Unit 2 We must keep the camp clean
Class Type
Reading and writing
Objectives
To get information from the reading material about the event
To learn more expressions and new vocabulary.
To write some rules and suggestions about sth.
Key structure
Modal verbs
Difficulties
The usage of “must/have to/should/can/may/ought”.
Vocabulary
valley, peaceful, site, gesture, stick, still, woods, hillside, sudden, blood
fall asleep …
Period
1
Procedure
Lead-in
Review. Translate the phrases in Unit 1 into English.
Step 1
Free talk.
Present some pictures and talk about bears or other animals.
Step 2
Learn some words by pictures.
Step 3
Ask Ss to look at a picture and answer the questions.
Step 4
Read the passage and answer the question.
Step 5
Read again and answer some questions.
Step 6
Free talk
Do you think their camping trip was interesting?
Step 7
Read again and complete the table.
Step 8
Free talk
What should (must) you do if there are bears near?
Step 9
Complete the passage with the words in the box.
Step10
Writing
Think of an area of countryside near you and give suggestions to visit there.
Step 11
Language points: explain the key words and phrases in Unit 2.
课件63张PPT。Unit 2 We must keep the camp clean Module 4pay attention
set off
wear proper clothes
the edge of the hill path
hurt oneself
keep together Translate the phrases into English.Revision注意
出发
穿合适的衣服
山路的边缘
伤到自己
在一起; 协同一致get lost
go off
on one’s own
in one go
be careful of
lead the way走失；迷路
离开
独立地
一口气；一下子
注意…；留心…
引路； 带路Have you ever seen bears or other
animals when you travel?
Do you like them?
Do you think they are dangerous?
If you really meet a bear outside,
what will you do?How much do you know about bears?Free talkBears can climb trees. They can smell food from a distance. Bears can run
fast.
There are eight main types of bear:
American black bears, Asian black bears, brown bears, giant pandas, Polar bears, Sloth bears, Spectacled bears and Sun bears. The largest of all bear species is the brown bear, weighing as much as 2200 pounds. Polar bears are the most skilled swimmers of all bear species.American black bearAsian black bearbrown bearsgiant pandaPolar bears Sloth bear
(懒熊; 印度的一种长毛熊) Spectacled bears
(眼镜熊)Sun bears
(太阳熊)tent fall asleepLearn some words.stickwoodsreach outstillLook at the picture.
Answer the questions. 1. What is the bear doing?It is around the tent to look for something to eat and finds some food that people put there. 2. What do you think the people in the
tent should do?They must stay in the tent till the bear goes far and don’t make any noise.How much do they know about bears?Read the passage and answer the question.They know bears can climb trees and they know that bears can smell food from a long way away. They also know that if they see a bear, they mustn’t make sudden moves or make a sound and they mustn’t run.1. Where do you think is the best place to keep food safe from bears?In a clean place where bears can’t smell the food. Read again and answer the questions.2. What was the noise behind the writer?I think it may be the baby bear’s noise in which he ran past the writer into the woods to look for his mother and it may be the huge mother bear’s noise. Do you think their camping trip was interesting? Why?I don’t think it was interesting. It was very dangerous. Read again and complete the table.noisewas openhang the food in a treetook the food hang the
food in a higher treekeep the camp clean and make lots of noisea baby bearhis mothermake any sudden moves, make a sound, or runWhat should (must) you do if there are bears nearby? 1) You must hang food in a tree.2) … must / should pick up the rubbish.3) … must / should keep the camp clean.4) … can’t leave anything which bears might think is food.5) … should make a lot of noise.6) … mustn’t move or make a sound.7) ... mustn’t run because no one can run faster in the forest than a bear.Complete the passage with the words in the box. On the third day of our camping trip, Ben told us that if we saw a bear, we should not take any _______ moves. We did not have a _______ to keep ourselves safe. The next day, I saw a baby bear playing with some _______ and stones. His mother arrived soon, and I was so afraid that my _______ went cold. I did not move until the bears walked away. Then I ran back to my friends as fast as I could.blood gun sticks suddensuddengunsticksbloodWhere is it?
Why do people go there?
And there any dangers from animals?
How can we protect ourselves?
What should we do to look after the place?Think of an area of countryside nearby.WritingSay where it is.Say why people go there. People go there to see the mountains,
and streams.Lushan National Park is in Jiangxi Province.Say how we can protect ourselves.Say what we should do to look after the park. We should allow only 1,000 people to visit it each day.We mustn’t walk in the grass.Say if there are any dangers from animals.The fish and birds there are not dangerous, but there are some snakes.A Sample Lushan National Park is in Jiangxi Province. Every year, many tourists go to visit it. People visit it to see the mountains, valleys, streams, pools and waterfalls. As we enjoy ourselves in the park, we must be careful of some dangers from animals. The fish and birds which live there are not dangerous but thereAre some snakes. Then how can we protect ourselves? We mustn’t walk in the grass. At the same time, we should do something to look after the park. I think we should allow only 1,000 people to visit it each day.Yellowstone National ParkIf you work as a guide for Yellowstone Park, please give some suggestions to the visitors about how to protect yourselves and the park.Where it is: in the USA
What to see: mountains / valleys / warm springs / bear / and rare plants.
