牛津译林版(2019)必修第一册Unit 1 Back to School Words 课件（共246张PPT)
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(共246张PPT)
牛津译林版高中英语必修一课件
Unit 1 Words
1. potential |p ten l|
1) n.
A. [U] ~ [for (doing) sth] : possibility/likelihood/probability 可能性；潜在性
The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales.
欧洲市场带来了扩销的大好机遇。
B. [U] 潜力；潜质,=promise获得成功的迹象
All children should be encouraged to realize their full potential .应当鼓励所有的儿童充分发挥他们的潜能。
She has great potential as an artist.
她很有潜质，是一位可造就的艺术家。
He has the potential to become a world-class musician.
他有潜力成为世界级的音乐家。
The house has a lot of potential.
这所房子颇具潜力。
C.(物) 电位；电势；电压
2)adj. [只用于名词前] 潜在的；可能的,=possible
potential customers潜在的客户
First we need to identify actual and potential problems.首先，我们需要弄清实际的问题和潜在的问题。
potentially|- li|adv.
a potentially dangerous situation
有潜在危险的局势
2. senior| si:ni (r)|
1)adj.
A. ~ (to sb) 级别（或地位）高的
He is senior to me.
他的职位比我高。
(British English)Junior nurses usually work alongside more senior nurses.
初级护士通常和较高级的护士一起工作。
The meeting should be chaired by the most senior person present.
会议应由在座的职位最高的人主持。
反义词：junior
B. [只用于名词前] 成人的；高级水平的
to take part in senior competitions
参加成人比赛
He won the senior men’s 400 metres.
他获得男子甲组400米冠军。
C. Senior (abbr. Snr., Sr) （父子同名时，加在父亲的名字前）老，大
D. [只用于名词前](British English) (学校或其中一部分) （招收11或13岁以上学生的）中等学校，中学部
E. [只用于名词前](North Amercian English) （高中或大学）毕业年级的
the senior prom [pr m] 毕业年级舞会
2)n.
A. 较…年长的人
She was ten years his senior/junior.
她比他大/小十岁。
My brother is my senior/junior by two years.我哥哥/弟弟比我大/小两岁。
反义词：junior
B.(especially North American English) = senior citizen资深公民，老年人（委婉说法，尤指退休者）
C. 级别（或地位）较高者；上级；上司
She felt unappreciated both by her colleagues and her seniors.
她觉得无论同事还是上司都不赏识她。
D. 资深成人运动员；高水平运动员
tennis coaching for juniors and seniors
初、高级网球运动员训练
E. (British English) 中学生；高年级学生
F. （美国等若干国家高中和大学的）毕业班学生
high school seniors高中毕业班学生
sophomore[ s f m :(r)](US) n.
A. （大学）二年级学生
B. （高中）二年级学生
freshman| fre m n| (pl. -men |-m n|) (especially North American English) （大学）一年级新生；（中学）九年级学生
high school/college freshmen
高中 / 大学一年级新生
during my freshman year
在我一年级期间
junior [ d u ni (r)] （中学或大学的）三年级学生
3. path|pɑ:θ; 美 p θ| n.
A. 小路；小径
Follow the path through the woods.
沿着这条小路穿过树林。
The path led up a steep hill.
小路通向一座陡峭的山丘。
footpath（尤指乡间的）人行小道
B. 路线；道路,=way
The path before you leads you to a world full of challenges: a new environment, new knowledge and new ways of thinking.
在你面前的道路把你带到一个充满挑战的世界:一个新的环境，新的知识和新的思维方式。
flight path（飞机的）飞行路线，航迹
C. 行动计划；成功的途径
a career path职业道路
the path to success成功之道
beat a path to sb’s door使门庭若市；蜂拥而至；使成注意焦点
lead sb up/down the garden path给某人误导的信息（或提示）；误导某人
=mislead
cross sb's path / people's paths cross
偶然相遇；不期而遇；邂逅
I hope I never cross her path again.
但愿我永远不再碰见她。
Our paths were to cross again many years later.
许多年以后我们又不期而遇了。
smooth the path/way铺平道路
4. challenge| t l nd |
1)n.
A. 挑战；艰巨任务
The role will be the biggest challenge of his acting career.扮演这个角色将是他演艺生涯中最大的挑战。
Destruction of the environment is one of the most serious challenges we face.环境的破坏是我们所面临的最严峻的挑战之一。
Schools must meet the challenge of new technology (= deal with it successfully) .
学校必须迎接新技术的挑战。
B. 挑战书；（比赛等的）邀请，提议
to accept/take up a challenge
接受挑战
to mount a challenge发起挑战
C. ~ (to sth) 质询；质疑；提出异议
It was a direct challenge to the president's authority[ θ r ti] .
这是对主席权威的直接质疑。
Their legal challenge was unsuccessful.
他们的法律质疑未获成功。
2)v.
A. vt. 对…怀疑（或质疑）；拒绝接受,=dispute [d spju:t]
She does not like anyone challenging her authority.
她不喜欢任何人挑战她的权威。
This discovery challenges traditional beliefs.
这项发现是对传统信念的冲击。
B. vt. ~ sb (to sth) 向（某人）挑战；（尤指在对方不情愿时）强烈建议（某人做某事）
Mike challenged me to a game of chess.迈克硬逼着要和我下一盘棋。
~ sb. (to do sth)
The opposition leader challenged the prime minister to call an election.
反对党领袖要求首相宣布进行大选。
C. vt. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧
The job doesn't really challenge her.
这项工作不能真正考验出她的能力。
D. vt. 盘问；查问
We were challenged by police at the border.
我们在边境受到警察盘问。
challenging| t l nd | adj.
A. 挑战性的；考验能力的
a challenging and rewarding career as a teacher
富有挑战性且有意义的教师职业
B. 挑起争论的；不赞同的
She gave him a challenging look. ‘Are you really sure ’ she demanded.
她用不赞同的眼光看了他一眼。 “你敢肯定吗？”她问道。
5. thinking| θ k |
1) [U]
A. 思想；思考；思维
I had to do some quick thinking.
我得迅速思考一番。
B. 想法；见解
What is the current thinking on this question
目前对这个问题的看法是什么？
She explained the thinking behind the campaign [k m pe n] .
她解释了发起这场运动的想法。
to my way of thinking:in my opinion 我认为；依我看；依我之见
2)adj. [只用于名词前] 思想的；有理智的；有思考力的
the thinking woman's magazine
理性妇女的杂志
6. positive| p z t v; 美 pɑ:z-|
1)adj.
A. ~ (about sth) 积极乐观的；自信的
the power of positive thought
乐观思想的力量
She tried to be more positive about her new job.她力求对新工作更有信心。
On the positive side , profits have increased.从好的方面看，利润增加了。
The report ended on a positive note.
报告的结尾显得很乐观。
反义词：negative[ neɡ t v]
B. 积极的；建设性的；朝着成功的
We must take positive steps to deal with the problem.我们必须采取积极步骤处理这个问题。
It will require positive action by all in the industry.这将需要业内全体同人和衷共济。
反义词：negative
C. 表示赞同的；拥护的
We've had a very positive response to the idea.
我们对这个想法反应很好。
反义词：negative
D. 良好的；有助益的；正面的
to make a positive contribution to a discussion在讨论中献计献策
His family have been a very positive influence on him.
他的家庭对他有十分良好的影响。
Overseas investment has had a positive effect on exports ['eksp :rts].
海外投资对出口有积极影响。
反义词： negative
E. [名词前不可用] ~ (about sth) | ~ (that…) (人) 有绝对把握；确信；肯定
I can't be positive about what time it happened.
我说不准这事是什么时间发生的。
She was positive that he had been there.
她确信他曾在场。
F. [只用于名词前](informal) 完全的；绝对的,=absolute [ bs lu t]
It was a positive miracle [ m r kl] that we survived.
我们能够生还，完全是个奇迹。
G. 证据确凿的；明确的,=conclusive
We have no positive evidence that she was involved.
我们没有确凿证据证明她参与其事。
H. 阳性的；证明…存在的
to be HIV positive
艾滋病病毒化验呈阳性
反义词：negative
I. 正数的
反义词：negative
J. (术语) 正电的；正极的
a positive charge正电荷
the positive terminal of a battery [ b tri] 电池的正极
反义词：negative
2)n.
A. 优势；优点
Take your weaknesses and translate them into positives.
把你自己的弱点变成优点。
B. [C](术语) 正片
C. [C] 阳性结果（或反应）
反义词：negative
7. opportunity| p tju:n ti; 美 ɑ:p r tu:-| (pl. -ies)
~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth/for doing sth) | ~ (of doing sth) 机会；时机, =chance
You'll have the opportunity to ask any questions at the end.
你们最后将有机会提问任何问题。
There was no opportunity for further discussion.没有机会进行深入讨论了。
At least give him the opportunity of explaining what happened.至少要给他机会解释一下发生了什么事。
Our company promotes equal opportunities for women .
本公司提倡男女机会均等。
career/employment/ job opportunities
职业发展 / 就业 / 工作机会
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues for their support.
我谨借此机会感谢同事的支持。
He is rude to me at every opportunity (= whenever possible) .
他动不动就对我粗鲁无礼。
They intend to close the school at the earliest opportunity (= as soon as possible) .他们打算尽早关闭学校。
a window of opportunity行事的良机
photo opportunity为名人拍照的时机；（为宣传）拍照名人的时间
8. lie in sth (思想、特征、问题等) :to exist or be found 存在；在于
The problem lies in deciding when to intervene [ nt vi n] .
问题在于决定何时介入。
However, for those of you with a positive mind, opportunity lies in each challenge.
然而，对于那些有积极心态的人来说，每一次挑战都有机会。
lie in(British English) 睡懒觉；起得晚
It's a holiday tomorrow, so you can lie in.明天放假，你可以睡懒觉了。
9. rise to sth.
A. 能够处理，有能力处理（突发情况、问题等）
Luckily, my mother rose to the occasion [ ke n] (成功应付困难局面；关键时刻发挥作用).
幸好，我母亲挺身而出作了处置。
He was determined to rise to the challenge .
他决心克服困难迎接挑战。
When you rise to the challenges , you will have the opportunity to acquire great knowledge and enjoy personal growth.当你迎接挑战时，你将有机会获得丰富的知识和享受个人成长。
B. 上当；上钩；进圈套
I refuse to rise to that sort of comment [ k ment] .
我拒绝对那样的评论作出反应。
10. acquire| kwa (r)| vt. (formal)
A. to gain sth by your own efforts, ability or behaviour （通过努力、能力、行为表现）获得，得到
She has acquired a good knowledge of English.她英语已经学得很好。
He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.他得到了奸诈的名声。
B. 购得；获得；得到
I've suddenly acquired a stepbrother.
我突然有了一个继兄弟。
an acquired taste养成的爱好
Abstract [ bstr kt] art is an acquired taste.
要慢慢培养才会欣赏抽象艺术。
acquisition| kw z n| n.
A. [U] （知识、技能等的）获得，得到
B. [C] （多指贵重的）购得物
C.(商) 购置物；收购的公司；购置的产业；购置；收购
They have made acquisitions in several EU countries.他们在几个欧盟国家购买了一些产业。
11. effort| ef t; 美 ef rt| n.
A. 气力；努力；费力的事
(British English) With (an) effort (= with difficulty) she managed to stop herself laughing.
她好不容易才忍住了笑。
You should put more effort into your work.你应该更加努力地工作。
A lot of effort has gone into making this event a success.
为使这次活动成功费了很大的劲。
It's a long climb to the top, but well worth the effort. 爬到顶上路程很长，虽然费力却很值得。
Getting up this morning was quite an effort (= it was difficult) .
今天早上起床相当费力。
B. [C] ~ (to do sth) 艰难的尝试；试图；尽力
to make an effort作出努力
The company has laid off(解雇)150 workers in an effort to save money.
公司为节省资金遣散了150名工作人员。
I didn't really feel like going out, but I am glad I made the effort .我当时并不很想出去，不过我很庆幸还是出去了。
The local clubs are making every effort to interest more young people.地方俱乐部正在尽一切努力来吸引更多的年轻人。
With an effort of will he resisted the temptation.
他凭自己的意志顶住了这一诱惑。
The project was a joint/group effort.
这项工程是共同 / 集体努力的结果。
C. [C] (通常置于名词后) 有组织的活动
the United Nations' peacekeeping effort
联合国的维和行动
rescue efforts/operations救援工作
D. [C] 努力的结果；成就
I'm afraid this essay is a poor effort.
很抱歉，这篇文章写得不好。
bend your mind/efforts to sth
(formal) 致力于某事；专心致志于
12. advance| d vɑ:ns; 美 - v ns|
1) n.
A. [C] （尤指武装部队的）前进，行进
We feared that an advance on the capital would soon follow.
我们担心接下来会马上向首都推进。
B. ~ (in sth) 进步；进展
We live in an age of rapid technological advance.
我们生活在技术迅猛发展的时代。
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 预付款
They offered an advance of 5 000 after the signing of the contract.
他们在合同签订后预付了5 000英镑。
She asked for an advance on her salary.
她要求预支薪金。
D. [C] ~ (on sth) (商) （价格、价值的）上涨，提高
Share prices showed significant advances.股票价格大幅上涨。
in advance (of sth)
A. （时间上）在…前；预先；事先
a week/month/year in advance
提前一星期 / 一月 / 一年
It’s cheaper if you book the tickets in advance.预订票要便宜一些。
B. （发展上）超前
Galileo's [ɡ li'lei u] ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的思想远远超越了他所处的时代。
2)v.
A. vi. ~ (on/towards sb/sth) （为了进攻、威胁等）前进，行进
The mob advanced on us, shouting angrily.暴民愤怒地喊叫着向我们逼近。
B. （知识、技术等）发展，进步
Our knowledge of the disease has advanced considerably over recent years.近年来我们对这种疾病的了解深入多了。
This research has done much to advance our understanding of language learning.这项研究大大提高了我们对语言学习的认识。
C. vt. 促进；推动,=further
Studying for new qualifications is one way of advancing your career.
为提高学历而进修是促进事业发展的一个办法。
D. ~ sth (to sb) | ~ (sb) sth 预付
We are willing to advance the money to you.我们愿意预付款给你。
We will advance you the money.
我们将把款子预付给你。
E. vt.(formal) 提出（想法、理论、计划）,=put forward
The article advances a new theory to explain changes in the climate.
这篇文章提出了一个解释气候变化的新理论。
F. vt. (formal) 提前；提早,=bring forward
The date of the trial has been advanced by one week.
审判日期提前了一星期。
反义词：postpone
G. (formal) 向前推（至下一步）；（使）向前移动
Users advance through the program by answering a series of questions.
用户通过回答一系列问题，逐步完成整个程序。
H. vi.(商) (价格、成本等) 上涨；增加
Oil shares advanced amid(在…过程中；在…中) economic recovery hopes. 在一片经济复苏的希望中石油股票价格上涨。
3)adj. [只用于名词前]
A. 预先的；事先的
Please give us advance warning of any changes.如有变动，请事先通知我们。
We need advance notice of the numbers involved.我们需要事先得知涉及的数量。
No advance booking is necessary on most departures.
大多数起程票无须预订。
B. ~ party/team 先遣队；先头部队
advancement| d vɑ:nsm nt; 美 - v ns-|(formal)
A. 促进；推动；发展；前进
B. [U] （工作、社会等级等的）提升，晋升
13. amazing | me z | adj.
令人大为惊奇的；（尤指）令人惊喜（或惊羡、惊叹）的
=astounding[ sta nd ] , incredible
It's amazing how quickly people adapt.
人适应环境的速度之快真是惊人。
amazingly adv.
amaze| me z| vt. : to surprise sb very much 使惊奇；使惊愕；使惊诧
It never ceases[(使)停止，终止，结束] to amaze me what some people will do for money. 有些人为了钱什么都干得出来，这一直使我惊愕不已。
What amazes me is how long she managed to hide it from us.使我惊诧的是，她竟然能把这件事瞒了我们这么久。
It amazed her that he could be so calm at such a time. 在这个时候他还能如此冷静，真让她感到惊讶。
14. confidence| k nf d ns|
A. [U] ~ (in sb/sth) 信心；信任；信赖
She has every confidence in her students' abilities.
她完全相信她学生的能力。
B. [U] 自信心；把握
He answered the questions with confidence .
