牛津译林版（2019）选择性必修 第一册 Unit 3 The art of painting课件（4份打包）

(共88张PPT)
牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修一课件
Unit 3 The art of painting
Reading
First Impression
制作者：桂东一中　李宇平
◆ 内容分析
【What】本板块语篇的类型是旅行日记，内容是一位游客记录的自己参观法国巴黎奥赛博物馆的经历。在众多的馆藏艺术品中，作者聚焦于印象派的作品，并通过重点描述莫奈和雷诺阿这两位印象派画家的创作特色与代表作品，以点带面地介绍了印象派画家的共同特点及其深远影响。
【Why】本板块的语篇通过记录作者参观奥赛博物馆的所见所想，介绍了印象派画家的代表作品、艺术风格以及对后世的影响，旨在帮助学生了解绘画流派相关知识，提高美术鉴赏水平。
【How】作者以第一人称叙述参观博物馆的经历，增加了文本的真实感与亲切感，能更好地吸引读者。
文章的标题很有特色，是对印象派绘画风格的高度概括，需要深入阅读文本后才能正确解读。本文脉络清晰，在简介奥赛博物馆总体情况后，分别介绍了莫奈和雷诺阿的作品，再对印象派整体的绘画风格及其影响力进行分析，有分有总、点面结合。
◆ 教学目标
By the end of this section, we will be able to:
1. interpret the title of this travel journal;
2. recognize works created by the Impressionists;
3. give an introduction to the Impressionists’ paintings;
4. appreciate the Impressionists’ paintings.
◆ 教学过程
（一） 学习理解
　1. Answer the two questions on page 30 before reading the travel journal.
Visiting museums is a very rewarding experience. The travel journal below is about a visit to an art museum. Before you read the travel journal, think about the following questions:
1) What do you think the travel journal talks about according to the title and the pictures
The travel journal might talk about the thoughts people have when they look at one of an artist’s works for the first time. It gives a different impression every time one looks at it.
The title “First impressions”, together with the pictures, also
reminds me of the Impressionist painters and their unique techniques. The travel journal could mention how they used the techniques, what effects they created, as well as the reasons why artists used them.
2) Why do people visit art museums
People visit art museums to appreciate the artists’ spectacular [spek t kj l (r)](壮观的；壮丽的；令人惊叹的) masterpieces and to be inspired by creativity. They instil [ n st l] [逐渐灌输，逐步培养(感受、思想或行为)]a sense of awe(敬畏；惊叹) that someone created something so beautiful or unique.
Visiting art museums is also one way to learn about cultures, beliefs and traditions. Art museums let us see a country’s history through its art. They are the pride of [值得自豪的人(或事物)]a country because they showcase[展示(优点)] its creative intelligence.
2. Scan the travel journal and answer the following questions.
(1) What museum did the writer visit
The Musée d’Orsay.
[mju ze d ze ]
(法国)奥赛博物馆
(2) How many painters are mentioned in the journal Who are they
Four.
Claude Monet, [ kl d m ne]克劳德·莫奈
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, [pi e (r) gju st renwɑ (r)]皮埃尔 — 奥古斯特·雷诺阿
Vincent van Gogh [ v ns nt v n ɡ ]文森特·凡·高（荷兰画家）
and Paul Gauguin. [ p l ɡ ɡ ]保罗·高更
(3) How many paintings are mentioned in the journal What are they
Four.
The Ballet Class, 《舞蹈课》（埃德加·德加的画作）
The Card Players, 《玩纸牌者》（保罗·塞尚的画作）
Blue Water Lilies 《蓝睡莲》（莫奈的画作）
and Dance at Le Moulin [ mu l ] de la Galette [ɡ let]. 《煎饼磨坊的舞会》（雷诺阿的画作）
First Impression
3 June
Paris, France
As a huge art fan, I knew exactly what I was looking forward to most about my trip to Paris: visiting the Musée d’Orsay [mju ze d ze ]
[(法国)奥赛博物馆 ].
△Housed in an old railway building, this world-famous art museum features some of the best-known paintings from the Impressionist movement of the 19th century.
house是（某物）的贮藏处（或安置处）；收藏；安置
The gallery houses 2 000 works of modern art.
美术馆收藏了2 000件现代艺术作品。
The museum is housed in the Old Court House.博物馆设在旧法院大楼里。
The painting is now housed in the British Museum.
该画作现藏于大英博物馆。
feature| fi:t (r)| v.
A. vt. ~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) 以…为特色；是……的特征;由…主演；以…为主要组成;以…为主要内容;重点介绍;
The latest model features a smaller size and more fashionable design.最新款的特点是体积更小，设计更时尚。
The film features Cary Grant as a professor.
这部电影由卡里·格兰特饰演一位教授。
Many of the hotels featured in the brochure offer special deals for weekend breaks.小册子列举的多家旅馆都有周末假日特别优待。
The hour-long programme will be updated each week and feature highlights from recent games.
这个时长一小时的节目将每周更新，重点介绍最近比赛的精彩片断。
B.vi. ~ (in sth) 起重要作用；占重要地位
Olive oil and garlic feature prominently in his recipes.橄榄油和大蒜在他的食谱中显得很重要。
As I wandered through the Impressionist gallery, I appreciated masterpieces like The Ballet Class and The Card Players. Even though I had admired them hundreds of times on my computer screen, nothing could have prepared me for the wonder(惊讶；惊奇；惊异；惊叹) I felt when I finally laid eyes on the real thing.
但当我终于亲眼见到实物时，还是觉得猝不及防，惊叹不已。
clap/lay/set eyes on sb/sth
(informal) (通常用于否定句) 看见；注意到
I haven't clapped eyes on them for weeks.我几周没见到他们了。
I hope I never set eyes on this place again!
我希望永远不再见到这个地方！
I loved that book the moment I laid eyes on its cover.
我一看见那本书的封面就爱上了它。
Finally, he laid eyes on the painting and appreciated it for a long while.
最后，他的目光停留在那幅画上，并且欣赏了好一阵子。
While it was hard to pick a favourite painting out of so many amazing works, the artists who made the deepest impression on me were two of the greatest Impressionist painters, Claude Monet [ kl d m ne](克劳德·莫奈) and Pierre-Auguste Renoir [pi e (r) gju st renwɑ (r)](皮埃尔 — 奥古斯特·雷诺阿).
I could see from Monet’s works that he was greatly inspired by nature. In the last three decades of his life he painted mostly scenes from his garden. One of these scenes is shown in the famous piece Blue Water Lilies, which I studied (审视；端详；细看) for quite a while in the gallery.
I couldn’t believe it when I heard he did around 250 paintings of the same water lily pond, all in different colours and styles. It is amazing that every time Monet studied this simple scene, he brought the pond’s beauty to the canvas in a unique way.令人赞叹的是，莫奈每次端详睡莲池这处简单的风景，都以独特的方式让它的美跃然于画布之上。
Renoir, I noticed, preferred to paint scenes of everyday life. For me, the most interesting of his paintings is his 1876 masterpiece Dance at Le Moulin [ mu l ] de la Galette [ɡ let]. [《煎饼磨坊的舞会》(雷诺阿的画作)] , which shows life in a busy neighbourhood of Paris on a Sunday afternoon.
△When I saw it up close, I was struck by the small areas of light across the painting, and the way the soft edges of the figures seemed to mix together.
近距离观赏，画面上遍布着小面积的光斑，人物柔和的轮廓似乎融为一体，令我大为震撼。
be struck by/on/with sb/sth
(informal) to be impressed or interested by sb/sth; to like sb/sth very much 被某人（或某物）打动；迷恋某人（或某物）
The first time I saw her, I was struck by her beautiful smile.我第一次见到她时就被她美丽的笑容打动了。
We're not very struck on that new restaurant.
我们不大看得上那家新餐馆。
There’s so much going on, but so little clear detail. This effect makes the lively movement of the dance almost jump out at the viewer.
画上呈现的内容如此丰富，但清晰的细节又如此之少。这种效果使得舞蹈动作活灵活现，引人注目。
jump out at sb 极易引起某人的注意,=leap out at
The mistake in the figures jumped out at me.我一眼就看出数字上有错误。
Although the paintings had very different settings, it was their similarities that stayed with me long after I left the Musée d’Orsay—similarities which can be seen throughout the Impressionists’ paintings. Monet and Renoir, along with other like-minded artists, sought liberation from the rules of the old style.
along with sb/sth:in addition to sb/sth; in the same way as sb/sth 除…以外（还）；与…同样地
She lost her job when the factory closed, along with hundreds of others.
工厂倒闭时，她和成百上千的其他人一样失去了工作。
like-minded想法相同的；志趣相投的
He regarded it to be a good chance to meet like-minded people.他把这当作一次结识志趣相投者的好机会。
I had a great time in my university, for I was constantly learning and surrounded by lots of like-minded people. 我很享受我的大学时光，因为我总是在学习并且周围全是与我志同道合的人。
The boy is always absent-minded in class.这个小男孩儿上课经常走神。
She is quite open-minded about most things.
在大多数事情上，她思想很开明。
If you fail to consider others’ viewpoints, you may become narrow-minded.如果你不考虑他人的观点，你可能会变得狭隘。
Everyday subject matter[(著作、讲话、绘画等的)主题，题材，主要内容] was the main focus of their works, as opposed to the history paintings that had traditionally dominated European art. They employed free brushwork and used colours to show the effect of light on things, creating paintings that were far less realistic than the works that came before.他们运用自由的笔法，使用色彩来表现光线投射在物体上的效果，创作的画远不如前人之作那么写实。
as opposed to(formal) （表示对比）而（不是），相对于
200 attended, as opposed to 300 the previous year.
出席的有200人，而前一年是300人。
Now students can express their own ideas, as opposed to just listening to the teacher.现在学生可以表达自己的观点，而不只是听老师讲。
To me, these techniques are the essence of the Impressionist view of art (艺术观). Impressionist artists did not try to paint every detail in a scene—just a brief(短时间的；短暂的) “impression” they had at that moment, burning with vivid(鲜明的) colours and light, before it disappeared.
印象派画家试图描绘的并非某个场景的所有细节 —— 而是他们当时产生的瞬间“印象”，在它消失之前，迸发着鲜明的光彩。
burn (with)有强烈的情感；极度渴望
to be burning with rage/ambition/love
满怀强烈的仇恨 / 远大的抱负 / 炽热的爱
The young boy was burning with a fierce ambition.
这个年轻人怀有极其远大的抱负。
Dan burned to know what the reason could be. 丹急于想知道原因。
He was burning to go climbing again.
他渴望再去爬山。
The Impressionists’ vision(远见卓识) inspired a whole new generation of Post-Impressionist painters such as Vincent van Gogh [ v ns nt v n ɡ ] and Paul Gauguin [ p l ɡ ɡ ], whose works are also displayed at the Musée d’Orsay.
It is also worthy of note (值得注意)that Post-Impressionist painters were not the only ones to be influenced by Impressionism—the movement has had a lasting influence on modern art, encouraging artists to look at the world from an entirely new point of view. It certainly left a lasting impression on me too!
3. Read the travel journal again and finish A1 on page 32.
A. Understanding the text
A1. Read the travel journal and write down the main idea of each part in the chart below.
Seeing the Musée d’Orsay was what I was looking forward to most about my trip to Paris.
I was impressed by two of the greatest Impressionist painters Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir the most.
Impressionist painters shared some similarities in terms of their subject matter and painting techniques, and influenced future painters and
modern art.
4. Finish A2 on page 32.
A2. Read the travel journal again carefully and decide whether the following statements are true ( T ) or false ( F ). Note down(记录；记下) the sentences in the travel journal that support the true statements and correct the false statements.
1) The author was most impressed by Monet and Renoir. T / F
..., the artists who made the deepest impression on me were two of the greatest Impressionist painters, Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
2) Renoir’s masterpiece Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette is very detailed. T / F
3)The Impressionists tried to paint extremely realistic paintings.
T / F
…shows very little clear detail
didn’t try to
4) The Impressionists showed the effect of light on things with colours.
T / F
They employed free brushwork and used colours to show the effect of light on things, ...
5) Van Gogh was influenced by Impressionism. T / F
The Impressionists’ vision inspired a whole new generation of Post-Impressionist painters such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin, ...
5. Read paragraph 1 and introduce the Musée d’Orsay in our own words.
The Musée d’Orsay is a world-famous art museum. It features some of the best-known
Impressionists’ paintings. The Musée d’Orsay is housed in an old railway building.
6. Read paragraphs 2 to 4 and fill in the following table.
Blue Water Lilies
from
his
garden
different colours and styles
in a unique way
everyday life
life in a busy neighbourhood of Paris on a Sunday afternoon
light across the painting
soft edges of the figures
7. Read paragraph 5 and paragraph 6, and then complete the following tasks.
(1) Have students read paragraph 5 and make a comparison between the Impressionists’ paintings and the works that came before by filling in the following table.
The works that came before The Impressionists’ paintings
Subjects
Styles Realistic
Focus
History paintings
Everyday subject matter
Less realistic
Every detail in a scene
Just a brief “impression” they had at that moment
(2) What influence did the Impressionists have on other painters
The Impressionists influenced the Post-Impressionist painters as well as painters in modern art by encouraging artists to look at the world from an entirely new point of
view.
（二） 应用实践
1. Discuss the second question in A3 on page 32.
If you were a tour guide of the Musée d’Orsay, how would you introduce the museum to the visitors
The Musée d’Orsay is a world-famous art museum in Paris, France. It is unusual because it was previously used as a railway station. This museum is famous for its large collection of paintings from the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist movements of the 19th century.
It also displays masterpieces from masters such as Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. A visit to the Musée d’Orsay allows visitors to look at and compare the different styles between the two art movements. They can enjoy looking at the world from an entirely new point of view.
