Section Ⅳ Assessing Your Progress
[基础训练]
Ⅰ 单词拼写
1．(·江苏高考)To enjoy the convenience of (数码的) payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
答案：digital
2．Source of COVID－19 (感染) might have not appeared first in Wuhan.
答案：infection
3．Mars was visible, just in the centre of the (望远镜)．
答案：telescope
4．We have lots of things in common (除……之外(还)) music.
答案：besides
5．The old man is a (爱国的) overseas Chinese.
答案：patriotic
6．I'm on the night s today.
答案：shift
7．This writer uses v descriptions in his writings.
答案：vivid
8．It's not all your f . I'm also responsible.
答案：fault
9．S turn to liquids and liquids into gases at certain temperatures.
答案：Solids
10．The whole nation are determined to t China in the spirit of Yu Gong who removed the mountains.
答案：transform
Ⅱ 单句语法填空
1．My ideal is to be an (astronomy)．
答案：astronomer
2．The shops were (brilliant) lit up.
答案：brilliantly
3．The house is not comfortable tonight because of the high (humid)．
答案：humidity
4．He has moved to Spain, (seem) to enjoy a slower style of life.
答案：seemingly
5．(·江苏高考)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man's intelligence and (create).
答案：creativity
Ⅲ 单句写作
1．统计分析是一种相当可靠的预测方法。
is a means of arriving at a fairly reliable forecast.
答案：Statistical analysis
2．公众可能会持有显然互相矛盾的态度。
The public are holding apparently contradictory attitudes.
答案：capable of
3．他的戏剧中总是有善恶之间的斗争。
There's always a good and evil in his plays.
答案：conflict between
4．拥护者认为开放源代码软件安全性更高。
Supporters say software is more secure.
答案：open source
5．成功要求具有良好的战略思考能力和务实态度。
Being successful requires good strategic and a “Can Do” attitude.
答案：thinking ability
[思维训练]
Ⅰ 阅读
(·杭州启正中学高二检测) Sir John Gurdon, a British scientist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years, and that “maybe the same answer is appropriate” for the step to human cloning. Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone “copies” to replace them then.
Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues, the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful. Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown, the first “test－tube baby”. He said, “When my first frog experiments were done, an American reporter asked how long it would be before these things could be done in mammals or humans. I said, ‘Well, it could be anytime between 10 years and 100 years—how about 50 years？’ It turned out that it wasn't far off the mark as far as Dolly was concerned. Maybe the same answer is appropriate.” Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin, and doctors would therefore simply be “copying what nature has already produced”．
The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children, who are no longer fertile， to create another by using the mother's eggs and skin cells from the first child, thinking the technique was safe and effective, is 60 percent in favor. The reasons for “no” are usually that the new children would feel they are some sort of replacements for something.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主——英国科学家约翰·戈登爵士称，那些在事故中失去子女的父母将能在未来50年内借助克隆技术，让他们的子女得到“重生”。
1．Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in at most.
A．about 100 years B．about 60 years
C．about 50 years D．about 10 years
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，格登爵士表示，在未来50年内，那些在事故中失去孩子的父母将有可能通过克隆技术得到孩子的“复制品”。故选C。
2．The underlined word “identical” probably means “ ”．
A．same B．special
C．new D．clear
答案：A 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“twin”和“doctors would therefore simply be ‘copying what nature has already produced’”可知，A项正确。
3．It can be inferred from the passage that .
A．most people cast doubt on John's experiments
B．human cloning is and will be only a dream
C．few children love to be cloned in the future
D．human cloning may be realized someday
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，虽然克隆人类的尝试将引起复杂的道德问题，但是生物学家声称如果克隆技术变得有医学价值，人们很快就会消除他们的担心，因此可推断D项正确。
1．medically adv. 医学上地
2．deceased adj. 死去了的
3．fertile adj. 能生育的
1．no longer 不再…… 2.in favor 支持，赞同
Ⅱ 七选五
(·北京海淀区高二检测)Scientists used to explore on the surface of ocean. 1 They want to know about ocean water and the plant and animal life deep in the ocean.
In 1934 the scientist William Beebe dived 3,000 feet below the surface in a hollow steel ball. In 1935 August Piccard dived 10,330 feet. 2
All these early dives were deep. But the divers could not stay down for very long. They had to come back up to the surface after a few seconds. Scientists needed to stay down longer to study life below surface. 3 Cousteau, a Frenchman, was able to keep men down to a depth of 36 feet for one month and to a depth of 900 feet for a week.
4 With this new equipment, men can stay below the surface for days or even weeks. In 1962 Cousteau set up a research station 35 feet below the surface. Then in 1964 he set up another station on the ocean floor of the Red Sea. This was the first undersea station to operate without help from the surface.
Many countries are now studying undersea living. The former Soviet Union has an undersea laboratory in the Crimean Sea. The United States has a laboratory 50 feet down on the ocean floor off the Virgin Islands. In 1970 five men lived there for two weeks. Then a team of five women scientists stayed in the laboratory. 5 All were there to explore the ocean depths and to make plans for the use of its resources. Scientists hope to find enough material, vegetable, and animal wealth there to provide food for the entire world.
A．Gradually they succeeded.
B．Next came other teams of men.
C．Now they are exploring below the surface, too.
D．The resources under the sea are unbelievably useful.
E．In 1960 his son Jean dived to a depth of 35,800 feet.
F．In the near future we humans can possibly live under the sea.
G．Now scientists are developing even better equipment.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家探索海底世界的发展历程。
1．C 根据上一句“Scientists used to explore on the surface of ocean.”和下一句可知，C项“现在他们也在探索海底世界”承上启下，指科学家过去常常在海平面上探索，现在他们也开始探索海平面以下，想要了解深海之处的动植物。故选C。
2．E 前两句列举了在海底进行探索的科学家和他们的潜入深度及探索时间。E项与前两句是并列关系。故选E。
3．A 上文描述了科学家一开始只能在海底待几秒钟，为了研究海底生物，他们需要在海底多待一些时间；再根据下文列举的例子“was able to keep men down to a depth of 36 feet for one month ...”可知，这些科学家逐渐成功了，他们在海底待的时间越来越长了。故选A。
4．G 根据下一句中的“With this new equipment”可知，G项中“developing even better equipment”与之相呼应。故选G。
5．B 根据上文中的“In 1970 five men”“Then a team of five women scientists”可知，B项中的“Next”与上文是时间上的递进关系，符合语境。故选B。
Ⅲ 读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
Laurie had not been skating in any competition since her left knee was badly injured in an accident six months ago. As she waited for her turn to skate, Laurie was very nervous. She knew that today was a very important day in her comeback.
Laurie was told that she had a tough competition this year, and a girl from Connecticut named Jinny Jordan who was really strong in everything. “She is the one you have to beat this year，” the coach said.
Minutes later, the door opened and Laurie saw a young woman who was about her own age. The young woman dumped some of her belongings onto a chair.
Jinny looked at the clothing and equipment that lay scattered on the floor. As she began to gather her belongings, the door opened.
“Jinny，” called someone. “You'd better give the tape of your music to the sound engineer right away.”
“I thought I gave him my music tape an hour ago，” said Jinny. “Tell him it's the green box with my initials written in white in the right－hand corner.”
“He said you never gave it to him, and he's getting angry.”
“Then I don't know what I did with it，” said Jinny, hurrying out.
Laurie knew that music was nearly as important to the program as skating itself. If she lost her music tape, she might as well forget about skating.
Paragraph 1：
Suddenly she saw something small and dark green behind the leg of the dressing table.
Paragraph 2：
Feeling relieved, Laurie skated quickly to the center of the rink after the announcer finally called her name.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Laurie 因为左膝严重受伤不能参加任何滑冰比赛，第一次复出便遇到了强劲对手Jinny, Jinny 的伴奏带找不到了，她还能参加比赛吗？Laurie又会怎么做呢？
[精彩范文]
Paragraph 1：
Suddenly she saw something small and dark green behind the leg of the dressing table. She pulled it out, and saw the white Initials J．J. in the top night－hand corner. “It's Jinny's music tape！” She exclaimed. Laurie's heart started beating fast. “All I'd have to do is forget that I found this，” she thought. “If Jinny doesn't have her music, she might as well not skate. And then I would win.” Laurie shivered slightly as she thought about this. Then she wondered, “Does winning mean so much to me that I'd be willing to cheat for it？” She walked to the door and called Jinny loudly.
Paragraph 2：
Feeling relieved, Laurie skated quickly to the center of the rink after the announcer finally called her name. The music filled the stadium and she skated gracefully and beautifully. Her left knee was fine and she felt herself gliding on the ice. The audience applauded from time to time, enthusiastically supporting her in her comeback. When she finished, her coach ran up to her and hugged her. “You did it, Laurie！” she said. Laurie smiled and thought about Jinny's music tape. “No one will ever know how close I really came to losing.” she said softly to herself.单元过关检测卷(一)
第一部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
What a Scientist Is Like
If you were asked to imagine a scientist, what image would come to your mind The common idea that most kids from kindergarten through college have of a scientist is a man wearing a white lab coat with messy hair, big glasses, and several glass cups of mysterious colourful liquids giving off clouds of smoke. As for adults, the majority view scientists as strange people who spend 100 hours a week in a lonely laboratory. However, the reality is quite different.
Recently I've had a chance to take part in a scientific experience far from my laboratory and into Costa Rica. It supports a huge amount of wildlife due to its geographical placement between North and South America. It is home to more than 500,000 species, which represents nearly 4% of the total species worldwide!
