新概念英语第三册 Lesson 11 Not guilty 讲义

Lesson 11Not guilty
Part 1: Text
Going through the Customs is a tiresome business. The strangest thing about it is that really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officiousyoung Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
'Have you anything to declare ' he asked, looking me in the eye.
'No,' I answered confidently.
'Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please '
'Not at all,' I answered.
The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly, I saw the Officer's face light up. He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
'Perfume, eh ' he asked sarcastically. 'You should have declared that.' Perfume is not exempt from import duty.'
'But it isn't perfume,' I said.' It's hair-oil.' Then I added with a smile,' It's a strange mixture I make myself.' As I expected, he did not believe me.
'Try it!' I said encouragingly.
The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils. He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth. A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk-marks on my baggage.
Part 2: New words and expressions
1.tolerant ['t l r nt] a.宽容的
2.declare [di'kl ] v.申报
3.hardened a.有经验的
4.professional [pr 'fe nl] a.职业的，专业的
5.smuggler ['sm gl ] n.走私者
6.officious [ 'fi s] a.爱管闲事的
7.confidently ad.自信地
8.dreadful ['dredful] a.可怕的，一团糟的
9.pounce [pauns] v.猛抓，扑住
10.perfume ['p :fju:m, p :'fju:m] n.香水
11.sarcastically [sa:'k stik li] ad.讽刺地
12.exempt [ig'zempt] a.被免除的
13.duty ['dju:ti] n.税
14.gel [d el] n.凝胶，发胶
15.mixture ['mikst ] n.混合物
16.unscrew [ n'skru:] v.拧开
17.nostril ['n stril] n.鼻孔
18.chalk [t :k] n.粉笔
19.baggage ['b gid ] n.行李
★tolerant ['t l r nt] a.宽容的
1.fault tolerant 容差, 容错
2.be tolerant of 容许·······
He was tolerant of different views.
他容许有不同的意见。
3.Of all the girls, she is the most tolerant.
在所有的姑娘当中，她是最宽容的
A tolerant person must be easy going. 一个宽容的人一定是很好相处的。
Tolerance (n.宽容, 忍受, 容忍)
Tolerate (vt.忍受, 容忍)
Tolerable (adj.可忍受的)
★declare [di'kl ] v.申报
1.declare peace 宣布和平
2.It is/was ～ed+that-clause
It is declared that there will be no school this afternoon.
已经宣布今天下午不上课。
★hardened a.有经验的；麻木的
a hardened player
a hardened thief
★professional [pr 'fe nl] a.职业的，专业的
1.adj. 职业的；专业的；专门的
professional boxer（footballer） 职业拳击手（足球运动员）
2.n. 专业人员
need a professional 需要专业人士
She is a real professional. 她是个真正的专家。
★smuggler ['sm gl ] n.走私者
The smuggler is still at large.
那个走私贩仍逍遥法外。
★officious [ 'fi s] a.爱管闲事的
1. I disliked Betty because she was officious.
我不喜欢贝蒂,因为她好管闲事。
2. Officious adj.多管闲事的, 非官方的, 非正式的, 专横的
officious civil servant 爱管闲事的的公务员
an officious police officer 专横的的警官
Officiously（adv.多管闲事的, 非正式的, 非官方的）
official adj.官方的, 官员的, 正式的
An official inquiry will be made into this matter.（inquiry n.质询, 调查）
此事将进行一次官方调查。
★confidently ad.自信地
1.He went to do the work confidently.
2.Confidence (n.信心)
have confidence 有信心 / gain confidence 获得信心
in confidence (悄悄的,秘密的) = secretly
3.take sb into one's confidence 以某人为心腹
The boss takes his secretary into his confidence.
★dreadful ['dredful] a.可怕的，一团糟的
1. 相当于= frightful adj.糟糕的, 讨厌的）
2.dreadful（侧重于可怕的, 乱七八糟的）
The room is dreadful.
3.a frightful day
fearful（表示胆怯的, 恐惧的）
she felt fearful particularly when she went out at night.（adv.独特地, 显著地）
★pounce [pauns] v.猛抓，扑住
1.v. 猛扑；突然袭击；抓住；撒吸墨粉
pounce upon 一把抓住
pounce on 突然袭击(扑下)...
We saw the tiger about to pounce on the goat.
我们看见老虎要向那只山羊扑过去。
2.n. 猛扑；袭击；(猛禽的)爪；吸墨粉
When prey is close enough, they attack with a fatal pounce.当猎物足够近的时候，它们将以致命的猛扑袭击猎物。
★perfume ['p :fju:m, p :'fju:m] n.香水
1.n. 香水；香气
The room reeked of cheap perfume.
房间里弥漫著劣质香水的呛鼻气味。
2.vt. 洒香水于；使香气弥漫
perfume sweetly 甜甜地发香
perfume with 充满着香味
★sarcastically [sa:'k stik li] ad.讽刺地
I said sarcastically to my son who was still playing computer games.
我讽刺地对还在打电脑游戏的儿子说道。
★exempt [ig'zempt] a.被免除的
1.adj. 免除的
He is exempt from military service. 他免服兵役。
2.vt. 免除
exempt from (v.+prep.) 使…免除,使…免做
Poor eyesight will exempt you from military service.
视力不佳将使你免服兵役。
3.n. 免税者；被免除义务者
★duty ['dju:ti] n.税
1.Customs Duty 关税
duty free 免税的
Stamp Duty 印花税 （stamp n.邮票, 印花, 图章, 标志）
同义词：tax n.税, 税款, 税金
income tax 所得税
2.do duty for 充作; 当…用
★gel [d el] n.凝胶，发胶
1.n. 凝胶；
gel test 凝胶试验
2.用作动词
We never really gelled as a group.