What dangers there are: bear
How we can protect ourselves:
What we should do to look after the place:1.When we write in paragraphs, we should choose one topic for each paragraph first.2.Next, We can write notes under headings.3.Finally,We should use linking words (and, but, so, because etc.) to join the sentences together.Yellowstone Park is in the USA. Many people visit it to see the mountains / valleys / warm springs moose / bison and rare plants. It is peaceful but there are some bears. So we mustn’t … And We should … We can … We can’t … We should allow only 1,000 people to visit it each week.Huanghe delta nature reserve Zone (黄河三角洲自然保护区)
Where: the northeast of Dongying, Shandong
What to see: wetland / swan / the sunset
Danger: deep water
Suggestions:Changbai Mountain Eco-tourism
Where: Northeast China
What to see: forest waterfall / mountains
Danger: tigers / black bears
Suggestions:Group workLushan National Geological Park
Where: Jiangxi
What to see: mountains stream / pool
Danger: wild animals
Suggestions: Xixi National Wetland Park The first and so far only National Wetland Park in China is located in beautiful paradise city of Hang Zhou.1. … the three of us were tired after walking for about eight hours. the 用在数词前, 表示特指。 the three of us 指的是“我们三个人” (总数就三个人); three of us指的是“ 我们中的三个人” (总数不一定为三个人)?。Language points There are eight people in the team. The eight of them will have dinner together tonight.
队里有八个人，他们八个今晚一起吃饭。
There are 10 people in the office and eight of them are women.
办公室有十个人，有八个是女的。2. We soon fell asleep.
fall asleep 入睡，睡着
Don't cry. The sick have fallen asleep.
别叫喊，病人们已经入睡了。
Warm milk helps you fall asleep.
喝热牛奶有助你入睡。
He fell asleep when there was a loud knock at the door.
他刚睡着，这时有人大声敲门。(2014年湖北荆州中考) 完成句子
Because it was too noisy outside last night, we all found it difficult ______________. (fall)
由于昨晚外面太吵，我们发现很难入睡。
The math teacher got angry with me when I did not ______ him in class yesterday.
A. look for B. take care
C. pay attention to D. fall asleep to fall asleepCfall asleep表动作，意为“刚刚入睡”，指“刚睡着”这动作；be asleep表状态，意为“睡着的”；go to bed表动作，指“去睡觉”；go to sleep和fall asleep意思接近，指“入睡，睡着”。
The baby has been asleep for an hour.
He found it difficult to go to sleep.知识链接3. We should hang the food in a tree tonight.
hang v. 悬挂；吊
其过去式、过去分词均为hung。
A full moon hung in the sky.
圆圆的月亮挂在天上。
I'll?hang?the pictures as high as I can.
我将尽可能把这些画挂得高。
He hung his coat on the hook.
他把衣服挂在钩子上。
The decision is still?hanging. ??
尚未决定。hang about / around / round ?闲逛; 闲呆着；围着, 缠住
hang behind 落在后面；挂在…后面
hang down 挂下来
hang from 悬挂
hang in 不泄气, 坚持下去
hang on 紧紧抓住；坚持下去；把…挂在…上知识链接 hang v. 绞死, 上吊
其过去式、过去分词均为hanged。
He was hanged for his crimes.
他因犯罪而被处绞刑。
Mussolini was?hanged?by the Italian people. ?? 墨索里尼被意大利人民给吊死了。知识链接 hang - hung- hung? 悬挂?
hang - hanged- hanged 绞死, 上吊
?
可以这样记忆：上吊需要一把椅子，hanged后面的ed就像一把椅子一样，这样记住，就不会混淆。The picture _________ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung??????? B. hanging??????
C. hangs?????? D. being hung
— Is this raincoat yours?
— No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung
C. hangs D. hung
Wet clothes are often _____ up near a fire
in rainy weather.
A. hang B. hanged
C. hanging D. hungBAD4. We put up the tent and fell asleep.
put up 挂起；张贴; 举起
Let’s put up the Christmas decorations in the living room.
我们在起居室里张贴一些圣诞装饰物吧。
He put up his hand to ask a question.
他将手举起来问问题。 学过的含有up的短语还有: get up“起来”, grow up“长大, 成长”, give up“放弃”等。
The dog will grow up quickly.
小狗会很快长大的。
When do you get up this morning?
你今天早上几点钟起床的？
She doesn't give up easily.
她做任何事都不轻易放弃。
Cheer up! I'm sure you'll feel better tomorrow.
振作起来！我肯定你明天会好些的。【2013山东菏泽】10. —Why do you collect so many old bikes? ? —I'll have them ______ and give away to the children who don't have bikes. A. used up??????? B. given up????????
C. fixed up????? D. set up【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：---你为什么收集了这么多旧自行车。---我将找人把他们修理一下，然后捐给那些没有自行车的孩子。fix up “修理”，use up“用尽”， give up “放弃”，set up“建立”。注意本句使用了句式have sth. done， 表示“让别人做某事”。【2013湖南益阳】31. When he saw a wallet on the ground, he ______at once. A. picked it up B. gave it up C. picked up it
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。句意:当他看到地上有一个钱包，他立刻捡了起来。pick up 捡起，拾起来；give up 放弃。在动副词短语中，若代词作宾语，要放在动词和副词之间。根据句意选A。【2013湖北宜昌】33. —It’s everyone’s duty to join the Clean Your Plate Campaign. ?? —Sure. We should try to _______ all the food that we’ve ordered. ?? A. give up?? ? B. eat up????