2. Discuss the following question.
What do you think of the title of this travel journal Why
The title of the travel journal is “First impressions”. I think it is a good title. It is a good summary of the artistic features of the Impressionists. The Impressionist artists did not try to paint every detail in a scene.
Instead, they tried to paint a brief “impression” of the feeling they had, burning with vivid colours and light, before it disappeared. What was painted on a canvas was exactly the impression in their mind at that very moment. In addition, the title also indicates that this was the first time the writer had laid eyes on real Impressionist works in a museum, since she had previously only admired them on her computer screen.
3. Finish B1 on page 33, and then answer two questions.
B. Building your language
B1. The passage below is about the great painter Vincent van plete the passage with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below.
employ display decade
lay eyes on gallery vision
vivid as opposed to
Vincent van Gogh was one of the most gifted artists of his generation. He began working in an art (1) ________ when he was 16 years old. However, △ it was not until more than a (2) _______ later that he started to seriously consider being an artist himself.
gallery
decade
Van Gogh became depressed after he moved to London. In 1880, he took up painting, from which he drew much comfort. As he began to (3) _______ a talent for painting, he realized that art was his true calling (职业；事业). He was very impressed by the artworks of the master painter Rembrandt [ rembr nt] when he (4) ____________ them.
display
laid eyes on
In 1886, he moved to Paris to live with his brother, who introduced him to some Impressionist artists. He began to form his own style, (5) __________ thick, unmixed(纯粹的) paint. This resulted in (6) _____ colours, similar to those in the Impressionist paintings.
employing
vivid
However, Van Gogh’s works had strong lines,(7) ____________ the softer edges of Impressionism. He made friends with Paul Gauguin, who shared the same (8) ______, and they became known as Post-Impressionists.
Although he was a genius, Van Gogh was not yet appreciated in the art world.
as opposed to
vision
He only sold one painting during his lifetime, but these days, his works are enjoyed by people around the world.
Questions:
(1) What is Vincent van Gogh’s painting style like
Vincent van Gogh employed thick, unmixed paint, which resulted in vivid colours, similar to those in the Impressionist paintings. However, his works had strong lines(强烈的线条), as opposed to the softer edges of Impressionism. He was known as a Post-Impressionist.
(2) Was Vincent van Gogh’s gift recognized during his lifetime
No. During his lifetime, Vincent van Gogh was not appreciated in the art world and he sold only one painting.
4. Read the tip of “Establishing word families from root words” on page 33 and then finish B2.
Tip: Establishing word families from root words
We can form some English words by adding suffixes [ s f ksiz] to the same root word and together they form a word family. Establishing word families is an effective way to enlarge your vocabulary.
B2. The travel journal uses some words created from the same root word. Note the following words and think of more words from the same root word. Then fill in the table below with as many words as you can.
Verbs Nouns Adjectives
impress impression, Impressionism, Impressionist impressive
dominate
liberation
employ
influence
domination
dominant
[ d m n nt]
liberate
liberated
employment,
employer,
employee
Employable
具备受雇条件的；
适宜雇用的
influence
influential
5. Finish B3 on page 33.
B3. The travel journal uses several words and structures to make comparisons. Find the examples of comparison in the travel journal and improve the sentences below.
Learn this: When describing either the similarities or the differences between two things, pay attention to the following expressions:
Describing similarities: share, be similar to, like, as ... as
Describing differences: as opposed to, in contrast [ k ntrɑ st] to(与…截然不同;与…对比鲜明;相比之下;与…相反),be different from, than, unlike
Sentences showing comparison:
1) Although the paintings had very different settings, it was their similarities that stayed with me long after I left the Musée d’Orsay—similarities which can be seen throughout the Impressionists’ paintings.
2)Everyday subject matter was the main focus of their works, as opposed to the history paintings that had traditionally dominated European art.
3)They employed free brushwork and used colours to show the effect of light on things, creating paintings that were far less realistic than the works that came before.
The Louvre [ lu:v (r)] Museum is located in Paris. It houses more than 7,500 paintings ranging from the 13th century to 1848. The Musée d’Orsay is also located in Paris. It is mainly devoted to French art between 1848 and 1914.
Both the Louvre Museum and the Musée d’Orsay are located in Paris. The Louvre houses more than 7,500 paintings ranging from the 13th century to 1848. The Musée d’Orsay is different from the Louvre in that it is mainly devoted to French art between 1848 and 1914.
（三） 迁移创新
1. Answer the first question of A3 on page 32.
Which of the following do you think is most likely to be an Impressionist painting Give your reasons.
I think the painting in the middle is most likely an Impressionist painting because it is probably a normal everyday scene for the painter. The boat and its surrounding scene are just an impression of what the painter saw so they are not painted in clear detail—the soft edges of the boats, factory chimneys, sea and sky seem to mix together.
This tells me that the painter used the Impressionist free brushwork technique. The painter also used light and vivid colours to express his or her feelings.
2. Find more information about the painting in the middle in the first question of A3. We can complete the following notes first, and then describe the painting in their own words.
Notes
Name of the painting
Name of the painter Claude Monet
Time of creation
Genre [ r , nr ]
Subject A scene in the port of Le Havre['hɑ:vr ]
Current location Paris, France
Influence
Impression, Sunrise
1872
Cityscape painting
Inspiring the name of the
Impressionist movement
This is Claude Monet’s masterpiece, Impression, Sunrise. This work was painted from a hotel window at Le Havre in 1872. It was one of the nine works that he showed at an exhibition in 1874. Of all those displayed there, this was probably the most famous picture because it gave rise to[使发生(或存在),引起] the name of the movement.
This painting showed the treatment of light and colour that afterwards became connected with the “Impressionist” style. The colours were restrained(不艳丽的；朴素的,克制的；有节制的) and the paint was applied not in discrete(分离的;互不连接的;不相关的 ) brushstrokes of contrasting colours but in very thin washes resulting in parts of the canvas being revealed.
这幅画展示了后来与“印象派”风格联系起来的对光线和色彩的处理。色彩是克制的，颜料不是用分散的对比色的笔触，而是用非常薄的水洗，导致画布的一部分露出来。
3. Read the following introduction to Post-Impressionism first and then
conduct a discussion.
(1) Read the introduction to Post-Impressionism.
Post-Impressionism is another movement, which represented both an extension of Impressionism and a rejection of its inherent [ n h r nt](固有的；内在的) limitations. Post-Impressionists included some late 19th century painters such as Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and others. Most of them began as Impressionists before abandoning the style to form their own highly personal art.
Impressionism was based, in its strictest sense,on the objective recording of nature in terms of the subtle [ s tl] effects of colour and light.从最严格的意义上说，印象派是以色彩和光线的微妙效果客观地记录自然为基础的。 However, the Post-Impressionists rejected this limited aim and were in favour of more ambitious expression. The work of these painters formed a basis for several contemporary trends and for early 20th century modernism.
(2) Suppose two exhibitions are to be held, one for the works by the Impressionists and the other for the works by the Post-Impressionists. Which one would you choose to see Why
I prefer to see the works by the Post-Impressionists for two reasons. Firstly, I am familiar with quite a few works by the Impressionists and have already acquired some knowledge about their painting styles. Therefore, I am eager to know how they influenced the Post-Impressionists.
What did the Post-Impressionists focus on How did the Post-Impressionists employ brushwork and colours These questions often fascinate me. Secondly, Vincent van Gogh is my favourite painter and he belonged to the Post-Impressionists, so I want to learn more about him and to see his works with my own eyes.(共36张PPT)
牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修一课件
Unit 3 The art of painting
Welcome to the unit
制作者：桂东一中　李宇平
Painting is silent poetry, and poetry is painting that speaks.
—Simonides of Ceos
画是无言的诗，诗是有声的画。
　　　　　　——西摩尼得斯
（古希腊抒情诗人）
单元概述
　　主题语境：“人与社会”
　　话　　题： “绘画艺术”，　　
　　语篇类型：旅行日记、博客文章、操作指南和海报等。
　　教学意图：帮助学生更多地了
解中外绘画知识，增强文化意识，提高艺术修养。
单元教学内容
语言知识
>> 语音知识
　　运用重音、语调、节奏等，连贯和清晰地表达意义、意图和态度等。
>> 词汇知识
　　1. 单词和短语
　　*portrait, landscape, wander, gallery, decade, mostly, pond, *canvas,
neighbourhood, strike, setting, like-minded, liberation, opposed, dominate,
employ, brushwork, realistic, essence, vivid, vision, display, worthy, calling, shade, bathe, *pixel, wage, campaign, architecture, toast, garlic, mushroom,arrange, raw, *scroll, insight, crop, wind, sail, civilian, butcher, apparent, *ink,　*perspective, precise, ambitious, enormous, comprehensive, clothing, temple, structure, overall, critic,
inspection, expose, political, soldier,
crisis, decline, overthrow, *scale, emperor, outstanding, exhibition, rare, historic, career
　as opposed to, all walks of life, go about something, be down to, in one’s own right, speak volumes about
2. 词汇拓展
了解派生词现象，掌握常见词根和派生规则。
>> 语法知识
　　学习并掌握动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式做表语的语法规则、功能特点，并在语境中正确理解和使用。
>> 语篇知识
　　1. 学习旅行日记的文体结构以及语言表达特征。
　　2. 熟悉操作指南和海报的行文格式和语言特点。
>> 语用知识
　　在操作指南的撰写和海报的制作中，能根据交际双方的身份和关系运用正确、得体的语言表达方式。
文化知识
　　1. 了解常见绘画类型、世界名画、著名艺术馆、著名画家的相关信息。
　　2. 掌握印象派和后印象派的艺术特点、代表人物及作品。
　　3. 探究中国绘画艺术作品的内涵及其背后博大精深的中华传统文化。
　　4. 培养文化自信，弘扬中华绘画艺术。
语言技能
听
　　1. 能借助录音了解课文大意，熟悉画家和作品，掌握绘画流派的主
要风格。
　　2. 能借助录音了解《清明上河图》的历史背景、绘画主题等基本信息。
说
　　1. 能简要介绍世界著名画家和世界名画的相关信息。
　　2. 能概述印象派的主要画家、代表作品、绘画风格及其对后世的
影响。
　　3. 能正确、清楚、有条理地介绍特殊画作的制作步骤及注意事项。
　　4. 能概括《清明上河图》的主要内容、画家的绘画技巧、画家传递的信息，以及此画的历史价值等。
读
　　1. 能通过阅读获取奥赛博物馆、印象派的细节信息。
　　2. 能把握操作指南型文本的文体特征和语言特点。
　　3. 能通过阅读文本了解我国传世名画《清明上河图》，获取语篇的细
节信息，把握篇章结构，并充分体会画家对社会生活的深刻洞察力和高超的艺术表现力。
看
　　观看一段在绘画创作中使用特殊材料的电视节目，并能从画面、颜色、声音等非语言手段中获取相关信息。
写
　　1. 掌握并能正确使用细节比较的写作手法。
　　2. 能运用正确的结构和语言撰写一份操作指南，记录一幅特殊画作
的制作过程。
学习策略
元认知策略
　　通过图书馆、互联网等渠道获取更多与绘画艺术相关的学习资源；
注意积累与绘画艺术有关的英文表达方式。
认知策略
　　能根据语篇类型和特点，了解篇章的主要内容和写作意图。
交际策略
　　在就“绘画艺术”这一话题进行交流时，能自我监控和调整语言的正确性和得体性，并能通过非语言手段提高交际效果。
情感策略
　　在了解“绘画艺术”相关知识的过程中，增强对英语学习的兴趣，
提高学习效率。
单元目标
　　1. 学会通过参观艺术馆等活动增长知识，了解绘画艺术，提高艺术鉴赏水平。
　　2. 掌握动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式做表语的核心规则，并能在具体语境中正确理解和使用。
　　3. 撰写操作指南，记录制作特殊画作的过程。
　　4. 鉴赏反映中国古代绘画艺术成就的代表作品《清明上河图》，体会博大精深的中华绘画艺术。
　　5. 小组合作制作一份海报，介绍一位著名画家。
In this unit, we are going to:
read a travel journal [ d nl] (日志；日记) about a visit to an art museum;
write instructions on how to make an unusual picture;
read an essay on a famous Chinese painting;
make a poster about a painter.
Welcome to the unit
◆ 内容分析
　　本板块呈现了四幅属于典型绘画类型的画作。首先欣赏四幅画作，说出它们各自所属的绘画类型；由此展开对主要绘画类型、世界著名画家和世界名画的讨论，为进一步学习单元后续内容做好热身。
◆ 教学目标
　By the end of this section, we will be able to:
1. know some popular types of painting;
2. describe the four paintings in the textbook;
3. introduce one or two world-famous painters and their masterpieces.
◆ 教学过程
　1. Read the quotation “Painting is silent poetry, and poetry is painting that speaks.” and then answer the following question.
What are the similarities between painting and poetry
In my opinion, both painting and poetry are art forms that express beauty. Painting expresses beauty by means of colours, light and shapes while poetry does the same by means of sounds, words and abstract images. Both are well worth appreciating as they provide us with artistic pleasure.
2. Read the list of some popular types of painting on page 29 and answer question 1 on page 29.
The art of painting has a long history and there are different types of painting. Look at the paintings below and discuss the following questions in pairs.
Below is a list of some popular
types of painting:
Portrait painting
Still life painting
Landscape painting
Cityscape painting城市风光画
Real-life painting
History painting
Which type do you think each of
the paintings belongs to Why
This is a portrait painting because the painting is of a person’s head and shoulders.
This is a still life painting because the painting is of flowers that have been arranged in a vase.
This is a real-life painting because the painter painted real people in a real
situation; they are dancing and socializing(进行社交活动;与人交往.)