他有把握地回答了那些问题。
People often lose confidence when they are criticized[ kritisaizd] .
人受到批评时经常会失去信心。
He gained confidence when he went to college.他上大学后增强了自信。
C. [U] 把握；肯定
They could not say with confidence that he would be able to walk again after the accident.他们不能肯定他经过那场事故后还能行走。
He expressed his confidence that they would win. 他表示了自己的信心：他们必定取胜。
D. [U] （对某人会保守秘密的）信任，信赖
It took a long time to gain her confidence .
我花了很长的时间才赢得她的信任。
E. [C](formal) （向某人透露的）秘密，机密
The girls exchanged confidences.
女孩子们相互吐露自己的心事。
be in sb's confidence
受某人信任；是某人的心腹
take sb into your confidence
向某人吐露内心秘密（或隐私）
confident| k nf d nt; 美 kɑ:n-| adj.
A. 自信的；有自信心的
self-confident自信的
B. ~ of sth | ~ that… 肯定的；确信的；有把握的
confidently adv.
confidential| k nf den l|机密的；保密的；秘密的;(说话的方式)隐密的；秘密的;受信任的；委以机密的
15. make a/no/ some, etc. difference (to/in sb/sth): 有（或没有、有些等）作用，关系，影响
The rain didn't make much difference to the game.
这场雨对比赛没多大影响。
Your age shouldn't make any difference to whether you get the job or not.你能否得到这工作应该与你的年龄无关。
Changing schools made a big difference to my life.
转学对我的一生有着重大影响。
What difference will it make whether he knows or not
他知不知道有什么关系吗？
I don't think it makes a lot of difference what colour it is .
我认为颜色无关紧要。
‘Shall we go on Friday or Saturday ’
‘It makes no difference (to me). ’
“我们星期五还是星期六去？”
“我无所谓。”
make all the difference (to sb/sth)
关系重大；大不相同；使更好受
16. make the most of sth/sb/yourself
充分利用；尽情享受
It's my first trip abroad so I'm going to make the most of it.这是我第一次出国，我要充分利用这个机会。
She doesn't know how to make the most of herself.
她不知道如何充分表现自己。
Happiness is the ability to make the most of what you have. 幸福就是有能力充分享受你拥有的一切。
17. resource|r s :s |
1)n.
A. [C, 常用复数] 资源；财力
natural resources自然资源
We must make the most efficient use of the available financial resources.
我们必须最有效地利用现有财力。
We agreed to pool our resources .
我们同意把我们的资源集中起来。
human resources人力资源; (HR)（公司的）人力资源部，人事部
B. [C] 有助于实现目标的东西；资料
Time is your most valuable resource, especially in examinations.时间是你最有价值的帮手，尤其是在考试中。
C. resources [复数] 勇气；才智；谋略
He has no inner resources and hates being alone.他没有什么内在精神寄托，因而害怕独处。
2)vt. 向…提供资金（或设备）
Schools in the area are still inadequately [ n' d kw tl ] resourced.
本地区的学校仍然没有足够的资金。
source|s :s; 美 s :rs|
1)n.
A. 来源；出处
B. [常用复数] 信息来源；原始资料
C. 起源；根源；原因
D. 源头；发源地
2)vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth (from…) (商) （从…）获得
18. take advantage of sth/sb
A. to make use of sth well; to make use of an opportunity 利用；利用（机会）
She took advantage of the children's absence to tidy their rooms.她趁孩子们不在时收拾了他们的房间。
We took full advantage of the hotel facilities.我们充分享用了旅馆设施。
B. 欺骗；占…的便宜
He took advantage of my generosity .
他利用我的慷慨占了便宜。
advantage| d vɑ:nt d ; 美 - v n-|
1)n.
A. ~ (over sb) 有利条件；有利因素；优势
反义词：disadvantage
B. 优点
Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages.
这些系统各有其优缺点。
disadvantage
C. (网球) （局末平分后）占先；优势分
be/work to your advantage
对…有利；转而有利于
to (good/best) advantage（十分 / 最）有效地，出色地；使优点突出
turn sth to your advantage使转为有利；变（不利）为有利；利用
2)vt.(formal) 使处于有利地位；有利于；有助于
19. facility |f s l ti| n.
A. facilities [复数] 设施；设备
conference facilities会议设施
The hotel has special facilities for welcoming disabled people.
这家旅馆有专供残疾人使用的设施。
B. [C] （机器等的）特别装置；（服务等的）特色
C. [C] （供特定用途的）场所
D. [单数, U] ~ (for sth) （学习、做事的）天资，才能，天赋
She has a facility for languages.
她有语言天赋。
20. equal| i:kw l|
1)adj.
A. ~ (to sb/sth) （大小、数量、价值等）相同的，同样的；相等的
There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class.
这个班男女生人数相等。
B.平等的；同等的
equal rights/pay平等的权利；同酬
The company has an equal opportunities policy.
这家公司的政策是人人机会均等。
C. ~ to sth (formal) （力气、勇气、能力等）相当的；能胜任的；能应付的
I hope that he proves equal to the challenge.
我希望他最后能应付这一挑战。
on equal terms (with sb)
（与某人）处于平等的地位
2)n. 同等的人；相等物
Our cars are the equal of those produced anywhere in the world.
我们的汽车可与世界上任何地方生产的汽车媲美。
be without equal / have no equal
(formal) 无与伦比；无敌；无比
He is a player without equal.
他是个无与伦比的运动员。
3)v. (-ll-, US -l-)
A. linking verb/vt. （大小、数量、价值等）与…相等，等于
2x plus y equals 7 (2x+y=7)
2x加y等于7。
B. vt. 比得上；敌得过
With his last jump he equalled the world record.
他的最后一跳平了世界纪录。
C. vt. 导致；结果为
Cooperation equals success.
合作意味着成功。
21. attitude| t tju:d; 美 t tu:d| n.
A. [C] ~ (to/towards sb/sth) 态度；看法
to have a good/ bad/ positive/ negative attitude towards sb/sth
对某人（或事物）持好的 / 坏的 / 肯定的 / 否定的态度
Youth is simply an attitude of mind .
青春仅仅是心态问题。
If you want to pass your exams you'd better change your attitude!你若想通过考试就最好改变你的态度！
B. [U] 我行我素的作派
a band with attitude
一味只顾自我陶醉的乐队
You'd better get rid of that attitude and shape up(端正行为;好自为之;好好干), young man. 年轻人，你最好改掉那种态度，学学好。
C. [C](formal) 姿势
Her hands were folded in an attitude of prayer.她双手合拢成祈祷姿势。
strike a pose/an attitude
摆出某种姿态
22. goal |g l; 美 go l| n.
A. (体育运动) 球门
He headed[(足球比赛中)用头顶(球)] the ball into an open goal.
他把球顶进了空门。
B. 射门；进球得分
The winning goal was scored by Hill.
希尔踢进了致胜的一球。
golden goal金球，黄金入球（打平后加时赛中第一个进球，进球球队即赢得比赛）
own goal[常用单数形式](British English) (足球) 乌龙球；射进自家球门的球; 帮倒忙的事；无意中让自己吃亏的事
C. 目标；目的,=aim
to work towards a goal
争取达到目标
to achieve/attain a goal达到目标
You need to set yourself some long-term goals .
你得为自己订一些长期目标。
23. balance| b l ns|
1)v.
A. ~ (sth) (on sth) 使（在某物上）保持平衡；立稳
How long can you balance on one leg
你单腿能站多久？
She balanced the cup on her knee.
她把杯子在膝盖上放稳。
B. ~ (sth) (out) 相抵；抵消,=offset
His lack of experience was balanced by a willingness to learn.
他的好学弥补了他经验的不足。
The good and bad effects of any decision will usually balance out.
任何决策的效果往往利弊互见。
C. vt. ~ A with/and B 同等重视（相对的两个事物或方面）
She tries to balance home life and career.她力图兼顾家庭生活和事业。
D. ~ A against B 比较（两个相对的事物）；权衡重要性
The cost of obtaining legal advice needs to be balanced against its benefits.法律咨询的费用与其效益需要权衡一下。
E. vt. (财) 结平（账目）
2)n.
A. [U, 单数] ~ (between A and B) 均衡；平衡；均势
Try to keep a balance between work and relaxation.
尽量保持工作与休闲均衡。
His wife's death disturbed the balance of his mind .
妻子的离世使他心神不宁。
B. [U] 平衡能力
She cycled round the corner, lost her balance and fell off.
她骑车拐弯时失去平衡，摔了下来。
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 余额
to check your bank balance
核对银行结存
D. [C, 常用单数形式] 结欠
The balance of $500 must be paid within 90 days.
500元结欠款必须于90天之内付清。
E. [C] 天平；秤
(on) the balance of evidence/ probability
(formal) （从）总的来说；（考虑）正反两方面；权衡双方证据
(be/hang) in the balance（前途）不明朗；（结果）未定，悬而未决
(catch/throw sb) off balance
A. （使）失去平衡（而有跌落危险）
B. 使（毫无准备而）不知所措
on balance总的来说
On balance, the company has had a successful year.
总的来说，公司这一年是成功的。
24. improve| m pru:v| v.
改进；改善
His quality of life has improved dramatically [dr 'm t kl ] since the operation.
手术后他的生活质量大大改善了。
to improve standards提高水平
I need to improve my French.
我得提高我的法语水平。
improve on/upon sth
改进；做出比…更好的成绩
We've certainly improved on last year's figures.
我们的业绩的确超过了去年的数字。
improvement| m pru:vm nt| n.
A. [U] ~ (in/on/to sth) 改善；改进
Sales figures continue to show signs of improvement.
销售额持续显示出增加的迹象。
There is still room for improvement in your work.
你的工作尚有改进的余地。
B. [C] ~ (in/on sth) 改进处；改善的事物
a significant/dramatic improvement
重要的 /巨大的改进
This is a great improvement on your previous work.
你的工作比先前有很大进步。
25. last but not least（提及最后的人或事物时说）最后但同样重要的
Last but not least, I'd like to thank all the catering staff.最后但同样重要的是，我要感谢所有的餐饮工作人员。
Last but not least, always look on the bright side and never lose hope, even in difficult situations. In time you will find yourself growing into a well-rounded individual.
最后但并非最不重要的是，即使在困难的情况下，也要总是看到光明的一面，永远不要失去希望。 随着时间的推移，你会发现自己成长为一个全面发展的人。
26. well-rounded [ wel ra nd d] adj. 全面发展的；面面俱到的
27. individual| nd v d u l|
1)n.
A. 个人
团队和个人均可参加比赛。
Treatment depends on the individual involved [ n v lvd].治疗方式因人而异。
B. 与众不同的人；有个性的人
She's grown into quite an individual.
她已经长成了一个相当有个性的人。
C. (informal,usually disapproving) 某种类型的人；（尤指）古怪的人
2)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] (常用于each之后) 单独的；个别的
The minister refused to comment on individual cases.
那位部长拒绝对具体个案发表评论。
B. [只用于名词前] 一个人的；供一人用的
an individual pizza
供一人食用的比萨饼
C. (usually approving) 独特的；与众不同的,=distinctive [d st kt v]
a highly individual style of dress
十分有个性的衣着风格
28. character| k r kt (r)| n.
A. [C, 常用单数形式] （人、集体的）品质，性格；（地方的）特点，特性
to have a strong/weak character
个性强 / 不强
The character of the neighbourhood hasn't changed at all.
这片住宅区的风貌依旧。
B. [C, 常用单数形式][U] （事物、事件或地方的）特点，特征，特色,=nature
buildings that are very simple in character造型很简洁的建筑物
C. [U](approving) 勇气；毅力
Everyone admires her strength of character and determination.每一个人都钦佩她坚强的性格和决心。
Adventure camps are considered to be character-building.
冒险野营生活被认为能磨练意志。
D. [D](usually approving) （地方或人的）与众不同之处，特色
The modern hotels here have no real character.
此处的现代化旅馆其实毫无特色。
E. [C](informal) (与形容词连用) （令人讨厌的或古怪的）人
There were some really strange characters hanging around the bar.
有些不三不四的人在酒吧周围游荡。
F. [C](informal) （有趣的或不同寻常的）人
She’s a character!她真是个有趣的人！
G.(formal) 名誉；声望；名气
H. [C] （书籍、戏剧或电影中的）人物，角色
a major/minor character in the book
书中的主要 / 次要人物
I. [C] （书写、印刷或计算机上的）文字，字母，符号
Chinese characters汉字
in character / out of character
符合（或不符合）某人的性格
in character (with sth)（与…）风格相同
29. responsible|r sp ns bl; 美 - spɑ:n-| adj.
A. ~ (for sb/sth) | ~ (for doing sth) 有责任；负责；承担义务
Mike is responsible for designing the entire project.迈克负责设计全部工程。
B. ~ (for sth) 应受责备；有责任
Who’s responsible for this mess
是谁弄得这么乱？
C. ~ (for sth) 作为原因；成为起因
Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer.
因患肺癌而死亡者，约90%是吸烟所致。
D. ~ to sb/sth （向主管者或上级）承担责任
The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Assembly. 内阁须向议会负责。
E. (人或行为举止) 可信任的；可信赖的；可靠的
Clare has a mature and responsible attitude to work.
克莱尔对待工作成熟而可信赖。
反义词：irresponsible
F. [常用于名词前] 责任重大的；需要可靠的人负责的
a responsible job/position
责任重大的工作 / 岗位
30. ahead| hed| adv.
A. （时间、空间）向前面，在前面
The road ahead was blocked.
前面的路被封了。
This will create problems in the months ahead.
在以后的几个月中这个就要出问题。
He was looking straight ahead.
他径直往前看去。
B. earlier 提前；预先；提早,=in advance
The party was planned weeks ahead.
聚会提前几个星期就已筹划好了。
C. winning; further advanced 占优势；领先
Our team was ahead by six points.
我们队领先六分。
You need to work hard to keep ahead.
你要努力才能保持领先优势。
31. junior| d u:ni (r)|
1)adj.
A. [常用于名词前] ~ (to sb) 地位（或职位、级别）低下的
She is junior to me.她职位比我低。
B. [只用于名词前] 青少年的
the world junior tennis championships
世界青少年网球锦标赛
C. Junior (abbr. Jnr, Jr.) (especially in US) （尤用于美国，置于同名父子中儿子的姓名之后）小
D. [只用于名词前](British English) (学校或学校的一部分) 为11或13岁以下儿童设立的
E. [只用于名词前](North Amercian English) （四年制中学或大学中）三年级生的，三年级的
I spent my junior year in France.
我三年级是在法国念的。
2)n.
A. [C](especially British English) 职位较低者；低层次工作人员
office juniors办公室的一般职员
B. [C] 青少年；青少年运动员
She has coached many of our leading juniors.她训练过我们许多名列前茅的青少年运动员。
C. [C](British English) 小学生
D. [C](North Amercian English) （中学或大学的）三年级学生
E. [单数](North Amercian English,informal) 男孩子；年幼的儿子
I leave junior with Mom when I'm at work.
我工作时就把儿子留给母亲照看。
be…years sb's junior / be sb's junior (by…)小某人…岁；比某人小…岁
She’s four years his junior.
她比他小四岁。
She’s his junior by four years.
她比他小四岁。
32. forward| f :w d; 美 f :rw rd|
1)adv.
A. ( also forwards especially in British English) 向前
They ran forward to welcome her.
他们跑向前去欢迎她。
反义词：back, backward(s)
B. 进展；前进
We consider this agreement to be an important step forward .我们认为，这项协定是向前迈出了重要的一步。
Cutting our costs is the only way forward .
降低成本是我们发展的唯一途径。
The project will go forward (= continue) as planned.
这个项目将按计划继续进行。
C. 向将来；往后
Looking forward , we hope to expand our operations in several of our overseas branches.
展望未来，我们希望拓展其中几家海外分公司的业务。
The next scene takes the story forward five years.下一个场面是描述故事中五年后的情况。
D. earlier; sooner 提前
It was decided to bring the meeting forward two weeks.
已决定把会议提前两周。
E. (术语) 在（或向）船头；在（或向）机首
look forward to (doing) sth（高兴地）盼望，期待
I'm looking forward to the weekend.
我盼着过周末呢。
We're really looking forward to seeing you again.
我们非常盼望能再见到你。
put sth forward
A. 将…提前
We've put the wedding forward by one week.我们已把婚礼提前了一周。
B. 向前拨，拨快（时钟指针）
Remember to put your clocks forward tonight.