C. turn up??? D. show up 【解析】考查动词短语的辨析。give up“放弃”，eat up“吃光”，turn up “调大”，show up“出现”。根据句意“---我们每个人都有责任加入‘光盘行动’。---是的，我们应当把我们点的饭菜都吃光。”可以判断用eat up。所以选择答案B。【2013江苏盐城】10.David Burt’s dream in China is to go into the west and?______ an early childhood school there. A. clean up? ? B. look up??
C. give up?? D. set up
【解析】动词词组辨析。根据句意：应是创建一所幼儿学校。clean up“清理”； look up “向上看”；give up“放弃”。【2013山东济南】43. —Alice, could you help me _________ the meat? I want to make some dumplings for dinner. —OK. I’ll do it right away. A. put up????? ???? B. give up??????????
C. use up?????????????? D. cut up
【解析】考查短语辨析。根据问句句意：爱丽丝，你能帮我切这些肉吗？晚饭我想包水饺。put up张贴；举起；give up放弃；use up用尽；cut up切碎。所以答案选D。5. Let’s tidy up and move on.
tidy up 整理； 收拾
The room is in a mess. Let's tidy it up.
屋里很乱，让我们收拾一下。
Tidy up the room before the guests arrive.
客人来之前把这间屋子整理整理。(2012年天津市中考)
根据所给中文意思完成句子，每空限填一词。
我经常帮助妈妈收拾房间。
I often help my mum to _____________ _____________ the room.
(2013山东聊城) If you want to buy this dress, you’d better ______ first to make sure it fits you.
A. pay for it B. take it off
C. tidy it up D. try it ontidyupD move on 继续前进
Accept your failures and move on.
接受失败然后继续前行。
Don't stop here; move on, move on!
不要停留在这里, 往前走, 往前走!
You've got to let it go and move on.
你得忘记一切继续生活。6. … if I reach out, I can just touch him.
reach out 伸出(手或臂)
The monkey reached out a hand for the banana.
猴子伸出手去够香蕉。
He reached out for the tool.
他伸手去拿工具。
reach for 伸手去拿……7. I was still for a few minutes.
still adj. 静止的；不动的
Keep?still?while I fasten your shoe. ??
站着别动, 我给你系鞋带。
How?still?everything is! ??
一切都是多么的寂静!still, calm, quiet这几个形容词的共同意思是“安静、平静、寂静”，其区别在于:
1.在修饰环境时各词所指的状态为: calm指风平浪静; quiet指没有吵闹干扰; still指完全没有声音。
2.在修饰人时: calm指人心平气和,毫不激动; quiet指性情温和、安静等,有时也指人的闲散或不活动; still指“一动不动” 。知识链接 选词填空: calm, quiet, still 1) Could you keep the kids ________ while
I’m on the phone?
2) He was still ______when he was in danger
3) Keep ______ while I take photos of you.
4) Anna is ______ enough to drive a car.
The clock struck 11 at night and the
whole house was ______. quietstillcalmcalmquietstill作副词使用时，含有“仍旧、还”之意，表示某事仍在继续。例句：
Although she felt ill, she?still?went to work.
她虽然觉得身体不舒服，但仍然去上班了。 Her arm still hurts.
她的胳膊还在痛。
I'm?still?not sure what you mean. ??
我还不明白你到底是什么意思。 知识链接Practice1 每当他一入睡，就弄出很多噪音。______________ he falls asleep, he __________ ________________.2 第二天我们仨去山坡采花去了。______________, _______________went to the hillside to pick up flowers.The next daythe three of usEvery timemakesa lot of noise3. 当我转过身时，那个孩子经过我身边跑到人群中去了。When I ______________, the child _________ ________the crowd.turned roundran past4. 我朝门外看去，有一只可爱的小狗，当我伸手去摸它的时候，它却很快跑开了。I ______________the door, a lovely dog was there. I ___________ for it, but it __________ quickly. looked out of reached outran awayme into American Traffic Rules
There are many differences between America and China. I feel that the biggest difference is traffic rules. In America there are too much more cars than in China, maybe the number of cars in California is the same as the number in China. But there are very fewer traffic jams and accidents in America than in China. We hardly look at traffic police in the street, but all cars obey strictly traffic rules, and people hardly find that a car does not obey traffic rules in the street.
About American traffic rules, I feel that there are many better terms, such as:
1. Stop line: there are stop lines in all crossing without traffic light (some have two stop lines and other have four stop lines), all cars must stop while meeting the stop line. 21世纪教育网版权所有
2. Traffic light: there is traffic light in the crossing of the road. Cars may almost turn every directions, the traffic light can give signal step by step including u-turn. There is a kind of middle lane of turning left. When a car wants to turn left in the road, he may enter into the middle lane of turning left and give a signal of turning left. When he thinks being safe, he may turn left. In every park, there are some special positions for invalid people. 21教育网
3. Specific item: Such as parking, there are three kinds of lines (its colors is white, blue or red) in the roadside. Every line may park different kind of car. There are many streets in some residential areas, and there is a kind of rule that any car cannot park at any time or any period time. In many conditions the order of passing is also given very specifically. If people want to change lane or turn, they must look behind and think being safe. Only so, they may do it. 21cnjy.com
4. About the priority of passenger and car: At any case, passenger has the priority to car. But only after passenger have passed the road and gotten the top of sidestep, car may go ahead. In general, traffic rules of America are very specific, convenient, safe, humanizing.21·cn·jy·com
Defining Eco-Tourism
Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water re-use, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities are an integral part of ecotourism. 21世纪教育网版权所有
Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation, sustainable development etc. are some of the fields closely related to Eco-Tourism. Many professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management, Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians and Archaeologists, etc. 21·cn·jy·com
Ecotourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11.4% of all consumer spending - not a market to be taken lightlywww.21-cn-jy.com
Some definitions, views, statements and objectives -
Tourism is changing rapidly as nature, heritage, and recreational destinations become more important, and as conventional tourism is forced to meet tougher environmental requirements. This presents a challenge to government and private enterprise to develop new approaches to the tourism market. Successful tourism must benefit local populations economically and culturally to give them incentives to protect the natural resources which create the attraction. Strategies must be economically feasible if private investors are to support the projects.