This is a landscape painting because the painting is of a natural view of mountains.
3. Add more information to the mind map below about the types of painting.
Painting
Genres [' ɑ:nr z](类型)
● Portrait painting
● Still life painting
● Landscape painting
● Cityscape painting
● Real-life painting
● History painting
● Birds and flowers painting
● Religious painting
Tools or materials used
● Oils
● Engraving版画
● Watercolours
● Pencils
● Pens
Usages and functions
● New Year painting
● Poster
● Cartoon
● Illustration插图
● Animation
4. Answer question 2 on page 29.
What famous painters and
paintings do you know about
The Chinese painter Zhang Daqian (1899 — 1983) painted landscape scenes, birds and flowers, as well as people.
He is well known for using splashed ink(泼墨) and colour technique, which embraces(欣然接受，乐意采纳,包括；包含) both Eastern and Western influences. One of his works, Lush(葱郁的；葱茏的；草木茂盛的)Mountains in Misty Gleam(微光), fully demonstrates this technique. The abstract part of the painting is done by splashing paints and ink on a sheet of gold paper.
The visual impact of the bright hues(颜色；色度；色调) of colour is striking. Over the abstract imagery [ m d ri] [(尤指具有象征意义的)图片,意象,形象], he placed a pavilion [p v li n](亭，阁) at the top of the mountain which emerges from the mist with water falling down the side. The colours and the technique together created a painting that is recognized for its unique style and breathtaking(壮观的) scenery.
I know of Qi Baishi (1864 — 1957), who enjoyed painting many different animals,landscapes and still life scenes. He favoured(较喜欢；选择) using heavy ink(厚重的墨水) in bright colours and he used an energetic brushwork style. In his famous work, Shrimps Playing Around, eight shrimps are drawn using simple lines.
Each shrimp appears to be full of life and seems to be playing around in the water. Even though the painting may appear to be simple, the distinctive features of each shrimp can be clearly recognized on close inspection. The painting is a good representation of Chinese ink paintings.
One of the most influential artists in the Renaissance [r ne sns][文艺复兴(时期)] was Leonardo文艺复兴（时期） da Vinci (1452 — 1519). His most easily recognizable painting is Mona Lisa, an oil painting that was painted sometime between 1503 and 1519. The half-body portrait is of a woman with a distant landscape in the background.
This painting has had art experts debating for centuries about the woman’s true identity as well as the reason for her mysterious smile.
Frida Kahlo (1907 — 1954) was a famous female painter from Mexico, best known for her brilliantly coloured self-portraits. Her painting technique is considered by many experts to be in the surrealist [s 'ri: l st] style.
One of her famous paintings, The Two Fridas, shows twin figures holding hands, each figure representing an opposing side of Kahlo—one is the traditional Frida in a traditional Mexican costume, with a broken heart, sitting next to an independent, modern dressed Frida. 她的一幅著名画作《两个弗里达》(The Two Fridas)展示了两个手牵着手的人物，每个人物都代表卡洛的对立面——传统的弗里达穿着传统的墨西哥服装，带着一颗破碎的心，坐在独立的、穿着现代服装的弗里达旁边。(共201张PPT)
牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修一课件
Unit 3 The art of painting
Words
制作者：桂东一中　李宇平
1. portrait| p :tre t; -tr t; 美 p :rtr t|
1)n.
A. 肖像；半身画像；半身照
He had his portrait painted in uniform.
他让人画了一幅身着制服的画像。
a full-length portrait全身画像
self-portrait自画像
B. a detailed description of sb/sth 详细的描述；描绘,=depiction [d 'p k n]
a portrait of life at the French court
对法国宫廷生活的详细描述
2)adj. (计) (文件页面) 竖向的；纵向打印格式的
2. landscape| l ndske p|
1)n.
A. [C, 常用单数形式] （陆上，尤指乡村的）风景，景色
the woods and fields that are typical features of the English landscape
具有典型英国风景特征的森林与田野
(figurative)We can expect changes in the political landscape .
我们等着看政治舞台上的变化吧。
B. 乡村风景画；乡村风景画的风格
an artist famous for his landscapes
以风景画闻名的画家
C. [U](术语) （文件的）横向打印格式
Select the landscape option when printing the file.打印文件时应选择横向打印格式选项。
2. vt.对…做景观美化；给…做园林美化；美化…的环境
3. wander| w nd (r); 美 wɑ:n-|
1)v.
A. 漫游；游荡；闲逛；徘徊；流浪；漂泊
She wandered aimlessly around the streets.
她在大街上漫无目的地到处游荡。
We wandered back towards the car.
我们溜达着回到汽车那里。
The child was found wandering the streets alone.
那孩子被发现独自在大街上瞎转。
B. vi. ~ (away/off) | ~ (from/off sth) 偏离（正道）；走失；离散
The child wandered off and got lost.
那孩子走散后迷路了。
They had wandered from the path into the woods.他们离开小路消失在树林里。
C. vi. ~ (away, back, to, etc. sth) (人的思想或想法) 走神；神志恍惚；（思想）开小差,=drift
It's easy to be distracted and let your attention wander .
很容易走神分散了注意力。
Try not to let your mind wander .
尽量别让你的思想开小差。
Her thoughts wandered back to her youth.
她浮想联翩，思绪回到了青春岁月。
D. [vi., ~ + 副词或介词短语] (人的眼睛) 慢慢地移开
His eyes wandered towards the photographs on the wall.
他的目光慢慢地移向墙上的照片。
She let her gaze wander .
她东瞅瞅西望望。
E. [vi., ~ + 副词或介词短语] (道路或河流) 蜿蜒；迂回曲折
The road wanders along through the hills.这条路蜿蜒曲折地穿过山丘。
2)n. [单数] 游荡；溜达；闲逛；徘徊
I went to the park and had a wander around.我去公园转了一圈。
4. gallery| g l ri| n.(pl. -ies)
A. （艺术作品的）陈列室，展览馆；画廊
an art/a picture gallery
美术馆；绘画陈列室
the National Gallery国家美术馆
B. 私家画店
C. （大厅的）楼座，楼上旁听席
D. （剧场中票价最低的）顶层楼座
E. 长廊；走廊；柱廊
F. （矿坑或洞穴中的）水平巷道
play to the gallery
哗众取宠；行为惹人注目
5. decade| deke d; d ke d| n.
十年，十年期（尤指一个年代）
fortnight| f :tna t; 美 f :rt-|
[常用单数形式](British English) 两星期
century| sent ri|(pl. –ies) 100年；百年
6. mostly| m stli; 美 mo -|
mainly; generally 主要地；一般地；通常
We're mostly out on Sundays.
我们星期天一般不在家。
7. pond|p nd; 美 pɑ:nd|n.
池塘（尤指人工的）
a fish pond 养鱼池
across the pond
(informal) 在大西洋彼岸
8.canvas | k nv s| n.
A. [U] 帆布
B. [C] （帆布）画布；油画
under canvas在帐篷里
9. neighbourhood| ne b h d; 美 ne b r-| n.
A. 街区；城区；（统称）某街区（或城区）的居民
We grew up in the same neighbourhood.
我们是在同一条街上长大的。
Manhattan [m n'h tn] is divided into distinct neighborhoods.
曼哈顿分为几个区，风格各异。
He shouted so loudly that the whole neighbourhood could hear him.他叫得那么大声，整条街的人都能听到。
B. 所在地；邻近的地方
We searched the surrounding neighbourhood for the missing boy.
我们在附近寻找失踪的男孩儿。
in the neighbourhood of(数量) 大约；上下;在…附近;靠近
It cost in the neighbourhood of $500.
这大约花费了500元。
10. strike|stra k|
1) v. (struck, struck |str k|)
A. vt.(formal) 撞；碰；撞击；碰撞
The child ran into the road and was struck by a car.
孩子跑到公路上给车撞了。
The tree was struck by lightning .
树遭到雷击。
He fell, striking his head on the edge of the table.他摔倒了，头碰在桌棱上。
The stone struck her on the forehead.
石头击中她的额头。
B. (formal) 打；击
She struck him in the face.
她掴了他一耳光。
He struck the table with his fist.
他用拳头打桌子。
Who struck the first blow (= started the fight) 是谁先动手的？
C. vt.(formal) 击打，踢（球等）
He walked up to the penalty spot and struck the ball firmly into the back of the net.
他走到罚球点，稳稳地把球踢入网内。
D.vi.突击；攻击
Police fear that the killer may strike again.警方担心杀人犯可能再次下手。
E. 侵袭；爆发
Two days later tragedy struck.
两天后悲剧发生了。
F. (不用于进行时) (想法或念头) to come into sb‘s mind suddenly 突然想到；一下子想起；猛地意识到
An awful thought has just struck me.刚才我脑子里突然闪过一个可怕的念头。
I was struck by her resemblance to my aunt.我猛然发现她长得跟我姑姑很像。
It suddenly struck me how we could improve the situation.我一下子明白我们如何能改善局面了。
比较：
dawn on sb[无被动态] 使开始明白；使渐渐领悟；使开始理解
Suddenly it dawned on me that they couldn't possibly have met before.
我突然明白他们以前不可能见过面。
hit 使突然想起
I couldn't remember where I'd seen him before, and then it suddenly hit me.起初我想不起以前在哪里见过他，后来猛然记起来了。
occur to sb (观念或想法) 被想到；出现在头脑中
The idea occurred to him in a dream.
这个主意是他在梦中想到的。
[+ 带 to 的不定式]
It didn't occur to her to ask for help.
她没想到请别人帮忙。
It occurred to me that I could have the book sent to me.
我想到可以让人把书寄给我。
come/spring to mind
突然记起（或想到）
When discussing influential modern artists, three names immediately come to mind.
在讨论现代有影响的艺术家时，一下子有三个名字出现在脑海中。
cross your mind(想法等) 掠过心头；出现在脑海
It never crossed my mind that she might lose (= I was sure that she would win) .我从来没想过她会失败。
G. strike sb (as sth) 给（某人以…）印象；让（某人）觉得
His reaction struck me as odd.
他的反应令我诧异。
How does the idea strike you
你觉得这个主意怎么样？
She strikes me as a very efficient person.
在我眼里，她是个很干练的人。
It strikes me that nobody is really in favour of the changes.
我觉得没人真正赞成这些变动。
H. vt. 照在…上；照射
The windows sparkled as the sun struck the glass.阳光照得玻璃窗熠熠闪光。
I. [~ + 名词短语 + 形容词][常用被动态] 顿时使处于某状态
to be struck dumb/deaf/blind
一时什么也说不出 / 听不见 / 看不见
J. vi. ~ (for sth) 罢工
The union has voted to strike for a pay increase of 6%.
工会投票决定罢工，要求加薪6%。
K.擦，划（火柴）；击出（火星）
to strike a match on a wall
在墙上擦火柴
The matches were damp and he couldn't make them strike.
火柴受潮了，他划不着。
L. 敲；鸣；报时
Did you hear the clock strike
你听见钟响了吗？
The clock has just struck three.
时钟刚刚敲过三点。
M. vt.弹奏；奏响；发出（声音）
N. vt. 开采出；钻探到
They had struck oil!他们开采出了石油！
O. [~ + 副词或介词短语] ~ (off/out) 行进；加劲走
be struck by/on/with sb/sth
(informal) 被某人（或某物）打动；迷恋某人（或某物）
strike a balance (between A and B)
（在对立二者之间）找到折中办法；平衡（对立的双方）
Strike while the iron is hot.
(saying) 趁热打铁
within striking distance (of sth)
近在咫尺；在攻击距离之内
2)n.
A. 罢工；罢课；罢市
Half the workforce are now (out) on strike .现在有半数职工罢工。
B. 军事进攻；袭击；（尤指）空袭
C. [常用单数形式] 击；打；踢
D. 击球未中；击
E. (保龄球) 全中（第一球撞倒全部十柱球）
F. [常用单数形式] （珍贵东西的）意外发现；（尤指石油的）发现
G. (North Amercian English) ~ (against sb/sth) （有损声誉的）不利因素，打击
The amount of fuel that this car uses is a big strike against it.
耗油量大是这辆车的一大缺点。
11. setting | set | n.
A. 环境；背景
It was the perfect setting for a wonderful Christmas.
环境气氛无可挑剔，正是一个美好的圣诞节所需要的。
B. （戏剧、小说等的）情节背景
short stories with a contemporary setting以当代生活为背景的短篇小说
C. （机器上调节速度、高度、温度等的）挡，级，点
The performance of the engine was tested at different settings.
对引擎的性能在不同的挡上做了试验。
D. (音) （为诗等谱的）曲
E. （镶嵌宝石的）底座，底板，托板
F. （摆在桌上供一人用的）一套餐具
a place setting一个座位的整套餐具
12. like-minded adj. 想法相同的；志趣相投的
the opportunity to mix with hundreds of like-minded people. 与许许多多志趣相投的人交流的机会
13. liberation| l b re n|[U, 单数]
a war of liberation解放战争
liberation from poverty摆脱贫困
women's liberation妇女解放运动
liberate| l b re t| vt.
A. ~ sb/sth (from sb/sth) 解放
B. ~ sb (from sth) 使自由；使摆脱约束（或限制）
Writing poetry liberated her from the routine of everyday life.
写诗使她从日常生活的例行公事中解脱出来。
14. opposed| p zd; 美 po zd| adj.
[名词前不常用] ~ (to sth) 　
A. (人) 强烈反对
She remained bitterly opposed to the idea of moving abroad.
她仍然强烈反对移居国外。
They are totally opposed to abortion.
他们完全反对堕胎。
B.(意见、看法等) 截然不同
oppose| p z; 美 po z| v.
A. vt. 反对（计划、政策等）；抵制；阻挠
He threw all those that opposed him into prison.