记住今晚把时钟指针往前拨。
C. 提出；提议；建议
to put forward a suggestion
提出建议
2)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 向前的；前进的
The door opened, blocking his forward movement .
门开了，挡住他前进的路。
B. [只用于名词前](术语) （尤指船、飞机或其他交通工具）前部的，前面的
C. 未来的；将来的
The plans are still no further forward than they were last month.计划无丝毫进展，仍是上个月的老样子。
D. 鲁莽的；冒失的；无礼的
I hope you don't think I'm being too forward.
我希望你不要认为我太冒失。
3)v.
A. ~ sth (to sb) | ~ (sb) sth (formal) 发送，寄（商品或信息）
We will be forwarding our new catalogue to you next week.我们将于下星期给你寄上新的商品目录。
We will be forwarding you our new catalogue next week.我们将于下星期给你寄上新的商品目录。
to forward a request/ complaint/ proposal提出要求 / 投诉 / 建议
B. vt. ~ sth (to sb) （按新地址）转寄，转投，转交,=send on
Could you forward any mail to us in New York 你能不能把所有信件转寄到纽约给我们？
I put ‘please forward ’ on the envelope.
我在信封上写了“请转递”。
C. vt.(formal) 促进；有助于…的发展；增进,=further
He saw the assignment as a way to forward his career.
他把这项任务看作事业发展的途径。
4)n. （运动队的）前锋
33. look forward to (doing) sth（高兴地）盼望，期待
In fact, I’m looking forward to being more independent and responsible for my own learning.事实上，我希望自己能更加独立，对自己的学习更加负责。
34. independent| nd pend nt|
1)adj.
A. ~ (from/of sth) (国家) 独立的；自主的；自治的,=self-governing
B. 不相干的人所做的（或提供的）；公正的；无偏见的
She went to a lawyer for some independent advice .
她去找了一位律师寻求独立意见。
C. ~ (of sb/sth) 不相关的；不受影响的；无关联的
Two independent research bodies reached the same conclusions.两个彼此不相关的研究部门得出了同样的结论。
D. 私营的
E. ~ (of sb/sth) 自主的；有主见的
Going away to college has made me much more independent.
离家上大学使我变得独立自主得多。
Students should aim to become more independent of their teachers.
学生应该努力逐渐减少对老师的依赖。
反义词：dependent
F. ~ (of sb/sth) 自立的；自食其力的
It was important to me to be financially independent of my parents.在经济上不依赖父母，这对我很重要。
反义词：dependent
G.无党派的；独立的
independently adv. ~ (of sb/sth)
It was the first time that she had lived independently.
那是她第一次独立生活。
35. focus| f k s; 美 fo -|
1)v. (-s- or, -ss-)
A. ~ (sth) (on/upon sb/sth) 集中（注意力、精力等于）
Each exercise focuses on a different grammar point.
每个练习各有不同的语法重点。
B. ~ (sth) (on sb/sth) (眼睛、摄影机等) （使）调节焦距
Let your eyes focus on objects that are further away from you.
睁大眼睛看清楚离你较远的物体。
It took a few moments for her eyes to focus in the dark.过了好几分钟她的眼睛才适应了黑暗。
C. vt. ~ sth (on sth) (术语) 集中（光束于）；聚焦（于）
2) n. (pl. focuses or, foci | f sa ; 美 fo -|)
A. [常用单数形式] ~ (for/on sth) 中心点（指人或事物）
It was the main focus of attention at the meeting.
这是会议上关注的主要焦点。
We shall maintain our focus on the needs of the customer.
我们将继续重点关注顾客的需要。
B. [U] （眼睛或镜头的）焦距，调焦
C. [C](物) （光、声等的）焦点，中心点，源
D. [C](地) （地震的）震源
36. detail| di:te l; also d te l|
1)n.
A. [C] 细微之处；枝节；琐事
Tell me the main points now; leave the details till later.现在把要点告诉我，细节留到以后再说。
B. [U] 详情；全部细节
He had an eye for detail.
他很善于发现并记住细节。
This issue will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
这个问题将在下一章详细论述。
The fine detail of the plan has yet to be worked out.
这个方案的具体细节尚需制订。
C. details [复数] 具体情况；（关于某事物的）资料，消息
Further details and booking forms are available on request.
备有详细资料和订购单以供索取。
‘We had a terrible time─ ’ ‘Oh, spare me the details (= don't tell me any more) . ’“我们倒霉透了——”“唉呀，别给我细说了。”
D. （照片、绘画等的）细部，局部，次要部分
E. [C] 特遣队；小分队；支队
go into detail(s) 详细叙述；逐一说明
I can't go into details now; it would take too long.我现在不能细说，太费工夫。
2)v.
A. vt. 详细列举；详细说明；详述
The brochure details all the hotels in the area and their facilities.这本小册子详细介绍了当地所有旅馆及其设施。
B. [常用被动态] 派遣；选派；分遣
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
Several of the men were detailed to form a search party.
几名士兵被派组成一个搜索队。
C. Vt.(North Amercian English) 彻底清洗（汽车）
He got work for a while detailing cars.
他找到一个清洗汽车的临时工作。
37. as a result of 由于
result|r z lt|
1)n.
A. ~ (of sth) 后果；结果
She died as a result of her injuries.
她由于受伤而死亡。
He made one big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job.
他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。
This book is the result of 25 years of research.这本书是25年研究的结晶。
B. [C] ~ (of sth) 结果（包括比分、得票、获胜者或当选者名单等）
They will announce the result of the vote tonight.
今晚他们将宣布投票结果。
the football results足球比赛的结果
C. [C, 常用单数形式](British English,informal) （尤指足球比赛的）胜利，胜局
We badly need to get a result from this match.这场比赛我们非赢不可。
D. [C, 常用复数](British English) 得分；成绩
Have you had your results yet
你知道考试成绩了吗？
E. [C] ~ (of sth) 结果；成果
the result of an experiment实验结果
F. results [复数] 成功实现的事；成果；成效
The project is beginning to show results.
这项工程开始显出成效。
2)vi.
A. ~ (from sth) （因…）发生；（随…）产生
job losses resulting from changes in production生产革新造成的失业
When water levels rise, flooding results.
水位上升，就会发生洪水。
B. result in sth造成；导致,=lead to
These policies resulted in many elderly people suffering hardship.
这些政策使得许多老人饱受困苦。
38. tip|t p|
1)n.
A. 尖端；尖儿；端
the tips of your fingers手指尖
B. （装在顶端的）小部件
a walking stick with a rubber tip
带橡皮头的手杖
C. ~ (on/for sth) | ~ (on/for doing sth) 指点；实用的提示,=hint
useful tips on how to save money
几个省钱的窍门儿
D. (informal) （尤指有关赛马的）内幕消息，指点
a hot tip for the big race
来自赛马大赛的最新内幕消息
E. 小费；小账
to leave a tip留小费
He gave the waiter a generous tip .
他给了服务员很多小费。
F. (British English) 垃圾场；垃圾堆
G.(British English,informal,disapproving) 脏乱的地方,=dump
Their flat is a tip!
他们的寓所简直是个猪窝！
on the tip of your tongue
话在嘴边上（却一时想不起来）
the tip of the iceberg
（问题的）冰山一角
2)v. (-pp-)
A. [usually + 副词或介词短语] （使）倾斜，倾倒，翻覆,=tilt
She tipped her head back and laughed loudly. 她把头一仰，哈哈大笑起来。
B. [动词 + 名词短语 + 副词或介词短语] 倒出；倾倒；倾覆
She tipped the dirty water down the drain.她把脏水倒入了下水道。
The bus stopped abruptly, nearly tipping me out of my seat.公共汽车突然刹车，差点儿把我从座位上甩出去。
C. [动词 + 名词短语 + 副词或介词短语] 轻触；轻碰
The goalkeeper just managed to tip the ball over the crossbar.
守门员刚好把球捅出球门的横梁。
D. (British English) （在户外）倒垃圾
‘No tipping. ’ (= for example, on a notice)“此处禁止倒垃圾。”
E. 给小费；付小账
Did you remember to tip the waiter
你记住给服务员小费了吗？
She tipped the porter a dollar.
她给了行李工一元的小费。
F. ~ sb/sth (as/for sth) 预言…获胜；事先说…会成功
The band is being tipped for the top.
人们说这支乐队将位居榜首。
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
The actor is tipped to win an Oscar| sk (r); 美 ɑ:s-| for his performance. 这位演员因表演出色而被认为有望获得奥斯卡奖。
G.vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth (with sth) （用颜色、物质等）覆盖…的末端，遮盖…的边
The wings are tipped with yellow.
翅膀的尖端呈黄色。
tip the balance/scales( also swing the balance) 使天平倾斜；使结果倾向某方；起决定性作用
tip up/over / tip sth up/over（使）跌倒，倾覆
The mug tipped over, spilling hot coffee everywhere.
杯子倒了，热咖啡溅得到处都是。
39. base|be s| vt. [常用被动态] ~ sb/sth/yourself in… 以…为据点（或总部等）；把（总部等）设在
They decided to base the new company in York.他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在约克郡。
base sth on/upon sth以…为基础（或根据）
What are you basing this theory on
你这种理论的根据是什么？
2)n.
A. [C, 常用单数形式] 根基；基底；底座
The lamp has a heavy base.
这盏灯的底座很沉。
B. [C] 根据；出发点,=basis
She used her family's history as a base for her novel.
她以她的家族史作为小说的素材。
C. [C, 常用单数形式] （支持、收入、力量等的）来源，源泉，基础
These policies have a broad base of support.这些政策受到广泛支持。
customer base [常用单数形式](商) （统称某种产品或服务的）客户
D. [C, 常用单数形式] 混合物的首要（或主要）成分
E. [C] 据点；总部；大本营
The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world.公司总部设在纽约，分支遍及全世界。
F. 基地
After the attack, they returned to base.他们发动攻击之后返回了基地。
off base(North Amercian English, informal) 完全错误
If that's what you think, you're way off base. 你如果那么想就全错了。
3)adj. (baser, basest)
(formal) 卑鄙的；不道德的
He acted from base motives.
他的行为动机卑鄙。
basely adv.
based|be st| adj. [名词前不可用]
A. ~ (on sth) （以某事）为基础，为根据
The movie is based on a real-life incident.这部电影以现实生活中的一件事为基础。
The report is based on figures from six different European cities.报告的依据是欧洲六个不同城市的数据。
B. (亦构成复合词) 在…居住（或工作）；基地（或总部）在…
We’re based in Chicago.
我们住在芝加哥。
a Chicago-based company
总部设在芝加哥的公司
C. -based (构成复合词) 以…为重要部分（或特征）；以…为主
lead-based paints铅基涂料
a class-based society
以阶级为特征的社会
40. remind|r ma nd| v.
~ sb (about/of sth) 提醒；使想起
I‘m sorry, I’ve forgotten your name. Can you remind me 对不起，我忘了你的名字。提醒我一下好吗？
‘You need to finish that essay. ’ ‘ Don't remind me. ’
“你要完成那篇论文。”“别提啦！”
‘Don’t forget the camera. ’ ‘Remind me about it nearer the time. ’“别忘了带相机。”“到时候再提醒我一下。”
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.提醒我在出去之前给艾伦打电话。
[动词 + 名词短语 + that从句]
Passengers are reminded (that) no smoking is allowed on this train.
旅客们请注意，本次列车禁止吸烟。
[动词 + 名词短语 + wh-从句]
Can someone remind me what I should do next
请谁告诉我下一步该做什么好不好？
[动词 + 名词短语 + 直接引语]
‘You had an accident, ’ he reminded her.
他提醒她道：“你出过一次事故了。”
remind sb of sb/sth
使想起（类似的人、地方、事物等）
You remind me of your father when you say that.你说这样的话，使我想起了你的父亲。
That smell reminds me of France.
这股气味使我想起了法国。
reminder|r ma nd (r)| n.
A. ~ (of sb/sth) | ~ (that…) 引起回忆的事物；提醒人的事物
The sheer size of the cathedral is a constant reminder of the power of religion.大教堂的宏大规模使人时刻领略到宗教的威严。
The incident served as a timely reminder of just how dangerous mountaineering can be.
这次事故及时地提醒了人们登山运动有时会多么危险。
B. （告知该做某事的）通知单，提示信
41. stick to sth
A. 坚持（做某事，不怕困难）
She finds it impossible to stick to a diet.
饮食老受限制，她觉得受不了。
B. 坚持；维持；固守；坚持保留
He promised to help us and he stuck to his word (= he did as he had promised) .
他答应过帮助我们，他没有失信。
42. proposal|pr p zl; 美 - po zl| n.
A. ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…) 提议；建议；动议
to submit/consider/accept/reject a proposal
提交 / 审议 / 接受 / 拒绝一项建议
His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected.他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。
B. [C] 求婚
propose|pr p z; 美 - po z| v.
A. (formal) 提议；建议
She proposed that the book (should) be banned.她提议查禁这本书。
It was proposed that the president be elected for a period of two years.
有人提议选出的主席任期为两年。
[动词 + -ing短语]
He proposed changing the name of the company.
他建议更改公司的名称。
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
It was proposed to pay the money from public funds.
有人提议用公款支付这笔钱。
B. 打算；希冀；计划
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
What do you propose to do now
现在你打算做什么？
[动词 + -ing短语]
How do you propose getting home
你打算怎么回家？
C. ~ (sth) (to sb) 求婚
She proposed to me!她向我求婚了！
to propose marriage求婚
D. vt. ~ sth | ~ sb (for/as sth) 提名；提出…供表决
I propose Tom Ellis [ el s] for chairman.
我提名汤姆·埃利斯做主席。
E. vt.(formal) 提供（解释）
She proposed a possible solution to the mystery.她提出了对这个奥秘的一种可能的解答。
propose a toast (to sb) / propose sb's health（为某人）祝酒
I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.
我提议为新郎新娘的幸福干杯！
-al
A. (构成形容词) 与…有关的
magical [ m d kl]魔术的
B. (构成名词) （表示过程或状态）
survival [s va vl]幸存
arrival
removal
43. aim|e m|
1)n.
A. [C] 目的；目标
She went to London with the aim of finding a job.她去伦敦是为了找工作。
Our main aim is to increase sales in Europe.我们的主要目标是增加在欧洲的销售量。
Teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims .
要达到这些目标需要齐心协力。
B. [U] 瞄准
Her aim was good and she hit the lion with her first shot.
她瞄得准，第一枪就打中了狮子。
take aim at sb/sth(North Amercian English) 把目标对准某人（或某事物）；把批评的矛头指向某人（或某事物）
2)v.
A. ~ (at doing sth) | ~ (at/for sth) 力求达到；力争做到
The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment.
政府正力争减少50%的失业人数。
We should aim for a bigger share of the market.
我们应该努力争取更大的市场份额。
He has always aimed high (= tried to achieve a lot) .他总是心气很高。
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.
他们正力求使失业人数下降50%。
B. vt. 目的是；旨在
These measures are aimed at preventing violent crime.
这些措施旨在防止暴力犯罪。
C. ~ (sth) (at sb/sth) | ~ (for sb/sth) 瞄准；对准
I was aiming at the tree but hit the car by mistake.
我对准树射击，不料误中了汽车。
D. vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth at sb 针对；对象是
The book is aimed at very young children.这本书的对象是幼童。
44. style|sta l|
1)n.
A. ~ (of sth) 方式；作风
Caution was not her style.
她不是那种谨小慎微的人。
lifestyle生活方式
B. [C] 样式；款式
Have you thought about having your hair in a shorter style
你有没有想过剪个短发型？
C. [U] （指服装）时新，时髦，流行式样
Short skirts are back in style (= fashionable) .短裙子又流行起来了。
D. [U] 优雅格调；精致性；品位；风度；气派
She does everything with style and grace. 她凡事都做得优雅得体。
E. 风格；体
a style of architecture建筑风格
F. 语言规范；好的文风
It's not considered good style to start a sentence with ‘but ’.人们认为，一句话用but开头不是好的文风。
G. (构成形容词) …式的；…风格的
Italian-style gardens
意大利风格的花园
in (great, grand, etc.) style
气派；隆重；气势非凡
She always celebrates her birthday in style.她的生日总是过得很排场。
He won the championship in great style.他赢得了冠军，尽显大将风度。
2)v.