First we worked alongside conservationists to preserve wildlife at a leatherback turtle (棱皮龟) rescue centre. We helped the volunteers preserve turtle populations by removing rubbish from the shoreline to create a safe environment for turtle eggs to come out. After that we stayed at Mount Arenal where we studied seismic activity relating to earthquakes. During our stay at Arenal, we rode over the mountainous areas and took a long walk through the rainforest. After reaching the top, we went down and through waterfalls to the beautiful valley below! On the last day we got a hands－on introduction to rocket science where we learnt about new rocket technology that will be used on the international space station.
During my Costa Rica experience, I know that being a scientist doesn't mean working in a lab all day and night. A scientist is one who loves learning and getting a better understanding of the world from helping preserve wildlife, learning about earthquakes or inventing rockets. I think that schools should really stress that science is so much more than wearing a lab coat and mixing chemicals. Kids need to be aware of the excitement and adventures science can bring!
篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过实际接触科学家所从事的工作，颠覆了心目中的科学家形象，并进一步指出，学校应该让孩子们懂得科学所带来的令人震撼和充满探险的精神体验。
1．According to the first paragraph, scientists are often believed .
A．to work as slaves
B．to behave in a strange way
C．to spend too much time in labs
D．to do experiments in messy labs
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“... the majority view scientists as strange people who spend 100 hours a week in a lonely laboratory”可知，人们通常认为科学家大多数时间都在实验室里做实验。故选C项。
2．The author helped to preserve the turtle population by .
A．creating a safe nest for turtles
B．picking up rubbish from the shoreline
C．collecting the turtle eggs on the beach
D．finding a comfortable environment for turtles
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“We helped the volunteers preserve turtle populations by removing rubbish from the shoreline to create a safe environment for turtle eggs to come out.”可知，作者是通过清除海岸上的垃圾来保护海龟蛋使其顺利出壳的方式帮助海龟。故选B项。
3．What does the author learn about science from his experience
A．Science is full of boring experiments.
B．Science is more than working in a lab.
C．Science is related to mysterious liquids.
D．Science is about wildlife and earthquakes.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“I know that being a scientist doesn't mean working in a lab all day and night”可知，作者通过这次经历，了解了科学家并非总是日夜在实验室工作。故选B项。
B
(·南昌西湖区检测) A list of Benjamin Franklin's inventions reveals a man of many talents and interests. His natural curiosity about things and the way they work made him try to find ways to make them work better.
Ben had poor vision and needed glasses to read. He got tired of constantly taking them off and putting them back on, so he decided to figure out how his glasses would let him see both near and far. He had two pairs of glasses cut in half and put half of each lens (镜片) in a single frame. Today, we call them bifocals (双光眼镜)．
Everyone knows the story of Ben's famous kite flight. Although he made important discoveries and advancements, Ben did not “invent” the electricity. He did, however, invent the lightning rod which protects buildings and ships from lightning.
In colonial America, most people warmed their homes by building a fire in a fireplace even though it was dangerous and used a lot of wood. Ben figured that there had to be a better way. His invention of an iron furnace stove allowed people to warm their homes less dangerously and with less wood. The furnace stove that he invented is called the Franklin Stove. Interestingly enough, Ben also established the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live more safely.
As a postmaster, Ben had to figure out routes for delivering the mail. He went out riding in his carriage to measure the routes and needed a way to keep track of the distance. He invented a simple odometer (里程表) and attached it to his carriage.
Later, other famous inventors, like Thomas A. Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, followed in Ben's footsteps by trying to find ways to help people live better.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了本杰明·富兰克林的一系列实用发明。
4．How many things invented by Benjamin Franklin are mentioned in the passage
A．3. B．4.
C．5. D．6.
答案：B 细节理解题。文章第二、三、四、五段分别提到本杰明·富兰克林的发明有双光眼镜、避雷针、铁皮炉子和里程表，共四种。
5．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A．Franklin invented the bifocals because of his poor vision.
B．Franklin invented the odometer to make his riding easier.
C．Franklin first invented the electricity and then the lightning rod.
D．Franklin invented the odometer when he worked in a post office.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的叙述可知，富兰克林在邮政局工作时，发明了一个简单的里程表，并把它装在了他的马车上。故D项正确。
6．What characteristic did Franklin, Edison and Bell have in common
A．They had a strong desire to make life better.
B．They were excellent students at school.
C．They were born in the same age.
D．They made people's life simple.
答案：A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“by trying to find ways to help people live better”可推知，这些科学家们都有使人们的生活更加美好的强烈愿望。故A项正确。
7．What would be the best title for this passage
A．The life of Benjamin Franklin
B．Benjamin Franklin, a great inventor
C．A man of many talents and interests
D．How to help people live better
答案：B 标题判断题。全文讲述了本杰明·富兰克林从生活的实际出发，发明了一系列有利于自己、有利于他人的实用物品，故B项概括了全文的主旨，适合作标题。
C
(·西北工业大学附中月考)Recently, Finnegan, a company in Washington, D．C., hosted an event for 70 Girl Scouts on the topic of intellectual property (知识产权) (IP). The purpose was to get more girls interested in STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering, and math)．
During the event, stations were set up to show the Girl Scouts how to use trademarks, copyrights, and other legal instruments to protect their ideas and inventions. After experts described their experiences in STEM－related jobs, the young inventors came up with lots of ideas.
Nola Levengood, 9, of Alexandria, Virginia, imagined hair dye (染色剂) in the form of bubbles (泡泡). You could use it in the shower, and when the bubbles popped, colored water would run out and dye your hair.
Sophia Julius of Fairfax, Virginia, designed a saddle (鞍) that would help horses and riders alike. If the saddle turned green, that would mean the horse wanted more exercise. If it turned red, the rider would know that the horse needed a break.
Some kids had already filed for patents (专利). Marissa Streng, for example, invented a dog dryer called the Puff－N－Fluff when she was 14. She now has a website and sells her product just like any adult.
However, throughout the day, there seemed to be a common topic—a dislike of math. Many of the girls agreed that math has too many rules.
Nora Lim Yang, 9, of McLean, Virginia, was an exception. She likes math, science, and “figuring out how things work，” she said.
Lawyer Esther Lim noted that failure is a key part of the process. “It takes time, practice, and interest to learn how to figure things out，” she said. You have to be willing “to try, fail, and try again.”
“No matter what you enjoy doing，” Lim added, “you must ‘practice how to fail’．”
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。70名女童子军参加某活动，与科学家面对面，了解他们的工作，大胆说出自己的科技创新想法，并学习知识产权知识。
8．Girls who took part in the event .
A．learned how to protect their ideas
B．were given chances to sell their products
C．competed with each other for a big prize
D．became more interested in STEM subjects
答案：A 细节理解题。由第二段中的“stations were set up to ... protect their ideas and inventions”可知，活动期间，参与者学习了如何利用商标、版权等保护自己的想法和发明。
9．Whose idea will lead to an invention that gives its user a new look
A．Esther Lim's. B．Sophia Julius's.
C．Marissa Streng's. D．Nola Levengood's.
答案：D 细节理解题。由第三段可知，Nola Levengood设想了一种泡泡状染发剂，洗澡时使用便能让使用者的头发焕然一新。
10．What makes Nora Lim Yang special at the event
A．She holds several patents for her inventions.
B．She is interested in math and science.
C．She is running her own business.
D．She is the youngest inventor.
答案：B 细节理解题。由倒数第三段和倒数第四段可知，参加活动的许多女孩儿都不喜欢数学，但Nora Lim Yang是个例外，她喜欢数学和科学，并且爱搞研究。
11．What did Esther Lim mean by saying “practice how to fail”？
A．Failure is the mother of success.
B．Little by little, one goes far.
C．Practice makes perfect.
D．Well begun, half done.
答案：A 推理判断题。由倒数第二段可知，她认为做研究的过程中，失败是很重要的一部分，在成功之前，人们需要时间、练习、兴趣，并在失败之后反复尝试。因此推断，她在最后一段所说的话的隐含义是失败乃成功之母。
D
(·大连市中山区检测) The Erie Canal was the first important national waterway built in the US. It crossed New York from Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany and Troy on the Hudson River. It joined the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. The canal served as a route over which industrial goods could flow into the west, and materials could pour into the east. The Erie Canal helped New York develop into the nation's largest city.
The building of the canal was paid for entirely by the state of New York. It cost $7,143,789, but it soon gained its price many times over. Between 1825, when the canal was opened, and 1882, when toll charges (过运河费) were stopped, the state collected $121,461,891.
For a hundred years before the Erie was built, people had been talking about a canal which could join the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. The man who planned the Erie Canal and carried the plan through was De Witt Clinton. Those who were against the canal laughingly called it “Clinton's Ditch (沟)”. Clinton talked and wrote about the canal and drew up plans for it. He and Governor Morris went to Washington in 1812 to ask for help for the canal, but they were unsuccessful.
Clinton became governor of New York in 1817, and shortly afterwards, on July 4, 1817, broke ground for the canal in Rome, N．Y. The first part of the canal was completed in 1820. As the canal grew, towns along its course developed fast. The length of the canal is 363 miles.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伊利运河的作用及在德威特·克林顿的主导下修建的过程。
12．We can see that the Erie Canal .
A．joined the Great Lakes together
B．crossed New York from north to south
C．played an important part in developing New York
D．was the first waterway built in the US
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The Erie Canal helped New York develop into the nation's largest city.”及全段内容可知，伊利运河对纽约的发展起到了巨大的作用。故选C项。
13．It can be inferred that into the Atlantic Ocean.