他把所有反对他的人都投进了监狱。
[动词 + -ing短语]
I would oppose changing the law.
我将反对改变这个法规。
B. vt. （在竞赛中）与…对垒，与…角逐
He intends to oppose the prime minister in the leadership election.在领导选举中，他欲与首相一决高下。
opposition| p z n; 美 ɑ:p -| n.
A. [U] ~ (to sb/sth) （强烈的）反对，反抗，对抗
B. the opposition （事业、竞赛、游戏等的）对手，敌手，竞争者
C. the Opposition 反对党；在野党
D. 对立；对立的事物
in opposition to sb/sth强烈反对（或抵制）某人 / 某事物;对比；对照
15. as opposed to
(formal) （表示对比）而，相对于
200 attended, as opposed to 300 the previous year.
出席的有200人，而前一年是300人。
16. dominate| d m ne t; 美 dɑ:m-| v.
A. 支配；控制；左右；影响
As a child he was dominated by his father.他小时候由父亲主宰一切。
He tended to dominate the conversation.
他往往左右着交谈的内容。
She always says a lot in meetings, but she doesn't dominate.她在会上总是滔滔不绝，但她的话没什么影响。
B. vt. 在…中具有最重要（或明显）的特色
The train crash dominated the news.
火车相撞事故成了最重要的新闻。
C. vt. 在…中拥有最重要的位置；俯视；高耸于
The cathedral [k θi dr l] dominates the city.大教堂俯视全城。
D. vt.(体) （在比赛中）占有优势，占据主动，控制战局
domination| d m ne n; 美 dɑ:-|
[U]
companies fighting for domination of the software market
争取控制软件市场的公司
17. employ| m pl |
1)v.
A.vt. ~ sb (as sth) 雇用
How many people does the company employ 这个公司雇用了多少人？
For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.
三年来他一直受雇当消防员。
A number of people have been employed to deal with the backlog of work.
已雇来一些人处理积压的工作。
self-employed adj.自己经营的; 个体经营的; 自由业的; 自雇的;
unemployed adj.失业的;
B. vt. (formal) 应用；运用；使用
The police had to employ force to enter the building.
警察不得不强行进入大楼。
be employed in doing sth
从事于，忙于（做某事）
She was employed in making a list of all the jobs to be done.
她忙着把要做的所有工作列一个清单。
2)[U] in sb's employ | in the employ of sb (formal) 替某人工作；为某人所雇用
Those in his employ were careful never to enrage him. 在他手底下干活的人都非常小心绝不去触怒他。
18. brushwork| br w :k; 美 -w :rk| [U] （画家的）笔触，画法
19. realistic| ri: l st k; British English also r -| adj.
A. 现实的；实际的；实事求是的
We have to be realistic about our chances of winning.我们必须实事求是地估计我们获胜的可能性。
It is not realistic to expect people to spend so much money.
期望人们花那么多的钱是不实际的。
B. 明智的；恰如其分的；能够实现的
We must set realistic goals.
我们必须制订可实现的目标。
a realistic target切实的目标
C. 逼真的；栩栩如生的
We try to make these training courses as realistic as possible.我们努力使这些训练课程尽可能地贴近实际情况。
unrealistic
realistically| ri: l st kli; British English also r -| adv.
A. （表明你认为实际实现的可能性）如实地，实际地
B. 切合实际地；明智地
Kate spoke realistically about the task ahead.
凯特如实地谈了面临的任务。
C. 逼真地；栩栩如生地
20. essence| esns| n.
A. [U] ~ (of sth) 本质；实质；精髓
His paintings capture the essence of France.
他的画描绘出法国的神韵。
In essence , your situation isn't so different from mine.从本质上讲，你我的情况并非相差很远。
B. 香精；精油
of the essence
必不可少；非常重要
In this situation time is of the essence.
在这种情况下，时间是至关重要的。
essential| sen l|
1)adj.
A. ~ (to/for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…) 完全必要的；必不可少的；极其重要的
B. [只用于名词前] 本质的；基本的；根本的,=fundamental
2)n.
A. [常用复数] 必不可少的东西；必需品
B.要点；要素；实质
21. vivid| v v d| adj.
A. ( 记忆、描述等) 清晰的；生动的；逼真的
vivid memories清晰的记忆
He gave a vivid account of his life as a fighter pilot.他生动地描述了他那战斗机飞行员的生活。
B. (光、颜色等) 鲜明的；耀眼的；鲜艳的；强烈的
vivid blue eyes碧蓝的眼睛
C. (人的想象) 丰富的
vividly adv.
I vividly remember the day we first met.
我对我们第一次相见的那天记忆犹新。
vividness[U]
22. vision| v n| n.
A. [U] 视力；视野
to have good/perfect/poor/normal vision视力好 / 极好 / 差 / 正常
He glimpsed something on the edge of his vision.他斜眼瞥见了点什么。
B. [C] 想象；幻象
I had visions of us getting hopelessly lost.我想象我们完全迷失了方向。
C. [C] 梦幻；幻象；神示；异象
The idea came to her in a vision.
她在神示中想到了这个主意。
D. [U] 想象力；眼力；远见卓识,=foresight
a leader of vision有远见的领袖
E. [C] a ~ (of sth) (literary) 俊男；天仙；有…气质的人
She was a vision in white lace.
她穿着镶白色网眼纱边的衣服美极了。
F. [U] （电视或影院屏幕的）影像，画面
We apologize for the loss of vision.
很抱歉没法显示画面。
23. display |d sple |
1)v. ~ sth (to sb) 　
A. vt. 陈列；展出；展示,=exhibit
The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to display their work.这次展览为当地艺术家提供了展示自己作品的机会。
B. vt. 显示，显露，表现（特性或情感等）
I have rarely seen her display any sign of emotion.
我难得见到她将喜怒形于色。
These statistics display a definite trend.
这些统计数据表现出一种明显的趋势。
C. vt. ( 计算机等) 显示
The screen will display the username in the top right-hand corner.
屏幕将在右上角显示用户名。
D. vi.(术语) (雄性的鸟兽) （为求偶）做炫耀行为
2)n.
A. 陈列；展览
a window display橱窗陈列
B. 展示；表演
a firework display烟火表演
C. （特性、情感或能力的）显示，表现，表露
a display of affection/strength/wealth
爱的流露；实力的显示；财富的炫耀
D. （计算机屏幕上的）显示，显像
on display陈列；展出,=on show
Designs for the new sports hall are on display in the library.
新体育馆的设计图展示在图书馆里。
to put sth on temporary/permanent display临时 / 长期展出
24. worthy| w : i; 美 w :r i|
1) adj. (worthier, worthiest)
A. ~ (of sb/sth) (formal) 值得（或应得）…的
A number of the report’s findings are worthy of note .
这份报告里有些调查结果值得注意。
a worthy champion 当之无愧的冠军
He felt he was not worthy of her.
他觉得他配不上她。
unworthy
B. [常用于名词前] 值得尊敬的；值得注意的；值得敬仰的,=deserving
The money we raise will be going to a very worthy cause .我们筹集的钱款将用于非常崇高的事业。
C. 值得尊敬的，有价值的（但不太令人感兴趣或激动的）
her worthy but dull husband
她那为人正派却呆板的丈夫
D. ~ of sb/sth有（某人或事物）的典型特征
He gave a speech that was worthy of Martin Luther King.他作了一次典型的马丁·路德·金式的演讲。
E. -worthy (构成复合词) 值得…的；适于…的
trustworthy值得信任的
worthily|- li|adv.
worthiness[U]
2)n.(pl. –ies)(often humorous) 要人；大人物；知名人士
a meeting attended by local worthies当地知名人士参加的会议
worth|w :θ; 美 w :rθ|
1)adj. [名词前不可用] (用法同介词，后接名词、代词、数字或动词的-ing形式) 　
A. 有…价值；值…钱
B.~ sth/doing sth （指行动）值得，有价值
C. ~ sth/doing 值得（费周折）
D. (人) 拥有…价值的财产
He's worth 10 million.
他拥有1 000万英镑的财产。
2)[U] 　
A. ten dollars‘, 40, etc. ~ of sth 价值（十元、40英镑等）的东西
B. a week's, month's, etc. ~ of sth 能用（一个星期、一个月等）的东西
C. 价值；意义；作用
worthwhile| w :θ wa l; 美 w :rθ-| ~ (to do sth) | ~ (doing sth) 重要的；令人愉快的；有趣的；值得花时间（或花钱、努力等）
25. calling| k :l | n.
A. 使命感；（尤指想帮助他人的）强烈愿望，责任感
同义词：vocation
B. (formal) 职业；事业
26. shade| e d|
1) n.
A.[U] ~ (of sth) 阴凉处；背阴；（树）荫
We sat down in the shade of the wall.
我们在墙根的背阴处坐下。
The temperature can reach 40 C in the shade .背阴处温度可达40 C。
B. [C] 灯罩
an eyeshade遮阳眼罩
C. [C] (both North American English) ( also window shade) = blind n. (1)窗帘；（尤指）卷帘
D. [C] ~ (of sth) 浓淡深浅；色度
a delicate/pale/rich/soft shade of red淡 / 浅 / 艳 / 柔和的红色
E. [U] 暗部；阴影部分
The painting needs more light and shade .这幅画明暗层次不够。
F. [C, 常用复数] ~ of sth 差别；不同
The word has many shades of meaning.
这个词有很多层意思。
G. a shade [单数] 一点；略微,=touch
He was feeling a shade disappointed.
他略感失望。
H. shades [复数](informal) = sunglasses
I. shades of sb/sth [复数](informal) （人物、事情、时间的）痕迹，影子，遗风
short skirts and long boots─shades of the 1960s短裙和高筒靴——20世纪60年代的余韵
J. [C](literary) 阴魂；幽灵；鬼
put sb/sth in the shade使（某人或事物）黯然失色；使相形见绌
I tried hard but her work put mine in the shade.我费了很大力气，但她的成果让我相形见绌。
2)vt.
A. ~ sb/sth (from/against sth) 给…遮挡（光线）
She shaded her eyes against the sun.
她遮住眼睛避免阳光直射。
B. [常用被动态] 加灯罩
C. ~ sth (in) 把…涂暗；画阴影
I'm going to shade this part in.
我要把这一部分画得再暗一些。
D. (British English,informal) 险胜
shade into sth（界线模糊地）渐变
27. bathe|be |
1)v.
A. vt. dy 用水清洗（尤指身体部位）
Bathe the wound and apply a clean dressing.
清洗伤口，再用洁净敷料包扎。
B. (North Amercian English) = bath
Have you bathed the baby yet
你给婴儿洗澡了吗？
I bathe every day.我每天洗澡。
C. vi.(old-fashioned) （到海、河等中）游泳消遣
sunbathe沐日光浴;
D. vt. ~ sth (in sth) (literary) （以光线）撒满，覆盖；使沐浴（在光线里）
The moon bathed the countryside in a silver light.
月光下的乡村沐浴在一片银辉之中。
2)n. [单数](British English,formal) （在海、河等中的）游泳
to go for a bathe去游泳
bath|bɑ:θ; 美 b θ|
1)n. (pl. baths |bɑ: z; 美 b z|)
A. [C](British English) (bathtub, informal tub North Amercian English,British English) 浴缸；浴盆
B. [C](British English) 洗澡水
Please run a bath for me (= fill the bath with water) .
请给我把浴缸放满水。
C. [C] 洗澡；洗浴
I think I'll have a bath and go to bed.
我想洗个澡，然后睡觉。
(especially North American English)to take a bath洗澡
D. baths [复数](old-fashioned,British English) 游泳池
E. [C, 常用复数] （旧时的）公共浴室，澡堂
F. [C](术语) 浴器，浴锅，染缸（工业、化学以及医学加工处理用）
take a bath(North Amercian English) （在交易中）蒙受经济损失
2)v.(British English) (North Amercian English bathe) 　
A. vt. 给…洗澡
It's your turn to bath the baby.
轮到你给婴儿洗澡了。
B. vi. 洗澡
28. pixel| p ksl|(计) 像素（组成屏幕图像的最小独立元素）
29. wage|we d |
1) vt. ~ sth (against/on sb/sth) 开始，发动，进行，继续（战争、战斗等）
They waged a price war.
他们打起了价格战。
2)n.[单数] ( also wages [复数]) （通常指按周领的）工资，工钱
a wage increase of 3% 3%的加薪
(British English)a wage rise of 3% 3%的加薪
Wages are paid on Fridays.
每星期五发工资。
There are extra benefits for people on low wages .低薪者有额外补助。
salary| s l ri|(pl. -ies)
薪金，薪水（尤指按月发放的）
pay|pe |[U] 工资；薪水
(British English)a pay rise加薪
(North Amercian English)a pay raise
加薪
30. campaign|k m pe n|
1)n.
A. ~ (against/for sth) 运动（为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动）
to conduct a campaign领导一场运动
an anti-smoking campaign
反对吸烟的运动
Today police launched (= began) a campaign to reduce road accidents.
警方今天开展了一场减少道路交通事故的运动。
an advertising campaign
一场广告宣传活动
B. 战役
2)v. ~ (for/against sb/sth) 参加运动，领导运动（如为实现政治变革或赢得竞选胜利）
We have campaigned against whaling for the last 15 years.
我们最近15年一直参加反对捕鲸的运动。
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
They are campaigning to save the area from building development.
他们正开展一场反对在这个地区进行房地产开发的运动。
31. architecture| ɑ:k tekt (r); 美 ɑ:rk-| n.
A. [U] 建筑学
to study architecture学习建筑学
B. [U] 建筑设计；建筑风格
the architecture of the eighteenth century十八世纪的建筑风格
C.( 计) 体系结构；（总体、层次）结构
architectural| ɑ:k tekt r l; 美 ɑ:rk-| adj. 建筑学的；建筑方面的
architecturally adv.
architect| ɑ:k tekt; 美 ɑ:rk-| n.