A. vt. 把…设计（或缝制、做）成某种式样
He'd had his hair styled at an expensive salon [ s l n].
他去一家豪华美容厅做了头发。
B. [动词 + 名词短语 + 名词短语](formal) 称呼；命名；称
He styled himself Major Carter.
他自称卡特少校。
style sth/yourself on sth/sb
模仿…的风格（或举止、外观）,=model
He styled himself on Elvis Presley.
他模仿埃尔维斯·普雷斯利唱歌。
45. technique|tek ni:k| n.
A. [C] 技巧；技艺；工艺
The artist combines different techniques in the same painting.这位艺术家在同一幅画中把不同的画法结合在一起。
B. [U, 单数] 技术；技能
Her technique has improved a lot over the past season. 在过去的一个赛季里，她的技术大有长进。
46. workshop| w :k p; 美 w :rk ɑ:p| n.
A. 车间；工场；作坊
B. 研讨会；讲习班
a drama [ drɑ m ] workshop
戏剧研讨班
a poetry [ p tri] workshop
诗歌讲习班
47. professional|pr fe nl|
1)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 职业的；专业的
an opportunity for professional development专业进修的机会
If it's a legal matter you need to seek professional advice .如果这属于法律问题，你就需要进行专业咨询了。
B. (人) 有职业的；专业的
Most of the people on the course were professional women.
参加本课程的大多数人是职业女性。
C. 娴熟的；训练有素的；精通业务的,=competent [ k mp t nt]
He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
他处理这个问题非常专业。
反义词：amateur [ m t (r)]
D. 职业上的；专业上的
unprofessional
E. 职业性的；专业的；非业余的
After he won the amateur championship he turned professional .他获得业余赛冠军后就转为职业运动员了。
F. (体育运动) 职业性的；专业的；非业余的
反义词：amateur
2)n.
A. 专门人员；专业人士；专家
the terms that doctors and other health professionals use
医师和其他保健专业人员使用的术语
B. ( also informal pro [pr ] ) 职业运动员；（从事某活动的）专业人员
a top golf professional
顶尖级高尔夫球职业选手
反义词：amateur
C. ( also informal pro) 内行；专门人才；技术精湛者；老练的人
This was clearly a job for a real professional.这显然是需要真正专家才能担任的工作。
反义词： amateur
profession|pr fe n| n.
A. [C] （需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一）行业，职业
B. the profession [单数名词 +单数/复数 动词] （某）职业界；业内人士；同业；同行；同人
48. material|m t ri l; 美 - t r-|
1)n.
A. 布料
‘What material is this dress made of ’ ‘Cotton. ’“这件连衣裙是用什么料子做的？”“棉布。”
B. 材料；原料
building materials 建筑材料
C. [C, 常用复数, U] （某一活动所需的）材料
teaching materials教材
(figurative)The teacher saw her as good university material.
老师认为她是块上大学的料。
D. [U] 素材；用以创作的材料（或构想）
She’s collecting material for her latest novel.她在为其最新的小说收集素材。
E. [U] 节目；曲目；剧目
2)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 物质的，实际的（非精神需求的）
material comforts物质享受
反义词：spiritual [ sp r t u l]
B. [只用于名词前] 物质的；客观存在的
the material world物质世界
C. ~ (to sth) (formal,or 律重要的；必要的
material evidence重要的证据
materially|-i li|adv.
Their comments have not materially affected our plans.他们的评价并没有对我们的计划产生多么重要的影响。
49.poster| p st (r); 美 po -| n.
A. 招贴画；海报
B. 巨幅装饰画
C. （在网络留言板上）发布消息的人，张贴信息的人
50. secondary| sek ndri; 美 -deri| adj.
A. ~ (to sth) 次要的；从属的；辅助的
Experience is what matters─age is of secondary importance .
重要的是经验——年龄是次要的。
Raising animals was only secondary to other forms of farming.
与其他农业生产相对而言，动物饲养只是副业。
B. 间接引发的；继发性的；次生的
a secondary infection继发性感染
C. [只用于名词前] 中等教育的；中学的
secondary teachers中学教师
the secondary curriculum [k r kj l m]中学课程
elementary| el mentri| adj.
初级的；基础的,基本的, 简单的；容易的
primary主要的；最重要的；基本的,最初的；最早的;初等教育的；小学教育的
51. exchange| ks t e nd |
1)n.
A. 交换；互换；交流；掉换
We need to promote an open exchange of ideas and information.
我们需要促进思想和信息的公开交流。
Would you like my old TV in exchange for this camera 用我的旧电视机换这架照相机，你愿意吗？
I'll type your report if you'll babysit in exchange .如果你愿意代我照看孩子，我就把这个报告给你打出来。
B. [C] 交谈；对话；争论
There was only time for a brief exchange.只有简短的交谈时间。
C. [U] 兑换；汇兑
currency exchange facilities
货币兑换设备
D.[C] （不同国家人或团体之间的）交流，互访
Our school does an exchange with a school in France.我们学校与法国的一所学校进行交流。
Nick went on the French exchange.
尼克到法国去作互访了。
E. (often Exchange) [C] (构成复合词) 交易所
2)vt.
A. ~ sth (with sb) 交换；交流；掉换
to exchange ideas/news/information
交流思想；互通消息；交流信息
Juliet and David exchanged glances .
朱丽叶和戴维相互看了看对方。
I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.
我与经理握手，相互交谈了几句。
B. ~ A for B 兑换；交易；更换,=change
You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel.
你可在旅馆把你的钱兑换成美元。
If it doesn't fit, take it back and the store will exchange it.如果不合适就把它拿回来，商店将给你掉换。
C. ~ contracts (especially British English) 交换（尤指房屋或土地买卖的契约）
have/exchange words (with sb) (about sth)(especially British English) （与某人）争论，争吵
Words were exchanged.
发生过争吵了。
52. host|h st; 美 ho st|
1)n.
A. [C] 主人
hostess
B. [C] 东道主；主办国（或城市、机构）
The college is playing host to a group of visiting Russian scientists.学院正在接待一批来访的俄罗斯科学家。
C. [C] （电视或广播的）节目主持人
D. [C](术语) （寄生动植物的）寄主，宿主
E. [C] ~ of sb/sth 许多；大量
a host of possibilities多种可能性
F. [C] （计算机网络的）主机，服务机
transferring files from the host to your local computer
从主机向你的本地机传送文件
2)vt.
A. 主办，主持（活动）
Germany hosted the World Cup finals.
德国主办了世界杯决赛。
B. 主持（电视或广播节目等）
C. 作为主人组织（聚会）；做东
to host a dinner设宴招待客人
D. （通常收费在与互联网连接的计算机上）存储网站
53. a.m.| e em| (from Latin 'ante[ nti] meridiem' [m 'r di: m] ) 午夜至正午，上午，午前（源自拉丁语ante meridiem）
It starts at 10 a.m.上午10点开始。
54. p.m.| pi: em| (from Latin 'post meridiem' ) 下午，午后（源自拉丁文post meridiem）
The appointment is at 3 p.m.
约会定于下午3点。
55. biology|ba l d i; 美 - ɑ:l-| [U]
A. 生物学
a degree in biology生物学学位
botany [ b t ni]
zoology [zu l d i]
B. 生理
How far is human nature determined by biology 人性在多大程度上是由其生理因素决定的？
56. tough|t f|
1)adj. (tougher, toughest)
A. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的
It was a tough decision to make.
那是个很难作的决定。
She‘s been having a tough time of it lately.她最近的日子一直很难熬。
B. ~ (on/with sb/sth) 严厉的；强硬的；无情的
Don’t be too tough on him─he was only trying to help.别对他要求过严，他只是想帮忙。
反义词：soft
C.坚强的；健壮的；能吃苦耐劳的；坚韧不拔的
He’s not tough enough for a career in sales.
他干推销这一行缺少足够的韧劲。
smart/tough cookie (North Amercian English,informal) 精明强干的人；坚强的人
D. (人) 彪悍的；粗暴的；粗野的
He plays the tough guy in the movie.
他在电影中扮演硬汉。
E.难切开的；嚼不烂的；老的,
F. 坚固的；不易切开（或打破、撕破等）的
a tough pair of shoes一双结实的鞋子
G. ~ (on sb) (informal) 不幸的；倒霉的
It was tough on her being dropped from the team like that.
她就这样被队里刷了下来，真是倒霉。
When the going gets tough, the tough get going. 艰难之路，唯勇者行。
(as) tough as old boots / (as) tough as nails (informal)
A. 很强壮；坚韧不拔；雷打不动
B. 铁石心肠；不为所动
tough luck(informal)
A. (British English) （表示同情）倒霉，不走运
‘I failed by one point. ’ ‘That's tough luck. ’
“我差一分没及格。”“运气真不好。”
B. (ironic) （表面上同情）多么倒霉
2)v. tough sth out坚持；挨过
You're just going to have to tough it out .你只好硬着头皮撑到底了。
57. alarm| lɑ:m; 美 lɑ:rm|
1)n.
A. [U] 惊恐；惊慌；恐慌
‘What have you done ’ Ellie cried in alarm .“你都干了些什么？”埃利惊恐地喊道。
I felt a growing sense of alarm when he did not return that night.那天夜里他没有回家，我越来越感到恐慌。
B. [C, 常用单数形式] 警报
She decided to sound the alarm.
她决定发出警报。
I hammered on all the doors to raise the alarm .
我敲打所有的门让大家警觉。
C. [C] 警报器
a burglar/fire/smoke alarm
防盗 / 防火 / 烟火警报器
The cat set off the alarm (= made it start ringing) .猫碰响了警铃。
A car alarm went off in the middle of the night.半夜里一辆汽车的警报器突然响了起来。
D. = alarm clock
The alarm went off at 7 o’clock.
闹钟在7点钟响了。
alarm bells ring/start ringing
警钟敲响；发出危险信号
2)v.
A. 使惊恐；使害怕；使担心,=worry
The captain knew there was an engine fault but didn’t want to alarm the passengers.船长知道一台发动机出了故障，不过他不想惊动乘客。
B. vt. 给（门等）安装警报器
58. contribution| k ntr bju: n; 美 kɑ:n-| n.
~ (to sth) | ~ (toward(s) sth/doing sth)
A. [C] 捐款；捐资,=donation
to make a contribution to charity
给慈善事业捐款
All contributions will be gratefully received.我们对所有捐资表示感谢。
B. [C] （给雇主或政府用作医疗保险、养老金等津贴的）定期缴款
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 贡献；促成作用
He made a very positive contribution to the success of the project.
他对项目的成功贡献良多。
the car’s contribution to the greenhouse effect
汽车对加剧温室效应所起的作用
D. [C] （书、杂志、广播、讨论等部分内容的）一则，一条，稿件
All contributions for the May issue must be received by Friday.
所有要在五月这一期发表的稿件必须在星期五以前寄到。
E. [U] 捐赠；捐助；（尤指）捐款
We rely entirely on voluntary contribution.我们全靠自愿捐赠。
contribute|k n tr bju:t; British English also k ntr bju:t| v.
A. ~ (sth) (to/towards sth) 捐献，捐赠（尤指款或物）；捐助
B.vi. ~ (to sth) h 是…的原因之一
Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon.
C. ~ (sth) 增加；增进；添加（到某物）
This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.
此书对我们了解这门学科助益甚少。
D. ~ (sth) (to sth) （为报纸、杂志、电台或电视节目）撰稿；（在会议或会谈期间）讲话，（尤指）发表意见
We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.
我们希望大家都能参与讨论。
contributor|k n tr bj t (r)|~ (to sth)
A. （杂志或书的）撰稿人，投稿人；（电台、电视节目中的）嘉宾；（会议的）发言人
B. 捐款者；捐赠者；作出贡献者
C. 促成物
59. fortunately| f :t n tli; 美 f :rt -| adv.幸运地；交好运地；吉利地, =luckily
Fortunately for him, he was very soon offered another job.他运气好，很快就有人聘请他做另一个工作。
unfortunately
fortunate| f :t n t; 美 f :rt -| adj.
~ (to do sth) | ~ (in having…) | ~ (for sb)(that…) 幸运的；交好运的；吉利的,=lucky
I was fortunate in having a good teacher.我很幸运，有位好老师。
Remember those less fortunate than yourselves.
要记住那些不如你们幸运的人。
It was very fortunate for him that I arrived on time.
算他运气好，我准时到了。
unfortunate
60. over time 随着时间流逝，久而久之
My language skills improved over time.随着时间的推移，我的语言技能有所提高。
60. option| p n; 美 ɑ:p-| n.
A. ~ (of doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) 可选择的事物；选择；选择权；选择的自由
There are various options open to you.你有多种选择。
Going to college was not an option for me.
上大学不是我可以选择的道路。
I had no option but to (= I had to) ask him to leave.我别无选择，只有请他离开。
Students have the option of studying abroad in their second year.
学生在二年级时可以选择出国学习。
This particular model comes with a wide range of options.
这一种型号的货品有很多选择。
B. [C] 选修课
The course offers options in design and computing.这一学程开了设计和计算机技术的选修科目。
C. [C] ~ (on sth) | ~ (to do sth) （未来的）买卖选择权
He has promised me first option on his car .
他答应我可以优先买他的汽车。
D. [C](计) 选项；选择
Choose the ‘Cut ’ option from the Edit menu.
从编辑选单上选“剪切”项。
keep/leave your options open
保留选择余地；暂不决定
the soft/easy option(often disapproving) 轻松的选择；捷径
optional| p nl; 美 ɑ:p-| adj.
可选择的；选修的
opt| pt; 美 ɑ:pt| v.
~ (for/against sth) 选择；挑选
After graduating she opted for a career in music.
毕业后她选择了从事音乐工作。
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
Many workers opted to leave their jobs rather than take a pay cut.
许多工人宁肯下岗也不接受减薪。
61. butter| b t (r)|
1) [U] 黄油；奶油
Fry the onions in butter.用黄油炒洋葱。
butter wouldn't melt (in sb's mouth)
(informal) 假装一副老实样；装作天真无邪
2) vt. 涂黄油于
She buttered four thick slices of bread.她用黄油涂了四片厚面包。
butter sb up(informal) 以甜言蜜语巴结某人；奉承；拍马屁
peanut butter[U] 花生酱
bread and butter [U]
A. 黄油面包片
B. (informal) （某人或公司的）主要收入来源
62. pudding| p d | n.
A. (British English) （餐末的）甜食，甜点
I haven't made a pudding today.
我今天没做甜点。
同义词：dessert sweet
B. (British English) 热布丁糕（用面粉、油、蛋制作，加水果、果酱等）
bread and butter pudding
面包黄油布丁
C. (British English) 热布丁饼（用面粉、油、蛋制作，通常用肉填充）
a steak and kidney pudding
牛排腰子布丁
D. (especially North American English) 冷布丁（有水果、巧克力等口味）
chocolate pudding巧克力布丁
63. attract| tr kt| vt.
A. [常用被动态] ~ sb (to sb/sth) 吸引；使喜爱；引起…的好感（或爱慕）
I had always been attracted by the idea of working abroad.
我总是向往去国外工作。
What first attracted me to her was her sense of humour.
她首先吸引我的是她的幽默感。
B. ~ sb/sth (to sth) 招引
The exhibition has attracted thousands of visitors.
展览吸引了成千上万的参观者。
C. 引起（反应）
This proposal has attracted a lot of interest .
这个提案引起了很大的兴趣。
His comments were bound to attract criticism .他的说话必然会招致批评。
She tried to attract the attention of the waiter.
她试图引起服务员的注意。
D. (物理 ) 吸引
opposites attract
相反相成；相异相吸
attraction| tr k n| n.
A. [U, 单数] （尤指两性间的）爱慕，吸引
B. [C] 向往的地方；有吸引力的事
tourist attraction旅游胜地
C. 有吸引力的特征（或品质、人）
City life holds little attraction for me.
我对城市生活不感兴趣。
She is the star attraction of the show.她是这个节目中耀眼的明星。
D.[U](物) 吸引力
attractive| tr kt v| adj.
A. (人) 性感的；妩媚的；英俊的；诱人的
B. ( 物或地方) 吸引人的；令人愉快的
C. （事物）有吸引力的，诱人的,=
appealing
64. rugby| r gbi|
(sometimes Rugby) [U] 橄榄球运动
65. calligraphy|k l gr fi|
[U] 书法；书法艺术
牛津译林版高中英语必修一课件
Unit 1 Words
1. potential |p ten l|
1) n.