A．the Great Lakes flow
B．the Hudson River flows
C．Lake Erie flows
D．the Erie Canal flows
答案：B 推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句“It crossed New York from Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany ... with the Atlantic Ocean.”可知，运河从伊利湖到哈德逊河，横跨了纽约，把五大湖和大西洋连接了起来，由此可推断哈德逊河流入大西洋。故选B项。
14．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A．The Erie Canal brought profits of over $114,000,000.
B．It's 363 miles from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
C．The West was more advanced than the East when the canal was built.
D．Many other states helped New York build the canal.
答案：A 推理判断题。通过第二段第二句中的“It cost $7,143,789 ...”和第二段最后一句中的 “... the state collected $121,461,891”可知A项正确。
15．We can draw a conclusion that ， according to the passage.
A．Clinton broke ground for the canal at both ends
B．Clinton started building the canal before he became governor
C．all parts of the canal were completed at the same time
D．construction of the canal took eight years
答案：D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的“... on July 4,1817, broke ground for the canal in Rome, N．Y.”和第二段第三句中的“Between 1825, when the canal was opened ... ”可知，从运河破土动工到开通一共持续了八年时间。故选D项。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
(·广东省江门市台山一中高二检测)There is an old Spanish proverb which states, “Tomorrow is often the busiest day of the week.” 16 Too many. But our dreams should not and cannot wait.
Tomorrow is not promised.
Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is that everybody will die someday. None of us know the day. 17 Don't go to your grave with unfinished dreams. Make the decision to go after every dream, big or small, right now.
The world is waiting for your gift.
The world is waiting for you. 18 Sure, other people may be able to sing, but they'll never be able to sing exactly like you. Sure, other people can write, but they'll never be able to write from the same point of view in which you write.
19
You can dream about writing a great novel, but it's never going to happen unless you actually put pen to paper. You can dream about finding a cure for cancer, but it will never happen unless you actually go to school to become equipped with the necessary tools to find that cure.
You can't let fear win.
One of the biggest dream killers is fear. There are so many people who could have achieved amazing things if they weren't afraid. Just think about all the things you've wanted to do, but allowed fear to convince you that you weren't capable or good enough. 20 You can choose not to let fear stop you from achieving your dreams.
A．Therefore, today is all we have.
B．Dreams don't work unless you do.
C．Remember that fear is just a choice.
D．You were born into the world with a unique gift.
E．You will be much happier if you go for your dreams.
F．There are so many opportunities and people waiting for you.
G．How many times have we put off our dreams until tomorrow
16．G 根据该空后面的“Too many.”可知，这是对G项问题的回答。
17．A 根据本段的标题和内容可知，明天未可期，要实现梦想，当下就要行动，A项与前后语境相符。
18．D 根据该空后面的内容可知，我们每个人都有独一无二的天赋，故选D。
19．B 通读本段内容可知，千里之行，始于足下，梦想的实现需要我们立刻付出努力。
20．C C项中的“... fear is just a choice”与设空处后一句中的“choose not to let fear ...”相呼应。
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
(·昆明三中高二检测)Scientists know how to make sea water fresh.They know many 21 of taking out the salt.
One way is to boil the salt water. 22 the water boils，the 23 rises.When the steam 24 it becomes fresh water. 25 way is to use the 26 of the sun. A tray (盘子) with a special glass side is used. The 27 warms the sea water. The steam 28 . When the steam cools on the glass, it is fresh water. This water runs down the glass into a little gutter (槽)．
Still another way is to 29 the sea water. The salt stays on the outside of the ice. Then the scientists 30 the salt.The ice is 31 water.
Do all these ways work Yes, they do.
Then why 32 we have fresh water for people who need it
The 33 is that some day we will. But we can't do that yet. It costs too much money to make salt water fresh. It costs more than most people can 34 .
But scientists are still 35 better ways. Some day, everyone may drink fresh water that comes from the salty sea.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家用海水制取淡水的方法。
21．A.ideas B．ways
C．steps D．thoughts
答案：B 由第二段第一句中的“One way”以及第三段第一句中的“another way”可知，本文主要讲述的是使海水变为淡水的方法(way)。故选B。
22．A.Before B．After
C．As D．If
答案：C 水蒸气升起动作的发生，应是在水沸腾的时候，而不是之前或之后。故选C。
23．A.gas B．air
C．steam D．salt
答案：C 水沸腾时，上升的是水蒸气(steam)，不是gas(气体)，air(空气)或salt(盐)。故选C。
24．A.freezes B．disappears
C．cools D．warms
答案：C 根据常识可知，只有在冷却的时候水蒸气才会变成水。而freeze是“结冰”的意思，disappear的意思是“消失”，warm用作动词时的意思是“使温暖”，只有动词cool的意思是“使冷却”。故选C。
25．A.The other B．Another
C．One D．Other
答案：B another表示“三者或三者以上中的另一个”；other表示“另外的，其他的”，用来修饰名词复数；the other则用来指“两者中的另一个”，根据下文的“Still another way”可知此处并不是只有两种方法，所以应选择another。故选B。
26．A.heat B．light
C．height D．shadow
答案：A 从语境“warms the sea water”可以推知，这里利用的是太阳的热能(heat)。故选A。
27．A.glass B．sun
C．sky D．tray
答案：B 什么能够使海水变暖呢？在四个选项中，glass，sky和tray都不具备这个功能，而太阳发出的光和热可以使海水变暖。故选B。
28．A.appears B．falls
C．disappears D．rises
答案：D 由第二段第二句中的rises可以得出答案。故选D。
29．A.freeze B．cool
C．pour D．save
答案：A 由下文可知此处意为“另外一种方法就是冻结海水”。freeze “冻结”；cool “冷却”；pour “灌注”；save “节省”。故选A。
30．A.wash off B．taste
C．add D．take off
答案：A 本句表示“科学家把盐清洗掉”。wash off “清洗掉”，而take off意为“脱掉”。taste和add不符合文意。故选A。
31．A.salty B．clear
C．fresh D．clean
答案：C 本文讲述的是如何使海水变成淡水。把盐分清洗掉后，剩下的自然就是淡水了。fresh water “淡水”。故选C。
32．A.don't B．needn't
C．daren't D．didn't
答案：A 本句讲述的是科普常识，应该用一般现在时态，因此可把didn't排除；另外句子中没有“需要”和“敢”的意思，应舍去B、C两项。故选A。
33．A.problem B．answer
C．reason D．excuse
答案：B 因为上句提出了一个问题，所以此处应该是对上面问题的回答。故选B。
34．A.save B．cost
C．pay D．take
答案：C 主语是人时一般不用cost和take，另外save不符合文意。pay作为“付钱”讲时，用人作主语，符合文意。故选C。
35．A.caring for B．looking for
C．waiting for D．depending on
答案：B care for “喜欢，照顾”；look for “寻找”；wait for “等待”；depend on “依靠”。由上下文可知，科学家们正在“寻找”更好的方法。故选B。
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Located in the northwest of Hunan Province, about 300 kilometers away from Changsha, capital of Hunan, Zhangjiajie, 36 covers a total area of 9,563 square kilometers, is a tourist city for its unique natural scenery and abundant tourism resources. It's no wonder 37 Zhangjiajie was awarded the title of “World Geological Park” in 2004. 38 (actual), Zhangjiajie, honored as “the most fantastic mountain under heaven” and “a walking Chinese landscape painting”， is also widely praised as “ 39 enlarged potted landscaping” “a mini fairyland” and “a maze (迷宫) of nature”， attracting a growing number of tourists 40 home and abroad.
Since it was discovered in the 1980s, tourism industry 41 (become) the leading industry in Zhangjiajie, which has stimulated the development of other industries 42 (relate) to tourism. At the same time, eco tourism has been developed rapidly in Zhangjiajie. When you come to Zhangjiajie, you can fully appreciate 43 (it) magnificent natural scenery and experience appealing folk custom as well as other thrilling tourist 44 (activity), and you will be deeply impressed by 45 is performed by the minorities there.
It must be an exciting, joyful and unforgettable tour to Zhangjiajie.
36． 37. 38. 39.
40． 41. 42. 43.
44． 45.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了风光如画的著名旅游景点湖南张家界。
36．which 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Zhangjiajie，关系词在从句中作主语，故用which。
37．that 考查主语从句的连接词。It为形式主语，而后面的that从句为真正主语。从句不缺少任何成分，故用that引导该从句。
38．Actually 考查词性转换。空格处修饰整个句子，故用副词形式。
39．an 考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处泛指“一幅放大的缩略风景画”，空格后enlarged的读音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。
40．from/at 考查介词。这里指“吸引了国内外的大量游客”，故用from或at。
41．has become 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的“Since”且结合句意“旅游业已成为张家界的主导产业”可知，此处用现在完成时。主语为tourism industry，故谓语动词用第三人称单数，故用has become。
42．related 考查非谓语动词。relate和industries之间是被动关系，且be related to为固定搭配，故用过去分词作名词的后置定语。
43．its 考查代词。根据空格后的名词短语“magnificent natural scenery”可知，应用形容词性物主代词its。
44．activities 考查名词。张家界景点的旅游活动有多种，故用复数形式。
45．what 考查宾语从句的连接词。分析该句结构可知，设空处引导宾语从句，作主句中的介词by的宾语，且设空处在从句中作主语，意为“……的东西/事物”，故用what。
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
华罗庚在新中国成立后毅然放弃国外优越的生活和工作条件，回到祖国参加建设，对我国数学学科研究和经济建设作出了重大贡献。假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Steve对我国数学家华罗庚很感兴趣，来信询问华罗庚的生平事迹。请你用英语回复Steve的电子邮件，介绍内容包括：
1．数学家华罗庚的生平；
2．华罗庚的高风亮节；
3．华罗庚的成就及影响。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．邮件开头和结尾已为你写好。
Dear Steve，
Thanks for your e－mail. Hua Luogeng was a famous Chinese mathematician, educator and social activist,
Yours，
Li Hua
[精彩范文]
Dear Steve，
Thanks for your e－mail. Hua Luogeng was a famous Chinese mathematician, educator and social activist, who gave up excellent pay and offer abroad and returned home after the establishment of New China.