A. 建筑师
B. 设计师；缔造者；创造者
He was one of the principal architects of the revolution.
他是那次革命的主要发动者之一。
Jones was the architect of the team's first goal.
琼斯是球队入第一球的发动者。
32. toast|t st; 美 to st|
1)n.
A. [U] 烤面包片；吐司
two slices/rounds of toast
两片 / 两整片烤面包片
B. [C] ~ (to sb/sth) 干杯；祝酒；敬酒
I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.我提议为新娘新郎干杯。
The committee drank a toast to the new project.委员会为这项新计划干杯。
C. [单数] the ~ of… （在某领域）广受赞誉的人，有口皆碑的人
The performance made her the toast of the festival.
她的演出使她在艺术节中备受推崇。
be toast(informal,especially North American English) 会死；要完蛋
One mistake and you're toast.
要是出一次错，你就完了。
2)v.
A. vt. 为…举杯敬酒；为…干杯
The happy couple were toasted in champagne.人们举起香槟酒为这对幸福的伉俪干杯。
We toasted the success of the new company.我们为新公司的成功干杯。
B. 烤（尤指面包）；把…烤得焦黄
a toasted sandwich烤过的三明治
Place under a hot grill until the nuts have toasted.
把这些坚果放在高温烤架下面烤熟。
C. vt. 烤火；取暖；使暖和
33. garlic| gɑ:l k; 美 gɑ:rl k|[U] 蒜；大蒜
garlicky adj.
garlicky breath/food
带大蒜味的气息；加有大蒜的食物
34. mushroom| m r m; -ru:m|
1)n. 蘑菇；蕈；伞菌
fried mushrooms油炸蘑菇
2)vi.
A. 快速生长；迅速增长
We expect the market to mushroom in the next two years.
我们期望未来两年内市场会迅速发展。
B. (usually go mushrooming) 采蘑菇
35. arrange| re nd | v.
A. 安排；筹备
She arranged a loan with the bank.
她和银行商定了一项贷款。
Can I arrange an appointment for Monday 我可以安排星期一约见吗？
We met at six, as arranged .
我们按时在六点钟碰面。
We've still got to arrange how to get to the airport.
我们还得安排如何到达机场。
We arranged for a car to collect us from the airport.
我们安排了一辆轿车到机场接我们。
I've arranged with the neighbours about feeding the cat while we are away.我们外出期间给猫喂食的事，我已和邻居安排妥了。
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
Have you arranged to meet him
你安排好去见他了吗？
[动词 (+ that从句)]
I've arranged that we can borrow their car.我已经说好了，我们可以借用他们的车。
B. vt. 整理；排列；布置
She arranged the flowers in a vase.
她把花瓶中的花插好。
C. vt ~ sth (for sth) 谱写，改编（乐曲）
He arranged traditional folk songs for the piano.
他把传统民歌改编成钢琴曲。
arrangement| re nd m nt| n.
A. [C, 常用复数] ~ (for sth) 安排；筹备
I'll make arrangements for you to be met at the airport.
我会安排人到机场接你。
B. [C, 常用复数] 安排方式；布置
She's happy with her unusual living arrangements.她对自己不同寻常的生活安排方式感到很得意。
There are special arrangements for people working overseas.
对赴海外工作的人员有特别安排。
C. ~ (with sb) (to do sth) 商定；约定
We can come to an arrangement over the price.我们可以就价格问题达成一项协议。
They had an arrangement that the children would spend two weeks with each parent.
他们商定，孩子们与父方母方分别各住两个星期。
D. 整理好的东西；整理；排列；布置
the art of flower arrangement
插花艺术
E. 改编乐曲
36. raw|r :|
1)adj.
A. 生的；未烹制的；未煮的
These fish are often eaten raw.
这些鱼常常生吃。
B. [常用于名词前] 未经加工的；自然状态的
C. [常用于名词前] 未经处理的；未经分析的；原始的
This information is only raw data and will need further analysis.这些资料只是原始数据，还需要进一步进行分析。
D. [常用于名词前] 未经训练的；粗犷的
songs full of raw emotion
充满豪放情感的歌曲
He started with nothing but raw talent and determination.
他起家时只有天生的才能和决心。
E. 红肿疼痛的；皮肤破损的；擦伤的
There were raw patches on her feet where the shoes had rubbed.
她的双脚被鞋子磨破了好几块皮。
F. [常用于名词前] 工作生疏的；不熟练的；无经验的
a raw beginner没有经验的新手
G. 寒冷的；严寒的
It had been a wet raw winter.
那是一个寒冷潮湿的冬天。
H. 真实的；反映真实情况的
rawness[U]
a raw deal
不公平的待遇；不公正的对待
Older workers often get a raw deal.
年纪大的工人经常受到不公正的对待。
2)n.
catch/touch sb on the raw
(British English) 触到某人的痛处；揭某人的疮疤
in the raw 质朴的；不加掩饰的
He spent a couple of months on the streets to experience life in the raw.他花了几个月时间走街串巷，体验真实的生活。
37. scroll|skr l; 美 skro l|
1)n.
A. （供书写的）长卷纸，卷轴
B. （石刻或木雕的）涡卷形装饰
2)v. (计) 滚屏；滚动[~ + 副词或介词短语]
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the list of files.
用箭头键把文件目录滚动一遍。
Scroll down to the bottom of the document.向下滚动到文件末尾。
Use the arrow keys to scroll the list of files.用箭头键滚动文件目录。
38. insight| nsa t| n.
A. [U](approving) 洞察力；领悟
a writer of great insight
有深刻洞察力的作家
With a flash of insight I realized what the dream meant.
我突然明白了这个梦意味着什么。
B. ~ (into sth) 洞悉；了解
The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.
这本书生动地表现了墨西哥的生活。
39. crop|kr p; 美 krɑ:p|
1)n.
A. [C] 庄稼；作物
Sugar is an important crop on the island.糖料作物是这个岛上的一种重要作物。
The crops are regularly sprayed with pesticides.
农作物定期喷洒杀虫剂。
B. [C] （谷物、水果等一季的）收成，产量,=harvest
a fall in this year’s coffee crop
今年咖啡产量的下降
C. [单数] a ~ of sth （同时做某事的）一群人，一批人；（同时发生的）一些事情
She is really the cream of the crop (= the best in her group) .
她的确是那批人中的精英。
a crop of disasters/injuries
一连串的灾难 / 伤害
D. [C] （骑手的）短马鞭
E. [C] 短发
F. [单数] a ~ of dark, fair, etc. hair/curls 短而密的头发
He had a thick crop of black curly hair.
他有一头浓黑鬈曲的短发。
2)v. (-pp-)
A. 剪短
closely cropped hair剪得很短的头发
B. vt.(术语) 剪裁，裁切（照片或图画）
C. vt. 啃吃（青草或其他植物上面的部分）
D. vi.(植物) 有收成
The potatoes cropped well this year.
今年马铃薯丰收。
E. vt. 种地；种庄稼
The river valley is intensively cropped.
河谷里种满了庄稼。
crop up（尤指意外地）出现，发生,=come up
His name just cropped up in conversation.
交谈时无意中就提到了他的名字。
I'll be late─something's cropped up at home.
我要晚一点来，家里突然出了点事。
40. wind
1)v. |wa nd| (wound, wound |wa nd|)
A. (路、河等)蜿蜒；曲折而行；迂回
The path wound down to the beach.
这条小路弯弯曲曲通向海滩。
The river winds its way between two meadows[ med uz] .
这条河蜿蜒流经两个牧场之间。
B. [~ + 名词短语 + 副词或介词短语] 卷缠；缠绕；绕成团
He wound the wool into a ball.
他把毛线缠绕成一团。
Wind the bandage around your finger.
用绷带把你的手指包扎起来。
C. ~ (sth) (up) 给（钟表等）上发条；通过转动把手等操作；可上发条；可通过转动把手（等）操作
He had forgotten to wind his watch.
他忘了给表上发条了。
D. ~ (sth) forward/back 卷绕，倒（磁带、胶卷等）
He wound the tape back to the beginning.他把磁带倒到了开头。
Wind forward to the bit where they discover the body.往前绕片，绕到他们发现尸体的那一截。
E. vt. 转动（把手）
wind sth down
A. 使（业务、活动等）逐步结束
The government is winding down its nuclear programme.
政府在逐步取消核计划。
B. 把（汽车窗玻璃等）摇下
Can I wind my window down
我可以把我这边的窗户摇下来吗？
wind down
A. (人) 喘口气；喘息一下
B. (机器) 慢下来后停住
wind up(informal) (人) 以…告终（或终结）
We eventually wound up staying in a little hotel a few miles from town.
我们最后在离城几英里的一家小旅馆里落脚。
wind up | wind sth up结束（讲话、会议等）
If we all agree, let's wind up the discussion.如果我们大家都同意，咱们就结束讨论吧。
wind sb up(British English,informal) 惹…生气；戏弄
That can't be true! You're winding me up.
那不会是真的！你在故意气我。
wind sth up
A. 关闭（公司、企业等）；停止营业
B.把（汽车窗玻璃等）摇上
2)vt. |w nd|
A. [常用被动态] 使喘不过气来；使喘大气
He was momentarily [ m m ntr li] winded by the blow to his stomach.他的肚子上挨了一击，一时喘不过气来。
B. (British English) （给婴儿轻轻拍抚后背）使嗳气
3)n.
A. 风；气流
strong/high winds强劲的风；大风
a light wind小风
The wind is blowing from the south.
刮的是南风。
The weather was hot, without a breath of wind .
天气炎热，连一丝风都没有。
B. (British English) (North Amercian English gas) [U] （随食物或饮料）吞下的气；胃气；肠气
I can’t eat beans─they give me wind.
我不能吃豆子，吃了肚子就胀气。
C. [U] （运动或吹奏乐器时的）呼吸
I need time to get my wind back after that run.
我跑过之后需要时间喘口气。
D. [U+单数/复数 动词] （管弦乐团的）管乐器，管乐器组
music for wind and strings管弦乐
The wind played beautifully.
管乐器部吹奏得美极了。
get wind of sth(informal) 听到…的风声；获悉…的秘密消息
in the wind即将发生；在酝酿中
like the wind一阵风似的；飞快地
put the wind up sb(British English,informal) 使害怕；使惊吓
a wind/the winds of change(常作新闻用语) 改革之风；变化的趋向
41. sail|se l|
1)v.
A. (船或船上的人) （船）航行；（人）乘船航行
to sail into harbour驶入海港
to sail the Atlantic在大西洋上航行
B. (also go sailing) 驾驶（或乘坐）帆船航行（尤指作为体育运动）
We spent the weekend sailing off the south coast.我们在南部海岸附近驾帆船度过了周末。
Do you go sailing often
你常去驾帆船玩吗？
She sails her own yacht [j t] .
她驾驶自己的游艇。
C. vi. (船只或船上的人) 起航
We sail at 2 p.m. tomorrow.
我们明天下午两点起航。
D. [~ + 副词或介词短语] 掠；飘；浮游；（人）昂首而行，气宇轩昂地走
clouds sailing across the sky
飘过天空的云彩
She sailed past me, ignoring me completely.她从我身边翩然走过，看都不看我一眼。
sail close to the wind
冒大风险（干危险或可能违法的事）
sail through (sth)顺利通过（考试等）
2)n.
A. 帆
As the boat moved down the river the wind began to fill the sails.
船顺河而下，风逐渐胀满了帆。
She moved away like a ship in full sail .
她一阵风似的走了。
B. [单数] 乘船航行
We went for a sail.
我们乘船兜了一趟风。
C. [C] （风车的）翼板
set sail (from/for…)
(formal) 起航；开航
We set sail (for France) at high tide.
我们在涨潮时起航（前往法国）。
42. civilian|s v li n|
1)n. 平民；老百姓；庶民
2) adj.[常用于名词前]
He left the army and returned to civilian life.他从军队退了役，重新过上平民百姓的生活。
civil| s vl| adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 国民的；平民的
B. [只用于名词前] 国家的，政府的（非宗教或军事的）
C. [只用于名词前] 民事的（非刑事的）
D. 有礼貌的；客气的
uncivil
civilly| s v li|adv.
43. all walks of life 各行各业，社会各界
a walk of life行业；职业；地位；阶层
She has friends from all walks of life.
她在社会各界中都有朋友。
44. butcher| b t (r)|
1)n.
A. 屠夫；肉贩
B. butcher's (pl. butchers)肉店；肉铺
He owns the butcher's in the main street.
他在大街上开了一家肉铺。
C. 刽子手
have/take a butcher's
(British English,slang 观看
2)vt.
A. 屠杀；杀戮
B. 屠宰；宰杀
C. (especially North American English) 弄砸；糟蹋
The script was good, but those guys butchered it.
剧本很好，但让那帮家伙给演砸了。
butchery| b t ri|[U] 　
A. 残杀；杀戮
B. 屠宰工作
45. go about sth
A. 着手做某事；开始做某事,=tackle
You're not going about the job in the right way.你做这事的方法不对。
How should I go about finding a job
我该怎样着手找工作呢？
B. 继续做某事；忙于某事
Despite the threat of war, people went about their business as usual.
虽然战争在即，人们照常忙着自己的事。
go about: (British English) = go around (3) （常处于某种状态或以某种方式行动）习惯于
46. apparent| p r nt| adj.
