Module 1 British and American English知识清单

I. Key words：
1.variety n． “变化；品种，变种；多种多样”；
a variety of 意为“多种多样 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的”，相当于 varieties of。 variety 的前面可以有great，large，wide 等词修饰。
①.There’s a large variety of dishes on the menu. 菜单上有许多种菜。
②. There are new varieties of wheat. 麦子有许多新品种。
2. differ vi.不同，相异 different adj. 不同的 difference n. 差别，差异
(1).differ from＝be different from与……不同
differ in＝be different in在……方面不同
differ with/from sb.about/on/over sth. 关于某事与某人意见不同
(2). tell the difference分辨；区分
make a difference有影响
比较：be similar to sb./sth. 和……相似; be similar in. 在……方面相似
①. 他的意见与我的完全不同。
His opinion __________________________________.
②. 这两个女孩外表（appearance）相似，但性格（character）却不同。
The two girls ________________________________________.
③. 关于这件事，我们意见不同。
We ____________________________________________.
3. attempt vt.试图，企图；n.企图，努力，尝试
(1).make an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
make an attempt at doing sth.试图做某事
at one’s first attempt某人第一次尝试
(2). attempt sth.尝试某事
attempt to do sth.试图做某事
①.我考驾照时第一次尝试就通过了。
I passed my driving test ________________________.
②. 我试图算出那道题，但没算出来。
I ____________________________________，but failed.
易混辨析：attempt，try，manage
(1).attempt常指一次尝试,不一定成功。attempt to do sth.尽力去做某事(比try正式)。
(2).try to do sth.尽力去做，不一定成功；try doing sth.尝试着做某事。
(3)manage 表示成功地做某事，设法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )做成了某事。manage to do sth.＝be able to do sth.＝succeed in doing sth.＝be successful in doing sth.。
4. announcement n.“声明，宣告”，“发表声明”用make an announcement。
书面的“通知” 用 notice，常和动词短语 put up 连用，表示“张贴通知”。
announce v.宣布；宣告
It＋be＋announced that...宣布……
①Prime Minister Wen J ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iabao announced the opening of the 16th Asian Games.
温家宝总理宣布第16届亚运会开幕。
②It has been announced that they will get married on National Day.
他们已宣布在国庆节结婚。
5. present vt.陈述；提出(观点、计划等)
(1). present sb.with sth./present sth.to sb.把某物赠给某人
present sb. to sb.正式把某人介绍、引见给某人
(2). present adj.在场的，出席的；现在的
be present at...出席…… (absent 缺席的，不在的)
at the present time＝at present目前，现在
(3). present n．礼物（=gift）；赠品；现在
for the present眼前；暂时
英译汉：
①. On Teacher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s’Day，some students presented their teachers with some flowers.
____________________________________________________。
②. May I present Mr Smith to you
_____________________________________________________？
③. All the people p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )resent at the meeting were asked to present their own opinions about this matter.
___________________________________________________。
④. At present，many students want to go abroad for further education.
___________________________________________________。
6. add vt.加；增加；接着说；vi.增添；加起来
(1)add to增加，增添
add...to...把……加到……之上
add up加起来(强调动作)
add up to...加起来总共是……(强调结果)
add that…补充说
(2)addition n．增加，附加；加法
in addition(用做副词)加之，另外
in addition to(用做介词)除……之外，加
①.The bad weather only______________(增加)our difficulties.
②. _____________(加起来)all the money I owe you.
③.These numbers _____________100.
II. Key phrases:
1. compare vt.& vi.比较，对比；把……喻为；匹敌
(pare A with B　把A和B比较
compare A to B 把A比作B
compare notes交流意见
(pared to/with和……相比(通常作状语 )
①. 把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比，你就会发现他们之间的区别。
__________________________ and you will find the differences between them.
②. 我们常常把孩子比做祖国的花朵。
We often _____________________________________.
③. 与大多数学生相比，她确实是很幸运。
___________________________，she was indeed very fortunate.
④.Teachers are often compared to gardeners while students flowers.
人们常把老师比做园丁，而将学生比做花朵。
牛刀小试(comparing/compare/compared)
(1).比较一下我和他的作文，你会发现他的比较好。
________ my composition with his，and you will find his is better.
(2).和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
________ with you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r brother，you should make greater efforts to study English.