Hua was the founder and pioneer of many fields in New China's mathematics research. He wrote more than 200 pieces of thesis and monographs, many of which have become classic documents of immortal value.
Besides pure mathematics research, Hua also did a lot of work in the fields of mathematics applications. He made the mathematics serve the national economy and became the first Chinese scientist who closely combined the mathematics theoretic studies and practical production, and obtained enormous economic results in many fields.
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
“I'm going to miss you so much, Poppy，” said the tall, thin teenager. He bent down to hug his old friend goodbye. He stood up, hugged his parents, and smiled, trying not to let his emotions get the better of him.
His parents were not quite able to keep theirs under control. They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying. It was time to say goodbye for now at least. The family hugged and smiled through misty eyes and then laughed.
The boy lifted the last bag onto his shoulder, and flashed a bright smile. “I guess this is it，” he said. “I'll see you back home in a month, okay？” His parents nodded, and they watched as he walked out of sight into the crowds of hundreds of students and parents. The boy's mother turned to the dog, “Okay, Poppy, time to go back home.”
The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there. All that week, Poppy didn't seem interested in her dinner, her favorite toy, or even in her daily walk. Her owners were sad too, but they knew their son would be back to visit. Poppy didn't.
They offered the dog some of her favorite peanut butter treats. They even let her sit on the sofa, but the old girl just wasn't her usual cheerful self. Her owners started to get worried. “What should we do to cheer Poppy up？” asked Dad. “We've tried everything.”
“I have an idea, but it might be a little crazy，” smiled Mom. “Without anybody left in the house but us, this place could use a bit of fun. Let's get a little dog for Poppy.”
It didn't take long before they walked through the front door carrying a big box. Poppy welcomed them home as usual, but when she saw the box, she stopped. She put her nose on it. Her tail began wagging ever so slowly, then faster as she caught the smell.
Paragraph 1：
Dad put the box on the ground and opened the top.
Paragraph 2：
A few weeks later, the boy arrived home from university.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了男孩要去上大学，和自己的狗Poppy分别后Poppy非常想念男孩，于是男孩父母决定给Poppy买一条小狗做伴。父母买回来的小狗是什么样子？几个星期后，男孩从大学回到家里时又会发生些什么呢？
[精彩范文]
Paragraph 1：
Dad put the box on the ground and opened the top. A shiny little wet nose popped up. Then two fluffy paws. Next the box tipped over sideways, and out tumbled a mass of wiggly golden silliness. Poppy was amazed. She wagged furiously. She barked with joy. She smiled, her tongue lolling out as she investigated the surprise. The little pup was not shy and immediately starting yipping and jumping around the older dog. “That didn't take long，” remarked Mom, as both dogs went roaring around the house in an impromptu game of chase. Dad laughed.
Paragraph 2：
A few weeks later, the boy arrived home from university. He had missed Poppy and was looking forward to seeing her. When he bent down to give her a big hug, he fell over in surprise as a small golden cloud came racing up to lick his face too. “Oh my gosh, who is this？” he exclaimed. His parents laughed at the look of shock on his face. “That's Pee－wee，” said Dad. “I can't believe you got yourselves a puppy！” “We didn't，” replied Mom. “This puppy is for Poppy！”课时作业(二)
[基础训练]
Ⅰ 单词拼写
1．(·浙江高考)The principle for dealing with praise is to consider the (联系) between praise and effort.
答案：link
2．The driver of the crashed car received (多处) injuries.
答案：multiple
3．The (统计数字) for the number of patients getting COVID－19 (新冠肺炎) were falling day by day.
答案：statistics
4．(·北京高考)Who is to (责怪) for the problem of robocalls
答案：blame
5．She is preparing a (丰盛的) meal for his return.
答案：substantial
6．The damaged area is examined under a m .
答案：microscope
7．(·浙江高考)She s his honesty about his statement.
答案：suspected
8．Peanuts are delicious both r and cooked.
答案：raw
9．Mary had to work extra hours to help cover h expenses.
答案：household
10．I turned the h and found the door was open.
答案：handle
Ⅱ 单句语法填空
1．The answers to this question were various and (contradict).
答案：contradictory
2．It's not right to make a decision without (investigate) and study.
答案：investigation
3．Air, water, clothing and insects are all means of (infect).
答案：infection
4．My suggestion is we pay the guide accordingly.
答案：that
5．“We can solve our own problems and no (intervene), please，” he continued.
答案：intervention
6．I prefer (purely) water to coffee at any time.
答案：pure
7．His blood pressure had dropped (severe).
答案：severely
8．Your life would get (transform) after this event.
答案：transformed
9．John brought the absolute (prove) that we needed.
答案：proof
10．Population growth is (decrease) by 1.4% each year.
答案：decreasing
Ⅲ 单句写作
1．我从来不赞同顾客永远是对的这种理论。
I never the theory that the customer is always right.
答案：subscribe to
2．这种水泵的主要特点是操作简便。
The main characteristic of this is easy to operate.
答案：water pump
3．多亏近来的研究才有了有效的疗法。
recent research, effective treatments are available.
答案：Thanks to
4．钟南山院士向我们解释了新冠肺炎是如何扩散开来的。
NA Zhong Nanshan explained to us COVID－19 .
答案：how; spread
5．但事实是，这种情况只会发生在一小部分病人身上。
But this happens for only a minority of patients.
答案：the truth is that
[思维训练]
阅读
A
(·河北省石家庄新华区高二检测) Do you suppose Darwin, one of the greatest scientists of all time, really did foolish experiments Or did he do experiments that were so simple and basic that other people just thought they were foolish
Sometimes, people think they have already known the answer to a question or the solution to a problem. Sometimes, they really do know an answer or a solution, but without thinking they are important.
Charles Darwin didn't settle for just thinking he knew something. And he believed all things could be important however simple they seemed to be.
Suppose you drop sheets of paper that are of exactly the same size and shape. If you drop them at the same time in the same place, they will fall in the same way. Now make one of the sheets of paper into a tight little ball and let it drop along with the other sheets. What happens You have done an experiment that is so simple that you might think it couldn't be worth anything.
But this simple experiment is important. It explains part of our present－day understandings of physics that were worked out long ago by Galileo and Newton. And these understandings set aside some of ancient Greek physics.
Scientists sometimes stop to look at very simple things and to think very hard about them. Even the simplest idea, which we might think is foolish, can shake the foundations of science.
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。最简单的想法都可能动摇科学的根基，因此作者建议我们要留意身边的每一件事，哪怕它非常简单。
1．The passage tells us that Charles Darwin .
A．was a great English scientist
B．always liked doing the experiments that others thought difficult
C．thought even the simplest thing was important
D．didn't get on well with others
答案：C 细节理解题。文中并没有说查尔斯·达尔文是哪个国家的科学家，可排除A；文中说法是别人认为达尔文的许多实验太简单不值得做，可排除B；文中没有论述达尔文与别人相处的情况，可排除D。由第三段最后一句可知答案为C。
2．The underlined phrase “set aside” most probably means “ ”．
A．throw away B．store up
C．put to use D．realize
答案：A 词义猜测题。由上文可知作者认为做这个简单的实验是重要的，它解释了目前人们对于物理方面的部分理解。因此此处意为这些理解“推翻”了一些古希腊物理学的观点。由此可推知set aside与throw away同义。
3．The author of the passage tries to .
A．convince us that Charles Darwin, Galileo and Newton are the greatest scientists in the world
B．draw the conclusion that basic sciences are simple things
C．prove that two sheets of paper, with the same size and shape, will fall at the same speed
D．draw our attention to everyday happenings around us
答案：D 推理判断题。文章最后一段点明作者的观点：最简单的想法都可能动摇科学的根基，即告诉读者要留意身边的每一件事，哪怕它非常简单。
4．Which of the following is TRUE
A．Darwin really did foolish experiments.
B．According to some people, Darwin did foolish experiments.
C．It is believed by all the people that things could be important though they seemed to be simple.
D．Galileo and Newton worked out ancient Greek physics.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，有些人认为达尔文做了愚蠢的实验。
1．present－day adj. 当今的 2.foundation n. 基础
settle for 满足于
B
(·山东省新泰市高二月考) Louis Pasteur was a world－famous French chemist and biologist.
He is particularly famous for his work on rabies vaccine. The rabies virus enters the body through the bite of an infected animal or through infected saliva entering an existing wound. After experimenting with the saliva of animals suffering from the disease, Pasteur concluded that the disease rests in the central nervous system of the body. By studying the tissues of infected animals—rabbits, Pasteur was able to produce a form of the virus. This could be used for inoculation.
On July 6, 1885, Pasteur tested his pioneering rabies vaccine on a man for the first time. He saved the life of a young man called Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur was urged to treat him with his new method. The treatment lasted 10 days and at the end he recovered and remained healthy. Since then thousands have been saved by this treatment.