Our goal is to enable people to enjoy and learn about the natural, historical and cultural characteristics of unique environments while preserving the integrity of those sites and stimulating the economic development opportunities in local communities.
Specifically, we believe that successful ecotourism projects must:
effectively promote the preservation of entire local ecosystems, not just individual species, vistas or sites; 21教育网
be economically viable in order to attract financing and be sustainable:
be well planned, financed, managed and marketed in order to meet the stringent environmental and recreational demands of a true ecotourism development. 21cnjy.com
Eco-Tourism International
Ecotourism is cultural tourism (a cross-cultural experience), nature tourism (assisting with conservation programmes), a travel-learn experience (discover how we are coping with modernity), a little bit of soft adventure (just being here is an adventure), and benefiting the well-being of indigenous peoples.
Western Samoa, National Ecotourism Programme
Around the globe, eco-tourism is quickly becoming one of the most popular forms of vacationing. 2·1·c·n·j·y
In an era of heightened environmental consciousness and accessibility to exotic locales, countries are busily promoting their natural resources as lures for tourists. The trick with ecotourism is to preserve the natural resources while also promoting them and accommodating volumes of tourists. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Businesses are creating camps and eco-lodges, and natural resource managers are designing trails and tours. Most of the popular eco-travel destinations have fragile eco-systems, however, so it is important to maintain a careful balance between preservation and promotion -- "sustainable development" -- in order to ensure the long-term health of both the eco-systems and the tourism economies.
Science and the Environment
Tourism Concern advocates
Tourism that is just, yielding benefits that are fairly distributed.
Tourism that is participatory, recognising the rights of residents.
Tourism that is sustainable
Tourism Concern
The term ecotourism was coined by Htor Ceballos-Lascurn in 1983, and was initially used to describe nature-based travel to relatively undisturbed areas with an emphasis on education. The concept has, however, developed to a scientifically based approach to the planning, management and development of sustainable tourism products and activities. 21·世纪*教育网
It is an enlightening, participatory travel experience to environments, both natural and cultural, that ensures the sustainable use, at an appropriate level, of environmental resources and, whilst producing viable economic opportunities for the tourism industry and host communities, makes the use of these resources through conservation beneficial to all tourism role players. www-2-1-cnjy-com
It is not a marketing ploy, nor is it scenic or nature-based travel
It is an approach that creates a variety of quality tourism products that are:
environmentally/ ecologically sustainable
economically viable
socially and psychologically acceptable
The result of which reflects:
an integrated and holistic approach to product development
capacity building in host communities
a sense and uniqueness of place
commitment to the greening of the tourism industry
Centre for Ecotourism
Ecotourism
Ecotourism (also known as ecological tourism) is travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights. As defined by the co-founder of the Center for Responsible Travel, Martha Honey, Ph.D., in her book Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, Second Edition: Who Owns Paradise?. Most serious studies of ecotourism including several university programs now use this as the working definition.2-1-c-n-j-y
Ecotourism appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals. Generally speaking, it focuses on volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on the planet. It typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Ecotourism is a conceptual experience, enriching those who delve into researching and understanding the environment around them. It gives us insight into our impacts as human beings and also a greater appreciation of our own natural habitats.
Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation and creation of economic opportunities for the local communities.
Criteria
Ecotourism is a form of tourism that involves traveling to tranquil and unpolluted natural areas. According to the definition and principles of ecotourism established by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism is "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (TIES, 1990). Martha Honey, expands on the TIES definition by describing the seven characteristics of ecotourism, which are:
? Involves travel to natural destinations.
? Minimizes impact.
? Builds environmental awareness.
? Provides direct financial benefits for conservation.
? Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people.
? Respects local culture.
? Supports human rights and demographic movements.
Ideally, ecotourism should satisfy several criteria, such as:【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
? conservation of biological diversity and cultural diversity through ecosystem protection
? promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by providing jobs to local populations
? sharing of socio-economic benefits with local communities and indigenous peoples by having their informed consent and participation in the management of ecotourism enterprises
? tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact on the environment being a primary concern.
? minimization of tourism's own environmental impact
? affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury
? local culture, flora and fauna being the main attractions
For many countries, ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of the environment, but is a major industry of the national economy. For example, in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya, Madagascar and Antarctica, ecotourism represents a significant portion of the gross domestic product and economic activity.
The concept of ecotourism is widely misunderstood and in practice is often used as a marketing tool to promote tourism, which is related to nature. This is an especially frequent malpractice in the realm of Jungle tourism. Critics claim that these greenwashing practices, carried out in the name of ecotourism, often consist of placing a hotel in a splendid landscape, to the detriment of the ecosystem. According to them, ecotourism must above all sensitize people to the beauty and the fragility of nature. They condemn some operators as greenwashing their operations: using the labels of "green" and "eco-friendly”, while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways.21*cnjy*com
Although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is precious little statistical data, some estimate that more than five million ecotourists - the majority of the ecotourist population - come from the United States, with others from Western Europe, Canada and Australia.