A. [名词前不常用] ~ (from sth) (that…) | ~ (to sb) (that…) 显而易见；明白易懂；显然,=obvious
It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.从面容上一眼就可以看出她确实心绪烦乱。
It soon became apparent to everyone that he couldn't sing.很快大家都明白他不会唱歌。
Then, for no apparent reason , the train suddenly stopped.接着，不知什么原因，火车突然停了下来。
B. [常用于名词前] 貌似的；表面上的；未必真实的,=seeming
My parents were concerned at my apparent lack of enthusiasm for school.我看来对上学不感兴趣，使父母担心。
apparently| p r ntli| adv.
据…所知；看来；显然
He paused, apparently lost in thought.
他停顿下来，显然陷入了沉思。
47. ink| k|
1)n. 墨水；墨汁；油墨
written in ink用墨水写的
a pen and ink drawing钢笔画
different coloured inks各种颜色的墨水
2)vt.
A. 给…上油墨（以供印刷）
B. (North Amercian English,informal) 签署，签订（合同等）
The group has just inked a $10 million deal.这个集团刚刚签订了一份1 000万元的协议。
ink sth in给（铅笔画或底线）上墨；用墨水加描
(figurative)The date for the presentation should have been inked in (= made definite) by now.
演出的日期现在应该敲定了。
48. perspective|p spekt v; 美 p r s-| n.
A. [C] ~ (on sth) 态度；观点；思考方法,=Viewpoint
Try to see the issue from a different perspective .试以不同的角度看待这件事。
His experience abroad provides a wider perspective on the problem.
他在国外的经历使他以更广阔的视角看待这个问题。
B. [U] 客观判断力；权衡轻重的能力
She was aware that she was losing all sense of perspective.她意识到自己正在失掉一切正确判断的能力。
Try to keep these issues in perspective [正确地看待（或判断）].
要尽量恰当地处理这些问题。
Talking to others can often help to put your own problems into perspective [正确地看待（或判断）] .
跟别人谈谈往往有助于正确处置自己的问题。
It is important not to let things get out of perspective[不正确地看待（或判断）] .
重要的是不要把事情轻重倒置。
C. [U] 透视法
We learnt how to draw buildings in perspective .
我们学习如何用透视法画建筑物。
The tree on the left is out of perspective .左侧的树不成比例。
D. [C] 景观；远景
a perspective of the whole valley
山谷全景
49. precise|pr sa s| adj.
A. 准确的；确切的；精确的；明确的,=Exact
Can you give a more precise definition of the word
你能给这个词下个更确切的定义吗？
I can be reasonably precise about the time of the incident.我可以相当准确地说出这件事发生的时间。
B. [只用于名词前] （强调时间或方式等）就，恰好
We were just talking about her when, at that precise moment , she walked in.我们正谈论着她，恰好在这个时候，她走进来了。
Doctors found it hard to establish the precise nature of her illness.
医生们难以判定她的确切病因。
C. 细致的；精细的；认真的；一丝不苟的
a skilled and precise worker
熟练而认真的工人
to be (more) precise
确切地说；准确地说
The shelf is about a metre long─well, 98cm, to be precise.架子长约一米。嗯，精确地说，是98厘米。
precisely|pr sa sli| adv.
A. exactly 准确地；恰好地
B. 精确地；细心地；仔细地
C. （强调真实或明显）正是，确实
D.（加强同意的语气）对，的确如此，一点也不错
more precisely
更确切地说；更严格地说
50. ambitious| m b s| adj.
A. 有野心的；有雄心的
They were very ambitious for their children (= they wanted them to be successful) .他们望子成龙心切。
B. 费力的；耗资的；耗时的
the government's ambitious plans for social reform
政府耗资巨大的社会改革计划
unambitious 无抱负的；无名利心的;不费功夫（或时间、金钱等）的；不铺张的
ambitiously
ambition| m b n| ~ (to be/do sth) | ~ (of being/doing sth) 　
A. [C] 追求的目标；夙愿
She never achieved her ambition of becoming a famous writer.
她一直未能实现当名作家的夙愿。
His burning ambition was to study medicine.他梦寐以求的是学医。
It had been her lifelong ambition .
这是她终身追求的目标。
B. [U] 野心；雄心；志向；抱负
motivated by personal ambition
为个人野心所驱使
She was intelligent but suffered from a lack of ambition.
她很聪明，但却缺乏远大志向。
51. enormous| n :m s; 美 n :rm s| adj.
巨大的；庞大的；极大的,=huge, immense [ mens]
an enormous amount of time
大量的时间
enormous interest浓厚的兴趣
The problems facing the President are enormous.总统面临的问题是巨大的。
52. comprehensive| k mpr hens v; 美 kɑ:m-|
1)adj.
A. 全部的；所有的；（几乎）无所不包的；详尽的,=complete, full
a comprehensive study全面的研究
B. (British English) (教育) 综合性的（接收各种资质的学生）
comprehensiveness[U]
2)n. ( also comprehensive school）（also informal comp) (in Britain) （英国为各种资质的学生设立的）综合中学
comprehend| k mpr hend; 美 kɑ:m-| (常用于否定句) (formal) 理解；领悟；懂
She could not comprehend how someone would risk people's lives in that way.她不明白怎么会有人竟拿人们的生命那样去冒险。
53. clothing| kl ; 美 klo |
[U] 衣服；（尤指某种）服装
protective clothing防护服
an item/article of clothing一件衣服
clothes|kl z; kl z; 美 klo z; klo z|[复数] 衣服；服装
Bring a change of clothes with you.
你要带上一套换洗衣服。
She has no clothes sense.
她不懂穿着打扮。
cloth|kl θ; 美 kl :θ| n.
(pl. cloths |kl θs; 美 kl : z|)
A. [U] 织物；布料
B. [C] (常构成复合词) （一块）布；（尤指一块）抹布，桌布
C. the cloth [单数](literary) （统称）牧师，神父
54. temple| templ| n.
A. （非基督教的）庙宇，寺院，神殿，圣堂
a Buddhist/Hindu temple
佛教 / 印度教 庙宇
(North Amercian English)to go to temple去会堂礼拜
B. 太阳穴；鬓角；颞颥；颞部
He had black hair, greying at the temples.他的头发是黑色的，但两鬓已见斑白。
55. structure| str kt (r)|
1)n.
A. 结构；构造
changes in the social and economic structure of society一个社会在社会结构和经济结构上的变化
B. [C] 结构体；（尤指）建筑物
a stone/brick/wooden structure
石 / 砖 / 木结构建筑物
C. 精心组织；周密安排；体系
Your essay needs (a) structure.
你这篇文章组织不好。
2)vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth (around sth) 使形成体系；系统安排；精心组织
How well does the teacher structure the lessons
老师对课程组织安排得如何？
The exhibition is structured around the themes of work and leisure.展览是围绕工作与休闲的主题来布置的。
56. overall| v r :l; 美 o -|
1)adj. [只用于名词前] 全面的；综合的；总体的
There will be winners in each of three age groups, and one overall winner .
三个年龄组将各产生一位优胜者，另有一位总优胜者。
When she finished painting, she stepped back to admire the overall effect .画完以后，她退后一步，以审视总体效果。
2)adv.
A. 全部；总计
The company will invest $1.6m overall in new equipment.这个公司将总计投资160万元购置新设备。
B. 一般来说；大致上；总体上
Overall, this is a very useful book.
总的来说，这是一本很有用的书。
3)n.
A. (British English)[C] 外套；罩衣
The lab assistant was wearing a white overall.实验室助手穿着一件白罩衣。
B. overalls (British English) (North Amercian English coveralls) [复数] 工装连衣裤；工装服
C. overalls [复数](North Amercian English) = dungarees (1) [ d ɡ ri z]工装裤；背带工作服
57. critic| kr t k| n.
A. 批评家；评论家；评论员
The critics loved the movie.
评论家喜爱这部电影。
B. 批评者；挑剔的人
She is one of the ruling party‘s most outspoken critics.她是最直言不讳地批评执政党的一个人。
critical| kr t kl| adj.
A. ~ (of sb/sth) 批评的；批判性的；挑剔的
Tom's parents were highly critical of the school.汤姆的父母对学校提出了强烈的批评。
B. 极重要的；关键的；至关紧要的,=crucial
Reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is of critical importance .
减少大气层中的二氧化碳含量极其重要。
Your decision is critical to our future.
你的决定对我们的将来至关重要。
C. 严重的；不稳定的；可能有危险的
One of the victims of the fire remains in a critical condition .
大火的一位受害者依然病情危急。
D. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的
Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking instead of accepting opinions without questioning them.
要鼓励学生培养判断力，而非不加质疑地接受各种观点。
E. [只用于名词前] 根据（艺术、音乐、文学等）评论家的评论
critically|- kli|adv.
She spoke critically of her father.
她谈到父亲时颇有微词。
criticize| kr t sa z|(British English also -ise)　 v.
A. ~ sb/sth (for sth) 批评；批判；挑剔；指责
B. vt.(British English) 评论；评价
58. inspection| n spek n| n.
A. 视察
The head went on a tour of inspection of all the classrooms.
校长巡视了所有教室。
B. 检查；查看；审视,=examination
The documents are available for inspection .这些文件可供查看。
Engineers carried out a thorough inspection of the track.
工程师对轨道进行了彻底检查。
inspect| n spekt| vt.
A. ~ sth/sb (for sth) 检查；查看；审视,=examine
The teacher walked around inspecting their work.
老师走来走去检查他们的作业。
The plants are regularly inspected for disease.
对这些植物定期做病害检查。
Make sure you inspect the goods before signing for them.
要确保在签收货物之前进行检验。
B. 视察
inspector| n spekt (r)| n.
A.检查员；视察员；巡视员
B. (abbr. Insp) （警察）巡官
C. （英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员
D. (North Amercian English) = surveyor (2)（建筑物）鉴定人
59. exposé | k sp z; 美 k spo z| vt.
A. 暴露；显露；露出,=reveal
He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly white teeth.
他突然一笑，露出一口雪白的牙齿。
Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.在低潮时数英里的沙滩就会显现出来。
My job as a journalist is to expose the truth.
我作为记者的职责就是展示事实。
He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone.他不想向任何人显露他的恐惧与不安。
B. 揭露；揭穿
He threatened to expose the racism that existed within the police force.
他扬言要把警察内部存在的种族歧视公之于众。
C. ~ sb/sth/yourself (to sth) 使面临，使遭受（危险或不快）
to expose yourself to ridicule [ r d kju:l]
让自己受到嘲笑
Do not expose babies to strong sunlight.
不要让婴孩受到强烈的阳光照射。
D. ~ sb to sth 使接触；使体验
We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.我们想让孩子们受到尽可能多的艺术和文化熏陶。
E. 曝光
2)n. |ek sp ze ; 美 ekspo ze |
（尤指对令人震惊或故意保密的事实的）陈述，阐述，揭露
exposure| k sp (r); 美 - spo -| n.
A. [U] ~ (to sth) 面临，遭受（危险或不快）
(finance 财)the company's exposure on the foreign exchange markets
公司面对外汇市场的风险
prolonged exposure to harmful radiation长时间接触有害辐射
B. [U] 揭露
the exposure of illegal currency deals
对非法交易货币的揭露
C. [U] （在电视、报纸等上的）亮相，被报道,=publicity [p b l s ti]
Her new movie has had a lot of exposure in the media.
她的新片媒体有很多报道。
D. [U] 挨冻；受寒
Two climbers were brought in suffering from exposure.
两名登山者因冻僵被带了进来。
E. [C] （照一张照片的）软片，底片，胶片
F. [C] 曝光时间
I used a long exposure for this one.
我这张照片用的曝光时间长。
G. [U] 暴露；显露
60. political|p l t kl| adj.
A. 政治的；政府的；政权的
He was a political prisoner .
他曾是个政治犯。
B. 政党的；党派的
What are your political sympathies
你认同哪个政党？
C. (人) 关心政治的；政治上活跃的
She became very political at university.
她上大学时开始十分热衷于政治。
I'm not a political animal .
我不是搞政治的那种人。
D. 争权夺利的；人事纠纷的
I suspect that he was dismissed for political reasons.
我怀疑他被解职是人事上的原因。
politically|p l t kli| adv.政治上
It makes sense politically as well as economically.
这在经济上和政治上都有道理。
61. soldier| s ld (r); 美 so l-|
1)n. 军人；（尤指）士兵
soldiers in uniform穿军装的士兵
soldiers on duty值勤的士兵
foot soldier 步兵
2)v. soldier on坚持；硬挺着
62. crisis| kra s s| n. (pl. crises |-si:z|)
A. 危机；危急关头
a political/financial crisis
政治 / 金融危机
The business is still in crisis but it has survived the worst of the recession.
这家公司虽然仍处于危机之中，但已经挺过了经济衰退最严重的日子。
In times of crisis I know which friends I can turn to.
在危难关头我知道能投靠哪些朋友。
The party was suffering a crisis of confidence among its supporters.
当时这个政党在其支持者中正遭受信任危机。
B. 危难时刻；病危期
The fever has passed its crisis.
发烧已过危险期。
basis| be s s|(pl. bases | be si:z|)
analysis| n l s s|(pl. analyses |-si:z|)
63. decline|d kla n|
1)n. [常用单数形式] ~ (in sth) | ~ (of sth) （数量、价值、质量等的）减少，下降，衰落，衰退
a rapid/sharp/gradual decline
迅速 / 急剧 / 逐渐下降
The company reported a small decline in its profits.
公司报告其利润略有减少。
An increase in cars has resulted in the decline of public transport.
汽车的增加导致了公共交通的减少。
Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s.英国工业自20世纪70年代以来一直在走下坡路。
2)v.
A. vi. 减少；下降；衰弱；衰退
Support for the party continues to decline.对该党的支持继续下降。
The number of tourists to the resort [r z t] declined by 10% last year.去年到这个胜地旅游的人数减少了10%。
Her health was declining rapidly.