On March 1886, Pasteur was invited to present his results to the Academy of Sciences and in 1888 went on to found the Pasteur Institute in Paris. This was a pioneering clinic for the study of infectious diseases, the treatment of rabies and a centre for teaching. Pasteur directed the institute personally until he died. The Pasteur Institute is still one of the most important centres in the world.
Pasteur became a national hero and was honored in many ways. He died at Saint－Cloud on September 28, 1895 and was given a state funeral at the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
Modifications of the Pasteur method are still used in rabies treatment today. A newer vaccine which contains virus prepared from human cells grown in the laboratory is safer and requires a shorter course of injections.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了著名的化学家和生物学家路易斯·巴斯德在狂犬病治疗方面的杰出贡献。
5．A person can develop rabies .
A．if he is bitten by a rabbit
B．if he touches infected saliva
C．if infected saliva enters his wounds
D．if he touches an infected animal
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，人类感染狂犬病的途径有两种，一种是被已传染的动物咬伤；另一种是通过传染性唾液进入伤口。C项对应的是第二种途径。
6．Rabies probably can destroy a person's .
A．nervous system B．blood
C．skin D．saliva
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句可知，动物感染狂犬病后，病毒便附着在其身体的中枢神经上，由此可推知，人类感染的话情况也是一样的。故A项正确。
7．What can we learn about Pasteur's test of his vaccine on the man
A．The man was sent to a clinic ten days later.
B．It didn't save the man's life.
C．It proved to be a great success.
D．The man was his second patient.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，路易斯·巴斯德第一次在人身上试验他研制的疫苗就获得了成功。故C项正确。
8．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．Pasteur's rabies vaccine is out of date.
B．A new rabies vaccine has already been tested on patients.
C．Injections of vaccine still take much time.
D．Much improvement has been made on rabies vaccine.
答案：D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，改进过的巴斯德方法到今天仍然在使用，新的疫苗比旧的更加安全，注射时长也更短，因此推断D项正确。
1．biologist n. 生物学家
2．existing adj. 现存的；现行的
3．infected adj. 感染的；带菌的
1．be urged to do 被催促做某事
2．state funeral 国葬(国家级葬礼)Section Ⅱ Learning About Language (Grammar)
[基础训练]
Ⅰ 单词拼写
1．The (发现) might apply to other species, researchers say.
答案：finding
2．(·北京高考)Positive (思维) and action result in success.
答案：thinking
3．Milk products are an excellent source of (蛋白质).
答案：protein
4．This v infected thousands of computers within days.
答案：virus
5．Every animal or plant is made up of millions of c .
答案：cells
Ⅱ 单句语法填空
1．Water may change from a liquid to a (solid).
答案：solid
2．The police suspect him carrying out two bomb attacks.
答案：of
3．That was I really thought then.
答案：what
4．It seems I were speaking to you for the first time.
答案：as if
5．This was (initial) a theoretical concern.
答案：initially
6．I worry a lot about I can handle this new job.
答案：whether
7．Can you tell me blue shirt is on the bed
答案：whose
8．I don't subscribe such views.
答案：to
9．All the windows are open, that's it is so windy.
答案：why
10．I think it is he doesn't know her.
答案：because
Ⅲ 单句写作
1．首先，设计好分析的理论框架。
First, we lay out the for our analysis.
答案：theoretical framework
2．这不能怪他，只怪我没有交代清楚。
This is not his fault. I am not having made it clear to him.
答案：to blame for
3．这个角色使他成为了家喻户晓的人物。
This role has turned him into .
答案：a household name
4．我所怀疑的是你们得到的数据是否准确。
What I suspect of is of yours are accurate.
答案：whether the statistics
5．我们应该考虑的是如何在战“疫”中减少病死率。
What we should think about is the death rate in fighting the disease.
答案：how we can decrease
[思维训练]
Ⅰ 语言运用
(·西安市莲湖区高二检测)Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 1 of the facts he observes. He doesn't accept ideas which are not 2 on obvious facts, and therefore 3 to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 4 and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 5 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon. He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 6 that we should learn science 7 observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 8 many important truths.
Galileo (15641642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 9 began to show how many important 10 could be discovered by observation by degrees. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to nature, and proving our 11 and theories by experiment, that has 12 all the discoveries of modern science.
What 13 those people good scientists From the example of Galileo, we know 14 that successful scientists are those whose observations have 15 better results.
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了一位科学家应该具有的品质：不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
1．A.use B．sense
C．speed D．trust
答案：A 根据第一段第二句可知，一位成功的科学家通常是一位好的观察者，故此处应填use。 make full use of “充分利用，充分使用”为固定词组。故选A。
2．A.relied B．based
C．insisted D．centered
答案：B 根据该空前的“He doesn't accept ideas”和后面的“on obvious facts”可知，此处应用be based on这个固定词组，表示“以……为基础，基于……”。故选B。
3．A.refuses B．desires
C．intends D．regrets
答案：A 由空格前的“doesn't accept ideas ...”和“and therefore”可知，此处应选refuses，表示拒绝把权威作为对真理的唯一解释。故选A。
4．A.casually B．carefully
C．quickly D．privately
答案：B 根据前面“He always checks ideas”和后面的“and makes experiments to prove them”可知，此处表示仔细地(carefully)核查这些观点。故选B。
5．A.date B．keep C．look D．come
答案：A 由空格后的“the time of Roger Bacon”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。date back是固定词组，意为“追溯到”。故选A。
6．A.command B．suspect
C．suggest D．conclude
答案：C 根据空格后的内容可知，这里应是Roger Bacon提出的建议，故选C。
7．A.in B．with
C．on D．by
答案：D 根据后面的“observing and experimenting on the things around us”可知，此处表示通过(by)观察我们周围的事物并做实验。故选D。
8．A.brought B．discovered
C．handled D．announced
答案：B 结合空格后的“many important truths”可知，他本人发现(discover)了很多重要的真理。第10空后的discovered也是提示。故选B。
9．A.who B．when
C．that D．where
答案：A 设空处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词great men进行补充说明，故用who引导定语从句。故选A。
10．A.truths B．problems
C．investigations D．subjects
答案：A 由空格后的“could be discovered by observation”可知，很多真理可以通过观察而被发现。truth “事实，真理”。第8空后的“many important truths”也是提示。故选A。
11．A.plans B．opinions
C．world D．ability
答案：B 与后面“and theories by experiment”中的theories呼应，此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点(opinion)和理论。故选B。
12．A.led to B．turned to
C．set up D．put forward
答案：A 这里是说正是伽利略对自然不断探索的精神使得现代科学能有发现。lead to “导致，造成”。故选A。
13．A.makes B．prevents
C．considers D．promises
答案：A 结合下文中的“successful scientists are those ...”可知，此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。make “使变得，使成为”。故选A。
14．A.likely B．clearly
C．naturally D．unwillingly
答案：B 结合上文所举的例子我们可以清楚地(clearly)知道，科学家之所以成功是因为他们的观察产生了更好的结果。故选B。
15．A.foreseen B．rejected
C．produced D．challenged
答案：C 这里是说成功的科学家是那些他们的观察产生了(produce)更好的结果的人。结合语境，应选C。
Ⅱ 阅读
(·江苏省苏州枫华高级中学高二测试) Elizabeth Blackwell was born on February 3, 1821 in England.While she was growing up, two of her brothers and six of her sisters died. Elizabeth decided to become a doctor.
Her father was a sugar businessman. He encouraged equalitybetween boys and girls, so, unlike most girls, Elizabeth had the same education as boys.
One night, when Elizabeth was eleven, a fire destroyed her family's business. The family became so poor that Mr Blackwell decided to go to America. When the family reached New York, Mr Blackwell tried to start a new business, but failed. In 1837, he died.
After being refused several times by medical schools, Elizabeth was finally accepted by Geneva Medical College in New York, largely as a joke. People there, even women, thought she was indecent and asked her to leave. But with great determination, Elizabeth graduated with high honors. After graduation, Elizabeth went to Paris to learn more about medicine. Elizabeth returned to America in 1851. There she helped other women become doctors and opened a medicine store. Then, she begged her rich friends to give money to build a hospital.
Elizabeth's dream came true in 1857 when the New York Infirmary For Women And Children opened its doors. It was the first true hospital for women, run by women doctors in the world. In 1868, the hospital opened a medical college for women. After that, Elizabeth received a letter from Europe asking her to come to her homeland and do for the women of Europe what she had done in America. She returned to England in 1869. There she served for forty years, which made her a hero.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了西方首位取得医学博士学位成为医生的伟大女性Elizabeth Blackwell以及她为妇女、儿童所作的贡献。
1．What made Elizabeth want to be a doctor
A．Her poor family.
B．Her father's advice.
C．Her family members' early death.
D．The inequality between girls and boys.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，Elizabeth年幼时她的兄弟姐妹相继死亡，这让她产生了当医生的想法。
2．Why did Elizabeth's family move to America
A．To sell more sugar.
B．To look for chances to live.
C．To open a hospital for women.
D．To help Elizabeth study medicine.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，Elizabeth一家搬到美国是为了寻找生存的机会。
3．It can be inferred from Para. 4 that in America .