A. [U] ~ [for (doing) sth] : possibility/likelihood/probability 可能性；潜在性
The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales.
欧洲市场带来了扩销的大好机遇。
B. [U] 潜力；潜质,=promise获得成功的迹象
All children should be encouraged to realize their full potential .应当鼓励所有的儿童充分发挥他们的潜能。
She has great potential as an artist.
她很有潜质，是一位可造就的艺术家。
He has the potential to become a world-class musician.
他有潜力成为世界级的音乐家。
The house has a lot of potential.
这所房子颇具潜力。
C.(物) 电位；电势；电压
2)adj. [只用于名词前] 潜在的；可能的,=possible
potential customers潜在的客户
First we need to identify actual and potential problems.首先，我们需要弄清实际的问题和潜在的问题。
potentially|- li|adv.
a potentially dangerous situation
有潜在危险的局势
2. senior| si:ni (r)|
1)adj.
A. ~ (to sb) 级别（或地位）高的
He is senior to me.
他的职位比我高。
(British English)Junior nurses usually work alongside more senior nurses.
初级护士通常和较高级的护士一起工作。
The meeting should be chaired by the most senior person present.
会议应由在座的职位最高的人主持。
反义词：junior
B. [只用于名词前] 成人的；高级水平的
to take part in senior competitions
参加成人比赛
He won the senior men’s 400 metres.
他获得男子甲组400米冠军。
C. Senior (abbr. Snr., Sr) （父子同名时，加在父亲的名字前）老，大
D. [只用于名词前](British English) (学校或其中一部分) （招收11或13岁以上学生的）中等学校，中学部
E. [只用于名词前](North Amercian English) （高中或大学）毕业年级的
the senior prom [pr m] 毕业年级舞会
2)n.
A. 较…年长的人
She was ten years his senior/junior.
她比他大/小十岁。
My brother is my senior/junior by two years.我哥哥/弟弟比我大/小两岁。
反义词：junior
B.(especially North American English) = senior citizen资深公民，老年人（委婉说法，尤指退休者）
C. 级别（或地位）较高者；上级；上司
She felt unappreciated both by her colleagues and her seniors.
她觉得无论同事还是上司都不赏识她。
D. 资深成人运动员；高水平运动员
tennis coaching for juniors and seniors
初、高级网球运动员训练
E. (British English) 中学生；高年级学生
F. （美国等若干国家高中和大学的）毕业班学生
high school seniors高中毕业班学生
sophomore[ s f m :(r)](US) n.
A. （大学）二年级学生
B. （高中）二年级学生
freshman| fre m n| (pl. -men |-m n|) (especially North American English) （大学）一年级新生；（中学）九年级学生
high school/college freshmen
高中 / 大学一年级新生
during my freshman year
在我一年级期间
junior [ d u ni (r)] （中学或大学的）三年级学生
3. path|pɑ:θ; 美 p θ| n.
A. 小路；小径
Follow the path through the woods.
沿着这条小路穿过树林。
The path led up a steep hill.
小路通向一座陡峭的山丘。
footpath（尤指乡间的）人行小道
B. 路线；道路,=way
The path before you leads you to a world full of challenges: a new environment, new knowledge and new ways of thinking.
在你面前的道路把你带到一个充满挑战的世界:一个新的环境，新的知识和新的思维方式。
flight path（飞机的）飞行路线，航迹
C. 行动计划；成功的途径
a career path职业道路
the path to success成功之道
beat a path to sb’s door使门庭若市；蜂拥而至；使成注意焦点
lead sb up/down the garden path给某人误导的信息（或提示）；误导某人
=mislead
cross sb's path / people's paths cross
偶然相遇；不期而遇；邂逅
I hope I never cross her path again.
但愿我永远不再碰见她。
Our paths were to cross again many years later.
许多年以后我们又不期而遇了。
smooth the path/way铺平道路
4. challenge| t l nd |
1)n.
A. 挑战；艰巨任务
The role will be the biggest challenge of his acting career.扮演这个角色将是他演艺生涯中最大的挑战。
Destruction of the environment is one of the most serious challenges we face.环境的破坏是我们所面临的最严峻的挑战之一。
Schools must meet the challenge of new technology (= deal with it successfully) .
学校必须迎接新技术的挑战。
B. 挑战书；（比赛等的）邀请，提议
to accept/take up a challenge
接受挑战
to mount a challenge发起挑战
C. ~ (to sth) 质询；质疑；提出异议
It was a direct challenge to the president's authority[ θ r ti] .
这是对主席权威的直接质疑。
Their legal challenge was unsuccessful.
他们的法律质疑未获成功。
2)v.
A. vt. 对…怀疑（或质疑）；拒绝接受,=dispute [d spju:t]
She does not like anyone challenging her authority.
她不喜欢任何人挑战她的权威。
This discovery challenges traditional beliefs.
这项发现是对传统信念的冲击。
B. vt. ~ sb (to sth) 向（某人）挑战；（尤指在对方不情愿时）强烈建议（某人做某事）
Mike challenged me to a game of chess.迈克硬逼着要和我下一盘棋。
~ sb. (to do sth)
The opposition leader challenged the prime minister to call an election.
反对党领袖要求首相宣布进行大选。
C. vt. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧
The job doesn't really challenge her.
这项工作不能真正考验出她的能力。
D. vt. 盘问；查问
We were challenged by police at the border.
我们在边境受到警察盘问。
challenging| t l nd | adj.
A. 挑战性的；考验能力的
a challenging and rewarding career as a teacher
富有挑战性且有意义的教师职业
B. 挑起争论的；不赞同的
She gave him a challenging look. ‘Are you really sure ’ she demanded.
她用不赞同的眼光看了他一眼。 “你敢肯定吗？”她问道。
5. thinking| θ k |
1) [U]
A. 思想；思考；思维
I had to do some quick thinking.
我得迅速思考一番。
B. 想法；见解
What is the current thinking on this question
目前对这个问题的看法是什么？
She explained the thinking behind the campaign [k m pe n] .
她解释了发起这场运动的想法。
to my way of thinking:in my opinion 我认为；依我看；依我之见
2)adj. [只用于名词前] 思想的；有理智的；有思考力的
the thinking woman's magazine
理性妇女的杂志
6. positive| p z t v; 美 pɑ:z-|
1)adj.
A. ~ (about sth) 积极乐观的；自信的
the power of positive thought
乐观思想的力量
She tried to be more positive about her new job.她力求对新工作更有信心。
On the positive side , profits have increased.从好的方面看，利润增加了。
The report ended on a positive note.
报告的结尾显得很乐观。
反义词：negative[ neɡ t v]
B. 积极的；建设性的；朝着成功的
We must take positive steps to deal with the problem.我们必须采取积极步骤处理这个问题。
It will require positive action by all in the industry.这将需要业内全体同人和衷共济。
反义词：negative
C. 表示赞同的；拥护的
We've had a very positive response to the idea.
我们对这个想法反应很好。
反义词：negative
D. 良好的；有助益的；正面的
to make a positive contribution to a discussion在讨论中献计献策
His family have been a very positive influence on him.
他的家庭对他有十分良好的影响。
Overseas investment has had a positive effect on exports ['eksp :rts].
海外投资对出口有积极影响。
反义词： negative
E. [名词前不可用] ~ (about sth) | ~ (that…) (人) 有绝对把握；确信；肯定
I can't be positive about what time it happened.
我说不准这事是什么时间发生的。
She was positive that he had been there.
她确信他曾在场。
F. [只用于名词前](informal) 完全的；绝对的,=absolute [ bs lu t]
It was a positive miracle [ m r kl] that we survived.
我们能够生还，完全是个奇迹。
G. 证据确凿的；明确的,=conclusive
We have no positive evidence that she was involved.
我们没有确凿证据证明她参与其事。
H. 阳性的；证明…存在的
to be HIV positive
艾滋病病毒化验呈阳性
反义词：negative
I. 正数的
反义词：negative
J. (术语) 正电的；正极的
a positive charge正电荷
the positive terminal of a battery [ b tri] 电池的正极
反义词：negative
2)n.
A. 优势；优点
Take your weaknesses and translate them into positives.
把你自己的弱点变成优点。
B. [C](术语) 正片
C. [C] 阳性结果（或反应）
反义词：negative
7. opportunity| p tju:n ti; 美 ɑ:p r tu:-| (pl. -ies)
~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth/for doing sth) | ~ (of doing sth) 机会；时机, =chance
You'll have the opportunity to ask any questions at the end.
你们最后将有机会提问任何问题。
There was no opportunity for further discussion.没有机会进行深入讨论了。
At least give him the opportunity of explaining what happened.至少要给他机会解释一下发生了什么事。
Our company promotes equal opportunities for women .
本公司提倡男女机会均等。
career/employment/ job opportunities
职业发展 / 就业 / 工作机会
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues for their support.
我谨借此机会感谢同事的支持。
He is rude to me at every opportunity (= whenever possible) .
他动不动就对我粗鲁无礼。
They intend to close the school at the earliest opportunity (= as soon as possible) .他们打算尽早关闭学校。
a window of opportunity行事的良机
photo opportunity为名人拍照的时机；（为宣传）拍照名人的时间
8. lie in sth (思想、特征、问题等) :to exist or be found 存在；在于
The problem lies in deciding when to intervene [ nt vi n] .
问题在于决定何时介入。
However, for those of you with a positive mind, opportunity lies in each challenge.
然而，对于那些有积极心态的人来说，每一次挑战都有机会。
lie in(British English) 睡懒觉；起得晚
It's a holiday tomorrow, so you can lie in.明天放假，你可以睡懒觉了。
9. rise to sth.
A. 能够处理，有能力处理（突发情况、问题等）
Luckily, my mother rose to the occasion [ ke n] (成功应付困难局面；关键时刻发挥作用).
幸好，我母亲挺身而出作了处置。
He was determined to rise to the challenge .
他决心克服困难迎接挑战。
When you rise to the challenges , you will have the opportunity to acquire great knowledge and enjoy personal growth.当你迎接挑战时，你将有机会获得丰富的知识和享受个人成长。
B. 上当；上钩；进圈套
I refuse to rise to that sort of comment [ k ment] .
我拒绝对那样的评论作出反应。
10. acquire| kwa (r)| vt. (formal)
A. to gain sth by your own efforts, ability or behaviour （通过努力、能力、行为表现）获得，得到
She has acquired a good knowledge of English.她英语已经学得很好。
He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.他得到了奸诈的名声。
B. 购得；获得；得到
I've suddenly acquired a stepbrother.
我突然有了一个继兄弟。
an acquired taste养成的爱好
Abstract [ bstr kt] art is an acquired taste.
要慢慢培养才会欣赏抽象艺术。
acquisition| kw z n| n.
A. [U] （知识、技能等的）获得，得到
B. [C] （多指贵重的）购得物
C.(商) 购置物；收购的公司；购置的产业；购置；收购
They have made acquisitions in several EU countries.他们在几个欧盟国家购买了一些产业。
11. effort| ef t; 美 ef rt| n.
A. 气力；努力；费力的事
(British English) With (an) effort (= with difficulty) she managed to stop herself laughing.
她好不容易才忍住了笑。
You should put more effort into your work.你应该更加努力地工作。
A lot of effort has gone into making this event a success.
为使这次活动成功费了很大的劲。
It's a long climb to the top, but well worth the effort. 爬到顶上路程很长，虽然费力却很值得。
Getting up this morning was quite an effort (= it was difficult) .
今天早上起床相当费力。
B. [C] ~ (to do sth) 艰难的尝试；试图；尽力
to make an effort作出努力
The company has laid off(解雇)150 workers in an effort to save money.
公司为节省资金遣散了150名工作人员。
I didn't really feel like going out, but I am glad I made the effort .我当时并不很想出去，不过我很庆幸还是出去了。
The local clubs are making every effort to interest more young people.地方俱乐部正在尽一切努力来吸引更多的年轻人。
With an effort of will he resisted the temptation.
他凭自己的意志顶住了这一诱惑。
The project was a joint/group effort.
这项工程是共同 / 集体努力的结果。
C. [C] (通常置于名词后) 有组织的活动
the United Nations' peacekeeping effort
联合国的维和行动
rescue efforts/operations救援工作
D. [C] 努力的结果；成就
I'm afraid this essay is a poor effort.
很抱歉，这篇文章写得不好。
bend your mind/efforts to sth
(formal) 致力于某事；专心致志于
12. advance| d vɑ:ns; 美 - v ns|
1) n.
A. [C] （尤指武装部队的）前进，行进
We feared that an advance on the capital would soon follow.
我们担心接下来会马上向首都推进。
B. ~ (in sth) 进步；进展
We live in an age of rapid technological advance.
我们生活在技术迅猛发展的时代。
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 预付款
They offered an advance of 5 000 after the signing of the contract.
他们在合同签订后预付了5 000英镑。
She asked for an advance on her salary.
她要求预支薪金。
D. [C] ~ (on sth) (商) （价格、价值的）上涨，提高
Share prices showed significant advances.股票价格大幅上涨。
in advance (of sth)
A. （时间上）在…前；预先；事先
a week/month/year in advance
提前一星期 / 一月 / 一年
It’s cheaper if you book the tickets in advance.预订票要便宜一些。
B. （发展上）超前
Galileo's [ɡ li'lei u] ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的思想远远超越了他所处的时代。
2)v.
A. vi. ~ (on/towards sb/sth) （为了进攻、威胁等）前进，行进
The mob advanced on us, shouting angrily.暴民愤怒地喊叫着向我们逼近。
B. （知识、技术等）发展，进步
Our knowledge of the disease has advanced considerably over recent years.近年来我们对这种疾病的了解深入多了。
This research has done much to advance our understanding of language learning.这项研究大大提高了我们对语言学习的认识。
C. vt. 促进；推动,=further
Studying for new qualifications is one way of advancing your career.
为提高学历而进修是促进事业发展的一个办法。
D. ~ sth (to sb) | ~ (sb) sth 预付
We are willing to advance the money to you.我们愿意预付款给你。
We will advance you the money.
我们将把款子预付给你。
E. vt.(formal) 提出（想法、理论、计划）,=put forward
The article advances a new theory to explain changes in the climate.
这篇文章提出了一个解释气候变化的新理论。
F. vt. (formal) 提前；提早,=bring forward
The date of the trial has been advanced by one week.
审判日期提前了一星期。
反义词：postpone
G. (formal) 向前推（至下一步）；（使）向前移动
Users advance through the program by answering a series of questions.
用户通过回答一系列问题，逐步完成整个程序。
H. vi.(商) (价格、成本等) 上涨；增加
Oil shares advanced amid(在…过程中；在…中) economic recovery hopes. 在一片经济复苏的希望中石油股票价格上涨。
3)adj. [只用于名词前]
A. 预先的；事先的
Please give us advance warning of any changes.如有变动，请事先通知我们。
We need advance notice of the numbers involved.我们需要事先得知涉及的数量。
No advance booking is necessary on most departures.
大多数起程票无须预订。
B. ~ party/team 先遣队；先头部队
advancement| d vɑ:nsm nt; 美 - v ns-|(formal)
A. 促进；推动；发展；前进
B. [U] （工作、社会等级等的）提升，晋升
13. amazing | me z | adj.
令人大为惊奇的；（尤指）令人惊喜（或惊羡、惊叹）的
=astounding[ sta nd ] , incredible
It's amazing how quickly people adapt.
人适应环境的速度之快真是惊人。
amazingly adv.
amaze| me z| vt. : to surprise sb very much 使惊奇；使惊愕；使惊诧
It never ceases[(使)停止，终止，结束] to amaze me what some people will do for money. 有些人为了钱什么都干得出来，这一直使我惊愕不已。
What amazes me is how long she managed to hide it from us.使我惊诧的是，她竟然能把这件事瞒了我们这么久。
It amazed her that he could be so calm at such a time. 在这个时候他还能如此冷静，真让她感到惊讶。
14. confidence| k nf d ns|
A. [U] ~ (in sb/sth) 信心；信任；信赖
She has every confidence in her students' abilities.
她完全相信她学生的能力。
B. [U] 自信心；把握
He answered the questions with confidence .
他有把握地回答了那些问题。
People often lose confidence when they are criticized[ kritisaizd] .