她的健康状况迅速恶化。
B. (formal) 谢绝；婉言拒绝,=refuse
I offered to give them a lift but they declined.我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。
to decline an offer/invitation
谢绝对方的主动帮助 / 邀请
C. (语法) （根据名词、形容词或代词在句中的作用）变格，使发生词形变化
sb's declining years
(literary) 暮年；晚年
64. overthrow| v θr ; 美 o v r θro |
1)vt. (overthrew |- θru:|, overthrown |- θr n; 美 - θro n|)推翻；打倒；赶下台
The president was overthrown in a military coup [ku ] .
总统在军事政变中被赶下台。
2)n. [常用单数形式] 推翻；打倒
65. be down to sb/sth由…引起（或造成）
She claimed her problems were down to the media.
她声称她的问题是媒体造成的。
be down to sb(informal) 是某人的责任；由某人负责
It's down to you to check the door.
检查门是否关好是你的事。
be down to sth只剩下（一点儿钱）
I'm down to my last dollar.
我只剩下最后一块钱了。
66. scale|ske l|
1)n.
A. [单数, U] ~ (of sth) （尤指与其他事物相比较时的）规模，范围，程度
They entertain on a large scale.
他们大宴宾客。
On a global scale, 77% of energy is created from fossil fuels.
全球77%的能量产生自化石燃料。
It was impossible to comprehend the full scale of the disaster.这场灾难的深重程度是无法充分认识的。
B. [C] 等级；级别
to evaluate performance on a scale from 1 to 10
按1到10级来评估业绩
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 等级体系
At the other end of the scale , life is a constant struggle to get enough to eat.
对于处在社会最底层的人来说，生活就是为吃饱肚子而不断挣扎的过程。
D. [C] 标度；刻度
How much does it read on the scale
刻度显示的是多少？
E. scales [复数] (North American English also scale) 秤；磅秤；天平
F. [C] 比例；比例尺
a scale of 1:25 000
1：25 000的比例
Both plans are drawn to the same scale.
两张平面图是按同一比例绘制的。
G. [C] 音阶
to practise scales on the piano
在钢琴上练习音阶
H. [C] 鳞；鳞片
I.(British English also fur) [U] 水垢；水锈
J.[U] 牙垢；牙石
2)vt.
A. (formal) 攀登；到达…顶点
(figurative)He has scaled the heights of his profession.他登上了他事业的顶峰。
the first woman to scale Mount Everest
第一位登上珠穆朗玛峰的女性
B. 去鳞
C. 刮除牙石
The dentist scaled and polished my teeth.
牙医为我刮除牙石，抛光了牙齿。
D. (术语) 改变…的大小
Text can be scaled from 4 points to 108 points without any loss of quality.
正文可以从4点变到108点，但印刷质量丝毫不会降低。
scale sth down(North American English also scale sth back) 减少（数量）；缩小（规模或范围）
We are thinking of scaling down our training programmes next year.
我们考虑在明年缩小培训计划。
scale sth up
增大，扩大（规模或数量）
67. emperor| emp r (r)| n.皇帝
empress| empr s|女皇, 皇后
68. in one’s own right
凭自身的资格（或努力）
She sings with a rock band, but she's also a jazz musician in her own right.
她随一支摇滚乐队演唱，但她本身也是爵士乐手。
69. outstanding|a t st nd | adj.
A. 优秀的；杰出的；出色的
an outstanding player/achievement/success
杰出的运动员 / 成绩 / 成就
an area of outstanding natural beauty
自然风景极美的地区
B. [常用于名词前] 突出的；明显的；重要的,=prominent
the outstanding features of the landscape这一风景的突出特征
C. ( 款项、工作、困难等) 未支付的；未完成的；未解决的
She has outstanding debts of over 500.她未清偿的债务超过500英镑。
A lot of work is still outstanding.
许多工作尚未完成。
stand out (from/against sth)显眼；突出
stand out (as sth)
出色；杰出；更为重要
stand/stick out a mile 显而易见
70. exhibition| eks b n| n.
A. (especially British English) (North American English usually exhibit) [C] （一批）展览品
Have you seen the Picasso [p k s ] exhibition 你看过毕加索的画展吗？
B. [U] ~ of sth 展览；展出
She refused to allow the exhibition of her husband's work.
她拒不允许展出她丈夫的作品。
C. [单数] an ~ of sth （技能、感情、行为等的）表现，显示，表演
We were treated to an exhibition of the footballer's speed and skill.
足球运动员表现出的速度和技能真是让我们大饱眼福。
D. [C](British English) 奖学金
make an exhibition of yourself
(disapproving) 出洋相；当众出丑
exhibit| g z b t|
1)v.
A. ~ (sth) (at/in…) 展览；展出
They will be exhibiting their new designs at the trade fairs.他们将在商品交易会上展出他们新的设计。
He exhibits regularly in local art galleries.
他经常在当地的画廊举办画展。
B. vt. (formal) 表现，显示，显出（感情、品质或能力）,=display
The patient exhibited signs of fatigue[f ti ɡ] and memory loss.
病人表现出疲劳和记忆力丧失的迹象。
2)n.
A. （一件）展览品，陈列品
B. （在法庭上出示的）物证，证据
C. (North Amercian English) = exhibition (1)
The new exhibit will tour a dozen US cities next year.这批新展品明年将在美国十二个城市巡回展出。
71. rare|re (r); 美 rer| adj. (rarer, rarest)
A. ~ (for sb/sth to do sth) | ~ (to do sth) 稀少的；稀罕的
It's extremely rare for it to be this hot in April.
四月份就这样炎热是极其罕见的。
It is rare to find such loyalty these days.
这样忠心耿耿，在今天非常少见。
On the rare occasions when they met he hardly even dared speak to her.彼此难得相见，他还几乎不敢跟她说话。
It was a rare (= very great) honour to be made a fellow of the college.
成为这所学院的研究员是极大的荣誉。
B. 稀罕的；珍贵的
This species is extremely rare.
这一物种极为罕见。
C. (肉) 半熟的；半生的
rarely| re li; 美 rerli| adv.
罕有；很少；不常
She is rarely seen in public nowadays.
如今她很少公开露面。
We rarely agree on what to do.
我们很少在要做的事情上看法一致。
(formal) Rarely has a debate attracted so much media attention.难得有一场辩论吸引这么多的媒体关注。
72. speak volumes (about/for sth/sb)
充分说明；清楚表明
What you wear speaks volumes about you.
你的衣着能传递很多关于你的信息。
Their absence spoke volumes.
他们的缺席已经充分说明了问题。
73. historic|h st r k; 美 - st :r-; - stɑ:r-| adj. [常用于名词前] 　
A. 历史上著名（或重要）的；可名垂青史的
The area is of special historic interest.
这个地区有特别历史意义。
a historic occasion/ decision/ day/ visit / victory历史性的时刻 / 决定 / 日子 / 访问 / 胜利
B. 有史时期的
in historic times在有史时期
prehistoric| pri:h st r k; 美 - st :r-; - stɑ:r-|史前的；有文字记载以前的；远古的
historical |h st r kl; 美 - st :r-; - stɑ:r-| adj. [常用于名词前] 　
A. （有关）历史的
You must place these events in their historical context .必须把这些事件同它们的历史环境联系起来看。
B. 有关历史研究的；历史学的
The building is of historical importance .
这栋建筑有重要的历史研究价值。
C. (书籍、电影等) 历史题材的
a historical novel历史小说
historically|-kli|adv.
The book is historically inaccurate.
这本书与史实不符。
74. career|k r (r); 美 k r r|
1)n.
A. 生涯；职业
a teaching career教学生涯
What made you decide on a career as a vet
是什么驱使你选择兽医这门职业的？
She has been concentrating on her career.
她一直专心致志于她的本职工作。
That will be a good career move.
那将是事业发展上明智的一步。
(British English)a careers adviser/officer
指导选择职业的顾问 / 官员
B. 经历；事业
She started her career as an English teacher.
她以当英语教师开始了她的职业生涯。
He is playing the best tennis of his career.
他正处于他网球事业的巅峰时期。
My school career was not very impressive.我的学业成绩并不很出色。
2)v. [~ + 副词或介词短语] (人或车辆) （尤指失控地）猛冲，疾驰，飞奔
The vehicle careered across the road and hit a cyclist.
那辆车横冲过马路，撞上了一个骑自行车的人。(共77张PPT)
牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修一课件
Unit 3 The art of painting
Workbook
制作者：桂东一中　李宇平
Exploring language
A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Pay attention to the underlined words. P69
1. a. As he was about to give up, a good idea struck him.
就在他快要放弃的时候，脑海中突然闪过一个好主意。
b. In July some coastal areas were struck by a typhoon.
c. I was struck by the beauty of the snow-covered rural landscape.
七月部分沿海地区遭台风侵袭。
我被冰雪覆盖的乡村美景迷住了。
d. When I was touring in France, the railway workers were on strike.
2. a. According to the survey, car sales in the first quarter declined slightly.
我在法国旅行期间，铁路工人正在罢工。
调查显示第一季度汽车销量稍有下降。
b. Jack declined my invitation to dinner, saying that he was too busy.
杰克拒绝了我的晚餐邀约，说自己太忙了。
3. a. We stood in the shade because the sun was burning hot.
b. When spring comes, the valley takes on every shade of colour.
太阳火辣辣的，于是我们站到了阴凉处。
一到春天，山谷变得色彩缤纷。
4. a. The company employed only 10 people in its early years.
b. Our English teacher often employs different methods to teach us grammar.
最开始那几年，这个公司只雇了十个人。
我们的英语老师经常用不同的方法教我们语法。
5. a. This programme aims to help children born with poor vision.
b. The car went past her and moved outside her field of vision.
c. He had a grand vision for the future of his company.
该项目旨在帮助天生视力不佳的儿童。
汽车开过她身旁，驶离了她的视野。
他对公司的未来有个宏大的构想。
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases in the box below. P69
be down to 由…引起（或造成） be reduced to使沦为，使陷入（不好的境地）,迫使;使不得不（做）；使只得,使变成;使简化为
as opposed to （表示对比）而，相对于
on closer inspection经进一步检查
all walks of life up close
in decline/ on the decline逐渐势微;正在衰退
speak volumes about充分说明，清楚表明
1. We think critically, _____________ just copying from books.
as opposed to
2. The new members of the sports club come from _______________.
3. ___________________, they found the vase was made in the Song Dynasty.
4. Your body language will ___________________ you even before you say anything.
all walks of life
On closer inspection
speak volumes about
5. Industry in the city has been _________ since the 1970s.
6. His success _______________ his hard work and good luck.
7. Here you can see animals ________ in their natural environment.
8. The building ______________ broken stones in the earthquake.
in decline
is/was down to
up close
was reduced to
D. Translate the following sentences into English. Use the words in the brackets. P70
1. 电子设备应该是我们的工具，而不应该主宰我们的生活。(dominate)
Electronic devices should be used as our tools, rather than dominating our lives.
2. 他在背景上加了几根线条，效果非常显著。(impressive)
He added a few lines to the background, and the results were very impressive.
3. 如今很多孩子都近视，这个问题值得我们关注。(worthy)
Nowadays, many children are short-sighted, and this problem is worthy of our attention.
4. 我们沿着蜿蜒的山间小路，走到小树林旁边，在那里搭建了帐篷。(wind)
We walked along the winding mountain path to the edge of the woods, where we put up our tents.
5. 这本新出的书使我们对世界的不同文化有了深入的了解。(insight)
This newly published book provides us with deep insights into different cultures across the world.
6. 我们可以为你提供一本全面介绍当地酒店和餐厅的指南。(comprehensive)
We can provide you with a comprehensive guide to local hotels and restaurants.
7. 该报告揭露了现代医疗体系的不足。(expose)
This report exposes the shortcomings of the modern healthcare system.
8. 展馆距市区太远，我们正在考虑安排免费接送服务。(exhibition; arrange)
The exhibition hall is too far away from the downtown. We are considering arranging free pick-up services.
9. 他们有个宏伟的计划——开更多的连锁店来扩大业务。(ambitious)
They have an ambitious plan—to expand their business by opening more chain stores.
10. 你对自己一天能完成的工作量要现实一点。(realistic)
You need to be realistic about how much work you can do in a day.
Building skills
A. Listening and speaking
A1. Laura and Dan are talking about the artist Salvador Dali after their Art class. Listen to their conversation and decide whether the following statements are true ( T ) or false ( F ).Circle the incorrect information in the false statements and correct it in the blanks. P71
1. The teacher showed them a painting of soft watches in class.
T / F
2. The painting shown by the teacher is one of Dali’s most famous works. T / F
3. Dan has not heard of the painter’s name before. T / F
has heard
4. Dali was a famous Danish(丹麦的) [ de n ] surrealist [s 'ri: l st] (超现实主义，超现实主义派) painter. T / F
5. Dan thinks Dali probably had a distinctive [d st kt v](独特的；特别的；有特色的) personality.
T / F
Spanish
6. Dan will do some research on Dali right away. T / F
Dan will go to volleyball practice
when he gets home.
Tapescripts
Dan: So, any ideas about which artist we should do our school project on What did you think of that painting the Art teacher showed us at the end of class
Laura: Do you mean the one with all those soft watches
Dan: Yes, that’s the one. I don’t know who painted it and what it’s called.
But it’s rather unusual to see a watch hanging on a tree branch like a piece of cloth. I wonder how the artist got the idea of these melting (感人的；柔情似水的；令人爱怜的；可同情的) watches. Though the painting looks strange, I really like it.
Laura: That was painted by Salvador Dali. It’s one of his most famous works, um,called ...
Oh, the name is right on the tip of my tongue[话在嘴边上(却一时想不起来)]. You know, a lot of his paintings remind me of dreams, sometimes bad dreams!