Currently, there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism accreditation programs, although the process is also controversial. National ecotourism certification programs have been put in place in countries such as Costa Rica, Australia, Kenya and Sweden.2·1·c·n·j·y
History
Ecotourism, responsible tourism, jungle tourism and sustainable development have become prevalent concepts since the late 1980s, and ecotourism has experienced arguably the fastest growth of all sub-sectors in the tourism industry. The popularity represents a change in tourist perceptions, increased environmental awareness, and a desire to explore natural environments. Such changes have become as much a statement affirming one's social identity, educational sophistication, and disposable income as it has about preserving the Amazon rainforest or the Caribbean reef for posterity. 21*cnjy*com
Criticisms
Definitional problems and greenwashing
To approach an understanding of the problem, a clear definition must delineate what is, and is not, ecotourism. Ideally, ecotourism satisfies several general criteria, including the conservation of biological diversity and cultural diversity through ecosystem protection, promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, share of socio-economic benefits with local communities through informed consent and participation, increase in environmental and cultural knowledge, affordability and reduced waste, and minimization of its own environmental impact. In such ways, it contributes to the long term benefits to both the environment and local communities.
However, in the continuum of tourism activities that stretch from conventional tourism to ecotourism proper, there has been a lot of contention to the limit at which biodiversity preservation, local socio-economic benefits, and environmental impact can be considered "ecotourism". For this reason, environmentalists, special interest groups, and governments define ecotourism differently. Environmental organizations have generally insisted that ecotourism is nature-based, sustainably managed, conservation supporting, and environmentally educated. The tourist industry and governments, however, focus more on the product aspect, treating ecotourism as equivalent to any sort of tourism based in nature. As a further complication, many terms are used under the rubric of ecotourism. Nature tourism, low impact tourism, green tourism, bio-tourism, ecologically responsible tourism, and others have been used in literature and marketing, although they are not necessary synonymous with ecotourism.21cnjy.com
The problems associated with defining ecotourism have led to confusion among tourists and academics alike. Definitional problems are also subject of considerable public controversy and concern because of greenwashing, a trend towards the commercialization of tourism schemes disguised as sustainable, nature based, and environmentally friendly ecotourism. According to McLaren, these schemes are environmentally destructive, economically exploitative, and culturally insensitive at its worst. They are also morally disconcerting because they mislead tourists and manipulate their concerns for the environment. Despite objections, greenwashing continues to grow unabated. The Nature's Sacred Paradise, a theme park in Quintana Roo, Mexico, is responsible for displacing local Mayan communities and illegally keeping endangered species in captivity to attract visitors. The development and success of such large scale, energy intensive, and ecologically unsustainable schemes are a testament to the tremendous profits associated with being labeled as ecotourism.
Negative impact of tourism
Ecotourism has become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry, growing annually by 10-15% worldwide (Miller, 2007). One definition of ecotourism is “the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countries” (Honey, 1999). Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts. South Africa is one of the countries that are reaping significant economic benefits from ecotourisms, but negative effects - including physical displacement of persons, gross violation of fundamental rights, and environmental hazards - far outweigh the medium-term economic benefits (Miller, 2007). A tremendous amount of money is being spent and human resources continue to be used for ecotourism despite the lack of success, and even more money is put into public relation campaigns to dilute the effects of criticism. Ecotourism channels resources away from other projects that could contribute more sustainable and realistic solutions to pressing social and environmental problems. “The money tourism can generate often ties parks and managements to eco-tourism” (Walpole et al. 2001). But there is a tension in this relationship because eco-tourism often causes conflict and changes in land-use rights, fails to deliver promises of community-level benefits, damages environments, and has plenty of other social impacts. Indeed many argue repeatedly that eco-tourism is neither ecologically nor socially beneficial, yet it persists as a strategy for conservation and development (West, 2006). While several studies are being done on ways to improve the ecotourism structure, these examples provide rationale for stopping it altogether.
The ecotourism system exercises tremendous financial and political influence. The evidence above shows that at the very least a strong case exists for restraining such activities. Funding could be used for field studies aimed at finding alternative solutions to tourism and the diverse problems Africa faces in result of urbanization, industrialization, and over exploitation of agriculture (Kamuaro, 2007). At the local level ecotourism has become a source of conflict over control of land, resources, and tourism profits. There are many problems with the idea of ecotourism. Environmental, the effects on the local people, and conflicts over profit distribution are only a few of the negative effects of ecotourism. In a perfect world more efforts would be made towards educating tourists of the environmental and social effects of their travels. Very few regulations or laws stand in place as boundaries for the investors in ecotourism. These should be implemented to prohibit the promotion of unsustainable ecotourism projects and materials which project false images of destinations, demeaning local and indigenous cultures.