人受到批评时经常会失去信心。
He gained confidence when he went to college.他上大学后增强了自信。
C. [U] 把握；肯定
They could not say with confidence that he would be able to walk again after the accident.他们不能肯定他经过那场事故后还能行走。
He expressed his confidence that they would win. 他表示了自己的信心：他们必定取胜。
D. [U] （对某人会保守秘密的）信任，信赖
It took a long time to gain her confidence .
我花了很长的时间才赢得她的信任。
E. [C](formal) （向某人透露的）秘密，机密
The girls exchanged confidences.
女孩子们相互吐露自己的心事。
be in sb's confidence
受某人信任；是某人的心腹
take sb into your confidence
向某人吐露内心秘密（或隐私）
confident| k nf d nt; 美 kɑ:n-| adj.
A. 自信的；有自信心的
self-confident自信的
B. ~ of sth | ~ that… 肯定的；确信的；有把握的
confidently adv.
confidential| k nf den l|机密的；保密的；秘密的;(说话的方式)隐密的；秘密的;受信任的；委以机密的
15. make a/no/ some, etc. difference (to/in sb/sth): 有（或没有、有些等）作用，关系，影响
The rain didn't make much difference to the game.
这场雨对比赛没多大影响。
Your age shouldn't make any difference to whether you get the job or not.你能否得到这工作应该与你的年龄无关。
Changing schools made a big difference to my life.
转学对我的一生有着重大影响。
What difference will it make whether he knows or not
他知不知道有什么关系吗？
I don't think it makes a lot of difference what colour it is .
我认为颜色无关紧要。
‘Shall we go on Friday or Saturday ’
‘It makes no difference (to me). ’
“我们星期五还是星期六去？”
“我无所谓。”
make all the difference (to sb/sth)
关系重大；大不相同；使更好受
16. make the most of sth/sb/yourself
充分利用；尽情享受
It's my first trip abroad so I'm going to make the most of it.这是我第一次出国，我要充分利用这个机会。
She doesn't know how to make the most of herself.
她不知道如何充分表现自己。
Happiness is the ability to make the most of what you have. 幸福就是有能力充分享受你拥有的一切。
17. resource|r s :s |
1)n.
A. [C, 常用复数] 资源；财力
natural resources自然资源
We must make the most efficient use of the available financial resources.
我们必须最有效地利用现有财力。
We agreed to pool our resources .
我们同意把我们的资源集中起来。
human resources人力资源; (HR)（公司的）人力资源部，人事部
B. [C] 有助于实现目标的东西；资料
Time is your most valuable resource, especially in examinations.时间是你最有价值的帮手，尤其是在考试中。
C. resources [复数] 勇气；才智；谋略
He has no inner resources and hates being alone.他没有什么内在精神寄托，因而害怕独处。
2)vt. 向…提供资金（或设备）
Schools in the area are still inadequately [ n' d kw tl ] resourced.
本地区的学校仍然没有足够的资金。
source|s :s; 美 s :rs|
1)n.
A. 来源；出处
B. [常用复数] 信息来源；原始资料
C. 起源；根源；原因
D. 源头；发源地
2)vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth (from…) (商) （从…）获得
18. take advantage of sth/sb
A. to make use of sth well; to make use of an opportunity 利用；利用（机会）
She took advantage of the children's absence to tidy their rooms.她趁孩子们不在时收拾了他们的房间。
We took full advantage of the hotel facilities.我们充分享用了旅馆设施。
B. 欺骗；占…的便宜
He took advantage of my generosity .
他利用我的慷慨占了便宜。
advantage| d vɑ:nt d ; 美 - v n-|
1)n.
A. ~ (over sb) 有利条件；有利因素；优势
反义词：disadvantage
B. 优点
Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages.
这些系统各有其优缺点。
disadvantage
C. (网球) （局末平分后）占先；优势分
be/work to your advantage
对…有利；转而有利于
to (good/best) advantage（十分 / 最）有效地，出色地；使优点突出
turn sth to your advantage使转为有利；变（不利）为有利；利用
2)vt.(formal) 使处于有利地位；有利于；有助于
19. facility |f s l ti| n.
A. facilities [复数] 设施；设备
conference facilities会议设施
The hotel has special facilities for welcoming disabled people.
这家旅馆有专供残疾人使用的设施。
B. [C] （机器等的）特别装置；（服务等的）特色
C. [C] （供特定用途的）场所
D. [单数, U] ~ (for sth) （学习、做事的）天资，才能，天赋
She has a facility for languages.
她有语言天赋。
20. equal| i:kw l|
1)adj.
A. ~ (to sb/sth) （大小、数量、价值等）相同的，同样的；相等的
There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class.
这个班男女生人数相等。
B.平等的；同等的
equal rights/pay平等的权利；同酬
The company has an equal opportunities policy.
这家公司的政策是人人机会均等。
C. ~ to sth (formal) （力气、勇气、能力等）相当的；能胜任的；能应付的
I hope that he proves equal to the challenge.
我希望他最后能应付这一挑战。
on equal terms (with sb)
（与某人）处于平等的地位
2)n. 同等的人；相等物
Our cars are the equal of those produced anywhere in the world.
我们的汽车可与世界上任何地方生产的汽车媲美。
be without equal / have no equal
(formal) 无与伦比；无敌；无比
He is a player without equal.
他是个无与伦比的运动员。
3)v. (-ll-, US -l-)
A. linking verb/vt. （大小、数量、价值等）与…相等，等于
2x plus y equals 7 (2x+y=7)
2x加y等于7。
B. vt. 比得上；敌得过
With his last jump he equalled the world record.
他的最后一跳平了世界纪录。
C. vt. 导致；结果为
Cooperation equals success.
合作意味着成功。
21. attitude| t tju:d; 美 t tu:d| n.
A. [C] ~ (to/towards sb/sth) 态度；看法
to have a good/ bad/ positive/ negative attitude towards sb/sth
对某人（或事物）持好的 / 坏的 / 肯定的 / 否定的态度
Youth is simply an attitude of mind .
青春仅仅是心态问题。
If you want to pass your exams you'd better change your attitude!你若想通过考试就最好改变你的态度！
B. [U] 我行我素的作派
a band with attitude
一味只顾自我陶醉的乐队
You'd better get rid of that attitude and shape up(端正行为;好自为之;好好干), young man. 年轻人，你最好改掉那种态度，学学好。
C. [C](formal) 姿势
Her hands were folded in an attitude of prayer.她双手合拢成祈祷姿势。
strike a pose/an attitude
摆出某种姿态
22. goal |g l; 美 go l| n.
A. (体育运动) 球门
He headed[(足球比赛中)用头顶(球)] the ball into an open goal.
他把球顶进了空门。
B. 射门；进球得分
The winning goal was scored by Hill.
希尔踢进了致胜的一球。
golden goal金球，黄金入球（打平后加时赛中第一个进球，进球球队即赢得比赛）
own goal[常用单数形式](British English) (足球) 乌龙球；射进自家球门的球; 帮倒忙的事；无意中让自己吃亏的事
C. 目标；目的,=aim
to work towards a goal
争取达到目标
to achieve/attain a goal达到目标
You need to set yourself some long-term goals .
你得为自己订一些长期目标。
23. balance| b l ns|
1)v.
A. ~ (sth) (on sth) 使（在某物上）保持平衡；立稳
How long can you balance on one leg
你单腿能站多久？
She balanced the cup on her knee.
她把杯子在膝盖上放稳。
B. ~ (sth) (out) 相抵；抵消,=offset
His lack of experience was balanced by a willingness to learn.
他的好学弥补了他经验的不足。
The good and bad effects of any decision will usually balance out.
任何决策的效果往往利弊互见。
C. vt. ~ A with/and B 同等重视（相对的两个事物或方面）
She tries to balance home life and career.她力图兼顾家庭生活和事业。
D. ~ A against B 比较（两个相对的事物）；权衡重要性
The cost of obtaining legal advice needs to be balanced against its benefits.法律咨询的费用与其效益需要权衡一下。
E. vt. (财) 结平（账目）
2)n.
A. [U, 单数] ~ (between A and B) 均衡；平衡；均势
Try to keep a balance between work and relaxation.
尽量保持工作与休闲均衡。
His wife's death disturbed the balance of his mind .
妻子的离世使他心神不宁。
B. [U] 平衡能力
She cycled round the corner, lost her balance and fell off.
她骑车拐弯时失去平衡，摔了下来。
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 余额
to check your bank balance
核对银行结存
D. [C, 常用单数形式] 结欠
The balance of $500 must be paid within 90 days.
500元结欠款必须于90天之内付清。
E. [C] 天平；秤
(on) the balance of evidence/ probability
(formal) （从）总的来说；（考虑）正反两方面；权衡双方证据
(be/hang) in the balance（前途）不明朗；（结果）未定，悬而未决
(catch/throw sb) off balance
A. （使）失去平衡（而有跌落危险）
B. 使（毫无准备而）不知所措
on balance总的来说
On balance, the company has had a successful year.
总的来说，公司这一年是成功的。
24. improve| m pru:v| v.
改进；改善
His quality of life has improved dramatically [dr 'm t kl ] since the operation.
手术后他的生活质量大大改善了。
to improve standards提高水平
I need to improve my French.
我得提高我的法语水平。
improve on/upon sth
改进；做出比…更好的成绩
We've certainly improved on last year's figures.
我们的业绩的确超过了去年的数字。
improvement| m pru:vm nt| n.
A. [U] ~ (in/on/to sth) 改善；改进
Sales figures continue to show signs of improvement.
销售额持续显示出增加的迹象。
There is still room for improvement in your work.
你的工作尚有改进的余地。
B. [C] ~ (in/on sth) 改进处；改善的事物
a significant/dramatic improvement
重要的 /巨大的改进
This is a great improvement on your previous work.
你的工作比先前有很大进步。
25. last but not least（提及最后的人或事物时说）最后但同样重要的
Last but not least, I'd like to thank all the catering staff.最后但同样重要的是，我要感谢所有的餐饮工作人员。
Last but not least, always look on the bright side and never lose hope, even in difficult situations. In time you will find yourself growing into a well-rounded individual.
最后但并非最不重要的是，即使在困难的情况下，也要总是看到光明的一面，永远不要失去希望。 随着时间的推移，你会发现自己成长为一个全面发展的人。
26. well-rounded [ wel ra nd d] adj. 全面发展的；面面俱到的
27. individual| nd v d u l|
1)n.
A. 个人
团队和个人均可参加比赛。
Treatment depends on the individual involved [ n v lvd].治疗方式因人而异。
B. 与众不同的人；有个性的人
She's grown into quite an individual.
她已经长成了一个相当有个性的人。
C. (informal,usually disapproving) 某种类型的人；（尤指）古怪的人
2)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] (常用于each之后) 单独的；个别的
The minister refused to comment on individual cases.
那位部长拒绝对具体个案发表评论。
B. [只用于名词前] 一个人的；供一人用的
an individual pizza
供一人食用的比萨饼
C. (usually approving) 独特的；与众不同的,=distinctive [d st kt v]
a highly individual style of dress
十分有个性的衣着风格
28. character| k r kt (r)| n.
A. [C, 常用单数形式] （人、集体的）品质，性格；（地方的）特点，特性
to have a strong/weak character
个性强 / 不强
The character of the neighbourhood hasn't changed at all.
这片住宅区的风貌依旧。
B. [C, 常用单数形式][U] （事物、事件或地方的）特点，特征，特色,=nature
buildings that are very simple in character造型很简洁的建筑物
C. [U](approving) 勇气；毅力
Everyone admires her strength of character and determination.每一个人都钦佩她坚强的性格和决心。
Adventure camps are considered to be character-building.
冒险野营生活被认为能磨练意志。
D. [D](usually approving) （地方或人的）与众不同之处，特色
The modern hotels here have no real character.
此处的现代化旅馆其实毫无特色。
E. [C](informal) (与形容词连用) （令人讨厌的或古怪的）人
There were some really strange characters hanging around the bar.
有些不三不四的人在酒吧周围游荡。
F. [C](informal) （有趣的或不同寻常的）人
She’s a character!她真是个有趣的人！
G.(formal) 名誉；声望；名气
H. [C] （书籍、戏剧或电影中的）人物，角色
a major/minor character in the book
书中的主要 / 次要人物
I. [C] （书写、印刷或计算机上的）文字，字母，符号
Chinese characters汉字
in character / out of character
符合（或不符合）某人的性格
in character (with sth)（与…）风格相同
29. responsible|r sp ns bl; 美 - spɑ:n-| adj.
A. ~ (for sb/sth) | ~ (for doing sth) 有责任；负责；承担义务
Mike is responsible for designing the entire project.迈克负责设计全部工程。
B. ~ (for sth) 应受责备；有责任
Who’s responsible for this mess
是谁弄得这么乱？
C. ~ (for sth) 作为原因；成为起因
Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer.
因患肺癌而死亡者，约90%是吸烟所致。
D. ~ to sb/sth （向主管者或上级）承担责任
The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Assembly. 内阁须向议会负责。
E. (人或行为举止) 可信任的；可信赖的；可靠的
Clare has a mature and responsible attitude to work.
克莱尔对待工作成熟而可信赖。
反义词：irresponsible
F. [常用于名词前] 责任重大的；需要可靠的人负责的
a responsible job/position
责任重大的工作 / 岗位
30. ahead| hed| adv.
A. （时间、空间）向前面，在前面
The road ahead was blocked.
前面的路被封了。
This will create problems in the months ahead.
在以后的几个月中这个就要出问题。
He was looking straight ahead.
他径直往前看去。
B. earlier 提前；预先；提早,=in advance
The party was planned weeks ahead.
聚会提前几个星期就已筹划好了。
C. winning; further advanced 占优势；领先
Our team was ahead by six points.
我们队领先六分。
You need to work hard to keep ahead.
你要努力才能保持领先优势。
31. junior| d u:ni (r)|
1)adj.
A. [常用于名词前] ~ (to sb) 地位（或职位、级别）低下的
She is junior to me.她职位比我低。
B. [只用于名词前] 青少年的
the world junior tennis championships
世界青少年网球锦标赛
C. Junior (abbr. Jnr, Jr.) (especially in US) （尤用于美国，置于同名父子中儿子的姓名之后）小
D. [只用于名词前](British English) (学校或学校的一部分) 为11或13岁以下儿童设立的
E. [只用于名词前](North Amercian English) （四年制中学或大学中）三年级生的，三年级的
I spent my junior year in France.
我三年级是在法国念的。
2)n.
A. [C](especially British English) 职位较低者；低层次工作人员
office juniors办公室的一般职员
B. [C] 青少年；青少年运动员
She has coached many of our leading juniors.她训练过我们许多名列前茅的青少年运动员。
C. [C](British English) 小学生
D. [C](North Amercian English) （中学或大学的）三年级学生
E. [单数](North Amercian English,informal) 男孩子；年幼的儿子
I leave junior with Mom when I'm at work.
我工作时就把儿子留给母亲照看。
be…years sb's junior / be sb's junior (by…)小某人…岁；比某人小…岁
She’s four years his junior.
她比他小四岁。
She’s his junior by four years.
她比他小四岁。
32. forward| f :w d; 美 f :rw rd|
1)adv.
A. ( also forwards especially in British English) 向前
They ran forward to welcome her.
他们跑向前去欢迎她。
反义词：back, backward(s)
B. 进展；前进
We consider this agreement to be an important step forward .我们认为，这项协定是向前迈出了重要的一步。
Cutting our costs is the only way forward .
降低成本是我们发展的唯一途径。
The project will go forward (= continue) as planned.
这个项目将按计划继续进行。
C. 向将来；往后
Looking forward , we hope to expand our operations in several of our overseas branches.
展望未来，我们希望拓展其中几家海外分公司的业务。
The next scene takes the story forward five years.下一个场面是描述故事中五年后的情况。
D. earlier; sooner 提前
It was decided to bring the meeting forward two weeks.
已决定把会议提前两周。
E. (术语) 在（或向）船头；在（或向）机首
look forward to (doing) sth（高兴地）盼望，期待
I'm looking forward to the weekend.
我盼着过周末呢。
We're really looking forward to seeing you again.
我们非常盼望能再见到你。
put sth forward
A. 将…提前
We've put the wedding forward by one week.我们已把婚礼提前了一周。
B. 向前拨，拨快（时钟指针）
Remember to put your clocks forward tonight.
