词+）表语
这种句子结构中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词；还有感官系动词(sound, look , smell, taste, feel);变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run);持续系动词(remain, keep, hold, stay);表象系动词(seem, appear, look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。
Everything looks different.
一切看来都不同了。
Computers are useful in people's life.
电脑在人们的生活中很有用
The problem remains to be settled.
问题依然需要解决。
3. S+V+O 主语+谓语+宾语
(1)这种句子结构中的谓语动词必须是及物动词（短语），
一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。
(2)在“动词+介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能放在介词之后；在“动词+副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可，作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。
Please wake Li Ling up (=wake up Li Ling) at 6:30 in the morning.
Please wake her up at 6:30 in the morning.( )
Please wake up her at 6:30 in the morning.(X)
He is watching TV.
4. S+V+IO +DO 主语+动词（谓语）+间接宾语+直接宾语
这种句子结构中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有：give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand , show, offer, send, pay, order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有：buy, fetch, save, choose, sing等。
He bought me a birthday present.
他给我买了一份生日礼物。
I showed him my pictures.
我给他看我的照片。
5. S+V+O+C 主语+动词（谓语）+宾语+宾语补语
该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词：
(l)使役动词：keep, make, let, have, leave, get等；
(2)感官动词或短语：see, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, smell等；
(3)ask, tell, order, request, permit, persuade等。
Mike told me not to go now.
迈克告诉我不要现在走。
They painted the door green.
他们把门漆成绿色。
6. S+V+A 主语+动词（谓语）+状语
该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。
They talked for half an hour.
他们谈了半个小时
The timepassed quickly.
时光飞逝。
7. S+V+O+A 主语+动词（谓语）+宾语+状语
该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词、副词或介词短语，在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。
I had my first maths class in senior high .
在高中我上了第一堂数学课。
I waited for him at the school gate .
我在校门口等他。
There be句型表示“某处存在某物或某人”，基本结构是“There is/.are/was/were...+地点状语”。主语是其后的名词，be动词形式根据主语的单复数而定。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词，如live, stand, lie, seem/appear to be(好像有)，happen to be(碰巧有)，used to be(曾经有)等。
There is a piano in my study.
在我的书房里有一架钢琴。
There are 56 students in my class.
我的班里有56名学生。
8.存现句(There be句型)
Practice: Learn to recognize the structures
1. SV structure
1.1 A bird flies.
1.2 Monkeys jumped.
1.3 He was sleeping.
In SV structure, verbs are intransitive.
SVOC structure
5.1 The war made him a hero.
S V O C
5.2 They found his cat dead.
5.3 She called him Mr. Wood.
In SVOC structure, an implied logical relation exists between O and C.
In Example 5.1, the relation between “him” and “a hero” is supposed to be -“he is a hero”.
What’s the relation between “his cat” and “dead” in 5.2
SVO structure
2.1 A sheep eats grass.
2.2 Monkeys like bananas.
2.3 He wants some candies.
In SVO structure, verbs are transitive.
Please make a SVO sentence!
SVA structure
6.1 It rained heavily.
S V A
6.2 He coughed badly.
S V A
6.3 The rabbit ran in the woods.
S V A
In SVA structure, adverbial is usually at the end of the sentence.
Please give another example of SVA structure!
SP structure
3.1 This is great
3.2 He looks well.
3.3 She became a teacher.
In SP structure, P refers to “link verb + adjective / noun”.
Link verbs: be, feel, taste, smell, grow, become, etc.
Let’s try making a SP sentence with “grow”!
“There be…” structure
8.1 There is an apple on the table.
V S A
7.2 There are seven days in a week.
V S A
7.3 There is milk and bread.
V S
In “there be…” structure, S and V are inverted. V’s number is decided by the very first noun of S.
SVOA structure
7.1 A sheep is eating grass over there.
S V O A
7.2 Mum makes lunch in the kitchen.
S V O A
7.3 They liked the film very much.
S V O A
In SVOA structure, the verb is transitive and is followed by an object and an adverbial.
SV IO DO structure
4.1 He asked me a question.
S V IO DO
4.2 Danny wrote his mom a letter.
4.3 She bought Mr. Wood a book.
In SV IO DO structure, verbs are transitive and are followed by IO and DO.
1.Tell the kinds of the sentences
1) Everybody smiled.
2) The car caught fire.
3) Did the milk turn sour
4) He bought his wife a dress.
5) Roy found his new job rather boring.
6) Your brother got up at 10 o’clock.
7) I haven’t seen Daniel for long.
8) Are there any gardens in the town
SV
SVO
SP
SVIODO
SVOC
SVA
SVOA
There be
Practicing
2.Read the sentences and analyze the structures. P6-2
1. The 100-year-old school lies in the center of the city.
2. We must act.
3. The maths homework looks easy.
4. The teacher found the classroom empty.
A
S
V
S
V
S
P
O
S
V
C
5. My mum bought me a new dictionary.
6. Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.
7. There is an English Corner at our school.
8. We had chemistry in the newly built lab.
IO
S
V
DO
O
S
V
O
S
V
A
There be…
Basic sentence structures
一、主 谓 SV
二、主（系）表 SP
三、主谓宾 SVO
四、主谓宾宾 SVOO
五、主谓宾补 SVOC
六、主谓状 SVA
七、主谓宾状 SVOA
八、there be结构
Summarizing
1.Read the passage and analyse the structures of the underlined sentences. P6.3
Consolidating
1 … that dream has come true!
S V
2 Tim and his classmates are living on a ship!
S V A
3 They also learn about ships and the sea.
S V O
4 Tim writes his parents an email … tells them what happened on the ship.
S V IO DO V IO DO
5 There’s always something exciting to do.
There be …
6 Studying and doing homework seem much more fun …
S P
2. Read the sentences from the reading and analyze the structures.
He even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much.
S V IO DO S P A
I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
S V O C
I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment.
S V O
I didn’t feel awkward or frightened.
S P
I miss my friends from junior high school.
S V O
Homework
1.背语法笔记
2.完成作业卷
“十大词类，八大成分，八大句型”