A．hardly any women studied medicine
B．studying medicine was considered decent
C．women were not allowed to receive education
D．women and children suffered a lot from poor health
答案：A 推理判断题。第四段讲到Elizabeth一开始遭到很多家医学院的拒绝，在她被纽约的一家医学院录取后，当地的人们甚至是妇女都认为她学医很下流，都斥责她让她离开，由此可知当时几乎没有女性学医，因为在人们看来女性学医是一件下流的事情。
4．Which is the right order of the following events about Elizabeth
a．She opened the first hospital for women.
b．She opened a medicine store in America.
c．Her family moved to New York.
d．She graduated from a medical school.
e．She returned to England to serve.
f．Her family's business was destroyed.
g．She went to Paris to study medicine.
A．c－f－d－g－b－a－e B．f－c－d－g－b－a－e
C．f－c－g－d－b－a－e D．f－c－g－d－b－e－a
答案：B 细节理解题。根据文章内容可知所列事件的正确顺序是：Elizabeth家的生意因火灾而破产→她全家搬到纽约谋生→她从医学院毕业→她到巴黎进修→她在美国开了一家药店→她开了第一家妇幼医院→她返回家乡作贡献。
1．equality n. 平等 2.indecent adj. 下流的
serve for 为……服务
Ⅲ 语法填空
What is discovered by scientists in a recent research about health is 1 staying in the cold could help us lose weight. Researchers at the University of California found that exposure to the cold increases levels of a protein that helps form brown fat—a type of fat 2 produces heat and keeps us warm. Brown fat burns energy, which helps us lose weight. White fat stores extra energy, which results 3 weight gain. The researchers said that because air conditioning and heating give us constant and 4 (comfort) temperatures, our body's need for brown fat has decreased. They found that: “Outdoor workers in northern Finland who 5 (expose) to cold temperature have 6 significant amount of brown fat when 7 (compare) to same－aged indoor workers.”
The research was conducted on two different control groups of mice. 8 group was injected with the protein that helps create brown fat. This group later gained 30% less weight after both groups were fed high fat diets. The researchers say this could be good news in the fight against obesity (肥胖症). People who are obese have 9 (low) levels of brown fat than thinner people. Head researcher Hei Sook Sul said, “This protein could be very important for the research, the target of which is 10 we can treat and prevent obesity and obesity－related diseases.” She added, “If you can somehow increase levels of this protein, you could possibly lose more weight even if eating the same amount of food.”
1． 2. 3. 4.
5． 6. 7. 8.
9． 10.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家在最近一项关于健康的研究中发现，寒冷可以帮助我们减肥。
1．that 考查表语从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，that引导的从句为is的表语。从句不缺少任何成分，故引导词应为that。
2．which/that 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知空格处引导定语从句，从句中缺少主语，且先行词指物，所以应填which/that。
3．in 考查介词。句意：白色脂肪储存额外的能量，这会导致体重增加。result in “导致；造成”。故填in。
4．comfortable 考查词性转换。所填词和constant并列作temperatures的定语，所以应填形容词。故填comfortable。
5．are exposed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。定语从句中缺少谓语，expose与先行词之间是被动关系，且表示经常性的动作，所以应用一般现在时的被动语态，又因who代指workers，所以根据主谓一致原则应填are exposed。
6．a 考查冠词。significant的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
7．compared 考查非谓语动词。此处是“when＋分词”结构在句中作状语，compare与其逻辑主语Outdoor workers之间是被动关系，所以应用过去分词。故填compared。
8．One 考查限定词。从上文内容可知此处指两组中的一组，应填限定词One。
9．lower 考查形容词的比较级。根据空格后的than可知，此处用形容词的比较级，故填lower。
10．how 考查表语从句的连接词。此处作系动词is的表语，连接词应为how，在从句中作方式状语，意为“如何”。Section Ⅲ Using Language
[基础训练]
Ⅰ 单词拼写
1．He has always lived in the (影子) of his brother.
答案：shadow
2．A (彩虹) hung high in the sky.
答案：rainbow
3．(·天津高考)I liked facts, things that are (确凿的)．
答案：concrete
4．This tradition can (追溯) back to the early 19th century.
答案：trace
5．The boy who won the scholarship was a quite (出色的) student.
答案：outstanding
6．(·天津高考)I thought anything a left too much room for argument.
答案：abstract
7．Don't p hot water into the glass, or it will crack.
答案：pour
8．(·全国卷Ⅲ)Monica Stansfield is a sales a .
答案：assistant
9．The plane was shot down in error by a US m .
答案：missile
10．A small baby has no c of right and wrong.
答案：concept
Ⅱ 单句语法填空
1．The sun (cast) its golden rays on the calm sea.
答案：cast
2．The (mechanical) soon fixed up the motor.
答案：mechanic
3．Rebuilding and (defend) our homeland is our duty.
答案：defending
4．Under his (leader) we won one victory after another.
答案：leadership
5．Su Bingtian is a (gift) athlete.
答案：gifted
Ⅲ 单句写作
1．战争爆发后，两国间断绝了外交关系。
When the war ， the two countries broke off their diplomatic relation.
答案：broke out
2．由她分管计划生育工作。
She is put the family planning affairs.
答案：in charge of
3．他一定是感冒了，因为他嗓子沙哑。
He must have a bad cold, for he has got a sore throat.
答案：come down with
4．首要的是，更多的人需要创业。
， more people need to start a business.
答案：Above all
5．这篇文章通过分析，在科学思维训练的基础上，构建科学方法。
This article is to build a scientific method based on training through the analysis.
答案：scientific thought
[思维训练]
Ⅰ 阅读
(·山东省青岛市高二适应性考试)
British Museum
Located in Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, the British Museum houses a vast collection of world art and artifacts and is free to all visitors. The British Museum's remarkable collection spans over two million years of human history and culture, and it has more than 7 million objects, so it would probably take a week to see everything.
Over 6 million visitors every year experience the collection, including world－famous objects such as the Rosetta Stone and Egyptian mummies.
Admission and opening times
Free, open daily 10：00 to 17：30.
Open until 20：30 on Fridays, except Good Friday.
Closed on 24, 25 and 26 December and 1 January.
Large luggage, suitcases and cabin baggage
For everyone's safety, all bags, packages and personal items may be searched before entry. Wheeled cases and large items of luggage are not allowed on British Museum for safety and security reasons. Storage for luggage is available at major rail stations, including Euston, King's Cross and Charing Cross.
Membership
Membership allows you to discover 2 million years of human history with free unlimited entry to special exhibitions, an exclusive discount offer on magazine subscription and many more benefits.
Individual membership: ￡74
Under 26 membership: ￡54
Young friends (ages 815): ￡25
Shops
The Museum has four shops where you can buy books, souvenirs, and family gifts.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大英博物馆的规模、展览内容、开放时间等。
1．When can you visit the British Museum
A．At 9：00 Friday. B．At 12：00 Monday.
C．On Christmas Day. D．On Good Friday.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据Admission and opening times部分中的“... open daily 10：00 to 17：30”可知，你可以在星期一中午12点去参观。故选B。
2．Where can visitors store their large luggage
A．At major train stations.
B．At some crossings.
C．In the hall of the Museum.
D．At the entrance to the Museum.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据Large luggage, suitcases and cabin baggage部分中最后一句“Storage for luggage is available at major rail stations, including Euston, Kings Cross and Charing Cross.”可知，游客可以在主要的铁路站寄存行李。故选A。
3．If two friends aged 14 and 18 apply for membership of the Museum, how much should they pay
A．￡25. B．￡79.
C．￡50. D．￡148.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据Membership部分中的“Individual membership: ￡74; Under 26 membership: ￡54; Young friends(ages 815)：￡25”可知，他们申请会员证需要25＋54＝79英镑。故选B。
4．What can we learn about the British Museum from the passage
A．Visitors are not allowed to do shopping in the museum.
B．You can become a member only through magazine subscription.
C．The museum enjoys a high popularity around the world.
D．You need to take a week to see all the objects in the museum.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据文章前两段可知，大英博物馆历史悠久，藏品丰富，每年有六百多万游客参观。由此可推知，大英博物馆在全球都很受欢迎。故选C。
1．security n. 安全工作 2.subscription n. 订阅，订购
1．a vast collection of 大量的
2．be free to 对……免费
Ⅱ 七选五
(·重庆市万州区高二月考)Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 1
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons (神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 3
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's sleep, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information—our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters，” Tononi says.
A．We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B．It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C．Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D．The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E．That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F．“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G．Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家关于睡眠对人体的影响的研究成果。
1．C 该段首句指出每种动物都要睡觉，但原因仍然是个谜。接下来是具体例证，如实验室的老鼠被剥夺了睡眠，一个月内就会死亡，因此可推知“而同样的，人类如果连续几天不睡觉，就会生病”符合文意。故选C。
2．E 该段首句提出了第一个观点，睡眠帮助我们巩固新的记忆。与这个论点相呼应的例子是E项，该项中的that指代的就是前面的观点，也就是说，这个观点能够解释“为什么学生如果能在学习之后睡觉休息，会在考试中发挥得更好”。
3．F 由下段首句中的代词he可知，该空中必然包含一个人名。只有F项能与本段的内容衔接，也就是说，睡眠会帮助清除记忆，为新记忆腾出空间。“按照研究人员Tononi的说法，‘睡眠是我们为学习付出的代价’”。
4．G 该段首句说“现在我们有最直接的证据证明他的观点是对的”，那接下来应该是具体描述该证据。此外，该空后面一句话解释了实验的结果和意义。故G项符合语境。
5．B 由空格后的“You keep what matters(你记住要紧的事情)”可知选B项“似乎大脑在保存它最重要的记忆”。课外拓展阅读——中国优秀传统文化专题练
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
There are many different ways in which people celebrate the Lunar New Year in several Asian countries. But 1 have made Chinese New Year the most famous are dragon and lion dances in Chinatowns all over the world. These days growing 2 (number) of people who are not of Chinese origin are joining in. In Tokyo, window cleaners dress up 3 the animals of the Chinese Shengxiao. America, Canada and New Zealand have published memorial stamps for the Year of the Rooster. Last year New York City made the Lunar New Year 4 school holiday for the first time.