记住今晚把时钟指针往前拨。
C. 提出；提议；建议
to put forward a suggestion
提出建议
2)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 向前的；前进的
The door opened, blocking his forward movement .
门开了，挡住他前进的路。
B. [只用于名词前](术语) （尤指船、飞机或其他交通工具）前部的，前面的
C. 未来的；将来的
The plans are still no further forward than they were last month.计划无丝毫进展，仍是上个月的老样子。
D. 鲁莽的；冒失的；无礼的
I hope you don't think I'm being too forward.
我希望你不要认为我太冒失。
3)v.
A. ~ sth (to sb) | ~ (sb) sth (formal) 发送，寄（商品或信息）
We will be forwarding our new catalogue to you next week.我们将于下星期给你寄上新的商品目录。
We will be forwarding you our new catalogue next week.我们将于下星期给你寄上新的商品目录。
to forward a request/ complaint/ proposal提出要求 / 投诉 / 建议
B. vt. ~ sth (to sb) （按新地址）转寄，转投，转交,=send on
Could you forward any mail to us in New York 你能不能把所有信件转寄到纽约给我们？
I put ‘please forward ’ on the envelope.
我在信封上写了“请转递”。
C. vt.(formal) 促进；有助于…的发展；增进,=further
He saw the assignment as a way to forward his career.
他把这项任务看作事业发展的途径。
4)n. （运动队的）前锋
33. look forward to (doing) sth（高兴地）盼望，期待
In fact, I’m looking forward to being more independent and responsible for my own learning.事实上，我希望自己能更加独立，对自己的学习更加负责。
34. independent| nd pend nt|
1)adj.
A. ~ (from/of sth) (国家) 独立的；自主的；自治的,=self-governing
B. 不相干的人所做的（或提供的）；公正的；无偏见的
She went to a lawyer for some independent advice .
她去找了一位律师寻求独立意见。
C. ~ (of sb/sth) 不相关的；不受影响的；无关联的
Two independent research bodies reached the same conclusions.两个彼此不相关的研究部门得出了同样的结论。
D. 私营的
E. ~ (of sb/sth) 自主的；有主见的
Going away to college has made me much more independent.
离家上大学使我变得独立自主得多。
Students should aim to become more independent of their teachers.
学生应该努力逐渐减少对老师的依赖。
反义词：dependent
F. ~ (of sb/sth) 自立的；自食其力的
It was important to me to be financially independent of my parents.在经济上不依赖父母，这对我很重要。
反义词：dependent
G.无党派的；独立的
independently adv. ~ (of sb/sth)
It was the first time that she had lived independently.
那是她第一次独立生活。
35. focus| f k s; 美 fo -|
1)v. (-s- or, -ss-)
A. ~ (sth) (on/upon sb/sth) 集中（注意力、精力等于）
Each exercise focuses on a different grammar point.
每个练习各有不同的语法重点。
B. ~ (sth) (on sb/sth) (眼睛、摄影机等) （使）调节焦距
Let your eyes focus on objects that are further away from you.
睁大眼睛看清楚离你较远的物体。
It took a few moments for her eyes to focus in the dark.过了好几分钟她的眼睛才适应了黑暗。
C. vt. ~ sth (on sth) (术语) 集中（光束于）；聚焦（于）
2) n. (pl. focuses or, foci | f sa ; 美 fo -|)
A. [常用单数形式] ~ (for/on sth) 中心点（指人或事物）
It was the main focus of attention at the meeting.
这是会议上关注的主要焦点。
We shall maintain our focus on the needs of the customer.
我们将继续重点关注顾客的需要。
B. [U] （眼睛或镜头的）焦距，调焦
C. [C](物) （光、声等的）焦点，中心点，源
D. [C](地) （地震的）震源
36. detail| di:te l; also d te l|
1)n.
A. [C] 细微之处；枝节；琐事
Tell me the main points now; leave the details till later.现在把要点告诉我，细节留到以后再说。
B. [U] 详情；全部细节
He had an eye for detail.
他很善于发现并记住细节。
This issue will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
这个问题将在下一章详细论述。
The fine detail of the plan has yet to be worked out.
这个方案的具体细节尚需制订。
C. details [复数] 具体情况；（关于某事物的）资料，消息
Further details and booking forms are available on request.
备有详细资料和订购单以供索取。
‘We had a terrible time─ ’ ‘Oh, spare me the details (= don't tell me any more) . ’“我们倒霉透了——”“唉呀，别给我细说了。”
D. （照片、绘画等的）细部，局部，次要部分
E. [C] 特遣队；小分队；支队
go into detail(s) 详细叙述；逐一说明
I can't go into details now; it would take too long.我现在不能细说，太费工夫。
2)v.
A. vt. 详细列举；详细说明；详述
The brochure details all the hotels in the area and their facilities.这本小册子详细介绍了当地所有旅馆及其设施。
B. [常用被动态] 派遣；选派；分遣
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
Several of the men were detailed to form a search party.
几名士兵被派组成一个搜索队。
C. Vt.(North Amercian English) 彻底清洗（汽车）
He got work for a while detailing cars.
他找到一个清洗汽车的临时工作。
37. as a result of 由于
result|r z lt|
1)n.
A. ~ (of sth) 后果；结果
She died as a result of her injuries.
她由于受伤而死亡。
He made one big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job.
他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。
This book is the result of 25 years of research.这本书是25年研究的结晶。
B. [C] ~ (of sth) 结果（包括比分、得票、获胜者或当选者名单等）
They will announce the result of the vote tonight.
今晚他们将宣布投票结果。
the football results足球比赛的结果
C. [C, 常用单数形式](British English,informal) （尤指足球比赛的）胜利，胜局
We badly need to get a result from this match.这场比赛我们非赢不可。
D. [C, 常用复数](British English) 得分；成绩
Have you had your results yet
你知道考试成绩了吗？
E. [C] ~ (of sth) 结果；成果
the result of an experiment实验结果
F. results [复数] 成功实现的事；成果；成效
The project is beginning to show results.
这项工程开始显出成效。
2)vi.
A. ~ (from sth) （因…）发生；（随…）产生
job losses resulting from changes in production生产革新造成的失业
When water levels rise, flooding results.
水位上升，就会发生洪水。
B. result in sth造成；导致,=lead to
These policies resulted in many elderly people suffering hardship.
这些政策使得许多老人饱受困苦。
38. tip|t p|
1)n.
A. 尖端；尖儿；端
the tips of your fingers手指尖
B. （装在顶端的）小部件
a walking stick with a rubber tip
带橡皮头的手杖
C. ~ (on/for sth) | ~ (on/for doing sth) 指点；实用的提示,=hint
useful tips on how to save money
几个省钱的窍门儿
D. (informal) （尤指有关赛马的）内幕消息，指点
a hot tip for the big race
来自赛马大赛的最新内幕消息
E. 小费；小账
to leave a tip留小费
He gave the waiter a generous tip .
他给了服务员很多小费。
F. (British English) 垃圾场；垃圾堆
G.(British English,informal,disapproving) 脏乱的地方,=dump
Their flat is a tip!
他们的寓所简直是个猪窝！
on the tip of your tongue
话在嘴边上（却一时想不起来）
the tip of the iceberg
（问题的）冰山一角
2)v. (-pp-)
A. [usually + 副词或介词短语] （使）倾斜，倾倒，翻覆,=tilt
She tipped her head back and laughed loudly. 她把头一仰，哈哈大笑起来。
B. [动词 + 名词短语 + 副词或介词短语] 倒出；倾倒；倾覆
She tipped the dirty water down the drain.她把脏水倒入了下水道。
The bus stopped abruptly, nearly tipping me out of my seat.公共汽车突然刹车，差点儿把我从座位上甩出去。
C. [动词 + 名词短语 + 副词或介词短语] 轻触；轻碰
The goalkeeper just managed to tip the ball over the crossbar.
守门员刚好把球捅出球门的横梁。
D. (British English) （在户外）倒垃圾
‘No tipping. ’ (= for example, on a notice)“此处禁止倒垃圾。”
E. 给小费；付小账
Did you remember to tip the waiter
你记住给服务员小费了吗？
She tipped the porter a dollar.
她给了行李工一元的小费。
F. ~ sb/sth (as/for sth) 预言…获胜；事先说…会成功
The band is being tipped for the top.
人们说这支乐队将位居榜首。
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
The actor is tipped to win an Oscar| sk (r); 美 ɑ:s-| for his performance. 这位演员因表演出色而被认为有望获得奥斯卡奖。
G.vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth (with sth) （用颜色、物质等）覆盖…的末端，遮盖…的边
The wings are tipped with yellow.
翅膀的尖端呈黄色。
tip the balance/scales( also swing the balance) 使天平倾斜；使结果倾向某方；起决定性作用
tip up/over / tip sth up/over（使）跌倒，倾覆
The mug tipped over, spilling hot coffee everywhere.
杯子倒了，热咖啡溅得到处都是。
39. base|be s| vt. [常用被动态] ~ sb/sth/yourself in… 以…为据点（或总部等）；把（总部等）设在
They decided to base the new company in York.他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在约克郡。
base sth on/upon sth以…为基础（或根据）
What are you basing this theory on
你这种理论的根据是什么？
2)n.
A. [C, 常用单数形式] 根基；基底；底座
The lamp has a heavy base.
这盏灯的底座很沉。
B. [C] 根据；出发点,=basis
She used her family's history as a base for her novel.
她以她的家族史作为小说的素材。
C. [C, 常用单数形式] （支持、收入、力量等的）来源，源泉，基础
These policies have a broad base of support.这些政策受到广泛支持。
customer base [常用单数形式](商) （统称某种产品或服务的）客户
D. [C, 常用单数形式] 混合物的首要（或主要）成分
E. [C] 据点；总部；大本营
The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world.公司总部设在纽约，分支遍及全世界。
F. 基地
After the attack, they returned to base.他们发动攻击之后返回了基地。
off base(North Amercian English, informal) 完全错误
If that's what you think, you're way off base. 你如果那么想就全错了。
3)adj. (baser, basest)
(formal) 卑鄙的；不道德的
He acted from base motives.
他的行为动机卑鄙。
basely adv.
based|be st| adj. [名词前不可用]
A. ~ (on sth) （以某事）为基础，为根据
The movie is based on a real-life incident.这部电影以现实生活中的一件事为基础。
The report is based on figures from six different European cities.报告的依据是欧洲六个不同城市的数据。
B. (亦构成复合词) 在…居住（或工作）；基地（或总部）在…
We’re based in Chicago.
我们住在芝加哥。
a Chicago-based company
总部设在芝加哥的公司
C. -based (构成复合词) 以…为重要部分（或特征）；以…为主
lead-based paints铅基涂料
a class-based society
以阶级为特征的社会
40. remind|r ma nd| v.
~ sb (about/of sth) 提醒；使想起
I‘m sorry, I’ve forgotten your name. Can you remind me 对不起，我忘了你的名字。提醒我一下好吗？
‘You need to finish that essay. ’ ‘ Don't remind me. ’
“你要完成那篇论文。”“别提啦！”
‘Don’t forget the camera. ’ ‘Remind me about it nearer the time. ’“别忘了带相机。”“到时候再提醒我一下。”
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.提醒我在出去之前给艾伦打电话。
[动词 + 名词短语 + that从句]
Passengers are reminded (that) no smoking is allowed on this train.
旅客们请注意，本次列车禁止吸烟。
[动词 + 名词短语 + wh-从句]
Can someone remind me what I should do next
请谁告诉我下一步该做什么好不好？
[动词 + 名词短语 + 直接引语]
‘You had an accident, ’ he reminded her.
他提醒她道：“你出过一次事故了。”
remind sb of sb/sth
使想起（类似的人、地方、事物等）
You remind me of your father when you say that.你说这样的话，使我想起了你的父亲。
That smell reminds me of France.
这股气味使我想起了法国。
reminder|r ma nd (r)| n.
A. ~ (of sb/sth) | ~ (that…) 引起回忆的事物；提醒人的事物
The sheer size of the cathedral is a constant reminder of the power of religion.大教堂的宏大规模使人时刻领略到宗教的威严。
The incident served as a timely reminder of just how dangerous mountaineering can be.
这次事故及时地提醒了人们登山运动有时会多么危险。
B. （告知该做某事的）通知单，提示信
41. stick to sth
A. 坚持（做某事，不怕困难）
She finds it impossible to stick to a diet.
饮食老受限制，她觉得受不了。
B. 坚持；维持；固守；坚持保留
He promised to help us and he stuck to his word (= he did as he had promised) .
他答应过帮助我们，他没有失信。
42. proposal|pr p zl; 美 - po zl| n.
A. ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…) 提议；建议；动议
to submit/consider/accept/reject a proposal
提交 / 审议 / 接受 / 拒绝一项建议
His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected.他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。
B. [C] 求婚
propose|pr p z; 美 - po z| v.
A. (formal) 提议；建议
She proposed that the book (should) be banned.她提议查禁这本书。
It was proposed that the president be elected for a period of two years.
有人提议选出的主席任期为两年。
[动词 + -ing短语]
He proposed changing the name of the company.
他建议更改公司的名称。
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
It was proposed to pay the money from public funds.
有人提议用公款支付这笔钱。
B. 打算；希冀；计划
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
What do you propose to do now
现在你打算做什么？
[动词 + -ing短语]
How do you propose getting home
你打算怎么回家？
C. ~ (sth) (to sb) 求婚
She proposed to me!她向我求婚了！
to propose marriage求婚
D. vt. ~ sth | ~ sb (for/as sth) 提名；提出…供表决
I propose Tom Ellis [ el s] for chairman.
我提名汤姆·埃利斯做主席。
E. vt.(formal) 提供（解释）
She proposed a possible solution to the mystery.她提出了对这个奥秘的一种可能的解答。
propose a toast (to sb) / propose sb's health（为某人）祝酒
I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.
我提议为新郎新娘的幸福干杯！
-al
A. (构成形容词) 与…有关的
magical [ m d kl]魔术的
B. (构成名词) （表示过程或状态）
survival [s va vl]幸存
arrival
removal
43. aim|e m|
1)n.
A. [C] 目的；目标
She went to London with the aim of finding a job.她去伦敦是为了找工作。
Our main aim is to increase sales in Europe.我们的主要目标是增加在欧洲的销售量。
Teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims .
要达到这些目标需要齐心协力。
B. [U] 瞄准
Her aim was good and she hit the lion with her first shot.
她瞄得准，第一枪就打中了狮子。
take aim at sb/sth(North Amercian English) 把目标对准某人（或某事物）；把批评的矛头指向某人（或某事物）
2)v.
A. ~ (at doing sth) | ~ (at/for sth) 力求达到；力争做到
The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment.
政府正力争减少50%的失业人数。
We should aim for a bigger share of the market.
我们应该努力争取更大的市场份额。
He has always aimed high (= tried to achieve a lot) .他总是心气很高。
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.
他们正力求使失业人数下降50%。
B. vt. 目的是；旨在
These measures are aimed at preventing violent crime.
这些措施旨在防止暴力犯罪。
C. ~ (sth) (at sb/sth) | ~ (for sb/sth) 瞄准；对准
I was aiming at the tree but hit the car by mistake.
我对准树射击，不料误中了汽车。
D. vt.[常用被动态] ~ sth at sb 针对；对象是
The book is aimed at very young children.这本书的对象是幼童。
44. style|sta l|
1)n.
A. ~ (of sth) 方式；作风
Caution was not her style.
她不是那种谨小慎微的人。
lifestyle生活方式
B. [C] 样式；款式
Have you thought about having your hair in a shorter style
你有没有想过剪个短发型？
C. [U] （指服装）时新，时髦，流行式样
Short skirts are back in style (= fashionable) .短裙子又流行起来了。
D. [U] 优雅格调；精致性；品位；风度；气派
She does everything with style and grace. 她凡事都做得优雅得体。
E. 风格；体
a style of architecture建筑风格
F. 语言规范；好的文风
It's not considered good style to start a sentence with ‘but ’.人们认为，一句话用but开头不是好的文风。
G. (构成形容词) …式的；…风格的
Italian-style gardens
意大利风格的花园
in (great, grand, etc.) style
气派；隆重；气势非凡
She always celebrates her birthday in style.她的生日总是过得很排场。
He won the championship in great style.他赢得了冠军，尽显大将风度。
2)v.
A. vt. 把…设计（或缝制、做）成某种式样
He'd had his hair styled at an expensive salon [ s l n].