Direct environmental impacts
Ecotourism operations occasionally fail to live up to conservation ideals. It is sometimes overlooked that ecotourism is a highly consumer-centered activity, and that environmental conservation is a means to further economic growth.21·世纪*教育网
Although ecotourism is intended for small groups, even a modest increase in population, however temporary, puts extra pressure on the local environment and necessitates the development of additional infrastructure and amenities. The construction of water treatment plants, sanitation facilities, and lodges come with the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources and the utilization of already limited local resources. The conversion of natural land to such tourist infrastructure is implicated in deforestation and habitat deterioration of butterflies in Mexico and squirrel monkeys in Costa Rica. In other cases, the environment suffers because local communities are unable to meet the infrastructure demands of ecotourism. The lack of adequate sanitation facilities in many East African parks results in the disposal of campsite sewage in rivers, contaminating the wildlife, livestock, and people who draw drinking water from it.
Aside from environmental degradation with tourist infrastructure, population pressures from ecotourism also leaves behind garbage and pollution associated with the Western lifestyle. Although ecotourists claim to be educationally sophisticated and environmentally concerned, they rarely understand the ecological consequences of their visits and how their day-to-day activities append physical impacts on the environment. As one scientist observes, they "rarely acknowledge how the meals they eat, the toilets they flush, the water they drink, and so on, are all part of broader regional economic and ecological systems they are helping to reconfigure with their very activities." Nor do ecotourists recognize the great consumption of non-renewable energy required to arrive at their destination, which is typically more remote than conventional tourism destinations. For instance, an exotic journey to a place 10,000 kilometers away consumes about 700 liters of fuel per person.21教育名师原创作品
Ecotourism activities are, in of itself, issues in environmental impact because they disturb fauna and flora. Ecotourists believe that because they are only taking pictures and leaving footprints, they keep ecotourism sites pristine, but even harmless sounding activities such as a nature hike can be ecologically destructive. In the Annapurna Circuit in Nepal, ecotourists have worn down the marked trails and created alternate routes, contributing to soil impaction, erosion, and plant damage. Where the ecotourism activity involves wildlife viewing, it can scare away animals, disrupt their feeding and nesting sites, or acclimate them to the presence of people. In Kenya, wildlife-observer disruption drives cheetahs off their reserves, increasing the risk of inbreeding and further endangering the species.
Environmental hazards
Unfortunately, industrialization, urbanization, and unsustainable agriculture practices have all had serious effects on the environment. Ecotourism is now also playing a role in this depletion. While the term ecotourism may sound relatively benign, one of its most serious impacts is its consumption of virgin territories (Kamuaro, 2007). These invasions often include deforestation, disruption of ecological life systems and various forms of pollution, all of which contribute to environmental degradation. The number of motor vehicles crossing the park increases as tour drivers search for rare species. The number of roads has disrupted the grass cover which has serious effects on plant and animal species. These areas also have a higher rate of disturbances and invasive species because of all the traffic moving off the beaten path into new undiscovered areas (Kamuaro, 2007). Ecotourism also has an effect on species through the value placed on them. “Certain species have gone from being little known or valued by local people to being highly valued commodities. The commodification of plants may erase their social value and lead to overproduction within protected areas. Local people and their images can also be turned into commodities” (West, 2006). Kamuaro brings up a relatively obvious contradiction, any commercial venture into unspoiled, pristine land with or without the “eco” prefix as a contradiction in terms. To generate revenue you have to have a high number of traffic, tourists, which inevitably means a higher pressure on the environment.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Local people
Most forms of ecotourism are owned by foreign investors and corporations that provide few benefits to local communities. An overwhelming majority of profits are put into the pockets of investors instead of reinvestment into the local economy or environmental protection. The limited numbers of local people who are employed in the economy enter at its lowest level, and are unable to live in tourist areas because of meager wages and a two market system.【出处：21教育名师】
In some cases, the resentment by local people results in environmental degradation. As a highly publicized case, the Masai nomads in Kenya killed wildlife in national parks to show aversion to unfair compensation terms and displacement from traditional lands. The lack of economic opportunities for local people also constrains them to degrade the environment as a means of sustenance. The presence of affluent ecotourists encourage the development of destructive markets in wildlife souvenirs, such as the sale of coral trinkets on tropical islands and animal products in Asia, contributing to illegal harvesting and poaching from the environment. In Suriname, sea turtle reserves use a large portion of their budget to guard against these destructive activities.
Displacement of people
One of the most powerful examples of communities being moved in order to create a park is the story of the Masai. About 70% of national parks and game reserves in East Africa are on Masai land (Kamuaro, 2007). The first undesirable impact of tourism was that of the extent of land lost from the Masai culture. Local and national governments took advantage of the Masai’s ignorance on the situation and robbed them of huge chunks of grazing land, putting to risk their only socio-economic livelihood. In Kenya the Masai also have not gained any economic benefits. Despite the loss of their land, employment favours better educated workers. Furthermore the investors in this area are not local and have not put profits back into local economy. In some cases game reserves can be created without informing or consulting local people, who come to find out about the situation when an eviction notice is delivered (Kamuaro, 2007). Another source of resentment is the manipulation of the local people by their government. “Eco-tourism works to create simplistic images of local people and their uses and understandings of their surroundings. Through the lens of these simplified images, officials direct policies and projects towards the local people and the local people are blamed if the projects fail” (West, 2006). Clearly tourism as a trade is not empowering the local people who make it rich and satisfying. Instead ecotourism exploits and depletes, particularly in African Masai tribes. It has to be reoriented if it is to be useful to local communities and to become sustainable (Kamuaro, 2007).