Dan: Oh yes, I’ve heard of his name before but I don’t know much about him. Do you know where he was from and when he lived
Laura: I know that he was born somewhere in Spain.
I’m not sure when he lived, in the 20th century I guess. A lot of his works are quite strange and unreal. In fact, Dali is one of the best-known surrealist painters.
Dan: Wow, sounds cool! He painted in such a unique style—I bet he had a distinctive personality as well. Do you think he would be a good choice for our project
Laura: Yeah, it would be very exciting to find out more about Dali. Why don’t we do a bit of research first and then have a discussion later
Dan: OK, I’ve got volleyball practice now, but I’ll do some research when I get home.
A2. Laura leaves Dan a voice message after she has done some research on Dali. Listen to the message and complete the notes below. P71
Salvador Dali
Dali the person
Dali was born in (1) ________ in Spain.
Dali died in 1989.
Dali and his wife lived in Spain for (2) ___________________.
They lived in the US for (3) _________________.
1904
most of their lives
about ten years
Dali the artist
Dali’s famous paintings include The Persistence of Memory(记忆的永恒) , Swans Reflecting Elephants (天鹅映象) and (4) ___________________.
Dali was good at combining (5) _______(幻想；想象) and reality to make his paintings dreamlike[似在梦中的；如梦的；梦幻（般）的].
The Burning Giraffe
fantasy
Dali was one of the most (6) __________ [多产的] artists of the 20th century.
He created (7) _________________ paintings.
He also designed jewellery and (8) _________, made sculptures and furniture, and did a little film-making and advertising.
productive
more than/over 1,500
costumes
Tapescripts
Laura: Hi, Dan. So, I did an online search to find out more about Salvador Dali. I was right—he was born in Spain in 1904 and died in 1989. He and his wife lived in Spain for most of their lives, although they moved to the US during World War II and lived there for about ten years. I found a picture of him.
His moustache [m stɑ ](髭，八字胡，八字须 )—probably his most recognizable (容易认出的；易于识别的) feature—rose all the way up to his eyebrows. Can you imagine that He surely looked like an artist to me.
Remember the painting we talked about this morning It’s called The Persistence of Memory, and it’s one of Dali’s best-known works.
Other famous paintings of Dali include Swans Reflecting Elephants and The Burning Giraffe. When you have time, you can check them out [查证；核实; (从图书馆等)借出]—his style is just unreal! I learnt that Dali was good at combining fantasy and reality in his works. No wonder many of his paintings look like dreams.
I also learnt that Dali was one of the most productive artists of the 20th century. In his lifetime, Dali created over 1,500 paintings. Not only did he paint, he also designed jewellery [ d u lri](珠宝；首饰) and costumes ['kɑstj m](服装), and made sculptures and furniture. He even did a little film-making and advertising. What a genius!
So, yes, it would be great to do our project on Dali. Anyway[(转换话题、结束谈话或回到原话题时说)无论如何，反正], call me when you’ve finished volleyball practice. Bye!
A3. In turns, present your favourite painter or painting to each other. You may introduce the painter’s overall style first. Use the example below to help you and pay attention to the expressions in bold. P72
While there are many painters I like, I would have to say that Wu Guanzhong is my personal favourite. There is something about his style that sets him apart from (使与众不同；使突出；使优于…) other painters.
Wu Guanzhong’s painting style can be described as a mix of Western and Chinese painting traditions. However, his style is very modern: many of his paintings are strikingly(引人注目地；异乎寻常地；显著地) simple, but also very elegant(精美的).
Wu Guanzhong mastered the use of white space. My favourite painting is this one, called Zhou Village, in which he used this technique very effectively. Like many of his other works, it’s very stylish(时髦的；新潮的；高雅的；雅致的). Wu used a striking combination of black strokes(笔画)and white space to depict [d p kt](描绘；描画) traditional Chinese buildings in a water town.
There is something beautiful and strange about the whitewashed houses in the painting: they rise(耸立；矗立；高出) up like mountains. Perhaps he wanted to create an impressive landscape painting(山水画) to represent a simple small-town scene. The river is in the foreground [(景物、图画等的)前景], and at its centre is a small bridge.
When you look at the painting, it is as if you were about to cross the bridge and enter another world.
B. Reading and writing
B1. Andy Warhol’s paintings are among the most recognizable artworks of the 20th century. Read the article about Warhol’s influence on art and answer the questions below. P72
Napoleon once claimed that “a good sketch(素描；速写；草图) is better than a long speech”. The visual arts, such as paintings, photographs, films and TV shows, affect us in ways that other forms of communication do not. In other words, art is a critical part of any society.
Andy Warhol was one of the artists who influenced society a lot. He made us think of art in an entirely new way. For that reason, he is considered to be one of the most influential [ nflu en l] artists of the 20th century. Besides being a painter, Warhol was also a film-maker, an author, a music producer and a magazine publisher.
His studio, known as “The Factory”, was a gathering place for New York City’s artists, musicians, film-makers, etc. He saw himself as a businessman as well as an artist, and his success story is a model (样本；范例;模范；典型) for many creative artists.
Warhol was part(成员)of the pop art[波普艺术，通俗艺术，大众艺术(20世纪60年代兴起，以通俗文化为依托，以广告和电影形象等为素材)] movement. This group of artists believed that the existing definition of art was too narrow and excluded (防止…进入；阻止…参加；把…排斥在外) too many people from appreciating it.
At the time, people generally thought that only unique, one-of-a-kind(独特的；独一无二的)pieces dealing with(涉及；论及；关于) serious subjects could be considered art. Pop artists, however, believed that art could (and should) be made with recognizable, mass-produced (批量生产的), “popular” items that surround us.
Warhol painted pictures of cola [ k l ] bottles, dollar bills, and most famously, the 32 varieties(品种) of a famous soup brand. While criticizing America’s consumer culture,Warhol also made people think about ordinary objects in a new way.
Warhol and pop art became enormously(非常；极其) popular in the 1960s and 1970s, but his attitude towards fame was complicated.
About forty years before online videos and reality TV programmes (真人秀电视节目), he predicted that “in the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes”. Warhol disliked fame, but he frequently painted celebrities [s 'l br ti](名人；名流) and appeared on television. By making fun of American celebrity culture, he ended up becoming a celebrity himself.
Like all great artists, rather than providing simple answers, Andy Warhol ultimately [ lt m tli](最终；最后；终归) asked the question, “What is art ” Every art gallery visitor needs to answer that question themselves.
1. What can be considered art according to pop artists
Pop artists believed that art could (and should) be made with recognizable, mass-produced, “popular” items that surround us.
2. In what ways did Andy Warhol change people’s understanding of art
By showing recognizable, mass-produced, “popular” items in his paintings, Warhol made people think about ordinary objects in a new way.
B2. Andy Warhol redefined ['ri:d 'fa nd][变…的本质(或界限)；重新定义；使重新考虑]art and made people think of art in a new way. What do you think is good art Write an article to express your opinion. P73
What is good art
What is good art This is a difficult question to answer, but I believe that an artist needs both technical(专业的) skills and creative talent to produce a masterpiece.
To begin with, the technical skill of the artist is extremely important.
The reason why we still admire painters such as Wang Meng several hundred years after his death is that he was a technically skilled painter. Many artists today have great ideas, but they lack the skills needed to create a true masterpiece.
In addition, I believe that creativity is the most important component [k m p n nt] of good art: artists need to create something new.
For instance, Vincent van Gogh looked at simple everyday subjects, such as sunflowers, and made innovative [ n ve t v] paintings that still astonish viewers today. Every artist should aspire [渴望(成就)；有志(成为)] to reach that level of creativity. While a painter may be technically skilled, his or her paintings cannot be called good art if they are simply copies of existing designs.
Finally, I believe that a piece of art needs to be a one-of-a-kind object: it cannot be a mass-produced item. A unique artwork, hand-made by a skilled artist, is something very different from artworks created for mass production. In short, true art cannot be made in a factory—creating a masterpiece requires skill, talent and the careful work of a human artist.
In summary, good art is dependent on why and how it is created. The important thing is that the artwork reveals the artist’s own ideas, techniques and motivations, rather than something that he or she has copied from another artist.
Appreciating language
The Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh wrote many letters to his brother Theo. Read aloud the letter below about Van Gogh telling his brother about his two paintings.
Dear Brother,
You must not take it amiss(见怪) if I write to you again so soon. I do so only in order to tell you how extraordinarily happy painting makes me feel.
Last Sunday I began something which I had had in mind for many a day.
It is the view of a flat green field, dotted with(遍布的;布满的) piles of hay [(用作饲料的)干草，草料]. A path running alongside(沿着…的边) a ditch [(道路、田地边上的)沟，渠]crosses over it. And on the horizon, in the middle of the picture, there stands the sun. The whole thing is a blend of [(有用或令人愉快的事物的)融合，混合，组合] colour and tone(色调；明暗；影调)—a vibration of the whole scale of colours in the air.
First of all, there is a pale purple(淡紫色) mist through which the sun shines, half hidden by a dark violet (暗紫色) bank of clouds(一大片云) with a thin brilliant red lining.
首先，有一层淡紫色的薄雾，阳光透过它照射进来，它的一半被一排深紫色的云层遮住了，云层中有一层薄而明亮的红色衬里。
The sun contains a bright red colour, and above it there is a strip[(纸、金属、织物等)条，带] of yellow which shades into[(界线模糊地)渐变] green and, higher up, into a bluish [ blu: ](带蓝色的；有点蓝的) tint[(少许)色彩；色调 ] that becomes the most delicate azure [ (r)](天蓝色的；蔚蓝色的).
太阳有一种鲜红的颜色，在它上面有一条黄色带，逐渐变成绿色，再往上，变成一种蓝色，变成最精致的天蓝色。
Here and there I have put in a light purple or grey cloud brightened [(使)更明亮，色彩鲜艳] with the sun’s colours.
The ground is a strong carpet-like texture of green, grey and brown, full of light and shade and life. The water in the ditch sparkles on the clay soil. It is in the style of one of Emile Breton’s paintings.地面是绿色、灰色和棕色的强烈地毯般的纹理，充满了明暗和生命。沟里的水在粘土上闪闪发光。这是埃米尔·布雷顿的一幅画的风格。
I have also painted a large stretch (一片；一泓；一段) of hills of sand. I put the colour on(抹；搽；擦；涂) thick (厚厚地) and treated it broadly [(描述或想法)大致地，概括地，笼统地].
I feel quite certain that, on looking at these two pictures, no one will ever believe that they are the first studies (习作;试画;试作) I have ever painted.
Truth to tell(说实在的), I am surprised myself. I thought my first things would be worthless; but even at the risk of [(用以引出可能听上去愚蠢或冒犯人的话)冒着…的风险] singing my own praises(自我吹嘘,高度赞扬；热情表扬), I must say that they really are not at all bad. And that is what surprises me so much.
I believe the reason of it is that before I began to paint, I made such a long and careful study of drawing and perspective(透视法) that I can now sketch(画素描；画速写) a thing as I see it.
我相信这是因为在我开始画画之前，我对绘画和透视做了很长时间的仔细研究，现在我可以把我看到的东西画出来。
Now, however, since I have bought my brushes and painting materials, I have slaved(辛苦地工作;卖命地干) so hard that I am dead (非常；绝对；极度)tired—seven colour studies straight off(毫不犹豫；直率)! … I literally [(加强即使字面意义并不真实的词语)简直] cannot stand, and yet I can neither forsake [f se k] (放弃;丢弃) my work nor take a rest.
Guided reading
The Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh [v n g ] (1853 — 1890) is the textbook example(标准示范,典范) of a struggling artist: during his lifetime, he sold almost no paintings at all, and he died young and penniless. Van Gogh also suffered from serious mental health problems, but still managed to paint at least 900 works, which are now appreciated by people all over the world.
On 14 August 1882, Van Gogh wrote this letter to his brother Theo, who worked as an art dealer(商人;交易商) and supported him financially. In it, he describes two of his landscape paintings, his first studies which he was much proud of. Van Gogh explains how he perceived (注意到；意识到；察觉到) a scene and captured it on his canvas(绘制).
He begins by outlining the composition(作品), in a rather matter-of-fact(不动感情的;平静的,不露声色地)way: “the view of a flat green field ... on the horizon, in the middle of the picture, there stands the sun.” What makes this letter stand out(出色；杰出；更为重要) is the precise account of the overwhelming colours, so typical of Van Gogh’s work.
他以一种相当实事求是的方式开始勾勒构图:“一片平坦的绿色田野……太阳站在地平线上，在图画的中间。”这封信之所以引人注目，是因为它准确地描述了大量的色彩，这是梵高作品的典型特征。
The artist had a sharp (敏锐的；灵敏的；敏捷的) eye for[对…有鉴赏力（或识别力、眼力）] fine nuances [ nju ɑ ns] [(意义、声音、颜色、感情等方面的)细微差别], which is clearly shown in his rich description of how he painted the sky: Van Gogh describes the mist the sunlight breaks through as “pale purple”, and the sun itself “bright red”;
the sky above the sun was painted in other dramatic shades(浓淡深浅；色度), from yellow, green, blue to azure[ (r)](天蓝色的；蔚蓝色的) (the blue colour of the clear sky).
这位艺术家对细微差别有着敏锐的观察力，这在他对天空的丰富描绘中得到了清晰的体现:梵高将阳光穿透的薄雾描述为“淡紫色”，太阳本身则是“鲜红色”;太阳上方的天空被绘制成其他引人注目的色调，从黄色、绿色、蓝色到蔚蓝色(晴空的蓝色)。
Van Gogh also emphasizes his passion for his work in the letter: not only has he worked, he has also “slaved so hard” that he is “dead tired”. It is as if a powerful force were compelling[k m pel](强迫；迫使；使必须) him to carry on painting, even though he could not stand up.