The spread of the Spring Festival is partly due to recent immigration from China: 9.5 million Chinese people 5 (move) abroad since 1978, many of whom are far 6 (rich) than earlier waves of immigrants.
Aware of China's growing economic and political influence, foreign leaders have noticed the occasion. Britain's prime minister, Boris Johnson, has given a video address, which is a tradition 7 (start) in 2014 by his predecessor (前任). Besides, 8 (avoid) conflicting with Chinese New Year, the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2017 9 (hold) a week earlier than usual.
The Spring Festival helps promote Chinese cultural influence abroad, and gives Chinese people 10 (satisfy) to see foreigners enjoy such festivities.
1． 2. 3. 4.
5． 6. 7. 8.
9． 10.
答案：1.what 2.numbers 3.as 4.a 5.have moved 6.richer 7.started 8.to avoid 9.was held 10.satisfaction
The Spring Festival, the most important festival for the Chinese people, is a time for all family members to get together, just like Christmas in the West.
春节是中国人民最重要的节日，就像西方的圣诞节一样，是所有家庭成员团聚的时光。UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
课时作业(一)
Ⅰ 语言运用
(·浙江省诸暨中学高二检测)
William Thomson
William Thomson was born on 26 June 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family 1 to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, 2 studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he 3 for more than 50 years.
In Glasgow, Thomson 4 the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different 5 ， particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学). Thomson developed the work of the 6 of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most 7 results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature—the scale based on this is named 8 him.
Throughout his work, Thomson's main goal was the practical 9 of science. He achieved 10 through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical 11 of the day. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be 12 by electric light.
Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the 13 of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that 14 near Glasgow University and was president of the Royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December 1907 in Ayrshire, Scotland and was 15 in Westminster Abbey.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了威廉·汤姆森(William Thomson)的生平，并重点讲述了他在科学和实际应用方面所取得的成就。
1．A.flew B．travelled
C．wandered D．moved
答案：D 结合上文的“in Belfast”和后面的“to Glasgow”可知，此处表示一家人从贝尔法斯特搬(move)到了格拉斯哥。
2．A.or B．then
C．but D．so
答案：B 结合前面的“attended university”和后面的“Cambridge and Paris Universities”可知，他先在格拉斯哥上大学，后来(then)到剑桥大学和巴黎大学上学。
3．A.sought B．confirmed
C．held D．admired
答案：C 由前面的“professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post”可知，此处表示他担任(hold)这个职位长达50多年。
4．A.took up B．broke up
C．set up D．blew up
答案：C 由后面的“the first physics laboratory”可知，此处表示建立(set up)了第一个物理实验室。
5．A.fields B．countries
C．labs D．colleges
答案：A 后面提到的“particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学)”是两个不同的领域(field)。
6．A.learners B．pioneers
C．competitors D．leaders
答案：B 根据前面的“developed the work of”和后面的“the subject”及其后的两个人名可知，此处指的是汤姆森发展了这两位先驱者(pioneer)在这一学科的成就。
7．A.important B．obvious
C．fortunate D．positive
答案：A 结合后面的“his idea of an absolute zero of temperature”可知，此处表示他所提出的最重要(important)的想法。
8．A.for B．with
C．after D．on
答案：C name after “以……命名”，固定词组。
9．A.discovery B．problem
C．advice D．use
答案：D 由下文的“He achieved ... his work on submarine telegraphy ...”可知，他的主要目标是让科学被实际利用(use)。
10．A.wealth B．fame
C．contribution D．enthusiasm
答案：B 此处指他通过自己在海底电报方面的工作而成名。fame “名声，名誉”，符合语境。
11．A.problem B．fantasy
C．experiment D．mystery
答案：A 根据语境可知，此处是指海底电报通讯技术是当时一个主要的实际问题(problem)。
12．A.lit B．built
C．decorated D．equipped
答案：A 根据后面的“by electric light”可知他家是第一个使用电灯照明的家庭。light “照明，照亮”，符合语境。light一般使用其被动形式，过去分词为lit。
13．A.title B．name
C．honor D．award
答案：A 结合前面的“was raised to the noblemen”和后面的“Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892”可知，在1892年他晋升成为了贵族，拥有Baron Kelvin of Largs(凯尔文男爵)的称号(title)。
14．A.floated B．rushed
C．surrounded D．flowed
答案：D 根据前面的“a small river”可知，此处表示小河从格拉斯哥大学附近流(flow)过。
15．A.buried B．respected
C．admitted D．preserved
答案：A 与前面的“He died on 17 December 1907”呼应，此处指他死后被埋葬(bury)在威斯敏斯特教堂里面。
Ⅱ 阅读
(·广东省广州市越秀区高二月考)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic： When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction of the smaller number to it.
“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，” Dr Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一组研究者进行的恒河猴实验过程和实验结果。
1．What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A．They fed them. B．They named them.
C．They trained them. D．They measured them.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys”可知，研究人员在测试猴子之前对它们进行了训练。故选C。
2．How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A．By drawing a circle. B．By touching a screen.
C．By watching videos. D．By mixing two drinks.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第三段第四句中的“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded”可知，在这个实验中，猴子是通过触摸屏幕(touch a screen)的方式以获得相应的奖励的。故选B。
3．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys
A．They could perform basic addition.
B．They could understand simple words.
C．They could memorize numbers easily.
D．They could hold their attention for long.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“be rewarded with the sum of the numbers”和第四段中的“indicating that they were performing a calculation”可知，猴子们可以做简单的加法运算。故选A。
4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Entertainment. B．Health.
C．Education. D．Science.
答案：D 推理判断题。文章主要介绍了一个研究团队对三只猴子进行的实验及其研究发现。如果这篇文章刊登在报纸上，最有可能被放在科学(Science)板块。故选D。
温馨提示：阅读中标注的W部分为重点单词，标注的P部分为重点短语，旨在通过此栏目的练习，帮助学生夯实基础，做到厚积薄发。
1．underestimate v. 低估
2．systematic adj. 成体系的；系统的
3．fraction n. 小部分
consist of 由……组成(构成)
Ⅲ 语法填空
When I was a university student, I 1 (attract) by the Chinese. So I got a job as a teacher in Wuhan three years ago. 2 (think) back, what I realize is 3 the students I met in the first year and Chinese university life influenced me.
During my school days, I would rarely give up my spare time to any activity 4 (connect) with study. Unless exams were approaching, my weekends were devoted to having fun or perhaps a part time job. My Chinese classmates, 5 the other hand, seemed to spend their entire waking hours studying. I understand that competition in Chinese universities is extremely fierce. Nonetheless, their energy and motivation put 6 (I) to shame.
My first year in China was also my first year as a teacher. It was both challenging 7 rewarding. One thing I know for certain is 8 my year in Wuhan helped me change for the better. Thanks to the politeness and 9 (warm) of Chinese students, I overcame my fear of speaking in public and became more self confident. Most 10 (important), I met dozens of nice people and made many excellent friends.
1． 2. 3. 4.
5． 6. 7. 8.