Threats to indigenous cultures
Ecotourism often claims that it preserves and “enhances” local cultures. However, evidence shows that with the establishment of protected areas local people have illegally lost their homes, and most often with no compensation (Kamuaro, 2007). Pushing people onto marginal lands with harsh climates, poor soils, lack of water, and infested with livestock and disease does little to enhance livelihoods even when a proportion of ecotourism profits are directed back into the community. The establishment of parks can create harsh survival realities and deprive the people of their traditional use of land and natural resources. Ethnic groups are increasingly being seen as a “backdrop” to the scenery and wildlife. The local people struggle for cultural survival and freedom of cultural expression while being “observed” by tourists. Local indigenous people also have strong resentment towards the change, “Tourism has been allowed to develop with virtually no controls. Too many lodges have been built, too much firewood is being used and no limits are being placed on tourism vehicles. They regularly drive off-track and harass the wildlife. Their vehicle tracks criss-cross the entire Masai Mara. Inevitably the bush is becoming eroded and degraded” (Kamuaro, 2007).21教育网
Mismanagement
While governments are typically entrusted with the administration and enforcement of environmental protection, they often lack the commitment or capability to manage ecotourism sites effectively. The regulations for environmental protection may be vaguely defined, costly to implement, hard to enforce, and uncertain in effectiveness. Government regulatory agencies, as political bodies, are susceptible to making decisions that spend budget on politically beneficial but environmentally unproductive projects. Because of prestige and conspicuousness, the construction of an attractive visitor's center at an ecotourism site may take precedence over more pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat, protecting endemic species, and removing invasive ones. Finally, influential groups can pressure and sway the interests of the government to their favor. The government and its regulators can become vested in the benefits of the ecotourism industry which they are supposed to regulate, causing restrictive environmental regulations and enforcement to become more lenient.
Management of ecotourism sites by private ecotourism companies offers an alternative to the cost of regulation and deficiency of government agencies. It is believed that these companies have a self interest in limited environmental degradation, because tourists will pay more for pristine environments, which translates to higher profit. However, theory indicates that this practice is not economically feasible and will fail to manage the environment.
The model of monopolistic competition states that distinctiveness will entail profits, but profits will promote imitation. A company that protects its ecotourism sites is able to charge a premium for the novel experience and pristine environment. But when other companies view the success of this approach, they also enter the market with similar practices, increasing competition and reducing demand. Eventually, the demand will be reduced until the economic profit is zero. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the company bears the cost of environmental protection without receiving the gains. Without economic incentive, the whole premise of self interest through environmental protection is quashed; instead, ecotourism companies will minimize environment related expenses and maximize tourism demand.
The tragedy of the commons offers another model for economic unsustainability from environmental protection, in ecotourism sites utilized by many companies.[18] Although there is a communal incentive to protect the environment, maximizing the benefits in the long run, a company will conclude that it is in their best interest to utilize the ecotourism site beyond its sustainable level. By increasing the number of ecotourists, for instance, a company gains all the economic benefit while paying only a part of the environmental cost. In the same way, a company recognizes that there is no incentive to actively protect the environment; they bear all the costs, while the benefits are shared by all other companies. The result, again, is mismanagement.
Taken together, the mobility of foreign investment and lack of economic incentive for environmental protection means that ecotourism companies are disposed to establishing themselves in new sites once their existing one is sufficiently degraded.www.21-cn-jy.com
Improving sustainability
Regulation and accreditation
Because the regulation of ecotourism is poorly implemented or nonexistent, ecologically destructive greenwashed operations like underwater hotels, helicopter tours, and wildlife theme parks are categorized as ecotourism along with canoeing, camping, photography, and wildlife observation. The failure to acknowledge responsible, low impact ecotourism puts these companies at a competitive disadvantage.
Many environmentalists have argued for a global standard of accreditation, differentiating ecotourism companies based on their level of environmental commitment. A national or international regulatory board would enforce accreditation procedures, with representation from various groups including governments, hotels, tour operators, travel agents, guides, airlines, local authorities, conservation organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The decisions of the board would be sanctioned by governments, so that non-compliant companies would be legally required to disassociate themselves from the use of the ecotourism brand.21世纪教育网版权所有
Crinion suggests a Green Stars System, based on criteria including a management plan, benefit for the local community, small group interaction, education value and staff training.[10] Ecotourists who consider their choices would be confident of a genuine ecotourism experience when they see the higher star rating.
In addition, environmental impact assessments could be used as a form of accreditation. Feasibility is evaluated from a scientific basis, and recommendations could be made to optimally plan infrastructure, set tourist capacity, and manage the ecology. This form of accreditation is more sensitive to site specific conditions.【版权所有：21教育】
Guidelines and education
An environmental protection strategy must address the issue of ecotourists removed from the cause-and-effect of their actions on the environment. More initiatives should be carried out to improve their awareness, sensitize them to environmental issues, and care about the places they visit.
Tour guides are an obvious and direct medium to communicate awareness. With the confidence of ecotourists and intimate knowledge of the environment, they can actively discuss conservation issues. A tour guide training program in Costa Rica's Tortuguero National Park has helped mitigate negative environmental impacts by providing information and regulating tourists on the parks' beaches used by nesting endangered sea turtles.
Small scale, slow growth and local control
The underdevelopment theory of tourism describes a new form of imperialism by multinational corporations that control ecotourism resources. These corporations finance and profit from the development of large scale ecotourism that causes excessive environmental degradation, loss of traditional culture and way of life, and exploitation of local labor. In Zimbabwe and Nepal's Annapurna region, where underdevelopment is taking place, more than 90 percent of ecotourism revenues are expatriated to the parent countries, and less than 5 percent go into local communities.21·cn·jy·com
The lack of sustainability highlights the need for small scale, slow growth, and locally based ecotourism. Local peoples have a vested interest in the well being of their community, and are therefore more accountable to environmental protection than multinational corporations. The lack of control, westernization, adverse impacts to the environment, loss of culture and traditions outweigh the benefits of establishing large scale ecotourism.