他去一家豪华美容厅做了头发。
B. [动词 + 名词短语 + 名词短语](formal) 称呼；命名；称
He styled himself Major Carter.
他自称卡特少校。
style sth/yourself on sth/sb
模仿…的风格（或举止、外观）,=model
He styled himself on Elvis Presley.
他模仿埃尔维斯·普雷斯利唱歌。
45. technique|tek ni:k| n.
A. [C] 技巧；技艺；工艺
The artist combines different techniques in the same painting.这位艺术家在同一幅画中把不同的画法结合在一起。
B. [U, 单数] 技术；技能
Her technique has improved a lot over the past season. 在过去的一个赛季里，她的技术大有长进。
46. workshop| w :k p; 美 w :rk ɑ:p| n.
A. 车间；工场；作坊
B. 研讨会；讲习班
a drama [ drɑ m ] workshop
戏剧研讨班
a poetry [ p tri] workshop
诗歌讲习班
47. professional|pr fe nl|
1)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 职业的；专业的
an opportunity for professional development专业进修的机会
If it's a legal matter you need to seek professional advice .如果这属于法律问题，你就需要进行专业咨询了。
B. (人) 有职业的；专业的
Most of the people on the course were professional women.
参加本课程的大多数人是职业女性。
C. 娴熟的；训练有素的；精通业务的,=competent [ k mp t nt]
He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
他处理这个问题非常专业。
反义词：amateur [ m t (r)]
D. 职业上的；专业上的
unprofessional
E. 职业性的；专业的；非业余的
After he won the amateur championship he turned professional .他获得业余赛冠军后就转为职业运动员了。
F. (体育运动) 职业性的；专业的；非业余的
反义词：amateur
2)n.
A. 专门人员；专业人士；专家
the terms that doctors and other health professionals use
医师和其他保健专业人员使用的术语
B. ( also informal pro [pr ] ) 职业运动员；（从事某活动的）专业人员
a top golf professional
顶尖级高尔夫球职业选手
反义词：amateur
C. ( also informal pro) 内行；专门人才；技术精湛者；老练的人
This was clearly a job for a real professional.这显然是需要真正专家才能担任的工作。
反义词： amateur
profession|pr fe n| n.
A. [C] （需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一）行业，职业
B. the profession [单数名词 +单数/复数 动词] （某）职业界；业内人士；同业；同行；同人
48. material|m t ri l; 美 - t r-|
1)n.
A. 布料
‘What material is this dress made of ’ ‘Cotton. ’“这件连衣裙是用什么料子做的？”“棉布。”
B. 材料；原料
building materials 建筑材料
C. [C, 常用复数, U] （某一活动所需的）材料
teaching materials教材
(figurative)The teacher saw her as good university material.
老师认为她是块上大学的料。
D. [U] 素材；用以创作的材料（或构想）
She’s collecting material for her latest novel.她在为其最新的小说收集素材。
E. [U] 节目；曲目；剧目
2)adj.
A. [只用于名词前] 物质的，实际的（非精神需求的）
material comforts物质享受
反义词：spiritual [ sp r t u l]
B. [只用于名词前] 物质的；客观存在的
the material world物质世界
C. ~ (to sth) (formal,or 律重要的；必要的
material evidence重要的证据
materially|-i li|adv.
Their comments have not materially affected our plans.他们的评价并没有对我们的计划产生多么重要的影响。
49.poster| p st (r); 美 po -| n.
A. 招贴画；海报
B. 巨幅装饰画
C. （在网络留言板上）发布消息的人，张贴信息的人
50. secondary| sek ndri; 美 -deri| adj.
A. ~ (to sth) 次要的；从属的；辅助的
Experience is what matters─age is of secondary importance .
重要的是经验——年龄是次要的。
Raising animals was only secondary to other forms of farming.
与其他农业生产相对而言，动物饲养只是副业。
B. 间接引发的；继发性的；次生的
a secondary infection继发性感染
C. [只用于名词前] 中等教育的；中学的
secondary teachers中学教师
the secondary curriculum [k r kj l m]中学课程
elementary| el mentri| adj.
初级的；基础的,基本的, 简单的；容易的
primary主要的；最重要的；基本的,最初的；最早的;初等教育的；小学教育的
51. exchange| ks t e nd |
1)n.
A. 交换；互换；交流；掉换
We need to promote an open exchange of ideas and information.
我们需要促进思想和信息的公开交流。
Would you like my old TV in exchange for this camera 用我的旧电视机换这架照相机，你愿意吗？
I'll type your report if you'll babysit in exchange .如果你愿意代我照看孩子，我就把这个报告给你打出来。
B. [C] 交谈；对话；争论
There was only time for a brief exchange.只有简短的交谈时间。
C. [U] 兑换；汇兑
currency exchange facilities
货币兑换设备
D.[C] （不同国家人或团体之间的）交流，互访
Our school does an exchange with a school in France.我们学校与法国的一所学校进行交流。
Nick went on the French exchange.
尼克到法国去作互访了。
E. (often Exchange) [C] (构成复合词) 交易所
2)vt.
A. ~ sth (with sb) 交换；交流；掉换
to exchange ideas/news/information
交流思想；互通消息；交流信息
Juliet and David exchanged glances .
朱丽叶和戴维相互看了看对方。
I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.
我与经理握手，相互交谈了几句。
B. ~ A for B 兑换；交易；更换,=change
You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel.
你可在旅馆把你的钱兑换成美元。
If it doesn't fit, take it back and the store will exchange it.如果不合适就把它拿回来，商店将给你掉换。
C. ~ contracts (especially British English) 交换（尤指房屋或土地买卖的契约）
have/exchange words (with sb) (about sth)(especially British English) （与某人）争论，争吵
Words were exchanged.
发生过争吵了。
52. host|h st; 美 ho st|
1)n.
A. [C] 主人
hostess
B. [C] 东道主；主办国（或城市、机构）
The college is playing host to a group of visiting Russian scientists.学院正在接待一批来访的俄罗斯科学家。
C. [C] （电视或广播的）节目主持人
D. [C](术语) （寄生动植物的）寄主，宿主
E. [C] ~ of sb/sth 许多；大量
a host of possibilities多种可能性
F. [C] （计算机网络的）主机，服务机
transferring files from the host to your local computer
从主机向你的本地机传送文件
2)vt.
A. 主办，主持（活动）
Germany hosted the World Cup finals.
德国主办了世界杯决赛。
B. 主持（电视或广播节目等）
C. 作为主人组织（聚会）；做东
to host a dinner设宴招待客人
D. （通常收费在与互联网连接的计算机上）存储网站
53. a.m.| e em| (from Latin 'ante[ nti] meridiem' [m 'r di: m] ) 午夜至正午，上午，午前（源自拉丁语ante meridiem）
It starts at 10 a.m.上午10点开始。
54. p.m.| pi: em| (from Latin 'post meridiem' ) 下午，午后（源自拉丁文post meridiem）
The appointment is at 3 p.m.
约会定于下午3点。
55. biology|ba l d i; 美 - ɑ:l-| [U]
A. 生物学
a degree in biology生物学学位
botany [ b t ni]
zoology [zu l d i]
B. 生理
How far is human nature determined by biology 人性在多大程度上是由其生理因素决定的？
56. tough|t f|
1)adj. (tougher, toughest)
A. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的
It was a tough decision to make.
那是个很难作的决定。
She‘s been having a tough time of it lately.她最近的日子一直很难熬。
B. ~ (on/with sb/sth) 严厉的；强硬的；无情的
Don’t be too tough on him─he was only trying to help.别对他要求过严，他只是想帮忙。
反义词：soft
C.坚强的；健壮的；能吃苦耐劳的；坚韧不拔的
He’s not tough enough for a career in sales.
他干推销这一行缺少足够的韧劲。
smart/tough cookie (North Amercian English,informal) 精明强干的人；坚强的人
D. (人) 彪悍的；粗暴的；粗野的
He plays the tough guy in the movie.
他在电影中扮演硬汉。
E.难切开的；嚼不烂的；老的,
F. 坚固的；不易切开（或打破、撕破等）的
a tough pair of shoes一双结实的鞋子
G. ~ (on sb) (informal) 不幸的；倒霉的
It was tough on her being dropped from the team like that.
她就这样被队里刷了下来，真是倒霉。
When the going gets tough, the tough get going. 艰难之路，唯勇者行。
(as) tough as old boots / (as) tough as nails (informal)
A. 很强壮；坚韧不拔；雷打不动
B. 铁石心肠；不为所动
tough luck(informal)
A. (British English) （表示同情）倒霉，不走运
‘I failed by one point. ’ ‘That's tough luck. ’
“我差一分没及格。”“运气真不好。”
B. (ironic) （表面上同情）多么倒霉
2)v. tough sth out坚持；挨过
You're just going to have to tough it out .你只好硬着头皮撑到底了。
57. alarm| lɑ:m; 美 lɑ:rm|
1)n.
A. [U] 惊恐；惊慌；恐慌
‘What have you done ’ Ellie cried in alarm .“你都干了些什么？”埃利惊恐地喊道。
I felt a growing sense of alarm when he did not return that night.那天夜里他没有回家，我越来越感到恐慌。
B. [C, 常用单数形式] 警报
She decided to sound the alarm.
她决定发出警报。
I hammered on all the doors to raise the alarm .
我敲打所有的门让大家警觉。
C. [C] 警报器
a burglar/fire/smoke alarm
防盗 / 防火 / 烟火警报器
The cat set off the alarm (= made it start ringing) .猫碰响了警铃。
A car alarm went off in the middle of the night.半夜里一辆汽车的警报器突然响了起来。
D. = alarm clock
The alarm went off at 7 o’clock.
闹钟在7点钟响了。
alarm bells ring/start ringing
警钟敲响；发出危险信号
2)v.
A. 使惊恐；使害怕；使担心,=worry
The captain knew there was an engine fault but didn’t want to alarm the passengers.船长知道一台发动机出了故障，不过他不想惊动乘客。
B. vt. 给（门等）安装警报器
58. contribution| k ntr bju: n; 美 kɑ:n-| n.
~ (to sth) | ~ (toward(s) sth/doing sth)
A. [C] 捐款；捐资,=donation
to make a contribution to charity
给慈善事业捐款
All contributions will be gratefully received.我们对所有捐资表示感谢。
B. [C] （给雇主或政府用作医疗保险、养老金等津贴的）定期缴款
C. [C, 常用单数形式] 贡献；促成作用
He made a very positive contribution to the success of the project.
他对项目的成功贡献良多。
the car’s contribution to the greenhouse effect
汽车对加剧温室效应所起的作用
D. [C] （书、杂志、广播、讨论等部分内容的）一则，一条，稿件
All contributions for the May issue must be received by Friday.
所有要在五月这一期发表的稿件必须在星期五以前寄到。
E. [U] 捐赠；捐助；（尤指）捐款
We rely entirely on voluntary contribution.我们全靠自愿捐赠。
contribute|k n tr bju:t; British English also k ntr bju:t| v.
A. ~ (sth) (to/towards sth) 捐献，捐赠（尤指款或物）；捐助
B.vi. ~ (to sth) h 是…的原因之一
Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon.
C. ~ (sth) 增加；增进；添加（到某物）
This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.
此书对我们了解这门学科助益甚少。
D. ~ (sth) (to sth) （为报纸、杂志、电台或电视节目）撰稿；（在会议或会谈期间）讲话，（尤指）发表意见
We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.
我们希望大家都能参与讨论。
contributor|k n tr bj t (r)|~ (to sth)
A. （杂志或书的）撰稿人，投稿人；（电台、电视节目中的）嘉宾；（会议的）发言人
B. 捐款者；捐赠者；作出贡献者
C. 促成物
59. fortunately| f :t n tli; 美 f :rt -| adv.幸运地；交好运地；吉利地, =luckily
Fortunately for him, he was very soon offered another job.他运气好，很快就有人聘请他做另一个工作。
unfortunately
fortunate| f :t n t; 美 f :rt -| adj.
~ (to do sth) | ~ (in having…) | ~ (for sb)(that…) 幸运的；交好运的；吉利的,=lucky
I was fortunate in having a good teacher.我很幸运，有位好老师。
Remember those less fortunate than yourselves.
要记住那些不如你们幸运的人。
It was very fortunate for him that I arrived on time.
算他运气好，我准时到了。
unfortunate
60. over time 随着时间流逝，久而久之
My language skills improved over time.随着时间的推移，我的语言技能有所提高。
60. option| p n; 美 ɑ:p-| n.
A. ~ (of doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) 可选择的事物；选择；选择权；选择的自由
There are various options open to you.你有多种选择。
Going to college was not an option for me.
上大学不是我可以选择的道路。
I had no option but to (= I had to) ask him to leave.我别无选择，只有请他离开。
Students have the option of studying abroad in their second year.
学生在二年级时可以选择出国学习。
This particular model comes with a wide range of options.
这一种型号的货品有很多选择。
B. [C] 选修课
The course offers options in design and computing.这一学程开了设计和计算机技术的选修科目。
C. [C] ~ (on sth) | ~ (to do sth) （未来的）买卖选择权
He has promised me first option on his car .
他答应我可以优先买他的汽车。
D. [C](计) 选项；选择
Choose the ‘Cut ’ option from the Edit menu.
从编辑选单上选“剪切”项。
keep/leave your options open
保留选择余地；暂不决定
the soft/easy option(often disapproving) 轻松的选择；捷径
optional| p nl; 美 ɑ:p-| adj.
可选择的；选修的
opt| pt; 美 ɑ:pt| v.
~ (for/against sth) 选择；挑选
After graduating she opted for a career in music.
毕业后她选择了从事音乐工作。
[动词 + 带to的不定式]
Many workers opted to leave their jobs rather than take a pay cut.
许多工人宁肯下岗也不接受减薪。
61. butter| b t (r)|
1) [U] 黄油；奶油
Fry the onions in butter.用黄油炒洋葱。
butter wouldn't melt (in sb's mouth)
(informal) 假装一副老实样；装作天真无邪
2) vt. 涂黄油于
She buttered four thick slices of bread.她用黄油涂了四片厚面包。
butter sb up(informal) 以甜言蜜语巴结某人；奉承；拍马屁
peanut butter[U] 花生酱
bread and butter [U]
A. 黄油面包片
B. (informal) （某人或公司的）主要收入来源
62. pudding| p d | n.
A. (British English) （餐末的）甜食，甜点
I haven't made a pudding today.
我今天没做甜点。
同义词：dessert sweet
B. (British English) 热布丁糕（用面粉、油、蛋制作，加水果、果酱等）
bread and butter pudding
面包黄油布丁
C. (British English) 热布丁饼（用面粉、油、蛋制作，通常用肉填充）
a steak and kidney pudding
牛排腰子布丁
D. (especially North American English) 冷布丁（有水果、巧克力等口味）
chocolate pudding巧克力布丁
63. attract| tr kt| vt.
A. [常用被动态] ~ sb (to sb/sth) 吸引；使喜爱；引起…的好感（或爱慕）
I had always been attracted by the idea of working abroad.
我总是向往去国外工作。
What first attracted me to her was her sense of humour.
她首先吸引我的是她的幽默感。
B. ~ sb/sth (to sth) 招引
The exhibition has attracted thousands of visitors.
展览吸引了成千上万的参观者。
C. 引起（反应）
This proposal has attracted a lot of interest .
这个提案引起了很大的兴趣。
His comments were bound to attract criticism .他的说话必然会招致批评。
She tried to attract the attention of the waiter.
她试图引起服务员的注意。
D. (物理 ) 吸引
opposites attract
相反相成；相异相吸
attraction| tr k n| n.
A. [U, 单数] （尤指两性间的）爱慕，吸引
B. [C] 向往的地方；有吸引力的事
tourist attraction旅游胜地
C. 有吸引力的特征（或品质、人）
City life holds little attraction for me.
我对城市生活不感兴趣。
She is the star attraction of the show.她是这个节目中耀眼的明星。
D.[U](物) 吸引力
attractive| tr kt v| adj.
A. (人) 性感的；妩媚的；英俊的；诱人的
B. ( 物或地方) 吸引人的；令人愉快的
C. （事物）有吸引力的，诱人的,=
appealing
64. rugby| r gbi|
(sometimes Rugby) [U] 橄榄球运动
65. calligraphy|k l gr fi|
[U] 书法；书法艺术