9． 10.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在中国的留学经历。
1．was attracted 考查动词的时态和语态。此处表述“我”被中文吸引了，所以应用被动语态；结合时间状语“When I was a university student”可知，此处陈述的是过去的情况，所填谓语动词应用一般过去时，故此处填was attracted。
2．Thinking 考查非谓语动词。I与动词think之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表主动，且非谓语动词所表示动作几乎与谓语realize所表示动作同时发生，故此处应用动词－ing形式；且所填词位于句首，故此处填Thinking。
3．how 考查表语从句的连接词。how引导的从句作is的表语，引导词how在从句中作状语，修饰influence，表示影响的方式。
4．connected 考查非谓语动词。动词connect与activity是被动关系，故用connect的过去分词形式作后置定语。
5．on 考查介词。由语境可知，此处表示两种情况的对比。on the other hand为固定搭配，意为“另一方面”。
6．me 考查代词。所填词在动词后，故用人称代词I的宾格形式me。
7．and 考查连词。此处表示“这既具有挑战性又有意义”。both ... and ... “不仅……而且……”。
8．that 考查表语从句的连接词。that引导的从句作系动词is的表语，为表语从句。引导词that在从句中不作成分，没有语义。
9．warmth 考查词性转换。thanks to为介词短语，其后可接名词作宾语，又结合“politeness and”可知，此处应填warm的名词形式warmth。
10．importantly 考查词性转换。结合语境可知，此处表示“最重要的是”，修饰整个句子，应用副词，故此处应填importantly。
Ⅳ 应用文写作
你校英文报最近开设了“Famous Scientist”专栏，现面向全校学生征文。请你用英语写一篇短文介绍一位著名科学家并投稿。内容包括：
1．该人物是谁；
2．该人物的主要经历及贡献；
3．该人物对你的影响。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
[精彩范文]
Jane Goodall was born in 1934. At an early age, Jane was interested in animals. She'd dreamed of studying animals in the wild, which encouraged her to go to Africa to study chimps in 1960. To get closer to chimps, she lived in the wild for many years. She faced many difficulties when she began her work, but she never gave up. Thanks to Jane's research, we now know a lot about chimps. Jane believes wild animals should live in the wild and not be used to give humans pleasure, and she has helped to set up places where they can live safely. Her story encourages me to study hard and try to achieve everything I want to do.Section Ⅴ Summary and Writing
Ⅰ 重点词汇
1．contrary adj. 相反的；相对立的→contradict v. 反驳，驳斥；相抵触，相矛盾，相反→contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
2．infect v. 使感染；传染→infection n. 感染；传染
3．prove v. 证明；证实→proof n. 证据；证明；检验
4．suspect v. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→suspicion n. 嫌疑；怀疑
5．statistic n. 统计数字；统计资料；统计学→statistical adj. 统计的；统计学的
6．initial adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的→initially adv. 最初地；开始地
7．mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工→mechanical adj. 机械的；发动机的；机器的
8．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→defence n. 保卫；辩解；防守
9．leader n. 领导者；领袖→leadership n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能
10．gift n. 天赋；天才；才能→gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
11．abstract adj. 抽象的；理性的 n. (文献等的)摘要→abstractly adv. 抽象地
12．astronomy n. 天文学→astronomer n. 天文学家
13．fault n. 弱点；过错→faulty adj. 不完美的；有缺陷的；错误的
14．vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→vividly adv. 清晰地；生动地
15．once and for all 最终地；彻底地
16．subscribe to 同意；赞同；订阅；定期捐款
17．thanks to 幸亏；由于
18．theoretical framework 理论框架
19．break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
20．in charge of 主管；掌管
21．come down 患(病)；染上(小病)
22．above all 最重要的是；尤其是
Ⅱ 教材原句
1．Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in
food or water. (P2)
另一种观点认为霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。
2．Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. (P3)
经过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售干净的水，而且世界范围内霍乱的威胁大大减少。
3．Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. (P3)
此外，斯诺使用地图和统计数据，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
4．He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)
他受到了来自祖国的对待英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
5．Under Qian's leadership，China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. (P8)
在钱学森的领导下，中国发展了东风导弹，随后是第一代长征火箭。
6．Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. (P9)
霍金自己对大爆炸理论的研究很快就被天文学家用望远镜证实了。
Ⅲ 书面表达 [概要写作——介绍科学家的成就]
对“介绍科学家的成就”类文章进行概要写作，首先需要理清文章的脉络，关键是根据“5W”线索确定核心信息，而“5W”各要素之间存在一定的逻辑关系。在提炼这些信息，梳理文章内在逻辑基础上，还要做到以下几点：
1．略读知主题。关于介绍科学家成就的文章，一般为记叙文。通过略读，可明确文章所叙述的科学家的姓名、国籍、专业领域等一般身份信息，可作为概要写作开头语。
2．寻读主题句。文章对所记叙的科学家所具备的人格魅力、科学精神一般就浓缩在主题句里面，通过寻读主题句可确定该科学家的精神特质，作为概要写作的过渡性内容。
3．跳读定要点。除了对科学家的上述信息做交代之外，文章会主要介绍该科学家所取得成就，以及该成就或者多项成就对人类生产生活、文明发展进步所产生的影响。这就组成了概要写作的核心内容：成就及影响。
4．要点成句句成文。有了前三项阅读提炼的基础，一篇介绍科学家成就的文章的概要写作已经具备基本框架，接下来就是把所列要点按照“身份信息——精神特质——成就及影响”的顺序，扩展成句，依据各句之间的逻辑关系，运用一些连接词汇串联成文即可。注意词数控制在60左右。
1．开头常用句式
①Gwendolyn Brooks was the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.
关朵琳·布鲁克丝是第一位获普利策诗歌奖的非洲裔美国人。
②In the city of Fujisawa, Japan, lives a woman named Atsuko Saeki.
在日本藤泽市，有一位名叫小泽一介的妇女。
③Yuan Longping was born in Beijing in 1930. His ancestral home is in De'an County, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province.
袁隆平1930年出生于北京，祖籍江西省九江市德安县。
④Li Siguang graduated from Osaka University in July 1910.
李四光于1910年7月毕业于日本大阪大学。
2．主体段落常用句式
①Einstein hated fighting and killing. The great suffering of war affected him deeply, and he sat unhappily in his office doing little.
爱因斯坦痛恨战争和杀戮。来自战争的巨大的痛苦深深影响着他，以至于他闷闷不乐地坐在办公室里，几乎不做任何事情。
②In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
1931年，亚当斯成为第一位获诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。
③Dangerous as it was, Zhong Nanshan worked hard day and night treating COVID－19 patients.
虽然面临危险，但钟南山为治疗新冠肺炎病人日日夜夜努力工作。
④Deng Jiaxian is the main organizer and leader of development of China's nuclear weapons.
邓稼先是中国核武器发展的主要组织者和领导者。
⑤Because of loving their careers, they are most happy when they are working hard.
出于对事业的热爱，他们越是努力工作，越是快乐。
⑥His theory proved to be correct and he became famous. However, he took no interest in wealth or status.
他的理论被证明是正确的，他出名了。然而，他对财富或地位没有任何兴趣。
3．结尾常用句式
①For his contributions, Yuan is always called the “Father of Hybrid Rice” .
由于他的贡献，袁隆平一直被称为“杂交水稻之父”。
②All this comes down to one point：fibre is helpful to health.
所有这一切都归结为一点：纤维素有助于健康。
③Their contributions to society are no less than those made by scientists or professors.
他们对社会所作的贡献不亚于科学家或者教授。
④When a doctor successfully operates on a patient, maybe there is a name to remember: Hippokrates.
当一个医生成功地为病人做完手术，也许有一个名字需要被记起：希波克拉底。
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Marie Curie, born in Warsaw, Poland in 1867, led a hard life as a girl. Her parents, both teachers, had low salaries and were quite poor, especially after her mother stopped teaching to raise five children and take care of her poor health. Marie's mother suffered from tuberculosis and died of it when Marie was ten.
When Marie was young, she showed great interest in science. She loved to study and hoped to become a scientist when she grew up. Her parents encouraged her interest in science. Excellent as she was in her studies, she couldn't go on with the advanced education she needed because Poland was then ruled by Russia and women were not permitted to go to college.
In order to continue her education, she smoothed away many difficulties and entered Paris University, where she lived a simple life and studied hard. She graduated with the highest grades in her class.
After graduation she was engaged in scientific research in Paris University. There she met Pierre Curie, whom she married. Pierre joined her in her research into an unknown phenomenon “radiation”， which a certain scientist had declared that uranium gave off. The Curies spent several years trying their best to find the element that produced radiation. Finally they succeeded in 1902. Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes, one for physics in 1906, together with her husband and another scientist; the other for chemistry herself in 1911. Madame Curie was a scientist of great achievement, and the first woman ever to be honored in the Nobel Prize history.
[精彩范文]
Born in Warsaw, Poland in 1867, Marie Curie showed great interest in science.Her dream was to become a scientist. (要点1) After graduating from Paris University, she married Pierre Curie, who joined in her research into an unknown phenomenon “radiation”， and finally they succeeded in 1902. (要点2) Marie Curie was the owner of two Nobel Prizes: first for physics in 1906; then for chemistry in 1911. (要点3) With great achievement, she was the first woman ever to be honored in the Nobel Prize history. (要点4)
【总评】
本文作者用简洁明快的语言描述了居里夫人的生平和取得的成就。行文流畅，衔接自然，用语准确，结构严谨，全文富于表现力和概括性。
【亮点呈现】
(1)作者运用含有不定式作表语的句式Her dream was to ... 和非限制性定语从句who joined in her research ... 等，描述Marie Curie的生平事迹，体现了作者较好的语言驾驭能力。
(2)短语Born in, After graduating from以及With great achievement等的运用，简明扼要，准确生动，体现了详略得当、突出要点的概要写作特色。
(3)作者运用the first woman ever to等结构陈述事实，突出了居里夫人事迹的独特性。
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It is such a common occurrence that no one ever wonders from where it came. But the telephone has a fascinating story behind it. It is the story of Alexander Graham Bell.
He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1847. The son of a man who was bitten by the workings of the human voice, how it is produced and used, and especially teaching the deaf how to use it, young Alexander Graham Bell grew up with his father's such strong feelings.
In 1870, because of poor health, he migrated to Canada. It was not long before his success in teaching the deaf to speak brought him to the attention of a wealthy merchant in Boston who wanted Bell to help her daughter, Mabel. Finally, Mr Bell and Mabel fell in love. It was she who inspired him to develop the then remarkable instrument that transformed speech into electrical impulses (脉冲) that could then be changed back into human speech at the end of a wire. In 1877, he and Mabel were married. He later became an American citizen.
Alexander Graham Bell was showered with the praise of the world. Honors came to him from all the points of the compass. He went on to other discoveries, many of them. But in his own view, he was most proud of his efforts to help the deaf. So, when the government of France awarded him the Volta Prize for inventing the telephone, he combined this monetary award with the money he made from selling the patent on another invention to establish the Volta Bureau in Washington, D．C. Its purpose was to fund research on deafness. Today, it is called the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Its role has been changed to providing the latest information for the deaf of the world on how best to deal with their disability.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章简单介绍了有关贝尔的情况、他的伟大发明以及他对聋人的贡献。
[精彩范文]
Alexander Graham Bell, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1847. (要点1) With his father's influence, he devoted himself to and succeeded in teaching the deaf to speak. (要点2) And later，Bell received praise of the world, with the Volta Prize to him for inventing the telephone. (要点3) Thinking little of owning wealth, Bell combined the money he made from his invention to establish the Volta Bureau in Washington, D．C. to fund research on deafness. (要点4)