我们从来没有团结一起的时候。
★mixture ['mikst ] n.混合物
1.chemical mixture 化学混合物
2.Air is a mixture, not a compound of gases.
空气是气体的混合物，不是化合物。
★unscrew [ n'skru:] v.拧开
1.v. 旋开盖子；取下（螺丝）
The lid of this jam pot won't unscrew.
这果酱罐的盖子拧不开。
2. 动词前缀 un
un-，用在动词词根（尤其是由名词转化成的动词）前，消除原来动词的功能，表示相反的意思。例如：unlock（开锁）---lock（锁）。
un-，加在动词、名词上构成动词，表示“反动作”的意义。例如：uncouple（去耦）unbend（放直，展开）。
un-，加在形容词、副词、名词及用于作形容词的分词上，表示“不，无，未，非”等否定的意义。例如：unable（不能的）unbalance（不平衡）。
★nostril ['n stril] n.鼻孔
He dislikes his wide nostrils.
他不喜欢自己的宽大的鼻孔。
鼻子，nose
★chalk [t :k] n.粉笔
1.n. 粉笔；
as different as chalk and cheese
截然不同,本质上完全不同 entirely different
by a long chalk
2.v. 用粉笔写；记录；
chalk out (v.+adv.)
chalk up (v.+adv.)
He chalked out a simple plan of the new building.
他用粉笔勾画了新大楼的简图。
★baggage ['b gid ] n.行李
a large amount of baggage 一大堆行李
pack one's baggage 收拾行李
例：Let me put your baggage in the trunk.
我来把你的行李放在汽车后部的行李箱内。
Part 3: Notes on the text
★The strangest thing about it is that really honest people are often made to feel guilty.
are made to feel guilty
make, have, let及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态, 符合宾语不定式的符号to应省略。但这种结构改成被动式时, 不定式符号to必须还原。
We heard someone come up the stairs.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
★The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
1.on the other hand
on one hand，on the other hand 一方面，另一方面
2. even if
even if：even if 引导的从句是往往是假设性的，相当于“即使”“纵然”“就算”“哪怕”。
even though：even though 引导的从句内容往往是真实的，主要用于引出不利用于主句情况的信息，相当于汉语的“尽管”“虽然”。
3.hidden in his suitcase（过去分词短语作定语, 修饰watches）
★When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
1.return from 从····回来
2.regard as 看作是·····
regard him as a friend 把他看作朋友
★'Have you anything to declare ' he asked, looking me in the eye.
looking me in the eye 两眼直盯盯的注视着我
= look sb in the face = stare sb in the eyes = look directly at sb
Not one of the men dared look him in the eye. 没有人敢正眼看他。
All the thing I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
in a mess 乱作一团
介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态
in good order 秩序井然
in good health 身体健康
in a good mood 心情好
in a good temper 脾气好
★ I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
be able to do sth 有能力做某事
★He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
1.with delight 欣喜若狂地 （with和抽象名词搭配, 表示内心充满了一种感情）
with confidence 自信地 -- with care 细心地
with pride 骄傲地
with delight 欣喜若狂地
2.pounce on 向...猛扑过去, 对...大做文章
The policeman pounced on the thief. 警察向小偷猛扑过去。
Don't pounce on my mistake. 不要对我的错误大做文章。
'Perfume, eh ' he asked sarcastically. 'You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.'
1.should have和过去分词搭配（表示本应该做某事却没有做, 具有谴责性的味道）
You should have arrived here five minutes earlier.
You should have told me about it.
shouldn't have done 本不应该做某事
2.exempt v.免除 adj.被免除的（be exempt from）
Drinks are not exempt from import duty. Perfume is not exempt from import duty either.
★As I expected, he did not believe me.
As：关系代词（引导非限制性定语从句, 它所指代的内容就是主句的整个句子的含义）
As we know, the earth is round. 众所周知, 地球是圆的。
As I mentioned 正如我所提及的
As I soon learned, he was English himself. 正如我很快得知的,他也是英国人。
关系代词as和which的区别：
as所引导的非限制性定语从句, 可用在主句之前。
which引导的非限制性定语从句, 只能用在主句之后。
Part 4: Grammar&Difficult points
直接引语变间接引语
1、人称的转变
1）直接引语中的第一人称一般转换为第三人称
如：He said，“I am very sorry.”
He said that he was very sorry.
2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称
如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。
如： She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”
> She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，
如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon ”
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。
2、时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况
1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，
如： He always says, “I am tired out.”
——>He always says that he is tired out.
2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，
如： He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.”
——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时
如： He said, “I went to college in 1994.”
——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，
如： He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”
——> He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，
如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”
——> Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6）当引语是谚语、格言时，
如： He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时
如：She asked, “Must I take the medicine ”
——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.
此处用had to代替must更好 8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。
4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化
3）地点状语：here变成there
She said, “I won't come here any more.”
——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more.
4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take
5、直接引语变间接引语，句子结构的变化
1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that,
如： He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”
——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”
——> He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）
2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。
如：He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation ”
——>He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
3）直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or….
如：He asked, “Do you speak English or French ”
——> He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。
如： He asked，“What's your name ”
——> He asked（me）what my name was.
5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点
状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。
如： He said，“Be seated, please.”
——> He asked us to be seated.
6）有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，
如： He said, “Let's have a rest.”
——> He suggested our having a rest
7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。
如： “Would you mind opening the door ” he asked.
——>He asked me to open the door.
8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，
如： She said, “What a lovely day it is!”
——> She said what a lovely day it was.
或She said that it was a lovely day .
Part 5: Homework
1.背诵lesson 11单词&课文（重点语句解析需背诵）
2.Retell the text
3.练习总结课文