(3).当比较不同的文化的时候，我们经常只注 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意不同点，而不注意它们的相同点。________ different cultures，we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
2. lead to引起, 导致(=result in); 通向;
(1).lead to中to是介词，后跟名词、代词或v. ing形式。
lead sb.to＋n.带领……通往，引导某人
lead sb.to do sth.使得某人做某事
(2).lead/live/have a．..life过着……的生活
①. 食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。
Eating too much sugar can _________________________.
②. 细心便会成功，而失败可能是因为粗心。
________________________________ while failure may lie in/result from carelessness.
③. 条条大路通罗马。
______________________________________.
3. have difficulty (in) doing sth.“做某事有困难”
difficulty 前可加修饰词 much，little，no 等；in可省略。
difficulty可换成 trouble，problem等; 若difficulty 等后接名词，介词 in 换成 with。
①.有些学生毕业后很难找到工作。
Some students _____________________________________________.
②.他说他在英语发音（pronunciation）方面有一些困难。
He said ___________________________________________________.
③. You can’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) imagine the difficulty that he had ______(passed/passing) the exam.
拓展：do sth.with/without difficulty 做某事很难/很容易
find it difficult to do sth.发现做某事很难
4. refer to “谈到，提到，涉及；参考，查阅；指的是”。to 是介词，后面跟名词，代词或动名词作宾语。
写出句子中refer to 的意思。
①. Refer to the dic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tionary when you don't know how to spell a word. ___________
②. The old soldier ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )referred to his experiences during the Long March. ___________
③. These books re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fer to Asian problems. ___________
比较：refer to，look up
这两个短语都有“查阅，查询”的意思，但后面所跟的宾语不同。
refer to 后面跟所查询的工具，如 a book，a dictionary。
look up 后面跟要查询的内容，然后再用介词 in 跟工具，如：look up a word in a dictionary。
完成句子
(1)当我遇到不懂的东西时，我就去查阅参考书。
When I came across s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omething unknown，I would ___________ a reference book
＝When I came acros ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s something unknown，I would _________ in a reference book.
5. thanks to “幸亏，多亏，由于”，to 为介词，后跟名词。
because of，due to，owing to，as a result of, on account of 都表示“由于”；
because，since，as用来引导原因状语从句，for可以引导并列分句，也表示原因，用在第一个分句后，前面常有逗号。
①. It was thanks to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) your timely help that we finished the task on time.
幸亏你及时帮忙，我们才按时完成了任务。
②. 多亏了新政策，我们现在过着幸福的生活。
_________________________________________________.
6. get around “四处走动；传播；流传”，相当于 get about，
①. It quickly got around that Joshua was back in town.
乔舒亚已经回城的消息很快就传开了。(朗文P813)
归纳拓展
get along相处；（工作）进展
get away from 避免，摆脱；逃离
get back回来，归来
get down to开始认真处理；着手做…（to是介词）
get on登上(火车、公共汽车、飞机等)；相处融洽，前进，进展
get through通过；到达；做完；接通电话
get over爬过，克服，(疾病、惊恐、损害等)恢复
用适当的介词、副词填空
①The work was getting _________ quite well.
②Here is a difficulty for you to get _________.
③We need more rain to get _________ the summer.
④We only got _________ from our holidays yesterday.
⑤I must get _________ business.
III. Key sentences:
1. We have real ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly everything in common with America nowadays，except of course，language.
当然，除了语言外，如今我们确实在所有方面都和美国一样。
品味经典
have...in common在……方面有相同之处
(1).have a lot/much/a great deal in common with...与……有很多共同之处
have nothing/little in common with...与……没有/很少有共同之处
(2). in common with和……一样
(mon people平民百姓
common sense常识； common knowledge人所共知的事
①. 虽然是双胞胎，他们却毫无共同之处。
Though they are twins, ______________________________.
②. 令我吃惊的是，我发现自己和这个陌生人有许多共同点。
To my surprise，I found I _______________________ this stranger.
易混辨析
common，regular，usual，ordinary
(1)common共同的，到处可见的，强调普遍性
(2)regular定期的，强调规律性；
(3)ordinary平凡无奇的，普通的，强调不特殊；
(4)usual经常的，一贯如此的，强调习惯性。
用common，usual，regular，ordinary填空
(1).This kind of flower is ________in our country.