The increased contributions of communities to locally managed ecotourism create viable economic opportunities, including high level management positions, and reduce environmental issues associated with poverty and unemployment. Because the ecotourism experience is marketed to a different lifestyle from large scale ecotourism, the development of facilities and infrastructure does not need to conform to corporate Western tourism standards, and can be much simpler and less expensive. There is a greater multiplier effect on the economy, because local products, materials, and labor are used. Profits accrue locally and import leakages are reduced. However, even this form of tourism may require foreign investment for promotion or start up. When such investments are required, it is crucial for communities for find a company or non-governmental organization that reflects the philosophy of ecotourism; sensitive to their concerns and willing to cooperate at the expense of profit. The basic assumption of the multiplier effect is that the economy starts off with unused resources, for example, that many workers are cyclically unemployed and much of industrial capacity is sitting idle or incompletely utilized. By increasing demand in the economy it is then possible to boost production. If the economy was already at full employment, with only structural, frictional, or other supply-side types of unemployment, any attempt to boost demand would only lead to inflation. For various laissez-faire schools of economics which embrace Say's Law and deny the possibility of Keynesian inefficiency and under-employment of resources, therefore, the multiplier concept is irrelevant or wrong-headed.
As an example, consider the government increasing its expenditure on roads by $one million, without a corresponding increase in taxation. This sum would go to the road builders, who would hire more workers and distribute the money as wages and profits. The households receiving these incomes will save part of the money and spend the rest on consumer goods. These expenditures in turn will generate more jobs, wages, and profits, and so on with the income and spending circulating around the economy.
The multiplier effect arises because of the induced increases in consumer spending which occur due to the increased incomes — and because of the feedback into increasing business revenues, jobs, and income again. This process does not lead to an economic explosion not only because of the supply-side barriers at potential output (full employment) but because at each "round", the increase in consumer spending is less than the increase in consumer incomes. That is, the marginal propensity to consume (mpc) is less than one, so that each round some extra income goes into saving, leaking out of the cumulative process. Each increase in spending is thus smaller than that of the previous round, preventing an explosion.Ecotourism has to be implemented with care.
Natural resource management
Natural resource management can be utilized as a specialized tool for the development of eco-tourism. There are several places throughout the world where the amount of natural resources are abundant. But, with human encroachment and habitats these resources are depleting. Without knowing the proper utilization of certain resources they are destroyed and floral and faunal species are becoming extinct. Ecotourism programmes can be introduced for the conservation of these resources. Several plans and proper management programmes can be introduced so that these resources remain untouched. Several organizations, NGO's, scientists are working on this field.
Natural resources of hill areas like Kurseong in West Bengal are plenty in number with various flora and fauna, but tourism for business purpose poised the situation. Researcher from Jadavpur University presently working in this area for the develeopment of eco-tourism which can be utilized as a tool for natural resource management.www-2-1-cnjy-com
Tour operators, travel agencies & retailers
Some companies specialise in ecotourism, designing their trips to be environmentally, culturally and socially friendly. Companies such as Intrepid Travel, Adventure Life, Frontier, and Marine Conservation Society, Family Nature Summit, Peregrine Adventures, World Expeditions, Explore Worldwide and Exodus offer trips catering for the thoughtful traveller. Some tour operators are keenly aware of the impacts that they may have on specific areas and rotate clients around to different sites for snorkeling, bird watching, and other activities. Others are just beginning to see the advantage of "green" travel destinations.
General Ecotourism Tips
Here are some things to be mindful of if you want to make sure your trip remains green without compromising the potential of your vacation.21世纪教育网版权所有
Hotels/Resorts: Eco-friendly hotels tend to be smaller operations than their counterparts. Employing local workers and getting their food from local suppliers are paramount issues, since improving local economies is always a big step towards eco-librium. Larger hotels tend to waste copious amounts of water. Something that seems as inconsequential as washing sheets too often or the maintenance of golf courses can all drastically overuse water. For several tourist destinations, that means water shortages for the local eco-system and population.21教育网
Try and find out if the hotel you’re staying at has water & energy saving policies and what they do with their waste and recyclable items.21cnjy.com
Tours/Tour guides: The key word here is local. Working with smaller, locally based tour operators is best way to insure a more personal understanding of the place you’re visiting and a smaller impact on the environment. In many cases the best tour guides are local villagers, and it’s these individuals who tend to know the area best anyways.21·cn·jy·com
Carbon Offsetting: Some ecotourism locales and travel packages will have programs in place for carbon offsetting on a local level. Some hotels and resorts will donate some of their income into these programs, while others may take a more hands on approach by simply planting more trees for every visitor that comes through their doors. www.21-cn-jy.com
Longer Vacations Less Often: Taking one long flight over the course of a year is going to be substantially less detrimental to the planet than taking a bunch of short ones. Stay a bit more local for those weekend getaways; if you’re visiting San Francisco from Los Angeles, book a train instead of a flight or driving. A couple of hundred people riding a train will be more efficient than a couple hundred cars on the freeway.2·1·c·n·j·y