(2).We hear from him on a ________basis.
(3).We were dressed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) up for the party but she was still in her________ clothes.
(4).He came later than ________.
2. It doesn’t make mu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch of a difference whether a teacher speaks British or American English.
一位老师说的是英式英语还是美式英语，这并没有多大差异。
make a difference有影响；起重要作用
(1). make no/little difference to对……没有/几乎没有影响
make some/much/a lot of difference to对……有一些/很大影响(作用)
(2). be of little/no/much difference (某物)几乎没/没有/有很大作用
(3). tell the difference between...and... 区分……，区别…
①. 你的支持当然将会在我们班上产生影响。
Your support will certainly ______________________.
②. 我认为他说的话不会起什么作用。
I don’t think what he said will ___________________.
③. 你来不来没什么区别。
It __________________ whether you will come or not.
④. 英语对我们的学习来说作用巨大。
English is ____________________ our studies.
whether...or ...“是否……还是……”，为固定结构，在在句中引导了一个主语从句，作真正的主语，而it只是形式主语。
(1).他帮不帮助我们没有多大的影响。
It makes no difference ________________________.
3. British and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) American English are different in many ways. The first and most obvious way is in the vocabulary.
英式英语与美式英语在很多方面都不相同。最首要、最明显的区别就在于词汇。
obvious adj. “显然的，显而易见的”。
句型 It is obvious that... “显然……”，it 为形式主语，that从句是真正主语。
obviously 是副词。
4. This non-stop co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mmunication，the experts think, has made it easier for British people and Americans to understand each other.
专家认为，这种不间断的交流使得英美人之间的相互理解变得更加容易。
made it easier for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )British people and Americans to understand each other.中it为形式宾语，不定式to understand each other为真正宾语。
当不定式或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的宾语时(如 make，find，think等)，为保持句子平衡，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。其结构为：主语＋谓语动词＋it＋形容词/名词＋不定式/从句。it 后面的形容词或名词作宾补。
①. 大雨使我们更难按时完成工作。
The rain _______________________________________________________.
②. 我们发现与他们一起工作很愉快。
We found ________________________________.
③. 他认为跟他们谈谈是必要的。
He thinks ________________________________.
5. By the 1850s it was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) selling one million copies a year，making it one of the most popular school books ever.
到十九世纪五十年代为止，每年售出一百万册，结果使它成为最受欢迎的学校用书之一。
making it one of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he most popular school books ever是动词的ing形式作结果状语（表示必然的结果）.
①. 我关上灯，什么也看不见了。
I turned off the light，__________________________.
②. 老师走进了教室，留下那个男孩站在外面。
The teacher went into the classroom, ___________________________.
比较：only to do (only to find/only to be told)多表示出乎意料的结果
他匆匆忙忙赶往机场，发现飞机已经起飞了。
He hurried to the airport, ____________________________.
IV. Grammar
一、一般现在时：
一般现在时表示经常发生或随时都在发生的事情，具体用法如下：
1. 表示客观事实或普通真理。如： Water boils at 100℃.
2. 表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
如： Ice feels cold. We always care for each other and help each other.
3. 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )关系或概念的词常用一般现在时。如：see, hear, smell, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。如：I know what you mean.
注意：
（1）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
如：If you will wait for a moment, I’ll tell Mr. Black you’ve come.
（2）少数用于表示起止的动词如co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
如： The shop closes at 9:00 p.m. every day.
二、现在进行时
现在进行时除表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 或现阶段正在发生的事情，还有以下用法：
1. 表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行 。
如：。Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
2.表示按计划、安排要发生的动作。 如：Are you meeting them when you arrive there
3. 与always, consta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的感彩。 如： You are always following me.
三、现在完成时：
(1)、表示动作发生在过去某时刻并已结束，但该动作影响到现在，与现在情况具有因果关系。
如： The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.
(2)、表示动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，刚刚结束，或可能还要继续下去。
如： John has lived in Beijing since he was born.
注意：
介词for构成的短语，表示时间的长度，后跟一段时间，不能跟时间点。
如：He has studied English for five years.
瞬间动词不能与表示一段时间的介词for连用，但它的否定式可与介词for连用。
如：I have not received her letter for two months.